A message to the outside world "my Krai-Lipetsk region". Agriculture of the Lipetsk region
Famous for her natural resources Lipetsk region is located in the central part of the country at the source of the Don. Its nature is extremely rich and varied in landscapes, as well as flora and fauna. On the territory of the region, you can find both low-lying territories and elevated plains. Due to its location in forest steppe zone, Lipetsk region alternates between forests and steppes. Most tourists are attracted here by endless groves, forest thickets and deep rivers. In addition, there are many protected areas with rare species of flora and fauna.
The flora of the Lipetsk region
If calculated as a percentage, then forest zone in the Lipetsk region occupies only nine percent of the entire territory. Previously, this figure was much higher. The main part of the region was occupied by meadows and arable lands. On the territory of the region, there are protected areas where you can find representatives of relict vegetation. These are Galichya Mountain, Plyushchan tract and Vorgolskie Rocks.
Most often, oak groves are found in the forests of the region. They are located mainly in the upper reaches of rivers. In addition to oak, you can also find alder, pine, ash, linden or maple. In total, there are about a hundred species of trees on the territory of the Lipetsk region. Also widespread are floodplains where foxtail, wheatgrass, timothy and other herbs grow. Within the territory of water area you can also find picturesque vegetation. Among them, enchanting white lilies, irises or yellow water lilies stand out. The steppe zone of the region is occupied by agricultural crops. Oats, wheat, buckwheat, and sunflowers are grown here. Rapeseed, peas, millet, corn and barley also grow. This list is closed by representatives of vegetable breeds, among which the most consumed are potatoes, beets, onions and much more.
Fauna of the Lipetsk region
In the Lipetsk region, there are 196 species of animals listed in the Red Book. And this is far from a small figure. Among the unique endangered species are the steppe ferret, gray hamster and common copperhead- a snake with its characteristic spots. Among the birds under special protection are the owl, the gray crane, the harrier and the mute swan that lives near small islets.
In the forest zone of the Lipetsk region, you can find squirrels and beavers building dams. Very often moose come across on the way, but wild boars and roe deer are much less common. Various rodents live in the fields and steppes, among which are widespread jerboas, ground squirrels, mice and hares. Bats go hunting at night.
Also on the territory of the region various kinds of birds are very diverse. The most common are sparrows, crows, doves, woodpeckers, sparrows and jackdaws. Among the nomadic birds that fly away in the cold season, one can distinguish bullfinches, black woodpeckers and tap dancers. Underwater world rivers and lakes are also striking in their diversity. The most common species are perch, bream, rudd, carp, pike, catfish and many other fish species. Thanks to such a huge choice, fishing is widespread in the Lipetsk region. In addition, amphibians, crayfish or molluscs can be found in water bodies.
Climate in Lipetsk region
Lipetsk region is located in the moderately continental climatic zone... Therefore, the region is characterized by warm summers and rather cool winters. If we compare the region with other parts of the country, then it has averaged climatic indicators... Itself low temperature in the region it is typical for January, and the warmest month is July. Air possesses low level humidity, due to sufficient distance from the Atlantic Ocean. Precipitation occurs both in summer and winter seasons, winter is characterized by heavy snowfalls and summer by heavy rains.
Favorable climatic conditions, the presence of chernozems in the Lipetsk region, contribute to the development of crop production. The area of farmland is over 1.8 million hectares, of which arable land? more than 80%. In the Lipetsk region, there are about 300 agricultural enterprises, the main areas of which are: the production of cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, the cultivation of large cattle, pig breeding, poultry farming.
Lipetsk region is located in a moderate climatic zone Northern Hemisphere. Its territory is dominated by continental air masses temperate latitudes.
Soils and their agrochemical characteristics
The soil cover is the result of a long and complex development natural conditions... In the Lipetsk region, the zonal soil type is gray forest soils. The most widespread are powerful chernozems. They occupy about 40 percent of the region's territory. Are they common in the southeast of the region? in the Dobrinsky and Gryazinsky districts and in the southwest? in the Volovoy district. Powerful chernozems are highly fertile and have a thickness of up to 120-130 cm. The soils are porous and retain air and moisture well. They are rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium.
Leached and podzolized chernozems in the region are the most widespread. They account for 79.4% of the arable land area. They formed where they are favorable conditions for leaching. Leaching? this is the leaching of soluble substances from the soil. Leached chernozems occupy mainly western and northern regions area.
Podzolized chernozems are found in separate areas among leached chernozems. They are available in Khlevensky and in the southern part of the Zadonsky district.
Gray forest soils formed under cover broadleaf forests... They are common in Eletsk, Zadonsk, Krasninskiy regions. They are found in separate spots among podzolized and leached chernozems. These soils are poor in humus in comparison with chernozem soils.
Podzolic soils are common in the coniferous strip woodlands on the left bank of the Voronezh River. Valleys of Voronezh, Don, Beautiful Swords and other rivers have alluvial-floodplain soddy soils.
In the southeast of the region, solonetzes and malts are found in separate spots. They are usually located on the slopes and in the upper reaches of ravines, along hollows, sometimes in river valleys and depressions of flat watersheds.
Hydrography. Surface water. Under water ≈ 1.12% of the area, 0.68% is occupied by swamps. The region has a well-developed hydrographic network. The total length of the river network is 5300 km. There are 127 rivers over 10 km long, with a total length of 3,700 km. 212 rivers less than 10 km in length and more than 200 streams (temporary streams) are usually formed from springs. The largest rivers in the region are the Don River with its tributaries Krasivaya Mecha, Bystraya Sosna, and Again; R. Voronezh with tributaries Stanovaya Ryasa, r. Matyr. Each of these rivers receives numerous tributaries, which are mainly fed by spring. The density of the river network is 0.21 km / km 2. The territory of the region is located in the upper part of the river basin. Don who is in charge water artery region and cuts it from north to south for more than 300 km. Almost all other rivers of the region are tributaries of the Don or belong to its basin. An exception is the Ranova River, which flows in the northeast of the region (the Oka River basin). The direction and nature of the flow of rivers in the region depend on the nature of the relief. In accordance with the general slope of the surface, the Don River flows to the south. The right tributaries of the Don - Bystraya Sosna, Krasivaya Mecha, Again, Elm and others, flowing down from the Central Russian Upland, due to the significant excess of the watersheds above the river level, have a significant slope, fast flow, well-pronounced deep and lateral erosion. The rivers Voronezh, Stanovaya Ryasa, Matyra, Dvurechka, Usman, flowing along the Oksko-Donokaya lowland, in contrast to the rivers of the Central Russian Upland, have slight slopes, slow flow, they are dominated by lateral erosion.The groundwater. Operational reserves of fresh groundwater - more than 1,300,000 m 3 / day; mineral waters- more than 12000 m 3 / day.
Aquatic biological resources. The reservoirs are inhabited by: silver bream, sabrefish, minnow, sterlet, carp, common stonefoot, pike perch, carp (carp), catfish, pike, perch, bream, ruff, asp, podust, blue bream, ide, chub, burbot, vybets, ruff- nasar, privet, roach, bleach, ruff, tench, crucian carp, rudd, gudgeon. Of the introduced species of fish, white and variegated silver carp, white and, extremely rarely, black carp are found in water bodies; rotan is also developing more and more areas. The endangered species of cyclostomes, the European brook lamprey, is less common.
Vegetation. Forest-steppe. Forests occupy ≈ 10.5% of the territory.
Soils. By area shares are distributed: leached chernozems - 57.3%, gray forest - 10%, meadow chernozem - 9.4%, floodplain weakly acidic and neutral - 6.9%, podzolized chernozems - 6.1%, typical chernozems - 5 , 2%, sod-podzolic illuvial-ferruginous - 2.3%, dark gray forest - 1.4%, light gray forest - 1%, non-soil formations (water) - 0.4%, meadow chernozem leached - 0.1%.
The quality of the soil cover is reduced by the dissemination of low-fertile alkaline, solodized and waterlogged soils, scattered with small spots. A noticeable contrast in the soil cover creates a relief. In the areas of the Central Russian Upland, dissected by ravines and gullies, there are many washed away soils, which complicate the conduct of agriculture. Terraces of Voronezh and Don on large areas are covered with sands of little use for agricultural use and light soils in need of afforestation.
Agriculture. Agricultural lands occupy ≈ 81.3% of the territory, in their structure - arable land ≈ 79.5%, perennial plantations ≈ 1.8%, hayfields ≈ 4.3%, pastures ≈ 14.4%.
Livestock and crafts. Cows are bred (meat (Aberdeen-Angus) and dairy (Holstein) cattle breeding), pigs (large white, Landrace, Dunbred, Yorkshire, Duroc), sheep, goats, poultry (chickens, pheasants, quails), fish (carp, grass carp , silver carp), bees, rabbits.
Plant growing. They grow wheat (spring, winter), rye (winter), barley (spring), oats, millet, buckwheat, corn (grain, fodder), peas, sugar beets, sunflower, rape (spring, winter), makhorka, soybeans, sorghum , mustard, potatoes, cucumbers (M), tomatoes (M), eggplants (M), pepper (M), mushrooms (oyster mushrooms), apples, berries, grapes, fodder roots, annual and perennial herbs.
Approximate calendar of agricultural work in the Lipetsk region
| Month | Decade | activity |
|---|---|---|
| January | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| February | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| March | 1 | |
| 2 | Top dressing of winter crops | |
| 3 | Top dressing of winter crops | |
| April | 1 | Sowing of spring wheat, barley, peas, sugar beets, annual grasses; feeding winter cereals, perennial grasses with nitrogen fertilizers; treatment of fields with herbicides |
| 2 | Sowing of spring barley, wheat, sugar beet, rapeseed, annual grasses; feeding winter and perennial grasses | |
| 3 | Sowing of spring barley, wheat, corn for grain, peas, sugar beet, rapeseed, sunflower, annual grasses; moisture closure | |
| May | 1 | Sowing of sugar beets, wheat, barley, corn (grain, silage), peas, sunflowers, rapeseed, annual grasses; winter herbicide treatment |
| 2 | Sowing of spring wheat, barley, corn for grain, peas, sugar beets, rapeseed, sunflowers, soybeans, planting potatoes, vegetables; treatment of crops against weeds and pests | |
| 3 | Sowing spring rapeseed, soybeans | |
| June | 1 | Harvesting feed |
| 2 | Harvesting feed | |
| 3 | Harvesting feed | |
| July | 1 | Harvesting feed |
| 2 | Harvesting of cereals, peas; feed preparation | |
| 3 | Harvesting of winter wheat, winter rye, legumes, corn for silage, winter rapeseed, greenhouse cucumbers and tomatoes; feed preparation | |
| August | 1 | Cleaning of cereals, rapeseed; feed preparation |
| 2 | Cleaning of cereals, rapeseed; preparation for sowing winter crops; feed preparation | |
| 3 | Harvesting of cereals, corn (grain), rapeseed, sugar beet; sowing winter crops; feed preparation | |
| September | 1 | Sowing winter wheat; plowing plowing; harvesting cereals, sugar beets, rapeseed; feed preparation |
| 2 | Harvesting of sugar beets, rapeseed, sunflowers, potatoes; preparation of feed; sowing winter crops | |
| 3 | Harvesting of corn for grain, sugar beet, sunflower; silage preparation; plowing plowing; sowing winter crops | |
| October | 1 | Harvesting of corn for grain, sugar beet, sunflower |
| 2 | Harvesting of cereals, corn for grain, sunflowers, sugar beets, soybeans | |
| 3 | Harvesting of corn for grain, sugar beet, sunflower; fall plowing | |
| November | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| December | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 |
Districts of Lipetsk region
Volovsky district.
Located in the southwestern part of the Lipetsk region. The rivers Kshen, Olym and Volovchik flow through its territory. The region is located in the steppe zone. The average annual rainfall in the region is 519 mm. The date of the transition of the average daily temperature through 0 o C (the beginning of winter) is November 7. Winter lasts 140 days on average. The amount of precipitation during this period is up to 75 mm. The beginning of spring is March 27. Spring lasts an average of 49 days (before the temperature changes over 15 o C - May 15). The average amount of precipitation for this period is 100-125 mm. Summer lasts 112 days (May 15 - September 4) until the temperature transitions below +15 o C. During this period, an average of 150-175 mm of precipitation falls. Autumn lasts 64 days (September 4 - November 7). During this period, less than 125 mm of precipitation falls. Prevailing winds- southwestern. Maximum speed their 30 m / sec. The average annual isotherm is +5.3 o C. The absolute maximum temperature in July is +38.5 o C; the absolute minimum temperature in February is -36.9 o C. The air is temperate continental. In the Volovsky district, favorable for life and agriculture relative humidity, which on average ranges from 66 to 75%. The sunshine in July is 506 hours. The duration of the period with an average daily temperature above +5 o C - 181-184 days, +10 o C - 142-146 days, +15 o C - 95-101 days. The amount of precipitation for the period with temperatures above +10 o C is 225-275 mm. Sum active temperatures 2300-2400 o C. SCC 1.1-1.2. The duration of the frost-free period is 219-223 days. The beginning of the growing season of plants: west of the Gatishche-Volovo-Chesnochnoe line - April 10-15; to the east - April 15-20. The average date of soil drying to a soft-plastic state at a depth of 10-12 cm is April 20. The average date for the soil warming up to +10 o C at a depth of 10 cm is April 30. The average date for the end of frost in the air is May 2. The average of the largest ten-day heights of snow cover is 20-25 cm. The average annual runoff is 120-140 mm. During the flood, it is 60-70 mm. The average freeze-up date on the Kshen and Olym rivers is December 10-20. Resources of local surface runoff are 125-150 thousand m 2 / km 2. The soils are mainly represented by leached and typical chernozems, alluvial meadow soils. The humus content is 400-480 t / ha. The texture is heavy loam. The degree of land erosion is 24%. At the rate natural properties soil - it is very high in the region (90 points on a 100-point scale) - the highest in the region. The area is located on the eastern edge of the Central Russian Upland. The terrain is a relatively flat surface with many beams and, in some places, ravines. The water resources of the region are represented by the rivers Kshen and Olym, framing the borders of the region from the eastern and western sides and flowing into the river. Fast Pine. Earlier, when agriculture was less intensive, these rivers were full-flowing. But over the years, many of the springs that feed them became silted up, individual streams dried up, which affected the high flow of rivers. The Olym River originates in Kursk region... It flows along the lands of the district near Malaya Gorchakovka, through Naberezhnoe, Ozhoga, Lykovka, Maisky Luch, Sapron. The Kshen River carries its waters through Khavan, Krasny Luch, Kazanka, Elizavetinka, Kalinovka. The largest streams: Skakun, Chesnochny, Bolshoi, Malovets, Ozhoga, Dubovina (in Zakharovka), flowing into the Olym river. There are many ponds on the Volovo lands. Until recently, their waters were effectively used on irrigated lands. There are many springs in the region: near the village of Kazanka, where the spring carries its waters from a limestone mountain; near the village of Samarino (lip cancer); near the village of Sapron on the banks of the river. Olym (Sapronovskie Gagra) and a number of other places of great interest to residents and guests of the region. According to the botanical and geographical zoning, the Olymsko-Don region with island oak forests, willow stands, aspen bushes, gully grass-sedge bogs, with remnants of herb-low sedge steppes. Pig breeding (large white, landrace). They grow cereals, sugar beets, and sunflowers.
Gryazinsky district.
Located in the eastern part of the Lipetsk region. The area of the territory is 1349.77 km 2.
Rivers flow through the territory: Voronezh, Matyra, Baigora; the Matyr reservoir is located.
Poultry (chickens, quails), cows (dairy farming), pigs, horses, sheep, goats, and rabbits are raised. They grow rye (winter), wheat (winter, spring), barley (spring), oats, corn (grain), sugar beet, rapeseed (winter), sunflower, soy, mustard, potatoes, vegetables, melons, fruits, berries, grapes , fodder roots, perennial grasses.
Dankovsky district.
Located in the north of the Lipetsk region. The area of the territory is 1894.85 km 2.
They breed cows, sheep, pigs, poultry. They grow cereals (winter crops), sugar beets, rapeseed (winter crops), soybeans, potatoes, and vegetables (ZG).
Dobrinsky district.
Located in the southeastern part of the Lipetsk region. The area of the territory is 1667, 26 km 2.
Rivers flow through the territory: Chamlyk, Plavitsa, Matryonka, Bityug.
Pigs (danbred, landrace, yorkshire, duroc), poultry (pheasants), cows are bred. They grow barley (spring), rye (winter), corn (grain), sugar beets, annual grasses.
Dobrovsky district.
Located in the central part of the Lipetsk region. The area of the territory is 1326.43 km 2.
The climate is moderately continental.
Pigs and cows are bred (dairy (Holstein) cattle breeding). They grow cereals, sugar beets.
Dolgorukovsky district.
Located in the southwestern part of the Lipetsk region. The area of the territory is 1013.23 km 2.
Pigs are bred. They grow cereals, corn (grain), sugar beets, potatoes, perennial grasses.
Eletsky district.
Located in the center of the Lipetsk region. The area of the territory is 1171.5 km 2.
Pigs, cows, poultry (chickens) are bred. Rye, wheat, oats, barley, buckwheat, sugar beets, rapeseed, potatoes, vegetables (ZG), and fruits are grown.
Zadonsk region.
Located on the outskirts of the forest-steppe part of the Central Russian Upland, in the center of the Lipetsk region. The total area is 1503.1 km 2, of which 81 thousand hectares are arable land, 23 thousand hectares (16.3%) are forests, 1.2 thousand hectares are covered with water. The total length of rivers and streams is 279 km. The largest of them are Don, Again, Repets, Khmelinka. Cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry breeding. They grow cereals, corn, sugar beets, and sunflowers.
Izmalkovsky district.
Located in the west of the Lipetsk region. The area of the territory is 1117.91 km 2.
Rivers flow through the area: Bystraya Sosna, Vorgol.
Pigs are bred. They grow cereals (winter crops), soybeans.
Krasninsky district.
Located in the northwestern part of the Lipetsk region. The area of the territory is 933.241 km 2.
Rivers flow through the territory: Don, Beautiful Sword, Fast Pine, Semyonok.
Pigs, cows, horses, goats are bred. Wheat (winter, spring), rye (winter), barley (spring), oats, peas, sugar beets, mushrooms (oyster mushrooms) are grown.
Lebedyansky district.
Located in the north of the Lipetsk region. The area of the territory is 1444.36 km 2. The river Don, the Beautiful sword, flow through the territory. Meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming. They grow cereals (winter crops), sugar beets, rapeseed (winter crops), and apple trees.
Lev-Tolstovsky area.
Occupies the northern part of the Lipetsk region. The area of the territory is 968.20 km 2. The surface is an elevated undulating plain, dissected by valleys, gullies and ravines. The district's hydrographic network is represented by the drying up rivers Gushchina Ryasa, Yagodnaya Ryasa, Rakovaya Ryasa, and streams. Mainly leached and podzolized chernozems prevail. Pig breeding, dairy cattle breeding. Wheat, barley, oats, rye, buckwheat, millet, corn, peas, rapeseed, sunflower, and sugar beets are grown.
Lipetsk region.
Located in the central part of the Lipetsk region. The area of the territory is 1545.26 km 2.
The relief of the territory is gently undulating, with a network of ravines and gullies.
Flow through the territory: the left tributary of the Don river. Voronezh and 7 small rivers; there are 10 lakes and 20 ponds.
The soils are powerful chernozems, rich in nitrogen and phosphorus.
Poultry (chickens), cows (dairy farming), bees are raised. They grow cereals, corn (grain), sugar beets, soybeans, vegetables (ZG).
Stanovlya region.
Located in the northwestern part of the Lipetsk region. The area of the territory is 1348.95 km 2.
Rivers flow through the territory: Semenyok, Vorgol, Palna.
Pigs are bred. Grain crops (winter crops) and sunflowers are grown.
Terbunsky district.
Located in the southwestern part of the region. The area is 1170.07 km 2. The length of the region from north to south is 32 km, from west to east - 51 km. The territory of the region is elevated, uneven, the surface is cut by ravines, rivers, it is represented by numerous hills, rising sharply above the river valleys. The main rivers are Olymchik and Again. There are few lakes and ponds. Forest area insignificant. Meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding. They grow cereals, corn (grain), sugar beets, rapeseed, vegetables.
Usmansky district.
Located in the southeastern part of the Lipetsk region. The area of the territory is 1941.87 km 2.
Located in the forest-steppe zone.
Cows (beef and dairy cattle breeding), poultry (chickens) are bred. Wheat, rye (winter), legumes, tobacco, sugar beets, sunflowers, sorghum, soybeans, vegetables (ZG), fruits, and berries are grown.
Khlevensky district.
Located in the south of the Lipetsk region. The area of the territory is 933.05 km 2.
Rivers flow through the district: Don, Voronezh.
High soil fertility, black soil accounts for 90% of the arable land.
Cows are bred (beef (Aberdeen-Angus) and dairy cattle breeding). Wheat, rye (winter), barley, corn (grain), sunflower, sugar beet are grown.
Administration of the Lipetsk region
General geographical and historical information.
Lipetsk Region is located in the central part of the East European (Russian) Plain, at the junction of the Central Russian Upland and the Oka-Don Lowland. The western part of the region is an elevated (up to 262 m) plain with a wavy surface, strongly dissected by river valleys, ravines and gullies. The eastern part is a low-lying (height up to 170 m), flat, slightly dissected plain with big amount saucer-shaped depressions - depressions. Karst sinkholes, caves, disappearing rivers, and karst springs are widespread. Main river- Don.
Big cities- Lipetsk, Yelets, Gryazi. The administrative center is Lipetsk. In many ways, the intensive development of the city of Lipetsk and the Lipetsk region began in connection with the construction and commissioning of the Novolipetsk Metallurgical Combine (1934).
Mineral resources.
More than 320 deposits of mineral raw materials and fuel are known in the region, which are of great importance for the development of the region's economy. The distribution of minerals is closely related to geological structure area .. These are mainly iron ore deposits, playing important role in its economy.
Due to the fact that the crystalline rocks on the territory of the region lie deep, the ore minerals associated with them are still insufficiently studied. The most significant and large group mineral resources of the region - deposits building materials(carbonate rocks for crushed stone, rubble, construction lime, cement raw materials; clays for ceramics and bricks). The most famous deposits: building materials - Studenovskoye, Sokolsko-Sitovskoye, Chibisovskoye, Berezovskoye, dolomites - Dankovskoye. Rich deposits of various minerals made it possible to open more than 50 open pits on the territory of the region.
Water resources.
Surface waters. The region has a well-developed hydrographic network. The total length of the river network is 5300 km.
The largest rivers in the region: the Don with its tributaries - Krasivaya Mecha, Bystraya Sosna, Again; R. Voronezh with tributaries - Stanovaya Ryasa, r. Matyr.
The territory of the region is located in the upper part of the river basin. Don, which is the main waterway of the region and cuts it from north to south for more than 300 km.
The water in the rivers of the region mainly belongs to the third class of purity, i.e. moderately polluted. Registered for use water resources there are 609 water user enterprises, the main sources of water demand are the rivers: Don, Voronezh, Matyra, Sosna, their tributaries and groundwater.
Forest resources.
The region is located in the forest-steppe zone. Forests are mainly birch and pine. Small forests are mainly confined to the floodplains of the Don and Voronezh rivers.
The sanitary condition of the region's forests is satisfactory.
Biological resources land and aquatic biological resources.
Plants.
In the region, 215 species of bryophytes and 1437 species of vascular spore and flowering plants are registered, belonging to 552 genera and 118 families. The basis of the list of vascular plants is formed by aboriginal species that now grow on the territory of the region or were previously reliably known here.
Animals.
269 bird species have been registered. 39 species are recorded on migration, 13 species are found only in winter, 27 more species are noted as vagrants. More than 50% of bird species live in forests. From hunting species grouse and woodcock meet here. The first species is included in the list of protected animals of the region, and the second has no commercial value. Widespread in different types forest species such as buzzard, magpie, hoodie, great tit, forest pipit, chaffinch, common bunting. Inhabits up to 73 species of mammals from 6 orders. Hunting animals belong to the orders of carnivores, rodents, lagomorphs and artiodactyls. These are: beaver, squirrel, muskrat, hare, white hare, wolf, fox, raccoon dog (Usuri raccoon), pine marten, forest (black) ferret, steppe ferret, ermine, weasel, badger, wild boar, red deer, roe deer, elk. The area of fixed hunting grounds is 2180 thousand hectares. The fish stocks of the region represent the usual set of the European freshwater fish complex: silver bream, sabrefish, minnow, sterlet, carp, common stonefoot, pike perch, carp (carp), catfish, pike, perch, bream, ruff, asp, podust, ide, chub , burbot, rybets, ruff-nasar, privet, roach, bleak, tench, crucian carp, rudd, gudgeon. Of the introduced species of fish, white and variegated silver carp, white and, extremely rarely, black carp are found in water bodies; also masters ever larger open spaces, but already independently - the "scourge and thunderstorm" of reservoirs - rotan. The endangered species of cyclostomes - the European brook lamprey - is becoming less and less common. White carp weighing 8-10 kg were caught in the river. Voronezh between the village. Ramon Voronezh region and with. An outcrop of the Lipetsk region, there is also a short-necked gudgeon. Over the past decades, the fish productivity of natural reservoirs has decreased. The qualitative composition of catches is also changing, in which low-value fish species dominate: perch, roach, ruff, bleak, silver bream. In the rivers of the Don basin, the main competitor of benthophages is increasingly common - goldfish, which is an indicator of the clogging of commercial fish. The program for the restoration of fish stocks in the Matyr reservoir is in progress.
Climatic resources.
The climate is moderately continental, with cold winter, giving way to hot summer. Average annual temperature air is -4.5 ° C in the north of the region and + 5.5 ° C in the south. average temperature January -11 ° C, July - 20 ° C. The absolute long-term minimum of air temperature in the region is -37 ° С ...- 42 ° С, and the absolute maximum is + 36-39 ° С. The average annual precipitation ranges from 450-550 mm, however, there are significant deviations in both directions. In the western regions 70-100 mm of precipitation falls more than in the eastern regions. The maximum precipitation occurs in the summer (180-200 mm), the minimum falls in February (9-25 mm). The growing season is 180-185 days.
Recreational resources and specially protected natural areas... The region is part of the Voronezh state biosphere reserve(out of the total area of 31.1 thousand hectares in the Lipetsk region - 13.3 thousand hectares), which occupies the northern half of the Usmansky pine forest, one of the island forest areas of the forest-steppe, where pine forests with an admixture of oak. The reserve "Galichya Gora" was formed in 1925, within the current borders since 1969. Consists of six plots with a total area of 231 hectares (tracts - Galichya Gora, Morozova Gora, Bykova Neck, Plushan, Voronov Kamen, Vorgolskoe). Located on the Central Russian Upland in the Don river basin. Founded for the protection and study of unique relict complexes and rare species plants.
Lipetsk region is located in the temperate climatic zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Its territory is dominated by continental air masses of temperate latitudes.
Moderate continental air often penetrates from the southeast. V winter time it brings a sharp cold snap, and in summer - dry, hot weather.
In winter, the air is greatly cooled, as a result of which a high Atmosphere pressure... In summer it gets very hot, which leads to the formation of low atmospheric pressure, while the atmospheric pressure is higher over the Atlantic, which leads to the movement of moist air masses from the southwest, west and northwest.
The penetration of humid Atlantic air masses into the Lipetsk region is facilitated by the flatness of the territory - the absence of high mountain ranges. Their penetration is accompanied by an increase in temperature, cloudiness, and heavy snowfall. The formation of thaws is also associated with these air masses. Sometimes, in winter, humid tropical air, which forms over the Mediterranean, penetrates from the southwest. It brings not only warming, but also rains.
V summer period the air masses of the Atlantic, passing over the territory of the region, lower the temperature. Hot, dry weather gives way to cloudy and rainy.
Arctic air masses often invade the territory of the region, forming a meridional transport. In winter, they sharply lower the temperature, bring severe frosts, dry and clear weather. In summer, the arctic air is supplied warm and dry. During the hottest period of summer, arctic air masses can form dry winds.
In the west of the region, within the Central Russian Upland, precipitation falls by 50 mm more than in the east, within the Oka-Don Lowland. In winter, the large dissection of the surface of the Central Russian Upland leads to an uneven distribution of the snow cover. Snow from elevated places and watersheds is blown away by the wind and carried to lower places. In early spring when the watersheds have already cleared of snow, in the ravines it is just beginning to melt.
The roughness of the relief causes a wide variety of local microclimatic conditions.
The coldest month of the year is January. The change in average January temperatures is traced from the southwest to the northeast. In the south-west of the region, the average January temperature is -9.7 °, in the northeast -10.9 °. At the same time, sometimes in January, the air temperature can drop significantly, which is associated with the invasion of Arctic air masses.
The warmest month of the year is July. Its average temperature ranges from + 18.5 ° in the north-west to + 20.2 ° in the southeast, which is associated with an increase in the continentality of the climate in this direction. Annual amplitude average temperatures in the region are 30 ° and more. Due to the natural increase in the continental climate from west to east, the climate of the Oka-Don lowland is more continental than the climate of the Central Russian Upland.
The remoteness from the Atlantic Ocean, atmospheric circulation, temperature conditions, and relief affect the moisture content of the region's territory. The average annual rainfall here ranges from 550 mm in the northwest to 450 mm in the southeast. They also change naturally in accordance with the continental climate.
Precipitation over the seasons of the year falls unevenly - the least amount of them falls in the cold period of the year. The smallest amount of precipitation occurs in February - 20-25 mm. From April to July, the amount of precipitation increases markedly, reaching a maximum in July. In July, they fall out 60-85 mm.
The highest evaporation rate is observed in the southeast of the region, where the temperature is higher than in the rest of the territory. In general, for the region, the moisture coefficient is positive - more than 1.
Thus, the climate of the Lipetsk region is moderately continental, with warm summers and moderately cold winters. All seasons of the year are clearly defined.
Lipetsk region has a well-developed hydrographic network. On its territory, there are 127 rivers over 10 km long and 212 rivers less than 10 km long. Most large rivers are Don with tributaries Beautiful Sword, Swift Pine, Again; Voronezh with tributaries Stanovaya Ryasa, Matyr. The rivers of the Lipetsk region belong to the Atlantic Ocean basin.
The direction and nature of the flow of rivers in the region depend on the nature of the relief. In accordance with the general slope of the surface, the Don River flows to the south. The right tributaries of the Don - Bystraya Pine, Krasivaya Mecha, Again, Elm and others, flowing down from the Central Russian Upland, have a significant slope, a fast current, and a well-pronounced deep and lateral erosion. The rivers Voronezh, Stanovaya Ryasa, Matyra, Dvurechka, Usman, flowing along the Oksko-Donokaya lowland, have small slopes, a slow current, and lateral erosion prevails in them.
The rivers of the region belong to the type of rivers with mixed, mainly snow-fed, which accounts for about 65-60 percent of the annual runoff. The rest of the annual runoff falls on rainfall (25-30 percent) and groundwater (15 percent). In winter, rivers are fed mainly from underground sources, in spring - by snow water, in summer - by rainwater.
In most cases, the sources of the rivers of the Lipetsk region are groundwater outlets - springs. A typical example is the White Kolodez River (the right tributary of the Voronezh). The beginning of the permanent channel of this river is given by the outflows of groundwater from the limestone strata in the area of the village of Borino.
The rivers of the Lipetsk region have hydrocarbonate water, mostly weakly mineralized.
According to the regime, the rivers of the Lipetsk region are classified as rivers with spring floods.
The main feature of the region's rivers is the seasonality of runoff, a pronounced spring flood, comparatively low summer low-water period, with occasional small rises in the level as a result of summer heavy rain... Autumn floods are small and are not observed every year.
River water is used to irrigate orchards and vegetable gardens. The Voronezh River and its tributary Matyr are of great importance for supplying water to the metallurgical industry of the city of Lipetsk.
There are several hundred lakes on its territory. They are located unevenly. The largest number lakes are found in humid places - river floodplains.
Floodplain lakes are oxbow lakes. There are especially many of them in the floodplain of Voronezh. The largest are Andreevskoe, Gat, Long, Dolgoe, Karasevo, Lebyazhye, Ostabnoe and Spasskoe.
Reservoirs play an important role in water supply. A large reservoir is located at the mouth of the Matyra River, near Lipetsk. It provides Novolipetskiy Iron and Steel Works water and, at the same time, be a recreation area for the townspeople.
Lipetsk region is rich groundwater... The main aquifer lies at a depth of 60 to 150 m in a layer of Devonian limestones. Within the city of Lipetsk, there are outlets of several powerful sources. The largest of them are Monastyrskie and Lipovskie springs.
Thus, inland waters are extremely important natural wealth area. Their rational use makes it possible to increase the efficiency of many sectors of agriculture, provide the population and industrial enterprises water.
The soil cover is the result of a long and complex development of natural conditions. In the Lipetsk region, the zonal soil type is gray forest soils. The most widespread are powerful and leached chernozems. Podzolized chernozems are found only in isolated small areas.
Powerful chernozems occupy about 40 percent of the region's territory. They are common in the southeast of the region - in the Dobrinsky and Gryazinsky districts and in the southwest - in the Volovoy district. They gravitate towards the Oka-Don lowland with a flat relief, located in a zone of moderate moisture. Powerful chernozems are highly fertile. They contain in top layer soils from 8 to 12 percent of humus and have a thickness of 120-130 cm. The soils are porous, retain air and moisture well. They are rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium.
Leached and podzolized chernozems in the region are the most widespread. They account for 79.4 percent of the arable land area. Leached chernozems are inferior in fertility to powerful ones. The humus content in these soils ranges from 4-5 to 8-10 percent.
They were formed where there are favorable conditions for leaching. Leaching is the leaching of soluble substances from the soil. Leached chernozems mainly occupy the western and northern parts of the region.
Podzolized chernozems are found in separate areas among leached chernozems. They are available in Khlevensky and in the southern part of the Zadonsky district.
Gray forest soils were formed under the cover of deciduous forests. They are common in Eletsk, Zadonsk, Krasninskiy regions. They are found in separate spots among podzolized and leached chernozems. These soils are poor in humus in comparison with chernozem soils.
Podzolic soils are common in the strip of coniferous forests on the left bank of the Voronezh River.
The valleys of Voronezh, Don, Krasivaya Mecha and other rivers have alluvial-floodplain sod soils.
In the southeast of the region, solonetzes and malts are found in separate spots. They are usually located on the slopes and in the upper reaches of ravines, along hollows, sometimes in river valleys and depressions of flat watersheds.
