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Morphological analysis. Morphological analysis: what does it mean and “what is it eaten with”

Introduction

The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that the effectiveness of management depends not only on the orders of the manager, but also, first of all, on solutions to problems that arise during work.

At this stage, it is necessary to find all possible solutions to the existing problem. However, in practice, a manager rarely has enough knowledge or time to solve a problem in an easy and profitable way. Since in modern world, managers try to spend as little time as possible on solving problems, so they tend to limit the number of comparisons to just a few alternatives that seem most suitable.

Purpose given course work is to disclose methods for making management decisions at the stage of identifying alternatives. Consideration of the "Brainstorming" method in practice.

To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve several problems:

1) Familiarize yourself with the methods of management decisions when determining alternatives.

2) Apply the brainstorming method in practice.

Methods used at the stage of identifying alternatives

Morphological analysis

This method, developed in 1942 by the American astrophysicist Zwicky, is used to expand the scope of searching for solutions to the problem. It involves an in-depth classification of objects and allows, based on the construction of a model (two- or three-dimensional matrix), to obtain new solutions by composing combinations of elements of the morphological model (matrix).

The method of morphological analysis is based on combinatorics and a systematic study of all theoretically possible options arising from the laws of the structure (morphology) of the analyzed object.

The method involves the following steps:

exact formulation of the problem (task) to be solved.

revealing everyone important characteristics object, its parameters on which the solution to the problem depends.

disclosure of possible options for characteristics by compiling a matrix. Each characteristic (parameter) has a certain number various independent properties. These row matrices can be written in the following form. If one of the elements is fixed in each row of the matrix, then their set will represent a possible solution to the original problem.

In order not to damage the impartial application of the morphological method by making a premature decision or giving preference to any option, an assessment of one or another solution option is not made until a certain point. However, once all decisions are received, they can be compared with any system of accepted criteria, which allows a more objective approach to the choice of option. It is convenient to formalize this operation in the form of a matrix.

Parameter	Values

Determination of the functional value of the resulting solutions. This stage is the main one in the method. For convenience, performance assessment should be carried out on a universal and as simplified basis as possible.

Selection of the most desirable specific solutions (final stage).

The main goal of the study is to find a solution to the problem that eliminates either an existing obstacle to development or a factor in normal functioning. But the solution obtained as a result of the study may be different. It may take the form of some act of activity, or it may be a whole concept of activity for the near future.

In describing the method of morphological analysis we will proceed from the understanding that the immediate result research work is an effective solution to the problem.

management decision brainstorming

Then the research can be reduced to the analysis of solution options for a certain set of their parameters. This characterizes the morphological research method.

It can be implemented by drawing up so-called morphological maps, which contain, on the one hand, a list of necessary parameters reflecting the intended and expected result, and on the other hand, decision options among which a choice must be made in order to achieve the result.

For example, such parameters may be timeliness of execution, uniformity of workload, innovativeness of activities, and quality of work. These are all control parameters. What factors determine their achievement or implementation? Execution control, clarity of orders, workload accounting, workload standards, information support, work planning, personnel distribution, personnel training, execution motivation, quality criteria, quality motivation, etc. All these factors determine possible solutions. But decisions can be key and secondary, intermediate and final. A morphological map allows you to make a choice and justify decisions. The decision must combine all these factors and reflect a set of actions that can change the situation

So, the starting position of morphological analysis is the formulation of the problem. Next, its decomposition is carried out, i.e. division into components of the problem. As an example, we can name problems of the structure of the management system, the professionalism of personnel, motivation of activities, labor intensity of the function, and workload accounting. Other problems may also be mentioned.

But decomposition of problems must be done not only from top to bottom, but also from bottom to top. After all, the distribution of functions depends not only on the internal state of the control system, but also on external factors its functioning: competition, economic situation, market for specialists, training system, government regulation and etc.

In this way, a morphological scheme is constructed and on its basis an analysis of each of them is carried out in order to find the main one and connect it with the others. When analyzing, you can use other research methods, such as brainstorming, synectics, etc.

The limit for the development of a morphological scheme from bottom to top and top to bottom is the possible transition to another class of problems, which will make this scheme endless. This transition should be stopped.

In order for the morphological scheme to be constructed correctly, a number of operators should be used, through which one can check whether a problem belongs to one or another hierarchical level or move from one level to another when decomposing problems.

These operators exist in the form of key questions, the answer to which makes it possible to transfer the problem to a new stage of the morphological scheme.

Any problem can be formulated in the form of an initial action. For example, change the distribution of functions. This is the original problem (IP).

The first operator of morphological analysis: “why is this needed?” Target settings (TS): create an innovative climate, increase the professionalism of activities, ensure the rhythm of work.

The second operator of morphological analysis: “how can this be done?” Problem resolution mechanism (MP): issue a general order, change the leadership structure (redistribute personnel), use computer programs, change the structure of the management system, train personnel.

It is important to include in the morphological analysis and decomposition of the causes of problems, and to differentiate the causes into external and internal. Question: Why did the problem occur? (VP). In our example, this could be a change in the structure of information, development goals, management style, the emergence of negative traditions, irrational use of management techniques, and a decrease in professional level. External reasons may be the socio-psychological overload of urbanized life, shortages or high costs computer equipment, a general change in mentality.

Morphological analysis helps to better understand the content of the problem and not only find its solution, but also choose the most successful solution, taking into account the means and methods, causes and consequences.

A certain type of morphological analysis is another research method - the “bouquet of problems” method.

It is based on the search for a formulation of the problem that is more conducive to finding its solution.

The fact is that the solution to any problem depends on how it is posed, how questions are formulated that reflect the essence of this problem. The correct formulation of a question always reflects knowledge of the way to solve it. This is what the problem bouquet method is built on. The technology for using this method includes several stages.

1. Statement of the problem in the form in which it is presented in real management practice. For example: how to use a computer in a manager’s activities?

2. Summarize this problem, present it in general view. There may be many generalization formulas, as well as levels. In our example: increase the productivity of management activities, ensure professionalism of management, increase the authority of the manager, etc. Generalization allows us to determine the class of the problem, its origins, and the main thing in choosing its solution.

3. Define an analogue problem. These actions consist of searching for similar problems in other areas of activity or areas of nature. Based on the problem we initially posed, we can formulate an analogue of “grow a second head”, “increase the speed of thought”, “ensure survival”, etc. This sounds paradoxical, but in research there is no need to be afraid of paradoxes. They can suggest successful solutions, convince of the need to solve the problem, show its importance, they determine the attitude towards the problem, and allow you to see the original problem from a new perspective.

4. Establish the role and interaction of the problem in a complex of other problems. Maybe you can solve a problem not by itself, but through solving another problem: maybe the solution to the problem will happen as a consequence. For example, according to our original problem, this could be replacing the manager with another person who owns a computer, changing the distribution of functions and powers in the management system so that the manager does not need individual computer ownership, creating the position of a personal assistant to a manager who owns computer equipment, develop to the utmost simple programs computer uses that are accessible to an ignorant person.

5. Formulate the opposite problem. This can be very useful, as it can suggest a solution, lead the researcher to good option. For example, computerization of a manager’s activities reduces the effect human factor management, and this negatively affects the effectiveness of management at any level of its technical equipment. This formulation of the inverse problem allows us to see the danger of unsuccessful decisions and establish criteria for selecting successful decisions.

So, morphological analysis is a solution to the problem using several stages of analysis:

1) you need to correctly formulate the problem.

2) set a task to solve the problem.

3) make a list of characteristics of the task.

4) make several combinations, with a list of characteristics and this problem.

5) choose the best combination.

Then you can solve the problem in the most correct way.

The method of morphological analysis involves special systematic and systematic work with morphological tables and a morphological box. Unlike most TRIZ techniques, these games and exercises cannot be carried out occasionally, unsystematically. But the effort expended is well worth it. The child develops creative imagination, an idea of the world is formed as an endless combination of various elements that can be controlled, the method helps to overcome the inertia of thinking and activate creative processes.Morphological analysis is a method for systematizing the enumeration of options for all theoretically possible solutions, based on an analysis of the structure of the object.

The method of morphological analysis in its modern form appeared in the 30s of the last century. The author of the method is Fritz Zwicky, a Swiss astronomer who used this approach in rocket science. Thanks to the method of morphological analysis, he was able not only to a short time get a large number of original technical solutions, but also to predict the existence of neutron stars, as well as to suggest the existence of “hell stars”, the description of which is extremely similar to the black holes discovered forty years later.

But the roots of the method of morphological analysis go back to ancient times. The monk and logician Raymond Lull (1235-1315) in his work “The Great Art” wrote that through the systematic combination of a very small number of principles it is possible to solve all the problems of philosophy and metaphysics. The nine principles of R. Lull were embodied in devices where blocks of some circles rotated around others. As a result of moving the circles relative to each other, it was possible to obtain various statements and judgments. In modern TRIZ pedagogy, simplified and modernized “” are used.

Lull had his followers and admirers. Among them are Giordano Bruno, who noted that human knowledge is consistent with nature and the concepts of the mind correspond to the hierarchy of things, and G. Leibniz, who wrote the work “On the Combinative Art.”

Morphological analysis is based on the construction of a table that lists all the main elements that make up the object and indicates, if possible large quantity known variants implementation of these elements. By combining options for implementing the elements of an object, you can get the most unexpected new solutions; options that were not previously considered may come into view.

Sequence of actions during morphological analysis:

1. Precisely formulate the problem.

2. Identify the essential elements.

3. Determine options for the design of elements.

4. Enter them into the table.

5. Evaluate all the options available in the table.

6. Choose the best option.

The morphological table can be represented in the form of two coordinate axes - vertical and horizontal:

For example, let’s take multifunctional furniture that has become popular. This example- one of the simplest. We will not now consider materials, form, functionality, etc. Having mastered the very principle of morphological analysis, you can easily do it yourself if necessary. Undoubtedly, you will recognize the technique, but the Morphological table gives much more options for creativity than sorting through and combining randomly selected furniture objects.

A more complicated version, but also more creative and interesting - parts (subsystems) of objects are laid out vertically and horizontally and combined with each other.

The main purpose of multifunctional furniture is to save residential or office space.

The main elements that we will divide into 2 categories: for storing clothes and things - a closet, shelves, a bedside table; and for relaxation and convenience - a bed, a chair, a table.

By combining objects horizontally and vertically we get:

A1 – wardrobe-bed, A2 – wardrobe-chair, A3 – wardrobe-table

B1 – shelves-bed, B2 – shelves-chair, B3 – shelves-table

B1 – bedside table, B2 – bedside table, B3 – bedside table.

We can also add a third axis - for example, materials: wood, plastic, fabric. Then you will get a Morphological Box, and the number of possible options will triple.

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Consequently, morphological analysis allows us to understand the essence of words or entire sentences.

So, as you know, in the Russian language all parts of speech are divided into two large groups: independent and auxiliary. The functions of each group can be understood by their name: independent parts of speech can act as a separate element of speech or be included in turns, while official They only help themselves to clarify the meaning of what was said. Thus, morphological analysis also has its own structure for different groups of parts of speech. Let's start with the first group.

To correctly parse a word, you need to know what features each part of speech has. It is worth noting that to begin parsing, any word must be put into its initial form.

So, to parse a noun, you will need to determine gender, declension, case or number, proper/common noun, and animate/inanimate.

For a verb - aspect, conjugation, verb forms, tense/number, person, transitivity, reflexivity. For adjectives, you will need to determine their relativity (adjectives have the following types: qualitative/relative/possessive), form (short/long), case, number/gender, and degree of comparison.

For numerals, it will be enough to determine the complexity, type - ordinal/quantitative, and also case/gender/number. Morphological analysis of adverbs will require knowledge of the categories - personal/possessive/relative/definitive/interrogative/reflexive/indicative/negative, inflectibility. These categories cause great difficulty. Morphological analysis of a word-pronoun also requires determining categories, person, number/gender and case. For participles characteristic features there will be an aspect - active/passive, a form - full/short, as well as aspect, number/gender/tense. And for gerunds you will only need to determine immutability and aspect.

As for service units speech, then for them the scheme is the same: first you need to name the part of speech, then determine with which case it is used - for a preposition, category - for particles, as well as the type - coordinating / subordinating for conjunctions, the last point in the analysis will be which member a sentence is a part of speech.

Morphological analysis of the text involves understanding the text, identifying its structural features, the correct definition - narration/reasoning/description, and writing style - bookish/colloquial/scientific.

Morphological analysis helps to identify everything grammatical features the word proposed for analysis. discharges and other signs of each part of speech allows you to do this easily and quickly. Frequent training tasks will help students practice identifying parts of speech. This is very important, because on the United state exam Such tasks cause great difficulties for graduates.

2. Lumberjacks cut logs into meter-long pieces. Sawing off one such piece takes one minute. How many minutes will it take them to cut a 5m long log?

3. The youth library has half a million books and 50 thousand readers. A new building was built for the library. How to move at the lowest cost?

Many inventors have had a tempting idea: is it possible to get a list of all possible solutions for each problem? After all, having such a list, you don’t risk missing anything.

In 1942, Swiss astronomer F. Zwicky proposed a method for finding solutions technical problems named by him morphological (typological) analysis (morphological- concerning appearance or buildings, i.e. forms). Using this method, in a short time he managed to obtain a significant number of original technical solutions in rocket science, which greatly surprised the leading specialists and managers of his company.

The essence of the method- identification of several morphological (typical, species, distinctive) features (parameters) that are significant for the problem being solved, and compilation of all possible combinations of these features.

Features can be arranged in the form of a table called morphological box (matrix). This allows you to better imagine the search field for solving the problem.

As a result of targeted and system analysis generated new information, which escapes attention during a simple enumeration of options.

Stages of solving a problem using morphological analysis of its parameters.

1. We select all the parameters that are significant for each of the options for solving the problem.

2. Determine the significance scale for each parameter (factor).

3. We expertly evaluate the significance of each factor within the selected scale.

4. We add up expert assessments for all parameters and, based on the sum of points, determine which option is preferable.

Example. Solving the problem of choosing a profession (or specialty) after graduation using the method of morphological analysis. Let's say a student is interested in three professions: 1) aircraft design engineer, 2) computer technician, 3) truck driver on intercity flights. We will write these numbers of profession options into the morphological matrix (see p. 40). Every profession has its own advantages and disadvantages. Which one should you choose?

To solve the problem, we will select the most significant (for a given student) parameters and write them in the morphological matrix. We have chosen five parameters, but there could be many more.

In the second column we will write down the significance scale (score) by which we will evaluate the parameters. It should be noted that each of the parameters given in the example has a different significance for different people. Therefore, when filling out the table yourself, the parameter values will be different.

In our example, the most significant parameter is the amount of salary, in second place is prestige and in third place is the opportunity to engage in creative work. The remaining parameters are assessed on lower scales.

We expertly evaluate all three professions within the selected scales. As a result of adding the sum of expert assessments for all parameters, we determine that the most preferable profession is an aircraft design engineer.

Application. Morphological analysis can be used to compile a list of all possible options for solving a problem, to compare or select one of many possible solutions to technical, organizational and other problems.

Disadvantage of the method- an abundance of options, from which it is difficult to choose the best. In addition, morphological analysis does not allow us to determine whether all possible options have been considered.