Business plan for cattle breeding. Starting a farm: where to start? Why is the number of cattle not growing in Russia?

During the reform, livestock farming suffered even more severe damage than crop farming. As in industry, during the radical reform, production at a higher level of processing suffered more severely. In 1990, in farms of all categories in production Agriculture 36.6% (in current prices) was accounted for by crop production and 63.4% by livestock production. Already in 1995, the proportion became as follows: 53.1% crop production and 46.9% livestock production. Thus, the very structure of the country's agriculture has changed greatly, and the nature of these changes is regressive.

The main basis for the production of livestock products is the number of livestock and poultry. These are the main assets of livestock farming. Livestock and poultry are “biological machines” for converting plant materials into meat, milk, eggs, and wool. Livestock sent to meat processing plants is also the final product of livestock farming.

Thus, the number of livestock and poultry is the first absolute indicator of the state of the industry. Another factor - the productivity of livestock and poultry - does not fluctuate as strongly as crop yields, since it is less influenced by weather conditions.

The most important indicator of livestock development is the number of large animals cattle and, in particular, cows. This is the base for the production of main products - meat and milk.

The dynamics of changes in the number of cattle in the RSFSR and the Russian Federation gives an eloquent picture of the development of a large branch of domestic agriculture over a long historical period and clearly reflects the impact of market reform. This dynamics is shown in Fig. 5-28.

Rice. 5-28. Number of cattle in the RSFSR and the Russian Federation in farms of all categories (as of January 1, million heads)

This graph reflects the dramatic periods of our history in the twentieth century. All major social changes immediately affected animal husbandry. We see a decline in livestock as a result of World War I and the Civil War, its restoration, with a significant increase, during the NEP years, then a catastrophic decline in the first years of collectivization - from 37.6 million heads in 1928 to 21.4 million in 1933 - and a very rapid restoration of the livestock when the charter of collective farms was changed - with the simultaneous strengthening of farmsteads.

Then there was a new decline in the number of livestock as a result of the Great Patriotic War and then, with a slight hitch in 1953-1954, a steady increase to a level of over 60 million heads in the 80s.

What happened to livestock farming during the reform after 1990 has no precedent in history - for 12 years we have been observing a non-stop and rapid reduction in livestock - at the same pace as during 4 years of collectivization, with the only difference that no salutary change and signs of growth. The number of livestock fell during the years of reform by more than half - by 33 million heads, without war and natural Disasters. We now have significantly less cattle than in 1916 and even than in 1923, when the country experienced 9 years of difficult wars.

It is necessary to emphasize an important circumstance that is usually overlooked. Today there are fewer livestock in the Russian Federation than in 1923, and the population (which means the number of consumers of livestock products) has increased almost one and a half times since then (see Fig. 1-1).

Thus, on a per capita basis, the blow that the reform dealt to livestock farming is much heavier than can be judged by the level of livestock numbers.

In Fig. 5-29 shows the dynamics of the number of heads of cattle per 100 people. During the 80s, the RSFSR reached a stable level of 40 animals per 100 people. During the years of reform, this figure dropped to 15.

Rice. 5-29. Number of heads of cattle per capita in the RSFSR and the Russian Federation

Separately, the number of cows per capita should be highlighted. In 1996, Russia crossed a line that it had never crossed even during the war - we had less than one cow per 10 people.

Before the reform, in 1988, in the RSFSR there were 1.43 cows per 10 people. In 2001, there were already 0.89 cows left per 10 people, and as of January 1, 2002, there were 0.85 cows per 10 people. As we will see below, this reduction in the quantitative (extensive) factor is not at all compensated by an improvement in the quality of the herd and an increase in the intensity of dairy farming.

Rice. 5-30. Number of cows per capita in the RSFSR and the Russian Federation

The dynamics of the pig population experiences sharper fluctuations - farms more easily shed their pig population when the situation changes and increase it more quickly when the situation improves. After the war in the RSFSR, pig farming developed rapidly - from a very low (4.1 million head) post-war level to a stable level of 40 million head in the late 80s. As a result of the reform, by 1999 the livestock fell to 17.2 million. Significant growth has not yet been observed.

Rice. 5-31. Number of pigs in the RSFSR and the Russian Federation in farms of all categories (as of January 1; million heads)

Sheep farming suffered the most from the reform. The sheep population from 1958 to 1990 was maintained at a level of more than 60 million, sometimes rising to the level of 67-68 million heads. With the beginning of the reform, it began to decline, falling from the maximum values ​​by almost 5 times - in 2000, only 14.8 million sheep remained in the Russian Federation.

Rice. 5-32. Number of sheep and goats in the RSFSR and the Russian Federation in farms of all categories (as of January 1, million heads)

Poultry farming has become a major industry in the agriculture of the RSFSR, which for the most part acquired an industrial, intensive nature and began to be based on fairly high technologies.

The poultry population grew rapidly in the post-war period, which, along with dairy farming, made it possible to solve the country's problem of providing animal protein (in the form of eggs and broiler meat). The dynamics of changes in livestock are shown in Fig. 5-33.

Rice. 5-33. Poultry population in the RSFSR and the Russian Federation, in farms of all categories, at the end of the year, million heads

As a result of the very first steps of the reform, the number of poultry, especially in modern poultry farms that depend on the uninterrupted supply of complex feed, had to be sharply reduced. On January 1, 1991, there were 660 million heads of poultry in the RSFSR, and by 2000 there were 346 million heads left.

It should be noted that the livestock in agricultural enterprises, that is, in the most productive category of farms, suffered the most. Here the poultry population has decreased by 2.2 times. However, the number of poultry in the households of the population decreased by 1.4 times, and farmers practically did not engage in poultry farming (in 2000 they kept only 0.5% of the total poultry population in the Russian Federation). During the reform, the number of rabbits also decreased by approximately 3 times - from 3.35 million in 1991 to 1.12 million in 1999.

Let us also mention a specific type of animal husbandry, which, however, plays a vital role important role for the peoples of the North of Russia - reindeer husbandry. At the beginning of the 90s (as of January 1, 1991), there were 2.26 million reindeer in the RSFSR. By 2000, there were 1.24 million left. For some regions, a sharp reduction in the number of deer meant an economic and social catastrophe. For example, in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, reindeer husbandry was the most important sector of the economy, and in 1991 there were 491 thousand heads of reindeer. As a result of the reform, by 2000 there were only 103.5 thousand animals - almost five times less, and the reduction in livestock continues.

Let's consider the dynamics of production final products livestock farming The most important of them is milk. The creation of large modern dairy farming in the RSFSR was one of the most important achievements of economic and social policy post-war period. In 1945-1946. Milk production in the RSFSR was 16.6 million tons per year - the same as after the Civil War. In the 70s, milk production reached a stable level of 47-49 million tons, and in 1989 and 1990. it was produced in 55.7 million tons.

The dynamics of milk production since 1970 can be seen from Fig. 5-34.

Rice. 5-34. Production of milk of all types in the RSFSR and the Russian Federation, in farms of all categories, million tons.

The reform entailed a rapid and steady decline in production - it fell to the gross level of 1957. Such low level production per capita, as in 1999-2000. (220 kg per capita), has not existed in Russia since the mid-1950s, when the RSFSR reached a production level of 280 kg of milk per capita.

The state of beef farming can be judged from Fig. 5-35.

Rice. 5-35. Production of livestock and poultry for slaughter in the RSFSR and the Russian Federation (in slaughter weight) in farms of all categories, million tons.

The graph shows the dynamics of the production of livestock and poultry for slaughter since 1970. Long-term anti-collective farm propaganda has created in the mass consciousness a distorted idea of ​​the supposedly stagnant nature or even crisis of this industry in the RSFSR. A complete historical panorama allows us to take a realistic look at the development of beef cattle farming both during the Soviet period and during the market reform, which led to the liquidation of large agricultural enterprises (kolkhozes and state farms).

In section 2 (Power) in Fig. 2-11 and 2-12 separately show the dynamics of production of pork and poultry for slaughter. In the 70s, a program was implemented to establish modern industrial poultry farming - one of the most high-tech sectors of agriculture. Having remained at its peak for only three years (1988-1990), this industry was literally brought down by reform. New, newly equipped poultry farms have fallen into disrepair.

For example, in 1997 in the Russian Federation, 0.6 million tons of poultry in slaughter weight were produced for meat and 0.33 million tons were supplied to the market in finished form, and 1.15 million tons were purchased for import (in finished form ). In a number of quality parameters, domestic products were always inferior to imported ones (there were many complaints about the packaging and the way the chicken legs were folded).

However, there were also some advantages: domestic factories were built and personnel trained under the planned system. It was focused on meeting needs, not profit, and therefore hormones and other growth stimulants that were harmful to human health were not added to poultry feed. Now the demand for domestic products has increased, and there is some recovery in production.

Egg production suffered relatively less damage during the reform compared to milk and meat. From the average annual level of the five-year plan 1986-1990. 47.9 billion pieces, production fell to a low of 31.9 billion in 1996, then rose slightly.

The dynamics of this process are shown in Section 2 in Fig. 2-15. During the reform, there was a slight increase in the share of household eggs in egg production - from 21% in the late 80s to 30-31% in 1995-1999. Farmers are practically not involved in this type of production (their share is 0.4% of total egg production in farms of all categories).

Since the very beginning of the reform, the production of wool, an important raw material for the textile industry, has been falling sharply and continuously. In the RSFSR, the population was stably provided with woolen fabrics domestic production made from domestic raw materials. As a result of the reform, both parts of this production system - livestock farming and industry - are paralyzed.

It should be emphasized that as a result of the dismemberment of the USSR, the domestic textile industry lost a reliable supply of raw materials for the production of silk and woolen fabrics - and at the same time, its own wool production sharply decreased.

The dynamics of wool production are shown in Fig. 5-36.

Rice. 5-36. Wool production in the RSFSR and the Russian Federation, in farms of all categories (in physical weight, thousand tons)

Let us briefly consider the impact of the reform on indicators of production intensity in livestock farming - the productivity of livestock and poultry.

Note.

International comparisons of livestock productivity should be approached with the same caution as in crop production, where differences in soil and climatic conditions must be taken into account. The productivity of animals located in different landscape zones will inevitably vary greatly.

For example, the early maturity of livestock is extremely important - the “production” of cattle in the USA remains at the level of 105-110 kg of slaughter weight per head of the herd, in Turkey at the level of 23-25 ​​kg, in Russia 65-70. It is clear that the weight gain in animals is so different breeds differ sharply. In 1980, feed consumption per conventional head of livestock was 25.6 centners in the RSFSR, and 43.2 centners in the USA. Livestock in the RSFSR did not starve in 1980, and this difference suggests that the breeds bred in Russia and the United States are significantly different.

Milk yield per cow, which increased at a good pace in the RSFSR in the 1980s, already decreased significantly in 1991 and fell until 1997. The decrease in milk yield was 21.5%.

The drop in productivity on large farms was especially significant - by 30% (from 2781 kg in 1990 to 1950 kg in 1994). After this, the situation improved somewhat, but milk yield has not yet reached its previous level.

The dynamics of changes in milk yield are shown in Fig. 5-37.

Rice. 5-37. Milk yield per cow in the RSFSR and the Russian Federation, in farms of all categories, kg.

The rate of decline in dairy farming productivity varies significantly across regions. Thus, on average in the Russian Federation, milk yield per cow from 1990 to 1998 decreased in agricultural enterprises from 2781 to 2282 liters, or by 18%. In the Far Eastern region, the decrease in milk production during this time amounted to 32.3%, and in Magadan region- 65.3%! The region in which highly productive dairy farming was created, especially important due to its remoteness and difficulties in importing milk, suffered severe damage in providing the population with an important product.

The drop in dairy cattle productivity in terms of consumed feed is more significant. If before 1991 an increase in feed consumption per conventional unit of cattle led to a corresponding increase in milk yield, then during the reform the situation changed: feed consumption remained at a very high level. high level, and milk yield and weight gain decreased. Thus, in 1988, 27.2 quintals were spent on one head of livestock. feed units with an average milk yield in the RSFSR of 2681 kg, that is, 98.6 kg of milk per 1 c. feed units. In 1989, this figure was 98.7 kg/c, in 1995 - 74.5 kg/l, in 1996 - 75.5 kg/l.

This indicator can be presented in another form: feed consumption for the production of 1 c. milk. Separately for dairy farming in agricultural enterprises (that is, without households and farms), this figure was 1.44 in 1990 and 1.73 in 1996. In 1999, after a significant reduction in the number of livestock, it recovered to 1 ,48.

It took 13.5 quintals per centner of cattle gain. feed, and in 1994 - 18.9 c. And per centner of pig weight gain there was a jump in feed consumption from 8.3 to 12.5 c.

Considering that feed is the main item of production costs in livestock farming, accounting for 82% of all material costs, such a decrease in the efficiency of their use leads to a large increase in the cost of products. The reason for this is the decline in the breed of livestock and the deterioration of living conditions.

Livestock mortality increased two to two and a half times. As a percentage of herd turnover, in 1990 it was 3% for cattle and 6.9% for pigs, and in 1995 it was 6% and 15.5%, respectively. Some improvement in this indicator in 1999 - up to 4.2% for cattle and 11.5% for pigs - was achieved with a sharp reduction in the number of livestock and the movement of a large part of the livestock to farmsteads with a huge increase in manual labor costs.

The “yield” of meat per head of livestock in the herd has decreased significantly. It is determined by the average weight of a head of livestock or pig sold for slaughter - the efficiency of fattening. In the 70-80s, there was even a system of special off-farm enterprises - feeding stations, bringing the weight of livestock to optimal conditions. During the reform, this system was eliminated, and farms send livestock to slaughter that has not been brought to the most profitable weight. If in the 70-80s, on average, cattle weighing 350-360 kg were supplied for sale, then by 1997 this figure dropped to 276 kg. In pig farming the situation is approximately the same.

Agricultural enterprises managed, after a period of crisis, to restore and even increase the egg production of laying hens, although with a significant reduction in the number of livestock and egg production. In 1990, the average annual egg production of laying hens in the RSFSR was 236 eggs; by 1995 it dropped to 212, and from 1997 it began to increase, reaching 248 eggs in 1999.

The situation with wool shearing is bad, and the decline in its production is caused not only by a reduction in the number of sheep, but also by a drop in productivity. During the years of reform, the average haircut decreased by 28%. And in this case, the decline in productivity was uneven across Russia. For example, in the West Siberian region, where high wool yield was achieved in the pre-reform period, it fell by 43% in some years of the reform.

Let us consider separately the production of feed as directly adjacent to livestock farming. Lack of pastures and very short period pasture feeding, from which Russia suffered at the beginning of the twentieth century, had a strong impact throughout Soviet period. In 1991, there were only 1.08 hectares of pasture per head of cattle in the RSFSR. Russian livestock received 4-4.5 times less pasture feed than in the United States. In 1990, pasture feed provided only 11.8% of the diet of livestock and poultry. For this reason, the production of hay and the production of succulent and combined feed and feed additives are of key importance for Russian livestock farming.

Procurement of all types of hay (including seeded grass) decreased already in the mid-80s, when emphasis was placed on succulent and combined feeds, then increased slightly and fell by about half during the reform.

Source: AB-Center Expert and analytical center for agribusiness "AB-Center"

As of October 1, 2016, the number of cattle in Russia on farms of all categories totaled 19,456.1 thousand heads. Including, the number of cows totaled 8,322.4 thousand heads. Compared to October 1, 2015, the cattle population decreased by 1.8% or by 358.3 thousand heads. The number of cows decreased by 1.9% or 161.0 thousand heads.

Number of cattle (cattle) in 2016

The total number of cattle (dairy, beef, meat and dairy breeds) in Russia as of October 1, 2016 on farms of all categories totaled 19,456.1 thousand heads. Including, the number of cows amounted to 8,322.4 thousand heads. Compared to October 1, 2015, the livestock population decreased by 1.8% or 358.3 thousand heads, by October 1, 2014 - by 3.7% or by 751.1 thousand heads, by October 1, 2013 - by 5.1% or by 1042.0 thousand heads.

The main part of the cattle herd in Russia is cattle of dairy and dairy-meat breeds. Overall reduction over the course of a number of years, the number of livestock has been achieved precisely at the expense of this category of cattle. Compared to 2001, as a result of optimizing production efficiency (culling low-yielding cows), it decreased by 29.0%. At the same time, as a result of the increase in milk yield per cow, milk production in the country is relatively stable (in the period from 2001 to 2015 it fluctuates between 31-33 million tons).

At the same time, there has been a significant increase in the number of beef cattle. The structure of the cattle population as of October 1, 2016 was distributed as follows: 43.5% belonged to agricultural organizations, 12.4% to peasant farms, 44.1% to household households.

Number of cattle (cattle) in 2016 by region

The region with the largest cattle population (total number of dairy and beef cattle, including cows) as of October 1, 2016 is the Republic of Bashkortostan (1120.1 thousand heads). The republic's share in the total cattle population in Russia was 5.8%. Compared to the same date in 2015, the cattle population here decreased by 8.8% or by 108.5 thousand heads.

In second place is the Republic of Tatarstan with a livestock of 1030.6 thousand heads (5.3% of the all-Russian livestock). Compared to October 1, 2015, the reduction in livestock was 0.8% or 8.4 thousand heads.

The third place is occupied by the Republic of Dagestan with a share of the total livestock of 5.2% (1007.5 thousand heads). In this region, there is an increase in the number of livestock - by 0.9% or 9.3 thousand heads over the year.

Altai region is in 4th place in the Russian Federation in terms of cattle numbers as of October 1, 2016 (820.1 thousand heads). The share in the entire cattle population was 4.2%. Over the year, the livestock decreased by 2.7% or 22.7 thousand heads.

In the Rostov region, with a livestock of 601.0 thousand heads, the share in the all-Russian livestock was 3.1%. Compared to October 1, 2015, the livestock decreased by 1.8% or 11.1 thousand heads.

• 6. Orenburg region- 577.0 thousand heads, share in the total cattle population in Russia - 3.0%.
• 7. Krasnodar region - 541.3 thousand heads, 2.8%.
• 8. Republic of Kalmykia - 523.0 thousand heads, 2.7%.
• 9. Trans-Baikal Territory - 485.4 thousand heads, 2.5%.
• 10. Novosibirsk region - 483.3 thousand heads, 2.5%.
• 11. Voronezh region- 464.1 thousand heads, 2.4%.
• 12. Bryansk region- 463.4 thousand heads, 2.4%.
• 13. Omsk region - 434.0 thousand heads, 2.2%.
• 14. Krasnoyarsk region- 432.6 thousand heads, 2.2%.
• 15. Saratov region - 430.3 thousand heads, 2.2%.
• 16. Republic of Buryatia - 415.3 thousand heads, 2.1%.
• 17. Stavropol Territory - 382.8 thousand heads, 2.0%.
• 18. Udmurt republic- 350.2 thousand heads, 1.8%.
• 19. Chelyabinsk region- 346.5 thousand heads, 1.8%.
• 20. Irkutsk region - 315.6 thousand heads, 1.6%.

As of October 1, 2016, the cattle population in farms of all categories in regions not included in the TOP 20 totaled 8,232.1 thousand heads (42.3% of the total cattle population in Russia).

Beef production in 2016

Beef production in Russia (total, from both dairy and beef cattle) in January-September 2016, according to AB-Center calculations, amounted to 953.0 thousand tons in terms of slaughter weight (1,677.2 thousand tons in live weight according to Rosstat).

Compared to January-September 2015, beef production decreased by 1.3% (by 12.2 thousand tons in slaughter weight). Over two years, compared to January-September 2014, the decrease was 2.9% (28.4 thousand tons in slaughter weight); over 3 years, beef production in the Russian Federation decreased by 1.0% (by 9.2 thousand . tons).

An increase in production is observed only in peasant farms, where in January-September 2016 they produced 80.6 thousand tons of beef in slaughter weight. Over the past 3 years, by January-September 2013, the increase in beef production here amounted to 33.4% (20.0 thousand tons).

In agricultural organizations over 3 years, production volume decreased by 0.1% (0.2 thousand tons), in households - by 5.5% (29.1 thousand tons).

In the structure of beef production in January-September 2016, 39.5% came from agricultural organizations, about 52.1% from households, 8.5% from peasant farms.

IN last years There is not only a reduction in beef production, but also in the import of this type of meat into the Russian Federation, as a result of which its consumption is falling.

Beef production in 2016 by region

Important! Data on beef production by region of Russia are presented in terms of carcass weight.

The main producer of beef in Russia in January-September 2016 is the Republic of Bashkortostan. During this period, its share in the total volume of beef production in the Russian Federation reached 7.1% (67.9 thousand tons). Compared to January-September 2015, the volume decreased by 13.1% or 10.2 thousand tons.

In second place in terms of beef production in January-September 2016 is the Republic of Tatarstan with a share of 5.5% (52.7 thousand tons in slaughter weight). In the republic, production volumes compared to the same period in 2015 increased by 5.3% or 2.6 thousand tons.

Rostov region ranks third in beef production in January-September 2016 - 41.4 thousand tons (4.3% of total production). There is also an increase of 5.2% or 2.0 thousand tons.

In January-September 2016, the Altai Territory produced 40.8 thousand tons of beef in slaughter weight, which is 3.9% or 1.6 thousand tons less than in the same period in 2015. The share of the Altai Territory in all-Russian beef production in 2016 was 4.3% (4th place in the Russian Federation).

IN Krasnodar region in January-September 2016, they produced 40.2 thousand tons of beef (4.2% of total production, 5th place in the Russian Federation). The growth compared to January-September 2015 was 2.1% or 0.8 thousand tons.

In addition to these regions TOP 20 beef producing regions in farms of all categories in January-September 2016 included:

• 6. Voronezh region (production volume - 38.8 thousand tons in slaughter weight, share in total beef production - 4.1%).
• 7. Republic of Dagestan (27.6 thousand tons, 2.9%).
• 8. Saratov region (26.7 thousand tons, 2.8%).
• 9. Volgograd region (26.4 thousand tons, 2.8%).
• 10. Bryansk region (24.0 thousand tons, 2.5%).
• 11. Stavropol Territory (23.7 thousand tons, 2.5%).
• 12. Novosibirsk region (21.5 thousand tons, 2.3%).
• 13. Orenburg region (21.4 thousand tons, 2.2%).
• 14. Krasnoyarsk Territory (21.1 thousand tons, 2.2%).
• 15. Omsk region (19.7 thousand tons, 2.1%).
• 16. Samara Region(18.1 thousand tons, 1.9%).
• 17. Oryol Region(16.8 thousand tons, 1.8%).
• 18. Belgorod region(15.3 thousand tons, 1.6%).
• 19. Sverdlovsk region(15.2 thousand tons, 1.6%).
• 20. Republic of Kalmykia (15.0 thousand tons, 1.6%).

The total production of beef in January-September 2016 in farms of all categories in regions not included in the TOP 20 amounted to 378.7 thousand tons in slaughter weight (39.7% of total beef production).

Milk production in 2016

Milk production in Russia in farms of all categories in January-September 2016 amounted to 24,031.9 thousand tons. Compared to the same period in 2015, milk yield decreased by 0.7% or 163.0 thousand tons. Compared to the same period in 2014 - by 0.9% or 224.4 thousand tons, by January-September 2013 - by 0.8% or 203.8 thousand tons.

The increase in production occurred in agricultural organizations and peasant farms. Thus, over 3 years (in January-September 2016, compared to January-September 2013), milk production in agricultural organizations increased by 5.8% or 632.2 thousand tons. In peasant farms, the growth was 15.0% or 210.4 thousand tons. In households, there is a decrease in production volumes by 8.8% or 1,046.4 thousand tons.

In the structure of milk production in January-September 2016, 48.0% came from agricultural organizations, 45.3% from households, 6.7% from peasant farms.

Milk production in 2016 by region

The leader in milk production in January-September 2016 is the Republic of Bashkortostan (1,425.5 thousand tons). Republic's share in general production milk in the Russian Federation amounted to 5.9%. Compared to January-September 2015, production increased by 0.4% or 5.5 thousand tons.

In second place is the Republic of Tatarstan with figures of 1,373.8 thousand tons (5.7% of total milk yield in the Russian Federation). The growth compared to the same period in 2015 was 1.0% or 13.8 thousand tons.

Altai Territory ranks third with a share of total production of 4.6% (1,112.5 thousand tons). There is a decrease in milk yield compared to January-September 2015 by 0.9% or 10.6 thousand tons.

In the Krasnodar Territory in January-September 2016, milk yield amounted to 1,018.8 thousand tons (4.2% of all-Russian milk production). Compared to the same period in 2015, production increased by 1.2% or 12.1 thousand tons.

The Rostov region closes the top five leading regions in milk production in January-September 2016 - 846.3 thousand tons (3.5% of total milk production). The decrease compared to January-September 2015 was 0.02% or 0.1 thousand tons.

In addition to these regions TOP 20 milk producing regions in farms of all categories in January-September 2016 included:

• 6. Voronezh region (production volume - 660.6 thousand tons, share in all-Russian milk production - 2.7%).
• 7. Republic of Dagestan (645.1 thousand tons, 2.7%).
• 8. Orenburg region (619.8 thousand tons, 2.6%).
• 9. Saratov region (587.1 thousand tons, 2.4%).
• 10. Udmurt Republic (580.1 thousand tons, 2.4%).
• 11. Krasnoyarsk Territory (562.2 thousand tons, 2.3%).
• 12. Novosibirsk region (535.3 thousand tons, 2.2%).
• 13. Omsk region (512.8 thousand tons, 2.1%).
• 14. Stavropol Territory (504.7 thousand tons, 2.1%).
• 15. Sverdlovsk region (501.2 thousand tons, 2.1%).
• 16. Nizhny Novgorod Region(474.7 thousand tons, 2.0%).
• 17. Moscow region (472.8 thousand tons, 2.0%).
• 18. Leningrad region(458.9 thousand tons, 1.9%).
• 19. Kirov region (458.4 thousand tons, 1.9%).
• 20. Tyumen region (426.4 thousand tons, 1.8%).

The total milk production in January-September 2016 in farms of all categories in regions not included in the TOP 20 amounted to 10,254.7 thousand tons (42.7% of total milk production).

Igor Nikolaev

Reading time: 4 minutes

A A

When starting a cattle breeding activity, you need to draw up a business plan for your activity. It will help to foresee all stages of the business and take into account many nuances. The plan has certain sections. By filling them out, the entrepreneur will see how much finance he will spend on his enterprise, what profit he will receive from it.

A business plan must be presented to credit institutions in order to receive a loan. The state supports livestock farming with huge sums. To get them, they draw up a business plan.

If the plan is drawn up to receive investments, then 1 section is drawn up. This is a summary of the activities of an entrepreneur. It contains all the details of the farmer: registration address of the enterprise, telephone numbers, address Email, registration numbers with the tax authority, Pension Fund, TFOMS, Social Insurance Fund and statistics. It is necessary to indicate the current account through which the main financial flow will be carried out.

Next comes short message about the farm and animals. It describes what property is available: buildings, transport, pastures, hectares of land for building a farm or a finished barn. It is necessary to mention what livestock of cattle is planned to be bred or has already been purchased: what breeds of cows and bulls, how much milk yield and slaughter weight are.

Part 2 of the plan is a summary of the project. In it, the entrepreneur describes what he wants to purchase and for what purposes. What is the projected profit the farmer can receive at the end of the project. There is no need to describe everything in detail. Only general phrases and numbers.

Part 3 – production. It calculates all production costs. An entrepreneur wants to start an activity such as a business of breeding cows for milk. What should he do first?

If you buy heifers that are 2-3 months old, they will not produce milk soon. The chick needs to grow up. This will take on average 10-11 months. Everything will depend on how she gains weight. A young chick costs 8 thousand rubles. There is no guarantee that her adaptation to new conditions will go well and she will not get sick.

If the heifer is accustomed to a new place and eats well, then at 12-13 months she is taken to mating. The gestation period for a calf is 285 days, which is 9.5 months. She begins her lactation period, but milk can only be taken from her after 1.5 months. An entrepreneur will have to wait almost 2 years to start selling milk. To fatten the heifer, he will need feed worth 40 thousand rubles.

If you buy heifers, they will cost more – 20 thousand rubles, but they will produce milk in about a year. They require more feed than a one-year-old calf. The same amount is set aside for food. The entrepreneur benefits from animal care costs.

A dairy cow will cost an average of 40 thousand rubles, depending on the breed of the animal. She immediately gives milk, sales begin from the first days of purchasing the animal. Having made the calculation, the entrepreneur decides which animals to buy.

In addition to heifers, it is also necessary to purchase bull calves. They are necessary for the fertilization of heifers so that they can produce milk. The cost of a 3 month old bull is 10 thousand rubles. He will become an adult at 13-14 months, depending on the breed. As he grows up, he will need food worth an average of 60 thousand rubles. In some cases, yearling bulls are purchased. It will cost more, at least 20 thousand rubles. Per head. The farmer saves on feed.

In addition to animals, it is necessary to consider their maintenance:

• build a barn or rent one;
• purchase equipment for milking and cow boxes: feeders, drinking bowls;
• lay water supply, connect electricity, install heating if necessary;
• establish automatic control of all processes in the barn;
• rent or buy meadow fields to be able to make hay; you need to think about whether it might be cheaper to buy hay;
• build a hangar for storing feed;
• equip a silo;
• decide on the removal of manure: the best option is to enter into an agreement with a vegetable farm;
• establish staffing levels for workers, milkmaids, and veterinarian;
• purchase milk containers;
• transport for transporting milk.

You will also need sawdust and straw to sprinkle on the flooring in the stall. Equipment for cleaning dirt in the barn. The construction of sheds for storing equipment and hangars for the vehicle fleet is being considered. A business plan for breeding cows determines all the expenses that an entrepreneur will undergo when opening a business in the livestock sector.

Part 4 of the cow breeding business plan is economic. In it, the entrepreneur calculates his projected profit from the enterprise. It describes the amount of milk that is planned to be sold. If a farmer sells manure, its value is indicated. An additional business could be the sale of young animals or the slaughter of bulls.

Part 5 of the plan is analytical. An analysis of the entire enterprise is carried out. What profit was made, taking into account the costs of maintaining and purchasing animals? If the farmer has already registered with the tax office, he will have to pay taxes and contributions to state funds.

Next comes the investment part. If previous calculations showed that there is not enough money for the cow breeding business, then the loan amount is determined. In the investment part, a calculation is made of what is planned to be purchased for this amount, and what income the entrepreneur, the credit institution and the state budget will receive from this.

Business plan: production part

Raising cows requires certain costs. They need to be counted. To begin with, it was decided to purchase 10 heifers dairy direction, 3 bulls and 10 cows for milk. This will be spent on (thousand rubles):

• heifers – 10*20 = 200;
• yearling bulls – 3*30 = 90;
• cows – 10*50 = 500.

790 thousand rubles will be spent on animals. At the same time, it is necessary to resolve issues with milking, feeding, and keeping animals. If farming is already developing, and everything necessary for the cattle population is equipped, then this expense item disappears. Otherwise, it is necessary to provide for the following expenses in (thousand rubles):

It is necessary to take into account the costs of wages workers and milking operators. Costs for water and electricity: 50 thousand rubles. Animals are vaccinated, given medical examinations, and milk samples are taken. 30 thousand rubles are allocated for these events.

To start selling milk, you need to spend 2,280 thousand rubles. With the condition of keeping cows in stalls, acquiring land ownership, purchasing a truck with a milk tank. 790 thousand rubles are added to this amount. from the cost of animals. To develop an enterprise for selling milk, 3,070 thousand rubles will be required.

In the future, less finance will be required. The farmer already has a barn, animals, pastures, and transport. The bulk of the costs will be for feed, veterinarian, and barn maintenance.

In this part, income from all areas of business is considered. IN in this case sale of milk. The cows will start producing milk immediately. If we take into account the period of adaptation of animals to new feeds and living conditions, then from 1 individual you can get 16-20 liters per day.

The calculation is made for the year in (thousand rubles):

• during the lactation period, which lasts 305 days, 6100 liters of milk are obtained from the cow;
• from 10 cows – 61,000 l.;
• 1 liter of cow's milk costs 25 rubles at a wholesale price;
• from 10 cows, milk revenue will be 1525;

By the end of the lactation period of cows, milk will appear in heifers. The same calculation is made, but taking into account that after the first calving they will produce less milk than adult cows. The entrepreneur's milk sales will be constant.

Over the course of a year, an average of 500 thousand rubles will be spent on feeding cows, bulls and heifers. The calculation is made taking into account seasonal feeding. During the warm period, cows do not need to be given separately juicy food and concentrates. They receive their main nutrition on pasture.

Business plan - analytical part

This section summarizes the entire enterprise for the year. All expenses incurred by the entrepreneur to develop the business are taken into account, and gross profit from the sale of milk. The data is analyzed and the return on investment of the project is calculated.

IN new project 3070 thousand rubles were invested. Received 1,525 thousand rubles from the sale of milk. On next year the amount from the sale of milk will be identical. The project will pay for itself in 2 years. In the 4th year, the profit will be double, because the cows that were purchased earlier as heifers have given birth to offspring. At 4 years old they will become adults. After calving they will produce milk:

• in year 2, sales from milk will be 1,525 thousand rubles;
• for the 3rd year – 1525 thousand rubles;
• for the 4th year – 3050 thousand rubles.

Payback in 2 years is a good option business. Investments were made to generate profits in future periods. In the future, it is possible to trade calves or select bulls for rearing in order to obtain meat. If an entrepreneur has registered an individual entrepreneur, he will have to pay taxes to the budget: 6% of the profit. In 1 year it will be 91.5 thousand rubles.

By calculating a business plan, you can clearly see all the costs and income from the project and determine the payback period for the new enterprise. If an entrepreneur does not have enough funds to start a business, he can take out a loan from a bank or apply for a grant from the state. In this case, it is necessary to calculate the food supply of the animals. The calculation is carried out for each unit: hay, silage, concentrates. The business plan outline is provided by the credit institution.

I made another schedule. It turned out epic and monumental. All the ups and downs of our history have affected Russian livestock farming.

The first blow to the cattle was struck Civil War. The livestock has decreased by 20 million heads over 7 years. Then the NEP and the land received by the peasants easily help to cover the pre-revolutionary level and bring it to 110 million heads in 1927, actually equalizing the number of livestock with the population of the RSFSR.

Collectivization, which began in the late 20s, sharply reduces the number of all livestock by half, from 110 to 52.5 million, but it is not collectivization that reduces the number of livestock, but the peasants themselves begin to intensively slaughter their livestock so as not to reduce their cows and sheep to socialized farms. va. This is one of the excesses of collectivization. The short-sightedness of this step - the slaughter of livestock - hit the peasants themselves already in 1933, when the grain crop failure of 1932 created a food shortage and increased mortality from starvation in the spring of 1933. Here this beast could have saved many lives, but the peasants turned out to be their own evil Pinocchios, alas.

After this, a sharp increase in the number of livestock begins again, and the number of small ruminants (sheep and goats), as well as pigs, easily exceeds the pre-revolutionary level. I will pay attention to sheep, goats and pigs. They are an indicator of the private initiative of the villagers (collective farmers), whom they keep on their private farmsteads for their own food and for selling meat in city markets. It is not so easy to increase the number of cattle due to natural reasons (prolonged growth and weight gain) and the complexity of maintenance - you need to devote a lot of time, which is quite difficult for a collective farmer when working full time on the collective farm.

The next blow to the livestock population was dealt by the Great Patriotic War 1941-45 The livestock decreased by one and a half times from 91 million heads to 65.

After the war, there was again an intensive increase in the number of livestock, especially on private farmsteads. The cattle population made a breakthrough after Stalin's death and grew continuously almost until the very end of Soviet power. The state's increased attention to the development of this particular industry is having an impact. Attention lies in large capital investments in the construction of capital farms and feeding complexes. The beginning of mass imports of grain into the USSR coincides with the same period - intensive livestock farming requires not only green feed, but also feed grain.
The other side of the coin of the Khrushchev period was the stifling of the private initiative of collective farmers through increased taxes. Collective farmers respond by mass slaughter of sheep, goats and pigs, the number of which is reduced by 25 million heads in one year. This is another voluntarism of Khrushchev that cost him his post.

During the Brezhnev period of rule, there was a steady increase in the number of all types of livestock, which by the end of the 70s reached its historical maximum of 160 million heads.

Under the chatterbox Gorbachev, stagnation sets in, which under the liberals will turn into a catastrophic reduction of the entire herd (from 150 million to 50) of all types of livestock in all types of farms, regardless of ownership. I would call this period the Scotoholocaust and the Scotomor of the 90s. The result of this is the current extremely deplorable state of the village, which looks as if it had been bombed for several years.
Next comes what I ironically called Putin’s rise in the number of sheep, goats and pigs, as well as chickens. Cattle do not succumb to liberal mantras and spells and continue to reduce their numbers.

I would like to conclude from all this that liberal ruin and robbery affected not only the citizens of Russia, but also all other animals. Those who want to see the similarity of the processes can look at

Before answering this question, you must always remember this axiom:

In poultry farming, investments pay off in 1-2 years, in pig farming in 3-4 years, in cattle breeding in 8-10 years.

Everyone understands that capitalism, to which we joyfully jumped a quarter of a century ago, is in the yard, and now blaming the fact that private capital does not want to invest in this industry, but follows the path of least resistance (pig and poultry farming) is, to say the least, stupid.

And put yourself in the place of a farmer or the owner of an agricultural holding, huh? It’s certainly convenient to talk from the outside...

Guys, keeping bulls, and especially cows, is incredibly difficult and troublesome. Any villager knows this.
This is not a pig that eats everything that is not given to it - from grass to fishmeal and meat waste.
Cattle require especially balanced feed (see previous post), spacious barns, periodic walking and more careful care.
Not to mention the fact that the fertility of a pig is an order of magnitude higher than that of cows, and the increase in live weight is faster than that of bulls.
And in a pigsty, “more meat” is placed per unit area than in premises for livestock.
Simply put, pigsties are cheaper.

I must say that the fact that Russia is still among the leading countries in beef production is a surprising fact for me:

Pay attention to the countries that are ahead of us in terms of cattle numbers: Brazil, China, USA, Argentina, Mexico...

All are countries with a mild and warm climate. It is clear that raising cows in these countries is much more profitable and easier than in Russia, northern country, where cattle have to be kept for several months in expensive, heated barns, with all the amenities.

This is fact number 2 that you need to remember.

Then, you ask, why in the RSFSR cattle was 2.5 times larger than now?

Everything is banal and simple - Soviet Union invested huge subsidies in this sector.

I won’t forget my conversation with a young livestock specialist in the late 80s, when the whole school and I went to collect turnips at the local state farm.

Then, while drinking home-made mountain ash with us, ninth-graders, on the parapet of a turnip field, he told us that every kg of beef from their farm costs twice as much as imported meat from the mainland.

And there were tens of thousands of such state farms throughout the USSR.

Of course, we have traditional areas for cattle breeding: the Republic of Kalmykia, Orenburg region, Rostov region, Stavropol region, Republic of Bashkortostan, Altai region, Tatarstan, etc.
But to make a significant leap in beef production, global investment in these regions is needed.

But here interesting point: over the last five-year period in agricultural organizations, despite the active support of the state, the number of cows decreased by 460 thousand heads, and among farmers it increased by almost the same amount - by 400 thousand.

Some experts believe that the reason for such polar results may be the more responsible attitude of farmers to their business.

I believe that it is much more convenient for a farmer to keep and care for a small herd than even for a team to keep several hundred or thousands of animals under supervision.

For example, if a farmer who owns three cows raises their number to eight in three years, he will receive 0.2 million rubles.
According to this practice, small farms in the Republic of Tatarstan provide more than half of all agricultural products in the region, despite the fact that subsidiary farms account for only 9% of state support.

So maybe change the strategy and give cattle breeding completely to private farmers, increasing subsidies to private cowboys?
Leaving the state only with pork production, where are the successes undoubtedly noticeable?

I don’t know, time will tell... In the end, the truth is born in the search.