Reserves and national parks of the Krasnoyarsk Territory names. Protected places of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
The Big Arctic Reserve has a total area of 4,169,222 hectares, including 980,934 hectares of sea water. Due to its cluster structure, it covers an area of 1000 km from west to east and 500 km from north to south. The reserve consists of seven sites (they, in turn, include 34 separate clusters): Dikson-Sibiryakovsky, Kara Sea islands, Pyasinsky, Middendorf Bay, Nordenskjold archipelago, lower Taimyr, Chelyuskin peninsula. The federal reserve "Severozemelsky" with an area of 421 701 hectares and a reserve of regional significance "Brekhovsky Islands" with an area of 288 487 hectares are subordinated to the reserve.
Of the representatives of the flora of higher plants in the reserve, 162 species belonging to 28 families have been recorded. According to the number of species, cereals, cabbage, clove, saxifrage and sedge are distinguished. Among flowering plants, a colorful, brightly blooming species stands out - the cushion poppy. 15 species of fungi have been identified, lichens are significantly widespread here - 70 species.
A comparison of the flora indicates that an important botany-geographical border between the western and eastern Siberian flora passes between Sibiryakov Island and Meduza Bay. This is one of the manifestations of the Yenisei biogeographic boundary - the largest meridional boundary of this kind in the Palaearctic.
There are 16 species of mammals in the reserve (wolves, arctic foxes, polar bears, wolverines, musk oxen, reindeer, lemmings, etc.), of which 4 are marine animals (walruses, beluga whales, etc.).
Waterfowl are one of the main objects of protection in the reserve. Four species of geese, a small swan and four species of ducks nest here. The Great Arctic Reserve protected the nesting and molting sites of 80% of all black geese of the nominative subspecies wintering in Western Europe. In the lower reaches of the Lower Taimyr River, there are the largest molting accumulations of the non-breeding part of the population of this subspecies, which in the early 1990s numbered up to 50,000 birds. The main nesting concentrations of geese are located on the islands of the Kara Sea, where they nest in scattered colonies and single pairs.
State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Sayano-Shushensky" located in the center of the Western Sayan and Altai-Sayan mountainous country, on the territory of the Shushensky and Ermakovsky districts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The history of the creation of the reserve is connected with the need to preserve the sable as the most valuable fur animal. The reserve is also studying the impact of the Sayano-Shushensky reservoir on natural ecosystems. During the existence of the reserve, its area has increased twice and now amounts to 390 368 hectares. The reserve has a Museum of Nature.
Putorana State Natural Reserve.
The Putorana Plateau lies south of the Taimyr Peninsula, occupying most of the vast rectangle formed by the Yenisei, Kheta, Kotuy and Nizhnyaya Tunguska rivers and stretching for about 650 km both from north to south and from west to east. The area of the plateau is more than 250 thousand square meters. km.
The preliminary list of higher plants in the reserve includes 398 species (61% of the plateau flora). On the territory of the reserve there are rare plant species: Rhodiola rosea, spotted slipper, white-hair poppy, Asian swimsuit; Putorana endemic species - Sambuca crumbs, late marigold, variegated poppy and Putorana putorana; endemic of the Putorana and Byrranga mountains - auricular fescue; endemics of the north of Siberia - long-nosed rush, Taimyr and dandelion long-horned.
In faunal terms, the Putorana mountain system is less distinctly separated from the surrounding plains than by floristic features. Only one subspecies is endemic to this country - the Putorana bighorn sheep. In general, the fauna of terrestrial vertebrates is characterized by a combination of tundra, taiga, and widespread mountain species. The Putorana Plateau is the northern limit of distribution in Central Siberia of the Siberian column, sable, lynx, elk, northern pika, flying squirrel, squirrel, forest lemming, goshawk, common and stone capercaillie, hazel grouse, common and deaf cuckoos, hawk owl, bearded and long-tailed owls, woodpeckers , many species of waders and passerines. Putorana is the main nesting area of the gyrfalcon and white-tailed eagle in the north of Central Siberia. In the southeastern part of the plateau, the baby curlew nests, and the main part of the Putorana bighorn sheep population lives in the central part. There are numerous wolves, wolverines, and bears, which play an important role in local biocenoses.
Stolby reserve.
The reserve is located on the right bank of the Yenisei near the southwestern outskirts of Krasnoyarsk. The reserve was organized to protect the natural complexes of the picturesque rock massif of the Stolby tract. The area of the reserve is 47,154 hectares.
The flora of the reserve includes about 740 vascular plants and 260 species of mosses. Fir taiga, typical of the middle mountains of the Eastern Sayan Mountains, predominates.
On the territory of the reserve, 290 species of vertebrates have been identified. The fauna has a pronounced taiga appearance (forest voles, sable, musk deer, hazel grouse, etc.) with the inclusion of forest-steppe species (Siberian roe deer, steppe polecat, long-tailed ground squirrel, etc.).
Among the plants listed in the Red Data Book of Russia are calypso bulbous, true and large-flowered slippers, palm-root may, nest-flower nest, helmeted orchis, feather grass; among birds - osprey, golden eagle, saker falcon, peregrine falcon, etc.
The main attraction of the reserve is the rocks. The common name for all rocks is "Pillars", although all rocks and even some stones have their own names. Distinguish directly "Pillars" - rocks open for tourists, and "Wild Pillars" - rocks located in the depths of the reserve, access to which is limited.
The places visited by tourists can be roughly divided into three areas.
Funpark "Bobrovy Log", a chair-lift, starting in the valley of the Bazaikha River, runs along the ski slope and ends at the top of the ridge, from where a magnificent panorama of the reserve and many rocks opens up. The Takmak rock complex, the largest in the reserve, is located in the immediate vicinity.
Rock "Perya" "Central Pillars" - an area 7 km from the border of the reserve, which can be reached by public transport, covering an area of about 5 by 10 km. There are unique rocks here: Grandfather, Feathers, Lion's Gate, Pillars I to IV and many others. The most popular passages to the top of the cliff have their own names "Blue Coils", "Chimney".
"Chinese Wall" is located in the valley of the Bazaikha River, at the foot of the Takmak. In addition to the "Chinese Wall" itself, the Ermak rock and a group of small rocks "Sparrow" - Tsypa, Zhaba, etc. are located in this area.
In the part of the reserve, directly adjacent to the city, there are several ski slopes in the Bazaikha valley. The main ones are Bobrovy Log and Kashtak.
Taimyr Biosphere Reserve- created on February 23, 1979. One of the largest reserves in Russia, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Taimyr Peninsula. The Taimyr nature reserve is of a cluster nature and consists of 4 sections. The area is 1 781 928 hectares, the branch includes 37 018 hectares of the Laptev Sea offshore area. In 1995, by the decision of MAB UNESCO, the Taimyr Reserve received the status of a biosphere. The entire territory of the reserve is located in a continuous permafrost zone.
The Taimyr Peninsula, on which the reserve is located, is the most northerly mainland in the world. Therefore, the organizers of the reserve tried to cover the territory with the greatest variety of zonal natural landscapes - arctic, typical and southern tundra, as well as pre-tundra woodlands (forest tundra). 430 species of higher vascular plants, 222 species of mosses and 265 species of lichens grow on the territory of the reserve. The fauna of the Taimyr Reserve cannot be called rich - it numbers only 23 species, of which more than half are found on the territory of the reserve rarely or sporadically. However, for these latitudes, it is completely typical. 3 species of mammals are especially protected. Some of the smallest, but very important animals are lemmings - Siberian and ungulates. A fairly common inhabitant of the reserve is a white hare. The most common predator is the Arctic fox. Another predator of the reserve is the wolf. The most common weasel in the reserve is the ermine. Another representative of mustelids - wolverine - is extremely rare, and it is still not even clear whether it reproduces in the reserve. One of the unique features of the reserve is the northernmost forests in the world. There are no specially equipped tourist routes; agreement is required in each specific case. Scientific and educational tourism is possible (observation of birds, other objects of the fauna), but it should be borne in mind that the timing and even places of interesting phenomena - mass migration of birds, migrations of deer, musk oxen - may vary depending on the natural conditions of the year, therefore it may be required adjustment of the tour program. Sports tourism is also possible, for this purpose two routes are described. In the reserve, 21 species of mammals are noted (not counting some pinnipeds and cetaceans that swim into the water area of the Arctic region), 110 species of birds, for 74 of which nesting has been proven, over 15 species of fish are found in rivers and lakes. The fauna of mountain landscapes is rather poor. There are few wintering species: lemmings, snowy owls, and occasionally reindeer, arctic foxes, and musk oxen in the mountains in winter. In summer, snow bunting and wheatear are numerous in the mountains, and the chrustan and the red-necked sandpiper are found only here. Turnstone is much more common in the mountains than in the plains, where it is found only in the tundra adjacent to the mountains. The Herring Gull in the mountains dramatically changes its nesting stations and settles in colonies on impregnable outcrops of rocks, mostly limestone ones. Of the birds of prey, the Upland Buzzard (Rough-legged Buzzard) and the Peregrine Falcon are common, nesting on hard-to-reach cliff ledges. There is also a gyrfalcon. There are many hares in the mountains, an ermine settles in the stone ruins of the lower belt, and a wolverine is found. The number of lemmings in the mountains is lower than in the plains. Ungulate lemming is more common, traces of which can be found quite high; Siberian lemming prefers to settle in swamps and meadows of hollows. The number of Arctic foxes in the mountains is much lower than in the plains - this is due to the lack of convenient places for burrowing. Arctic fox holes are common only in intermontane depressions, especially on sandy loam and rubble ancient sea terraces. In general, the fauna in the hollows is richer than in the mountains themselves; sometimes there are real oases of life here. Mountain river valleys are natural migration corridors for wild reindeer; in the eastern part of the reserve ("Bikada"), in the intermontane hollows in summer, large groups of musk oxen are found, and in the west, single males can be found. Hares are found everywhere in depressions, especially along wide valleys of streams with willows and meadows. There is unconfirmed information about entering the valley of the river. Fadjukuda brown bear.
Tunguska reserve is located in the part of the Siberian platform, called the Tunguska depression, or syneclise. The modern topography of the area is a low plateau, formed from the surface by loose Quaternary sediments and dissected by deeply incised river valleys into separate, sometimes ridges-like, elongated flat interfluves. The area is very swampy. Separate outcrops of trap bodies rise in the form of cone-shaped hills or mesas with a relative height of 100-300 m. The highest point of the reserve is located on the spurs of a chain of hills called the Lakursky ridge - 533 m above sea level. at. m. The second highest peak - Mount Farrington - is located near the site of the Tunguska disaster. Its absolute height is 522 m. The chain of hills between the Kimchu and Khushma rivers is cut by the hanging valley of the Churgim stream, which forms a spectacular waterfall 10 m high.
The vegetation cover of the region is formed by forests, boggy shrub communities and woodlands, swamps, meadows, groups of gravelly slopes and barrows, and aquatic vegetation. Forests cover about 70% of the reserve area. Mixed larch-pine and birch-pine-larch stands with a well-defined shrub layer and a poorly developed herbaceous cover prevail.
The fauna of the reserve is not particularly diverse and is mainly represented by widespread taiga species typical of the middle taiga subzone of Central Siberia. Currently, 145 bird species have been recorded for the territory. According to preliminary data, more than 30 species of fish are found in the reserve and the adjacent part of Podkamennaya Tunguska. From the order of carnivores for the territory of the reserve, the most characteristic are sable, brown bear, wolverine. The wolf is not numerous. A fox is found along the valleys of larger rivers. The ermine is not numerous, the weasel is rare. For the reserve, one meeting of the tracks of an otter (on the Khushma River in February 1996) and an American mink (at the mouth of the Ukakitkon River in November 1997) are also known. There are 3 species of ungulates in the reserve: the elk is relatively common, the wild reindeer of the taiga subspecies more rare, musk deer are very rare in the southern part of the reserve.
Central Siberian State Natural Biosphere Reserve is located on the western outskirts of the central part of the Central Siberian Plateau and in the valley of the middle reaches of the Yenisei, and also captures a small section of the valley of the Podkamennaya Tunguska ("Tunguska Pillars"). The main goal of organizing the reserve is the preservation and study of a very diverse terrestrial and water natural complexes of middle taiga Siberia from its central part, landscapes of the floodplain and valley of the Yenisei, the river itself and its tributaries. This is the only nature reserve in Russia where, at a considerable distance (60 km), both banks of one of the great rivers of Eurasia are protected. The area of the reserve is 972,017 hectares.
46 species of mammals are registered on the territory of the reserve. Over 500 vascular plants are found on its territory. There are 34 species of freshwater fish in the fauna of the reserve.
National Park "Shushensky Bor" located on the territory of the Shushensky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the right bank of the Yenisei. Consists of two sections - a flat one in the Minusinsk Basin and a mountain one on the northern macroslope of the Western Sayan. The purpose of creation is the protection and organization of recreational use of the southern taiga forest and mountain forest ecosystems of the Western Sayan and numerous historical and archaeological monuments. The area of the park is 39,173 hectares.
The northern part of the park is represented by a flat forest-meadow-steppe landscape. It is characterized by pine forests on sand dunes, the so-called ribbon pine forests, inter-dune depressions with pine-birch forests, and lacustrine-bog complexes. The southern part of the park is part of the Western Sayan mountain system and includes mountain-taiga landscapes characteristic of the northern slope of the Western Sayan and the northern part of the Eastern Sayan with a pronounced vertical zonation.
More than 254 species of terrestrial vertebrates are recorded in the park: 45 species of mammals, more than 200 species of birds, 5 of reptiles, 4 species of amphibians. The predominant species of mammals are: brown hare, squirrel, bear, fox, sable, red deer, roe deer, musk deer, elk, wild boar. There are also wolves, lynx, wolverine, Siberian weasel, ermine, steppe polecat, American mink, otter.
Natural park "Ergaki" is located in the central part of the Western Sayan in the south of the Ermakovsky district (Krasnoyarsk Territory), 150 km south of Minusinsk. The park was created on April 4, 2005 as a specially protected natural area of regional significance. According to the ecological and recreational value of natural sites, the park is divided into three zones with different protection regimes: a special protection zone (25% of the area, 54,200 hectares) - an area where any kind of human activity is prohibited, including hunting and tourism; recreational and tourist zone (73% of the territory, 157 220 hectares) - intended for ecological, sports (mountaineering, winter sports) tourism and the development of traditional types of nature management; economic zone (2% of the territory, 5580 hectares), which is located in the center of the park and is intended for the development of tourism facilities. The main problems of the park are wild uncontrolled tourism, unauthorized construction of tourist facilities on its territory, poaching and illegal forest use.
Each mountain peak in the Ergaki Natural Park has a unique shape and no less interesting names, for example: Bird, Camel, Dragon Tooth, Parabola. All this suggests that when visiting the park, you can discover a great variety of mountain forms. The highest mountains in the park are the peak in the Aradansky ridge (2466 m) and the Zvezdny peak (2265 m) in the central part of the Ergaki ridge. A place of pilgrimage for all creative people and connoisseurs of beauty is the Pass of Artists. A wide panorama of the central part of the Ergaki mountain range opens from here, the valley of the Left Taigish river.
The visiting card of the Ergaki Natural Park is the Sleeping Sayan. It is a chain of mountain peaks resembling a lying giant with his arms folded on his chest. An unforgettable view of the "Sleeping Sayan" opens from the highway, which crosses the natural park. According to one legend, the "Sleeping Sayan" is the eternal guardian of the taiga, the protector of the forest and its inhabitants. According to legend, in the old days there lived a simple and fair man named Sayan, who loved and guarded the taiga. He understood the language of animals and birds, protected all living things. He was unusually strong and had no equal among people, therefore, when he passed away, the gods decided to turn his body into stone and allowed him to protect "Ergaki" for the next generations of people. Many years have passed since then, a lot of water has flowed under the bridge, but the Sayan still protects the taiga. He is the eternal stone guardian.
No less amazing than the "Sleeping Sayan" is the "Hanging Stone" This is a huge stone weighing 10 tons and a volume of 30 cubic meters, which is located at the top of one of the peaks and looms menacingly over the abyss.
Introduction
2.5 Putoransky reserve
2.7 Tunguska reserve
2.9 Natural Park "Ergaki"
Introduction
Since 1600, about 150 animal species have become extinct on our planet, more than half over the past 50 years. In the XX century, it became obvious that it was necessary to take special measures to save the flora and fauna. It is no longer necessary to prove to anyone how destructively modern man is capable of influencing living nature. There are fewer and fewer untouched corners of nature. Every year, the Red Book is updated with endangered species of flora and fauna.
The reserve is a form of PAs specific to the USSR / Russia, practically unparalleled in the world, only in Russia the reserve is not only a protected area, but also a scientific institution. The formation and activities of state natural reserves are regulated by Section 2 of the Federal Law on Protected Areas, according to which (Article 1.2) "specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, mineral resources, plant and animal world), which have environmental, scientific, ecological and educational significance as samples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of the genetic fund of flora and fauna.
State nature reserves are nature conservation, research and environmental education institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems. Land, waters, mineral resources, flora and fauna located on the territories of state natural reserves are provided for use (possession) of state natural reserves on the basis of rights stipulated by federal laws. "
In this paper, we will consider the main protected areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the features of their position.
1. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
For the protection of wild animals, protected areas are created - reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks. Here animals are protected by the law.
Reserves (reserves) are one of the most effective forms of maintaining landscapes intact - these are areas of land or water areas where all human activities are prohibited. All natural objects are subject to protection in the reserve, from rocks, reservoirs, soil and ending with representatives of the animal and plant world.
Reserves serve as a kind of standards of wildlife, and also allow you to present in its original form its unique phenomena or rare species of animals and plants.
Reserves play a huge role in saving nature, including rare animals. They also act as scientific centers for the study of nature. They develop methods for the preservation, restoration and rational use of valuable game animals (sable, beaver, deer, elk).
State nature reserves are territories of particular importance for the preservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintenance of the ecological balance. According to their status, they are divided into reserves of federal and regional significance, according to their profile;
complex (landscape), intended for the preservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes);
biological (zoological, botanical), intended for the preservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, as well as valuable species in economic, scientific and cultural relations;
paleontological, intended for the preservation of fossil objects;
hydrological (swamp, lake, river, sea), intended for the preservation and restoration of valuable water bodies and ecological systems, and geological.
To save the fauna, in addition to reserves and reserves, a national (or natural) park is being created, which, unlike a reserve, opens up a part of its territory for visiting tourists and vacationers, but the park has completely protected areas.
Krasnoyarsk Territory is a huge territory located in the East Siberian region of Russia. The geographical position of our region can be called unique in many respects. On its territory is the geographical center of Russia - Lake Vivi, located in Evenkia. The location of the center of Russia is approved by the Federal Service for Geodesy and Cartography of Russia. The northernmost point of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Cape Chelyuskin - is the extreme polar tip of Eurasia and the northernmost point of Russia and the continental parts of the planet.
Six reserves have been organized on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, three of them are biosphere reserves, i.e. work under a special United Nations program; these are the Sayano-Shushensky and Central Siberian and Taimyr reserves; state reserves are also: Stolby and Putoransky. The most modern reserve is the Big Arctic.
In total, seven reserves have been created in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Table 1), as well as the Shushensky Bor national park and the Ergaki natural park.
In total, three state nature reserves of federal significance and 27 state nature reserves of regional significance have been created in the region. It is planned to create 39 more state nature reserves.
On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects have the status of a natural monument of regional significance.
Table 1 - State natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
2. Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
2.1 State natural reserve "Stolby"
Target. Preservation of unique geological formations and natural complexes around them. The most valuable and famous natural complexes around picturesque rock formations - syenite outliers - "pillars" that gave the name to the reserve, as well as karsts and caves.
At present, its area is 47,154 hectares.
The reserve is located on the right bank of the Yenisei, on the northwestern spurs of the Eastern Sayan, bordering the Central Siberian plateau. The natural boundaries of the protected area are the right tributaries of the Yenisei River: in the north-east - the Bazaikha River, in the south and south-west - the Mana and Bolshaya Slizneva rivers. From the north-east the territory borders on the suburb of Krasnoyarsk
A tourist and excursion area has been allocated on the territory of the reserve to meet the recreational needs of Krasnoyarsk residents and guests of the city, for which a special regime has been established by the regulation on the reserve.
The vegetation of the reserve is diverse. On the northern outskirts of the reserve, steppe vegetation is replaced by forest. At the northern borders of the reserve, on a very small area, several specimens of Siberian linden have been preserved - the pride of "Stolbov". Fir and cedar also grow in the reserve. The cedar is a precious tree of the Siberian taiga, but, unfortunately, it is poorly renewed. Heavy pine nuts are not carried by the wind, but fall from ripe cones right there, under the tree, but, falling on a thick moss cover, they, as a rule, cannot germinate without help. Such an assistant of the cedar turns out to be a bird - the Siberian nutcracker. During the ripening period of nuts, she, knocking down a cone, flies with it on a block or stump, hulls the seeds and, with a goiter filled with nuts, flies to hide them. Nutcracker prefers to hide its reserves in places with shallow snow cover, which is quickly freed from it in spring. Thus, the nutcracker helps the settlement of the cedar in the territory of the reserve.
The Stolby reserve is located at the junction of three botanical and geographical regions: the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, the mountain taiga of the Eastern Sayan Mountains and the subtaiga of the Central Siberian Plateau. The flora of the reserve numbers 1037 species of higher vascular plants, of which 260 are bryophytes, more than 150 species are classified as specially protected.
On the territory of the reserve, 22 species of fish, 130 species of birds and 45 species of mammals are noted. The precious predator of the taiga is the sable. By the time the reserve was organized, it was completely exterminated in these places, but in the 60s it again became an ordinary inhabitant of the reserved taiga. The reserve is very rich in wild ungulates. Maral and musk deer find exceptionally favorable conditions here. The bird kingdom in the reserve is represented by such birds as hazel grouse, wood grouse, three-toed woodpecker, nutcracker, deaf cuckoo, warbler-warbler, blackbirds, bluetail, Far Eastern and blue nightingales, starling, small and white-backed woodpecker, white-capped bunting, lentil, finch. Among the fish in the reserve are whitefish, grayling, chebak, dace, spike, perch, pike, burbot, crucian carp and others.
In addition to flora and fauna, the reserve is famous for its rocks. Pillars are the pride of Krasnoyarsk. Almost all the rocks of the reserve have names - outlines reminiscent of birds, animals and people, which is reflected in the names: Sparrows, Berkut, Musk deer, Ded, Monk. The height of the rocks, forming 80 groups, reaches 104 m in places. Some individual stones and fragments (parts) of rocks are also named. Rocks can be singles or form groups. A rock massif always has several named individual vertices.
The rock called "Feathers" represents 4 majestic 40-meter sheer stone slabs adjoining each other. Each slab, pointed at the top, resembles the feathers of a gigantic bird. On the western side, the rock is a fairly flat sheer wall. A horizontal gap has formed at a height of 15-20 meters. When tourists climb into it and their heads stick out like teeth, the gap becomes like the mouth of a predatory animal, hence the name Lion's mouth.
Fifteen meters from the Feathers there is a low cliff. It resembles a large lion's head. On the western side, there are two colossal stone bollards, covered by a huge monolithic stone. When you look at them, you get the impression that the stone, under the influence of its own weight, is about to part the rocks and collapse to the ground. This rock was named the Lion's Gate. It is easy to climb to the top of the Lion's Gate. Slots, ledges and flat slabs are freely overcome.
Five hundred meters from the Feathers, across the ravine, rises a massive cliff "Ded" - an amazing work of nature. If you look down on the pillar, you can see the head of a courageous and stern old man thinking about something with an open forehead, on which a cap is pulled down. A straight nose and a beard lowered to the chest enhance the impression. On the opposite side, the rock looks like a laughing grandfather.
2.2 Sayano-Shushensky State Natural Biosphere Reserve
The Sayano-Shushensky Reserve was founded in 1976 in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the central part of the Western Sayan instead of the former Sayan Reserve. The history of the creation of the reserve is connected with the need to preserve the sable as the most valuable fur animal.
In the 1970s, the rapid development of industry (the Sayan TPK, which unites the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP and a number of factories) and the growth of the population, and therefore the number of settlements, became an environmental shock for the region. Therefore, in one of the few corners of Siberia, where human influence has not yet affected, it was decided to create a nature reserve. And nine years later, in 1985, by decision of UNESCO, the reserve was included in the international network of biosphere reserves. The area of the reserve is 3904 km2.
Target. Conservation and study of typical and unique natural complexes, landscape and biological diversity of the central part of the Western Sayan, located in the contact zone of the boreal forests of Siberia with the dry steppe and semi-desert plateaus of Central Asia.
This area is the only one in Russia where you can save the snow leopard, Siberian ibex, golden eagle, osprey, as well as plant populations included in the Red Book.
The reserve is also studying the impact of the Sayano-Shushensky reservoir on natural ecosystems.
Since the reserve is located at the point where the Siberian taiga and the Central Asian steppe meet, and the relief is mountainous (the highest point is 2735 m), the vegetation is very diverse: from the Venus slipper, included in the Red Book, to huge deciduous and cedar forests. The flora of the reserve numbers more than 1000 species of higher plants only. The vegetation of the forest, forest-steppe, steppe, subalpine belts is represented here. Among the herbaceous plants, there are many relict: Krylov's bedstraw, Altai anemone, Siberian bluegrass, Siberian princess, Siberian kandyk, Sayan beautiful flowers. Of particular value are burena siberian, leafless brow and rhodiola rosea. Among the trees, Siberian cedar is of particular value in the protected taiga. Siberian larch and, to a lesser extent, Siberian fir, spruce, pine, birch, and aspen also grow in the reserve.
The fauna of the Sayano-Shushensky Reserve has more than 50 species of mammals, 300 species of birds, 18 species of fish, 5 species of reptiles and 2 species of amphibians. Of these, about 100 species are rare, endangered and included in the Red Book.
The fauna of the reserve is diverse. So, next to the wise reindeer and partridges, you can also find the extraordinary Altai snowcock, dexterous Siberian mountain goat, agile hamster, snow leopard, as well as sable, brown bear, musk deer, which are characteristic of the Siberian taiga.
The main representative of the bird kingdom of the reserve is the thrush. There are two subspecies within the region - black-throated and red-throated. Both the blue-tailed and the ruby-necked nightingale are not uncommon for the reserve.
The reserve's protection service also controls the Sediye Sayany biosphere polygon with a total area of 218.8 thousand hectares, created by a decree of the Ermakovsky district administration in 2000.
2.3 Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve
The state reserve "Taimyr" was created in 1979, and in 1995 it was given the status of a biosphere. It is an environmental, research and environmental education institution. This is one of the largest reserves in Russia, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Taimyr Peninsula - the most northerly mainland in the world. Therefore, the organizers of the reserve tried to cover the greatest variety of zonal natural landscapes - arctic, typical and southern tundra, as well as forest tundra.
The territory of the reserve represents the reference areas of the earth's surface, on which almost all natural zones of Taimyr are represented: arctic ("Arctic branch"), typical ("Main territory"), southern ("Ary-Mas" site) tundra and forest-tundra ("Lukunsky "), as well as the unique mountain tundra of the ridge. Byrranga (Table 1).
The Taimyrsky Reserve is the most visited reserve in Russia. Every year thousands of scientists from all over the world, ecologists, tourists and fishermen visit Eastern Taimyr. Most of all they are attracted by the excavation of the fossil mammoth and the population of the musk ox. Also, the center of the reserve, the village of Khatanga, is used as a springboard to reach the North Pole.
Table 1 - Reference plots of the Taimyrsky reserve
There are 430 higher plant species, 222 mosses and 265 lichens on the territory of the reserve. One of the most common lichens in the tundra zone is kladonia (reindeer moss or reindeer moss). Deer moss occupies vast polar territories, but it is often found in dry forests located much south of the tundra strip. Among the plants growing on the territory of the reserve, there are those that are listed in the Red Book, Arctosibirsk wormwood, leguminous braya, hard sedge, crumbs Pole and Taimyr, inclined artichoke, Gorodkovaya and Byrrangskaya beetles, woolly-scaled mytnik, rose rhodiola.
Countless lakes and small bodies of water cover the tundra located on the permafrost with stagnant moisture. The permafrost thickness is up to 500 meters. In Ary-Mas, the southernmost part of one of the three sections of the reserve, one can observe the northernmost larches. For several centuries the trees here barely reach the height of human growth.
We will begin our acquaintance with the fauna of the Taimyr Reserve with one of the smallest, but very important inhabitants of the reserve - the lemming (Siberian and ungulate). The hoofed lemming got its name due to the fact that in winter, on the front legs, two middle claws grow and resemble a hoof. The next representative of the reserve's fauna is the reindeer. The population of reindeer in Taimyr is the largest in the world.
The reserve of district subordination "Bikada" is in the status of a protected zone under the management of the reserve. The area of the reserve is 937760 hectares, it is a separate cluster not in contact with the territory of the reserve. On its territory, employees of the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Far North are conducting an international program for re-acclimatization of the North American musk ox. Musk oxen have survived from prehistoric times: they lived at the same time as mammoths, but unlike the latter, they continue to thrive to this day. The musk ox was brought to Taimyr in 1974 from the Arctic regions of Canada and the United States. At present, he has "mastered" a very significant territory.
White hares in the reserve coexist with such common polar predators as arctic fox and wolf. Polar wolves are especially numerous in the Taimyr Reserve. This is due to the fact that the region has the largest Taimyr population of reindeer, which are the main prey of these predatory animals. Among the representatives of the mustelids, the ermine and the wolverine live in the reserve. Among marine mammals, beluga whales, ringed seals and walrus live here. In the Taimyr reserve, there are 116 bird species belonging to 9 orders. Near-water birds and waterfowl nest here in greater numbers than anywhere else in the tundra areas of the land. Common eiders, black-throated and white-billed loons, tundra swans, bean goose nest. Rare bird species include the small swan, red-breasted goose, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, gyrfalcon, peregrine falcon.
2.4 Central Siberian State Natural Biosphere Reserve
The reserve was established in 1985. The reserve is located in the Turukhansk District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory on an area of 424.9 thousand hectares and in the Baykitsky District of the Evenki Municipal District on an area of 595.0 thousand hectares. The total area of the protected areas is 1019.9 thousand hectares. The reserve is located on the territory that includes the middle course of the river. Yenisei between rr. Podkamennaya Tunguska and Bakhta, the Yenisei parts of the West Siberian Plain and the Tungus-Bakhtinsky trap plateau of the Central Siberian Plateau.
The main goal of organizing the reserve is to preserve and study various terrestrial and water natural complexes of middle taiga Siberia in its central part, landscapes of the floodplain and valley of the Yenisei, the river itself and its tributaries. The Yenisei site within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial fish species, as well as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet. This is the only nature reserve in Russia where, at a great distance (60 km), both banks of one of the great rivers of Eurasia are protected. Its floodplain is swampy and has many oxbow lakes. The river network consists of tributaries of the Yenisei and Podkamennaya Tunguska.
"Central Siberian" is the first reserve in Russia, which was originally designed as a biosphere, with a biosphere testing ground planned in advance. All other biosphere reserves were converted from previously established conventional state reserves. In January 1987, UNESCO included it in the international network of biosphere reserves.
The reserve is characterized by medium-taiga vegetation. Of the plants listed in the Red Book, the following are characteristic: large-flowered slipper, real and bulbous calypso.
Among the representatives of the avifauna, the black stork, peregrine falcon, osprey, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and gyrfalcon are listed in the Red Book. The Yenisei site within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial fish species, as well as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet.
The state ecological and ethnographic reserve of federal significance "Eloguisky" is under the jurisdiction of GPBZ "Tsentralnosibirskiy". Ethno-ecological research is carried out at the biosphere range of the reserve, where special attention is paid to the small people of the North - the Kets. Turukhan chum salmon - the last representatives of the ancients Paleo-Asian tribes who settled on the banks of the tributaries Yenisei... They once lived on south, v Minusinsk Basin, as well as on the territory of modern Khakassia. The Ket names of rivers and mountains have been preserved there to this day. Then the chum salmon were gradually pushed back to the north, settled in the southern part Turukhansk region, in the 17th century advanced to Lower Tunguska, later - until the Kureika River... The origin of the Kets is not fully understood. Linguists pay attention to the similarity of the Ket language with separate isolated language groups: for example, a number of languages Caucasian highlanders, Spanish Basques and North American Indians... Some see the descendants of the ancient Tibetan population from which descended North American Indians - Athabascans... Chum salmon are of great interest for science due to their isolated linguistic position and features of anthropological data. A large collection of objects of the Ket culture is in the Yeniseisk Regional Museum.
2.5 Putoransky reserve
The reserve was founded in 1988 to protect unique mountain-lake-taiga landscapes and rare species of flora and fauna. The Putorana Nature Reserve is located in the north of Central Siberia, on the territory of the Dudinsky and Khatangsky districts of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug and the Ilimsky District of the Evenk Autonomous Okrug: its main part, the Putorana Plateau, lies south of the Taimyr Peninsula and occupies most of the rectangle between the Yenisei, Kheta, Kotuy and Lower Tunguska (650 km from north to south and from west to east). This is the most extreme nature reserve in Russia. The total area of the reserve is 1887, 3 thousand hectares.
The purpose of the Putoransky Gas Processing Plant is to preserve the most unique mountain biocenoses in the north of Central Siberia, a peculiar flora and rare animal species, restore the historical range of the Putorana subspecies bighorn sheep, as well as protect the world's largest Taimyr population of wild reindeer.
As a result of the movement of glaciers, the Putorana plateau is dissected by long flat-bottomed canyons, the height of the walls of which reaches several hundred meters, and narrow lakes, the deepest in Russia after Lake Baikal (Khantayskoye Lake - up to 520 m in depth); mountain rivers are rapids, the height of some waterfalls reaches 100 m. The territory of the reserve has the highest density of waterfalls per unit area on the planet.
Of the historical and cultural objects of greatest interest are the remains of the attributes of shamanism on the ancient temples of the Tungus (Evenks) and Dolgan chapels more than a century ago. On the territory of the Putoransky Nature Reserve there are unique outcrops of columnar basalts (natural mineralogical museums in the open air).
The landscape is dominated by mountain tundra and woodlands. Numerous rivers and lakes. In total, there are 381 plant species on the territory of the reserve, 35 - mammals, 140 - birds.
The plateau is the only habitat for one of the largest little-studied mammals on the planet - the bighorn sheep (bighorn sheep). The protection of the Lesser White-fronted Goose is of international importance. It is Russia that bears a significant share of the responsibility for the preservation of this species of geese.
In 2003, the Putorana plateau was classified as a UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site. There are very few tourists here because of the high cost and increased complexity of the routes. Directly to the border of the reserve there is an excursion boat route along the lake. Lama.
In the buffer (protection) zone, together with the State Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture of the Far North, with the active material support of the Polar Branch of the Norilsk MMC, Norilskgazprom and a number of other organizations, the reserve has built a background monitoring station - biostationars "Keta" (Lake Keta) and "Mikchanda" (Lake Lama) for a comprehensive study of the unique biocenoses of the plateau. Since 2007, work has been carried out under a grant from the Global Environment Facility (GEF): "Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity on the territory of the Taimyr Peninsula, Russia: maintaining the interconnection of landscapes."
2.6 Great Arctic State Nature Reserve
The Big Arctic Reserve, the largest in Russia and Eurasia and the third largest in the world (4169222 hectares, including 1 million - the water area of the Arctic seas), was created in 1993. It is located on the Taimyr Peninsula and on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Its shores are washed by the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. This is the largest nature reserve in Russia.
The purpose of creating the reserve is to preserve and study in their natural state the unique Arctic ecosystems, rare and endangered plant and animal species of the northern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and adjacent islands. On the islands of Severnaya Zemlya, there are "maternity homes" for Taimyr polar bears; in the coastal tundra, they are fleeing from the midges of a herd of wild reindeer. To preserve the nesting grounds of birds that migrate by the North Atlantic route: the black goose, sandpiper, etc. - and have the opportunity to study the unique Arctic ecosystems in their natural state.
A significant part of the reserve is practically not visited by humans, but recently routes (rafting, fishing, ethnographic tours) have been developed, which will allow tourists to get better acquainted with the Arctic nature.
The Bolshoi Arctic Reserve consists of seven cluster areas (Table 2) and two reserves: the Severozemelsky state nature reserve of federal significance, located within the reserve, and the Brekhov Islands state nature reserve of regional significance.
The main type of tundra vegetation is lichens. They endure the harsh conditions of the Arctic, painting the tundra in a variety of colors from bright yellow to black. Since the conditions of this northern region are not easy, annual flowering is impossible for a number of higher plants. In this regard, there are no bulbous plants and there are practically no annuals. Of the shrubs, the most prominent representative is the polar willow. Herbaceous plants are represented by sedges, cotton grass, grasses; dryad, or partridge grass, various types of saxifrage, various polar poppies, and forget-me-not-flower play a significant role in the vegetation of the reserve.
Table 2 - Cluster areas of the "Bolshoi Arctic" gas processing plant
The bird fauna of the Great Arctic Reserve numbers 124 species, 16 of which are listed in the Red Book. The characteristic inhabitants of the tundra are the snowy owl and the tundra partridge. In the reserve there are rare species of gulls: pink, fork-tailed and white.
Rose gull is a rare, poorly studied species included in the Red Book. Only one nesting colony of 45-50 pairs of these birds is known in Eastern Taimyr. Ivory gull is a rare arctic species listed in the Red Book. Breeds on the islands of the Kara Sea. It does not nest on the mainland, but regularly flies to the Arctic coast of Taimyr. Of the gulls, the most widespread are also the herring gull, glaucous gull and Arctic tern. But one of the main objects of protection is waterfowl. Four species of geese nest here, a small swan (a rare species included in the Red Data Book) and four species of ducks. Among the birds, there are also predators: the peregrine falcon, the upholstered buzzard, the gyrfalcon and the merlin.
If you go for a walk in the reserve at night, you can hear the cries of red-throated, black-throated, or white-billed loons. Also in the reserve you can find long-tailed, middle and short-tailed skuas, white and short-eared owls, sparrows (the most numerous order of birds in the reserve - 41 species), horned lark, red-throated pipit, and white wagtail. And, finally, one of the representatives of the bird kingdom of the reserve is the snow bunting, which is rightly considered a symbol of the Arctic spring. Sometimes this herald of spring arrives even in March, although mostly at the beginning, or even in the middle of May.
Among the mammals of the reserve, one can note such animals as lemmings (Siberian and ungulates), arctic fox, furry buzzard, skua, wild reindeer (a unique island population of these animals lives on Sibiryakov Island), polar bear (listed in the Red Book) and seal.
In the water area, there are habitats for polar bears, walrus, bearded seals, ringed seals, and beluga whales. On the coast of the ocean and in river deltas, places of mass nesting and molting of white-fronted goose, black and red-breasted geese, ducks and waders have been taken under protection.
The territory of the reserve also includes historical and cultural monuments associated with the names of polar research - A.F. Middendorf, F. Nansen, V.A. Rusanova, E.V. Toll, A.V. Kolchak, etc.
2.7 Tunguska reserve
The Tunguska Nature Reserve is located at the site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. The reserve is located in the Evenki municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The total area of the reserve is 296,562 hectares.
The purpose of creating the reserve is to study the unique natural complexes of Evenkia and the consequences of the impact of the global cosmo-ecological catastrophe.
The reserve is a nature conservation, research and environmental education institution. It was created to study the effects of a meteorite fall. The highest peak of the reserve is located on the spurs of the Lakursky ridge - 533 m above sea level. The second highest peak - Mount Farrington - is located near the site of the Tunguska phenomenon.
The territory of the reserve is a typical area of the northern East Siberian taiga with its characteristic landscapes and biosenoses, practically not exposed to local anthropogenic influences, at the same time, the territory of the reserve is unique, as it keeps the prints of the mysterious "Tunguska catastrophe" of June 30, 1908. On this day, in the interfluve of the Podkamennaya Tunguska and its right tributary Chuni (South Evenkia), 70 km north-west of the village of Vanavara, a super-powerful (10-40 megatons) explosion of a space object of unknown nature known as the Tunguska meteorite took place.
Larch and pine forests are widespread here. As a result of the fall of the supposed meteorite, the taiga over an area of more than 2 km was tumbled down and burned, but over the past century it has completely recovered. Evenk taiga to this day keeps the secret of one of the wonders of our century, called the Tunguska meteorite. Elk, bear, sable, wood grouse are common in the animal kingdom, badger and lynx are found. About 30 species of fish live in Podkamennaya Tunguska, most of which are valuable species.
A 2 km wide buffer zone with an area of 20241 hectares has been formed along the boundaries of the reserve. The protected zone is entrusted with such tasks as improving the living conditions of protected animals of the reserve, carrying out measures for the protection, restoration of valuable wild and rare plant species growing in protected areas, creating demonstration sites, showcases, stands and other forms of promoting the activities of reserves for the purpose of environmental education.
The echo of the Tunguska catastrophe sounded across the globe. In a vast area bounded from the east Yenisei, from the south line Tashkent - Stavropol - Sevastopol - northern Italy - Bordeaux, with west- the west coast Atlantic Ocean, the night is gone. For 3 days, from June 3 to July 2, 1908, there were bright nights, reminiscent of the white nights in the northern regions of Europe. One could read newspaper text, read the readings of a clock or a compass, with the main lighting coming from extremely bright clouds located at an altitude of about 80 km. A huge field of these clouds hovered over the expanses of Western Siberia and Europe, in addition, other anomalous optical phenomena were observed in this territory - bright "motley" dawns, halos and crowns around the sun, and in some places - a decrease in the transparency of the atmosphere, which reached California in August and is explained , apparently, by dusting the atmosphere with the products of the Tunguska explosion. There is reason to believe that the fall of the Tunguska meteorite affected even the Southern Hemisphere: in any case, it was on this day that the aurora, unusual in shape and power, was observed in Antarctica, described by the participants of Shackleton's English Antarctic expedition.
The nature of the Tunguska phenomenon remains unclear to this day, which is of exceptional interest to the only region on the globe that makes it possible to directly study the environmental consequences of space catastrophes. Investigations into the consequences of the explosion of a cosmic body of an unexplained nature were begun in the mid-twenties of the twentieth century by the expeditions of L.A. Kulik, who first described the consequences of the explosion, and continued by the scientists of Tomsk (Complex Amateur Expedition) under the leadership of Academician N.V. Vasiliev and Doctor of Biological Sciences G.F. Plekhanov, expeditions of the RAS Committee on meteorites, many prominent domestic and foreign scientists. Monitoring of post-disaster changes is still being carried out. The following historical and cultural sites are located on the territory of the reserve:
an expeditionary base for the study of the "Tunguska meteorite", better known as "Zaimka Kulik" or "Izby Kulik";
an expeditionary base for the study of the Tunguska meteorite is a historical and cultural monument of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
According to the existing Regulations on Russian reserves, tourism is prohibited in them. In the Tunguska nature reserve, due to the uniqueness of the event, as an exception, limited tourist activities are allowed for the purpose of environmental education of the population, acquaintance with the beautiful natural objects of the reserve, the place where the Tunguska meteorite fell. There are three environmental education routes. Two of them are waterways, along the most picturesque rivers Kimchu and Khushma, the third - walking along the "Kulik path" - the famous route of the discoverer of the Tunguska meteorite catastrophe site. A lot of explanatory work is carried out in routes with tourists.
2.8 National Park "Shushensky Bor"
The Shushensky Bor National Park was founded in 1995. The national park is located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the lands of the Shushensky region, at the junction of two large geomorphological systems - the Minusinsk foothill basin and the Western Sayan mountain system, almost in the very center of the Asian continent. The territory of the national park consists of two separate plots with an area of 4.4 thousand hectares and 34.8 thousand hectares, all lands are in the possession of the national park.
The organization of a national park in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory was caused by the need to find a compromise between the protection of the unique nature of the region, human economic activities and recreational nature management. "Shushensky Bor" was founded in order to preserve unique, essentially unchanged natural ecosystems representing a wide range of latitudinal zoning - from alpine meadows to forest-steppe and steppe - and having scientific, educational and recreational value.
The northern part of the park is represented by a flat forest-meadow-steppe landscape. Pine prevails in the forests here. The southern part of the territory includes mountain-taiga landscapes, where vertical zonation is pronounced. In the foothill part, there is a belt of coniferous and mixed forests, represented by aspen, pine, and sometimes cedar. Above, there is a belt of black taiga with a predominance of fir. Even higher is the dark coniferous taiga belt. The tops of the ranges are occupied by subalpine meadows.
Ecosystems of the black taiga are of particular interest from the point of view of protection, as they are relict communities. The list of rare and endangered plant species on the territory of the Shushensky district includes 27 species, including spring adonis, Siberian brunner, Altai anemone, Pallas primrose, Maryin root peony, male thyme.
The richness of the park's fauna is associated with the variety of natural conditions of the territory and the complex history of the formation of the fauna.
2.9 Natural Park "Ergaki"
Ergaki is the name of a natural park located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The park is named after the ridge of the same name, which by the 1990s had become very popular among tourists, artists, and the local population. In addition to the Ergaki ridge, the park covers in its territory partially or completely the Kulumys, Oysky, Aradansky, Metugul-Taiga, Kedransky mountain ranges. The basins of the largest rivers in the park are Us, Kebezh, Oya, Taigish, Kazyrsuk.
Ergaki is a mountain knot, a ridge in the Western Sayan. It is located at the headwaters of the rivers Bolshoi Kebezh, Bolshoy Klyuch, Taigish, Verkhnyaya Buiba, Srednyaya Buiba and Nizhnyaya Buiba.
Bibliography
1. Baranov, A.A. Specially protected animals of the Yenisei Siberia. Birds and mammals: textbook. - method. manual. / A.A. Baranov. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of the KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004 .-- 264 p.
2. Baranov, A.A. Specially Protected Natural Territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: textbook. - method. Manual / A.A. Baranov, S.V. Kozheko. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of the KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004 .-- 240 p.
3. Vladyshevsky, D.V. Ecology and we: textbook. manual. / D.V. Vladyshevsky. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. University, 1994 .-- 214 p.
4. Red Data Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. University, 2004 .-- 246 p.
5. Nature and ecology of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: the program of the school course. - Krasnoyarsk, 2000.
6. Savchenko, A.P. Appendix to the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. / A.P. Savchenko, V.N. Lopatin, A.N. Zyryanov, M.N. Smirnov and others - Krasnoyarsk: Ed. center of KrasSU, 2004 .-- 147 p.
Zakazniks are areas of a territory or water area where certain species of animals, plants or part of a natural complex (landscape) are protected for a number of years or permanently, in certain seasons or all year round. The economic use of the remaining natural resources is permitted in a form that does not damage the protected object or complex.
According to their status, they are divided into reserves of federal and regional significance, according to their profile - into integrated (landscape) ones, intended for the preservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes); biological (zoological, botanical), intended for the preservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, as well as valuable species in economic, scientific and cultural relations; paleontological, intended for the preservation of fossil objects; hydrological (swamp, lake, river, sea), intended for the preservation and restoration of valuable water bodies and ecological systems, and geological.
Currently, in the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, there is one complex ecological and ethnographic reserve of republican significance "Eloguisky" and 21 nature reserves of regional significance, on a total area of 1,824.12 thousand hectares.
State ecological and ethnographic reserve of republican significance "Eloguisky" with an area of 747.6 thousand hectares is located on the territory of the Turukhansk region in the northern part of the Sym-Dubcheskoy middle taiga upland in the basin of the river. Eloguy.
This reserve was created for an unlimited period of time with the aim of protecting the ecosystems of the middle taiga, maintaining the ecological balance in the basin of the river. Eloguy, for the preservation of the cultural heritage and habitat of the indigenous peoples of the North. It is an integral part of the biosphere test site of the Central Siberian Reserve and is subordinate to it.
The main area of the reserve is occupied by larch-cedar and larch-cedar-spruce middle taiga forests; dark coniferous taiga and pine forests are less widespread. The fauna is typical for the middle taiga and is represented by such species as sable, squirrel, Siberian weasel, wolf, elk, capercaillie, hazel grouse and others. The fauna includes 350 species of vertebrates. On this territory, the species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation are noted - peregrine falcon, osprey, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and gyrfalcon.
State reserves of regional significance occupy an area of 1,076.52 thousand hectares, are located on the territories of 25 administrative districts of the region in various natural and climatic zones (Table 2).
The first reserves in the Krasnoyarsk Territory were organized more than 30 years ago; in 1963, by the decision of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Executive Committee, 18 wildlife sanctuaries of regional significance were established for a period of 10 years, mainly in the lands where beavers and Barguzin sables were released; 11 of them are still in operation. The last reserve "Bolshaya Pashkina" was organized in July 2001 in the Shushensky region with the aim of preserving highly productive cedar forests, unique for the region, as well as rare and relict species of plants and animals associated with them.
State nature reserves "Arga", "Solgonsky Kryazh" and "Sisimsky" are complex in profile, the rest are zoological.
Most of the zakazniks are aimed at the conservation, restoration and reproduction of valuable hunting and commercial species of wild animals along with their habitat. The Bolshemurtinsky, Talsko-Garevsky, Krasnoturansky Bor nature reserves are engaged in the protection of Siberian roe deer in places of mass concentration along the migration and wintering routes, as well as upland game.
Priority objects of protection in Ubaysko-Salbinsky, Khabyksky, Kebezhsky, Bolshe-Kemchugsky, Malo-Kemchugsky, Kemsky, Makovsky, Bolshe-Kassky reserves are acclimatized beavers, as well as other species of near-water animals (otter, mink).
The territories of many reserves are inhabited by animals listed in the Red Data Books of the Russian Federation, for example, peregrine falcon (Bolshe-Kemchugsky, Malo-Kemchugsky and Prichulymsky reserves), osprey (Ubaysko-Salbinsky, Taibinsky, B-Kemchugsky and Sisimsky reserves), white-tailed eagle (reserves "Arga" and Berezovsky), Saker Falcon (B-Kemchugsky, Sisimsky). Recorded meetings of the black stork in the reserves "Arga", "Solgonsky Kryazh", "Prichulymsky" and "Taybinsky"; there is reliable information about the stay of the gray crane during the nesting period in the Taibinsky and Bolshemurtinsky zakazniks.
In the Krasnoturansky Bor reserve there is a colony of gray herons, unique for the region, numbering about 100 nesting pairs.
It is planned by 2005 to organize 45 new state nature reserves of regional significance with a total area of 2,087.92 thousand hectares.
A complete list of state nature reserves of regional significance operating in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is given in Table 2.
Table 2. - State natural reserves of regional significance
|
SPNA name |
Year of creation |
Area, thousand hectares |
Administrative position of protected areas (districts) |
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|
Achinsky, Bogotolsky Nazarovsky |
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|
Birch oak grove |
Nazarovsky, Uzhursky, Sharypovsky |
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|
Berezovsky |
Sharypovsky |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
B-Kassky |
Yenisei |
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|
B-Kemchugsky |
Kozulsky, Emelyanovsky |
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|
B-Murtinsky |
Bolshemurtinsky |
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|
Kandatsky |
Tyukhtetsky, B-Uluisky, Birilyussky |
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|
Kebezh |
Ermakovsky, Karatuzsky |
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|
Kazachinsky, Pirovsky |
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|
Krasnoturansky Bor |
Krasnoturansky |
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|
Makovsky |
Yenisei, Birilyussky |
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|
Malo-Kemchugsky |
Emelyanovskiy, B-Murtinskiy |
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|
Prichulymsky |
Achinsky, Bogotolsky |
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|
Sisimsky |
Kuraginsky |
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Solgonsky Ridge |
Uzhursky, Nazarovsky, Balakhtinsky |
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Taibinsky |
Irbeysky |
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Talsko-Garevsky |
Sukhobuzimsky |
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Turukhansk |
Turukhansk |
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Ubaysko-Salbinsky |
Novoselovsky, Krasnoturansky |
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Khabyk |
Idrinsky |
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Bolshaya Pashkina |
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… .4 Chapter 1. Specially Protected Natural Areas (SPNA) …………… ... 7 1.1. Reserves …………………………………………………………… 7 1.2. National parks ………………………………………………… ..9 1.3. Reserves …………………………………………………………… ... 10 1.4. Forestry farms …………………………………………… ..11 1.5. Natural monuments ………………………………………………… .12 1.6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens ……………………… .13 1.7. Medical and recreational areas and resorts …………………… ..15 1.5. Other protected areas ………………………………………………………… 17 Chapter 2. Protected areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory ………………………………………………… 18 2.1. Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory …………………………………… ... 18 2.1.1. State Natural Reserve "Stolby" ............................................................................. 18 2.1.2. Sayano-Shushensky State Biosphere Reserve ………………………………………………………………………… ..21 2.1.3. "Central Siberian" State Biosphere Reserve ………………………………………………………………………… ..23 2.1.4. Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve ……………………………………………………………………… ..25 2.1.5 Putoransky Reserve ………………………………………… ... 26 2.1.6. Big Arctic State Natural Reserve ……………………………………………………………………… ..27 2.1.7. Tunguska Nature Reserve …………………………………………… ..28 2.2. National and natural parks of the Krasnoyarsk Territory …………… .30 2.3. Natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory ………………………… ... 32 2.4. Natural monuments of the Krasnoyarsk Territory …………………………… ..33 2.5. Resorts and health-improving areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory ……………………………………………………………………………… ..34 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………… ... 35 List of used literature ………………………………………… .37 Appendices ………………………………………………………………… .38 Introduction Since 1600, about 150 animal species have become extinct on our planet, more than half over the past 50 years. In the XX century, it became obvious that it was necessary to take special measures to save the flora and fauna. It is no longer necessary to prove to anyone how destructively modern man is capable of influencing living nature. There are fewer and fewer untouched corners of nature. Every year, the Red Book is updated with endangered species of flora and fauna. The basis of territorial nature protection in Russia is the system of specially protected natural areas (SPNA). The status of protected areas is currently determined by the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Areas", adopted by the State Duma on February 15, 1995. According to the Law "Specially Protected Natural Areas - areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located, which have their own environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health-improving value, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established. " In this course work, we will consider the main protected areas of Russia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory, especially their position. Attention is focused on nature reserves and national parks as the basis of the tourist resource frame of Russia. The aim of the work is: consideration of the landscape of protected areas from the point of view of tourism and is analyzed in 4 aspects: physical-geographical ethno-historical economic-geographical aesthetic. Objective: the study of the basic concepts of specially protected natural areas and their study in accordance with natural, cultural, historical and economic conditions. As well as planning and organizing ecological tourism and recreation areas in the national park assessment of the aesthetic merits of landscapes is an integral part of the work. Chapter 1. Specially Protected Natural Areas (SPNA) Russia inherited from the USSR a rather complex system of PA categories, which was formed evolutionarily. The Law distinguishes the following categories: state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves; National parks; natural parks; state nature reserves; natural monuments; dendrological parks and botanical gardens; health-improving areas and resorts. Specially protected natural areas can be of federal, regional and local importance. The territories of nature reserves and national parks are classified as protected areas of federal significance. The territories of state sanctuaries, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, medical and recreational areas and resorts can be classified as either federal or regional PAs. Natural parks have the status of SPNA of regional significance, and medical and recreational areas can be declared SPNA of local significance. The decision on the organization of protected areas of federal significance is taken by the Government of the Russian Federation, of regional significance - by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, these are the administrations of territories, regions, autonomous okrugs, the Governments of the republics within the Russian Federation. Specially protected areas of local importance are formed by decisions of local authorities, for example, by district administrations. 1.1. Nature reserves According to Russian legislation, reserves are nature conservation, research, ecological and educational institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems. Nature reserves are PAs of the highest rank. Protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, mineral resources, flora and fauna) are completely withdrawn from their economic use. Traditionally, and in accordance with Russian legislation, these are territories with a strict regime of protection, they are constantly monitored for the life of wildlife. The main significance of the reserves is to serve as the standards of nature, to be a place of knowledge of the course of natural, not disturbed by man, processes inherent in the landscapes of a particular geographical region. Scientific work is no less important and legally defined aspect of the activity of reserves. This, in principle, distinguishes them from other forms of specially protected areas. Within the boundaries of the reserves, long-term scientific research is carried out according to the unified program "Chronicle of Nature". These studies are the basis for environmental monitoring and control over the state of the natural environment. Environmental education of the population is an essential part of the activities of modern reserves. The federal system of reserves has been formed over 80 years and currently has 139 reserves with a total area of over 34 million hectares, which is 1.56% of the total area of Russia. The system of Russian state nature reserves is recognized in the world. Of the Russian reserves, 22 have the international status of biosphere reserves (they have been issued the corresponding UNESCO certificates). The creation of reserves is determined by the level of anthropogenic transformation of ecosystems. With a low level, typical mainly of the northern and taiga regions, it is easy to organize large reserves. Here, without any problems, it was possible to find new sites for the creation of vast reserves. It is characteristic that the country's largest reserve, the Great Arctic (4.2 million hectares), is located on the uninhabited shores and islands of the Arctic. In general, the areas of reserves grow from the southwest to the northeast, with the exception of only a few large reserves in the Caucasus, but they also protect mainly sparsely populated and relatively underutilized alpine forests and meadows. On flat areas densely populated by people with productive soils, the creation of reserves is difficult. In such areas, the creation of high-rank protected areas meets fierce resistance from nature users, therefore, if protected areas are created, they have small, sometimes point sizes. The situation with the protection of natural ecosystems located within the steppe zone, where these ecosystems are most intensively transformed, is especially difficult. It is here that the few existing reserves are extremely small in area, and in the Siberian part of this zone there are none at all. At the same time, the largest reserves are located either in the poorly transformed Arctic and Siberian taiga, or in mountain forest areas. The oldest of the existing reserves in Russia - Barguzinsky - was created in 1916. The first boom in the creation of reserves fell on the 30s. In 1951 and 1961. there were two waves of closure of reserves and a significant reduction in the areas that remained. A new, very powerful wave of the creation of nature reserves was observed already in the 90s. In such a high intensity of the creation of new reserves, a number of circumstances of a turning point were manifested. First, this is a redistribution of power from the center to local authorities - the environmental community easily achieved success at local levels, appealing to the regional prestige of local power elites in regions where, until recently, there were no reserves. Secondly, the sharp increase in the activity of the "green" movements in the late 80s - early 90s affected. And, finally, thirdly, ambiguity in land ownership issues had a positive effect. Until the land gained real owners or returned entirely to the hands of government officials, producers' resistance to environmental efforts by environmentalists was weakened. Later, the same favorable period will not be in any scenario of Russia's development. 1.2. National parks National parks, unlike nature reserves, along with the tasks of protecting and studying natural complexes, should provide tourism and recreation for citizens. On their territory, land plots of other users and owners may be retained with the national park's preferential right to purchase such land. As of January 1, 1998, there were 32 natural national parks in Russia with a total area of 6.7 million hectares. Currently, there are 41 national parks on the territory of Russia, the total area of which is more than 70,000 km². National natural parks are a new form of territory protection for Russia. The first two (Losiny Ostrov and Sochi) were created only in 1983, 12 out of 32 - in the last five years. The implementation of the legal status of national parks is still facing serious opposition from economic entities, whose activities are limited by this status. So far, this form cannot be considered an effective method of territorial protection of wildlife, however, public attention and trends known in other countries give enough hope for the gradual realization of the potential of this form of protection of natural complexes. Natural park - a protected large area of natural or cultural landscape; used for: recreational (for example, organized tourism), nature conservation, educational and other purposes. In contrast to nature reserves, reserves and some other protected areas, the protection regime in natural parks is the least strict. There are natural parks in Russia, Finland, Austria, Germany, Indonesia, Ukraine and other countries. In Russia, natural parks are under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The territories of natural parks are located on the lands provided to them for perpetual (permanent) use, in some cases - on the lands of other users, as well as owners. On the territory of Russia there are such natural parks as "Nalychevo" in Kamchatka, "Bird Harbor" is the only natural park in Russia located in the territory of a large city (Omsk). "Shcherbakovsky", located in the Kamyshinsky district of the Volgograd region. 1.3. Reserves Zakaznik is a protected natural area in which (unlike reserves) not the entire natural complex is protected, but some of its parts: only plants, only animals, or their individual species, or individual historical-memorial or geological objects. Natural reserves differ from the previous categories in that their lands can be either alienated or not alienated from owners and users, they can be of both federal and local subordination. Among the reserves of federal significance, zoological ones play the greatest role, other forms - landscape, botanical, forest, hydrological, geological - are less widespread. Currently, there are 69 federal nature reserves operating in Russia with a total area of about 170,000 sq. km in 45 constituent entities of the Federation, as well as almost 12 thousand regional reserves. Their main function is to protect the hunting fauna. Hunting is always prohibited, but quite often there are also very significant restrictions on forest exploitation, construction and some other types of economic activity. These reserves are usually pretty well guarded. 1.4. Forestry farms Among those not specified in the Law, one can point to such a category of protected areas as those of international importance - mainly as habitats for waterfowl, which are created in terms of the country's fulfillment of its obligations arising from its membership in the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar). Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 1050 of September 13, 1994 identified 35 such objects in the country, the area of which is about 10 million hectares. These lands include not only wetland ecosystems, but also associated terrestrial complexes. The presence of an international status and a special government decree allows us to consider this form as an essential factor in the protection of ecosystems in Russia, primarily lacustrine and marsh. The status of these facilities is still poorly developed. The main difference of this type of protected area from the rest is its complexity - on the territory of wetlands of international importance, there can be reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments and lands that do not have a special protection status, including those used in agriculture. On the territories of reserves, etc. the protection mode corresponding to their status is carried out. In specially not protected areas, restrictions (up to a complete ban) are introduced on the types of economic activities that adversely affect the functioning of wetlands. Conservation activities are encouraged. This approach makes this form of protection potentially especially promising, since, firstly, the number of areas where a complete prohibition of economic activity is possible has its limits, and secondly, on the huge territories of Russia used by the outbreaks of a combination of strict protection in the most valuable and vulnerable areas with prudent environmental management seem to be the most effective. 1.5. Natural monument A natural monument is a protected natural area where a rare or remarkable object of animate or inanimate nature is located, unique in scientific, cultural, historical, memorial or aesthetic terms. A natural monument can be a waterfall, a meteorite crater, a unique geological outcrop, a cave, or, for example, a rare tree. Sometimes natural monuments include areas of considerable size - forests, mountain ranges, coastal areas and valleys. In this case, they are called natural boundaries or protected landscapes. Natural monuments are subdivided by type into botanical, geological, hydrological, hydrogeological, zoological and complex. For most of the natural monuments, a reserve regime is established, but a reserve regime may be established for especially valuable natural objects. The most widespread are natural monuments at the regional level, natural monuments of federal significance - only 39 with a total area of 28.0 thousand hectares, of regional significance - more than 9 thousand with a total area of 4.15 million hectares (State report on the state of protected areas for 2003) ... Obligations to ensure the protection of a natural monument are usually assumed by the owners, owners, users and tenants of the land on which this natural monument is located. Declaration of natural complexes and objects as natural monuments, and the territories occupied by them - as territories of a natural monument is allowed with the withdrawal of the land plots occupied by them from the owners, owners and users of these plots. In 2003, new natural monuments of federal significance were not created (were not officially registered). In 2004, a number of monuments of regional significance were created, including 12 new natural monuments in the Republic of Adygea (October 2004). This is the first step towards the creation of a regional (including Krasnodar Territory) network of protected areas in the Western Caucasus. In March 2005, a new natural monument of regional significance, Krasnopolsky hazel, appeared on Sakhalin. Its main goal is to preserve the territory of natural growth of ailantholus or Siebold walnut, which is listed in the Red Data Books of the Sakhalin Region and the Russian Federation. 1.6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are nature conservation institutions whose tasks include the creation of special collections of plants in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the flora, as well as the implementation of scientific, educational and educational activities. The territories of dendrological parks and botanical gardens are intended only for the fulfillment of their direct tasks, while the land plots are transferred for permanent (permanent) use either to parks or to research or educational institutions in whose jurisdiction they are. Botanical gardens and dendrological parks introduce plants of natural flora, study their ecology and biology under stationary conditions, develop the scientific foundations of ornamental gardening, landscape architecture, landscaping, introduce wild plants into culture, protect introduced plants from pests and diseases, and also develop methods and breeding techniques and agricultural techniques for creating sustainable decorative expositions, principles of organizing artificial phytocenoses and using introduced plants to optimize the technogenic environment. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens can be of federal, regional significance and are formed, respectively, by decisions of the executive bodies of state power of the Russian Federation or representative and executive bodies of state power of the corresponding constituent entities of the Federation. In Russia at the beginning of 2000, there were 80 botanical gardens and dendrological parks under the jurisdiction of the Russian Academy of Sciences (the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Botanical Garden of the V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute), branches and research centers of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Polar-Alpine Botanical garden-institute of the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Botanical Garden of the Amur Scientific Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, etc.), the former Rosleskhoz (the arboretum of the Caucasian branch of VNIILM, etc.) and its territorial bodies (the arboretum of the Novosibirsk forestry enterprise, the arboretum of the Kandalaksha forestry enterprise, etc.). ), the former Ministry of Agriculture of Russia (the arboretum of the Novosibirsk Fruit and Berry Station, etc.), state universities (Botanical Garden of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Botanical Garden of St. Petersburg State University, Siberian Botanical Garden of Tomsk State University, etc.), agricultural (arboretum of the Kuban Agricultural Institute, the Botanical Garden of the Omsk Agricultural Institute, etc.), forestry (arboretum th Arkhangelsk Forestry Institute, the Botanical Garden of the St. THEM. Sechenov, Kabardino-Balkarian Republican Botanical Garden of the state farm "Decorative Cultures", etc.). Currently, botanical gardens and dendrological parks in Russia are experiencing certain difficulties, primarily due to insufficient funding. In many botanical gardens, the volume of scientific research has been reduced, the collections of plants and seeds are under threat, and the interaction (exchange of material, contacts of employees, etc.) between gardens has weakened. Located mainly in cities and suburbs, botanical gardens are exposed to the same adverse environmental factors as the surrounding territories: air pollution and watercourses, noise pollution, recreational overload, etc. The problem is exacerbated due to the often increased sensitivity of plant collections to negative factors. external influences in comparison with local vegetation. To solve the problems of botanical gardens and dendrological parks, it is necessary, first of all, to strengthen the legislative base. There is a need for a clearer definition of their legal status and the establishment of strict penalties for the use of the respective territories for purposes that contradict their direct purpose. It is also necessary to take measures to improve budget financing, which would allow solving acute economic problems, and using the released resources for the development of scientific and environmental protection activities. 1.7. Health-improving areas and resorts The lands of medical and recreational areas and resorts are classified as specially protected natural areas and are intended for the treatment and recreation of citizens. These lands include lands with natural medicinal resources (deposits of mineral waters, therapeutic mud, brine estuaries and lakes), a favorable climate and other natural factors and conditions that are used or can be used for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. Resorts and health resorts can be of federal, regional or local importance. A health-improving area is understood as a territory that has natural healing resources and is suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as for recreation of the population. The medical and recreational area is a specially protected natural area with a limited regime for the use of subsoil, land and other natural resources and objects. The resort is a specially protected medical and recreational area, developed and used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, and has natural healing resources and buildings and structures necessary for operation, including infrastructure facilities. In order to preserve favorable sanitary and environmental conditions for the organization of prevention and treatment of human diseases on the lands of the territories of medical and recreational areas and resorts, districts of sanitary (mountain-sanitary) protection are established in accordance with the legislation. Within the boundaries of medical and recreational areas and resorts, activities that may lead to a deterioration in the quality and depletion of natural resources and objects with medicinal properties are prohibited (limited). In order to preserve natural factors favorable for the organization of treatment and prevention of diseases of the population, districts of sanitary or mountain-sanitary protection are organized in the territories of medical and recreational areas and resorts. For health-improving areas and resorts, where natural healing resources belong to the subsoil (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, and others), districts of mountain-sanitary protection are established. In other cases, the districts of sanitary protection are established. 1.5. Other protected areas In the conditions of Russia, the assessment of the value of the area of slightly disturbed natural complexes that have restrictions on economic activities will be incomplete if we exclude from consideration two very different categories of land use - state forestry and hunting grounds and ranges of the Ministry of Defense. Forestry farms- these are elite natural complexes inherited from the Soviet system, intended for the countryside recreation of high-ranking leaders. These territories have always had a fundamentally higher level of protection, they were limited to economic activities that violate the living conditions of animals, land acquisition was not allowed. Despite the current problems of budget financing, the inertia of the special status of these territories remains and is used by the new elite. Thus, state forestry and hunting farms may well be classified in the same group with protected areas due to their elite status, the presence of real protection and restrictions on economic activities. So, in the conservation of large mammals in the Moscow region, the Istra GLOCH played a huge role, its territory avoided the total tendency for the region to transform meadows, swamps and forests into summer cottages. Chapter 2. Protection of flora and fauna in protected areas Krasnoyarsk Territory Krasnoyarsk Territory is a huge territory located in the East Siberian region of Russia. The geographical position of our region can be called unique in many respects. On its territory is the geographical center of Russia - Lake Vivi, located in Evenkia. The location of the center of Russia is approved by the Federal Service for Geodesy and Cartography of Russia. The northernmost point of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Cape Chelyuskin - is the extreme polar tip of Eurasia and the northernmost point of Russia and the continental parts of the planet. Six reserves have been organized on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, three of them are biosphere reserves, i.e. work under a special United Nations program; these are the Sayano-Shushensky and Central Siberian and Taimyr reserves; state reserves are also: Stolby and Putoransky. The most modern reserve is the Big Arctic. In total, seven reserves have been created in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Appendix No. 1), as well as the Shushensky Bor national park and the Ergaki natural park. In total, three state nature reserves of federal significance and 27 state nature reserves of regional significance have been created in the region (as of May 1, 2007). It is planned to create 39 more state nature reserves. On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects have the status of a natural monument of regional significance. 2.1. Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory 2.1.1. State natural reserve "Stolby"- one of the oldest reserves in Russia - was organized in 1925 at the initiative of Krasnoyarsk residents to preserve the picturesque area "Stolby". The reserve is located in the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk, on the northwestern spurs of the Eastern Sayan (Kuysum mountains), between 55 43'08 ”- 55 57 '27” north latitude and 92 37'02 ”- 93 05'40” east longitude. The Yenisei flows along its northern border, and the Bazaikha and Mana rivers run along the north-eastern and southern borders. Area - 47.154 thousand hectares. The most picturesque part near the city is allocated to a tourist and excursion area with an area of 1.3 thousand hectares (2.7% of the entire protected area). Most of the granite-syenite outliers, the so-called "Pillars" up to 100 meters high, are located here, attracting visitors and tourists with their bizarre shapes. In order to protect the protected area from adverse influences, a protected zone with a limited nature management regime was created along the perimeter of the reserve, about 2 km wide along the perimeter and an area of 13.464 thousand hectares. The purpose of the reserve is to protect the unique landscape of the Eastern Sayan, preserve the complexes typical for this natural zone, study ecosystems and their dynamics, as well as study the influence of anthropogenic factors. The reserve is located at the junction of two large geographical provinces - forest-steppe and mountain-taiga, which leads to a high diversity of flora and fauna. The fauna is typical for the mountain taiga of the Eastern Sayan. There are 58 species of mammals, almost half of them belong to the order of rodents. This group includes forest voles, chipmunks and squirrels. The hare are represented by the white hare and the pika. Among the predatory mammals are the wolf, fox, lynx, wolverine, sable, brown bear. The group of artiodactyls includes maral, elk, roe deer and musk deer. There are more than 20 species of fish in the rivers, the most common of which are gudgeon, minnow, dace, ruff, roach, grayling, perch, pike. 4 species of amphibians and 3 species of reptiles are registered on the territory of the reserve. There are 199 species of birds, of which the most common are: tits, warblers, wagtails, blackbirds, woodpeckers, crossbills, nuthatch, bullfinches, lentils, schur, redstart, cuckoos. Of the easily recognizable birds, you can find the great turtle dove, jackdaw, magpie, black crow, jay, cuckoo, nutcracker, and crow. Of the order of chickens, hazel grouse is the most common; wood grouse and black grouse are much less common. Birds of prey are diverse: goshawk, sparrowhawk, peregrine falcon, hobbyhorse, saker falcon, osprey, merlin, kestrel, red fawn. Owls are more common among owls: long-tailed and bearded, long-eared and hawked owls, eagle owls. Many species of carnivores have become rare not so much because of persecution by humans, but in connection with the destruction of habitats, the depletion of the species and quantitative composition of animals that serve as food objects for birds. On this territory, there are species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation: golden eagle, burial ground, saker falcon, peregrine falcon, scopa, black stork, eagle owl. The flora includes 1037 species of higher vascular plants, including lycopods - 3 species; ferns - 26 species; horsetail - 8 species; bryophytes - 260 species; gymnosperms - 6 types; angiosperms - 705 species ;. Most of the trees found in the region grow in the forests of the reserve: pine, fir, spruce, Siberian larch and cedar - from conifers; birch and aspen are deciduous. Large and small shrubs are common here: bird cherry, alder, mountain ash, hawthorn, acacia, willow, viburnum, black and red currants, etc .; the grass cover is diverse. The main part of the reserve is represented by deciduous, pine forests and dark coniferous taiga. Forest vegetation in the Krasnoyarsk region is replaced by steppe. Of the plants listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR, the following are noted: coral blackberry, pulmonary and reticulate lobaria, pistil horned, feather grass, helmeted orchis, true and large-flowered slipper, bulbous calyp, curly sparassis and nest flower nest. The main direction of the reserve's research work is the study of natural processes occurring in nature, and the identification of the interrelationships of individual links of the natural chain, as well as the development of environmental protection measures. On the territory of the reserve and adjacent areas, work has been organized to assess the impact of atmospheric pollution on the viability of forests in the suburban area of Krasnoyarsk. 2.1.2. Sayano-Shushensky State Biosphere Reserve is located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the central part of the Western Sayan, including the Sayansky, Goly and partially Khemchiksky and Kantegirsky ridges, within the boundaries of the Shushensky and Ermakovsky districts. The area is 390.368 thousand hectares, of which 59.3% is occupied by forests, 36% - by loaches, stone placers and steep rocky slopes. The nature reserve is dominated by typical mountain landscapes. The protected zone, allocated along the borders of the reserve, with an area of 106.2 thousand hectares, includes: the water area of the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station reservoir along the eastern border of the reserve with all bays with an area of 12 thousand hectares; a two-kilometer strip along the right bank of the reservoir from the mouth of the river. Naked up to the administrative border with the Republic of Tyva; a five-kilometer strip along the western border of the reserve on the territory of Shushensky district. The purpose of the reserve: preservation of typical and unique natural complexes of the Western Sayan, biological diversity, protection of rare species of animals. This area is the only one in Russia where you can save the snow leopard, Siberian ibex, golden eagle, osprey, as well as plant populations included in the Red Book. The reserve was assigned the status of a biosphere in February 1985. The territory is located at the junction of several floristic regions, so its flora is mixed. There are many endemics and relict plants here. The Sayan-Altai endemics (they are the majority here) include Altai bluegrass, Krylov's wheatgrass, Altai larkspur, Borodino catchment; Angara-Sayan endemics - the Yenisei and Baikal anemone; Tuva-Sayan-Altai - swollen resin and lumbago Bunge. There are many relict plants in the reserve, such as Krylov's bedstraw, fragrant woodruff, touch-me-not core, Far Eastern fescue, Daurian rhododendron, Baikal basil. On the territory of the reserve, valuable species of medicinal plants grow - maral root, golden root, etc., which before the creation of the reserve were threatened with complete destruction. To date, the flora of the reserve includes: algae - 7 species, fungi - 19, lichens - 97 species, horsetail and lymphoid - 18 species, bryophyte - 321 species, fern - 25 species, gymnosperms - 7 species, angiosperms - 867 species. Of the plants listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR, the following are noted: Indziella Tyanshanskaya, Lindbergia short-winged, Lobaria pulmonary, Canine mutinus, Scutellaria orchis, Large-flowered slipper, Kandyk Siberian, wrestlers two-flowered and Pasco, nest flower nest and feathergrass, feathergrass leafless. The territory of the reserve is a mountainous country covered with taiga-type dark coniferous forests. They are dominated by spruce, fir and cedar. A well-defined altitudinal zonation determines a variety of types of vegetation and hunting grounds. The main habitat-forming value belongs to cedar forests, which provide forage resources for all representatives of the animal world living here. Due to this, many species of animals form high population densities. The fauna is rich and varied due to the mixture of the faunas of Altai, Mongolia and Sayan. The reserve has 662 species of insects, 4 species of reptiles, 212 species of birds, 52 species of mammals and 15 species of fish. There are many rare and endangered animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation - snow leopard, forest reindeer (Altai-Sayan population), Siberian ibex, golden eagle, peregrine falcon, saker falcon, osprey, black stork, demoiselle crane, steppe kestrel, stylok, black-headed Gull, burial ground, eagle owl, carpenter bee from insects and common Apollo. The question of the presence of a red wolf on the territory of this reserve has not been fully clarified. The reserve serves as a reserve for valuable hunting species of animals, primarily sable, the number of which in the areas adjacent to the reserve is still low. Musk deer, red deer, squirrel, brown bear, hazel grouse, wood grouse, and a small number of lynx live here. The main scientific profile of the Sayano-Shushensky Reserve is monitoring of natural phenomena and processes of the ecosystem of the Western Sayan in their natural state, as well as under the influence of the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station; development of scientific foundations for nature conservation in the region. 2.1.3. "Central Siberian" State Biosphere Reserve The "Central Siberian" State Biosphere Reserve was organized in 1985 on the territory of the Turukhansk District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Baykit District of the Evenk Autonomous District with a total area of 972.017 thousand hectares. After the work carried out in 1992 to clarify the boundaries, its area amounted to 1,020,419 thousand hectares, including 595,024 thousand hectares in the Baykit region and 425.395 thousand hectares in the Turukhansk region. The reserve is located in the middle reaches of the river. The Yenisei between the Podkamennaya Tunguska and Bakhta rivers and occupies the Yenisei parts of the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau. Purpose: protection of the reference area of the middle taiga. The Yenisei site within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial fish species, as well as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet. This is the first reserve in Russia, which was originally designed as a biosphere. In January 1987, UNESCO included it in the international network of biosphere reserves. The Yenisei divides the territory of the reserve into two unequal parts, representing a variety of landscape complexes. The left bank of the Yenisei River is a gently undulating, hilly-ridged plain with gentle river valleys and wide watersheds, absolute heights of 200-250 m. This area is dominated by pine forests on sandy soils. Dark coniferous forests of spruce and cedar are found along the rivers and on the hills. In the depressions of the relief, vast areas are occupied by swamps and peat bogs. In the floodplain of the Yenisei, there are large-grass and small-grass meadows. The right bank is a section of the Central Siberian Plateau and has a dissected flat-topped relief with absolute heights of 300-350 m near the Yenisei and more than 500 m in the eastern part. On the right bank to the Yenisei, the Yenisei ridge breaks off with a tectonic ledge. The right bank is characterized by larch-cedar and larch-cedar-spruce forests, as well as derivatives of birch. In general, the diversity of the relief has a positive effect on the fauna of the region. Forests occupy almost the entire territory of the reserve (93.51%). The main forest-forming species on the left bank of the Yenisei are pine, which forms pine forests, spruce, less often cedar, larch and aspen. The dark coniferous taiga dominates on the right bank - spruce, fir, cedar, larch. Of the plants listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR, on the reserved territory there are bulbous calypso, large-flowered shoes and real ones. The fauna is typical for the middle taiga of Siberia. The main species are sable and squirrel. Muskrat, wolverine, elk and bear are quite common. Less common are the Siberian weasel, ermine, and lynx. Pine game is abundant, especially hazel grouse and capercaillie, black grouse is common, which is explained by the presence of abundant berries and conifers. The migration routes of many waterfowl pass along the Yenisei. Anseriformes are numerous, among ducks the witch, pintail, teal-whistle and crested duck are often found. The most abundant are the teal cracker and shirokonosk. Of the rare species of animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, osprey, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, gyrfalcon, black stork are noted on migration or nesting. Flora: bryophytes - 153 species, lycopods - 7 species, ferns - 18, gymnosperms - 7 species, angiosperms - 679 species. Fauna: insects - 709 species, reptiles - 4 species, birds - 212 species, mammals - 52, fish - 15 species. Scientific work - the reproduction of valuable fish species is being investigated in the reserve, work is continuing on the inventory of plants and animals. 2.1.4. Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve The state reserve "Taimyr" was created in 1979, and in 1995 it was given the status of a biosphere. It is an environmental, research and environmental education institution. This is one of the largest reserves in Russia, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Taimyr Peninsula - the most northerly mainland in the world. Therefore, the organizers of the reserve tried to cover the greatest variety of zonal natural landscapes - arctic, typical and southern tundra, as well as forest tundra. The territory of the reserve represents the reference areas of the earth's surface, on which almost all natural zones of Taimyr are represented: arctic ("Arctic branch"), typical ("Main territory"), southern ("Ary-Mas" site) tundra and forest-tundra ("Lukunsky "), as well as the unique mountain tundra of the ridge. Byrranga. The Taimyrsky Reserve is the most visited reserve in Russia. Every year thousands of scientists from all over the world, ecologists, tourists and fishermen visit Eastern Taimyr. Most of all they are attracted by the excavation of the fossil mammoth and the population of the musk ox. Also, the center of the reserve, the village of Khatanga, is used as a springboard to reach the North Pole. There are 430 higher plant species, 222 mosses and 265 lichens on the territory of the reserve. One of the most common lichens in the tundra zone is kladonia (reindeer moss or reindeer moss). Deer moss occupies vast polar territories, but it is often found in dry forests located much south of the tundra strip. Among the plants growing on the territory of the reserve, there are those that are listed in the Red Book, Arctosibirsk wormwood, leguminous braya, hard sedge, crumbs Pole and Taimyr, inclined artichoke, Gorodkovaya and Byrrangskaya beetles, woolly-scaled mytnik, rose rhodiola. Countless lakes and small bodies of water cover the tundra located on the permafrost with stagnant moisture. The permafrost thickness is up to 500 meters. In Ary-Mas, the southernmost part of one of the three sections of the reserve, one can observe the northernmost larches. For several centuries the trees here barely reach the height of human growth. 2.1.5 Putoransky Nature Reserve The reserve was founded in 1988 to protect unique mountain-lake-taiga landscapes and rare species of flora and fauna. The Putorana Nature Reserve is located in the north of Central Siberia, on the territory of the Dudinsky and Khatangsky districts of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug and the Ilimsky District of the Evenk Autonomous Okrug: its main part, the Putorana Plateau, lies south of the Taimyr Peninsula and occupies most of the rectangle between the Yenisei, Kheta, Kotuy and Lower Tunguska (650 km from north to south and from west to east). This is the most extreme nature reserve in Russia. The total area of the reserve is 1887, 3 thousand hectares. The purpose of the Putoransky Gas Processing Plant is to preserve the most unique mountain biocenoses in the north of Central Siberia, a peculiar flora and rare animal species, restore the historical range of the Putorana subspecies bighorn sheep, as well as protect the world's largest Taimyr population of wild reindeer. As a result of the movement of glaciers, the Putorana plateau is dissected by long flat-bottomed canyons, the height of the walls of which reaches several hundred meters, and narrow lakes, the deepest in Russia after Lake Baikal (Khantayskoye Lake - up to 520 m in depth); mountain rivers are rapids, the height of some waterfalls reaches 100 m. The territory of the reserve has the highest density of waterfalls per unit area on the planet. Of the historical and cultural objects of greatest interest are the remains of the attributes of shamanism on the ancient temples of the Tungus (Evenks) and Dolgan chapels more than a century ago. On the territory of the Putoransky Nature Reserve there are unique outcrops of columnar basalts (natural mineralogical museums in the open air). The landscape is dominated by mountain tundra and woodlands. Numerous rivers and lakes. In total, there are 381 plant species on the territory of the reserve, 35 - mammals, 140 - birds. In 2003, the Putorana plateau was classified as a UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site. There are very few tourists here because of the high cost and increased complexity of the routes. Directly to the border of the reserve there is an excursion boat route along the lake. Lama. 2.1.6. Great Arctic State Nature Reserve The Big Arctic Reserve, the largest in Russia and Eurasia and the third largest in the world (4169222 hectares, including 1 million - the water area of the Arctic seas), was created in 1993. It is located on the Taimyr Peninsula and on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Its shores are washed by the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. This is the largest nature reserve in Russia. The purpose of creating the reserve is to preserve and study in their natural state the unique Arctic ecosystems, rare and endangered plant and animal species of the northern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and adjacent islands. On the islands of Severnaya Zemlya, there are "maternity homes" for Taimyr polar bears; in the coastal tundra, they are fleeing from the midges of a herd of wild reindeer. To preserve the nesting grounds of birds that migrate by the North Atlantic route: the black goose, sandpiper, etc. - and have the opportunity to study the unique Arctic ecosystems in their natural state. A significant part of the reserve is practically not visited by humans, but recently routes (rafting, fishing, ethnographic tours) have been developed, which will allow tourists to get better acquainted with the Arctic nature. The Bolshoi Arctic Reserve consists of seven cluster areas (Table 2) and two reserves: the Severozemelsky state nature reserve of federal significance, located within the reserve, and the Brekhov Islands state nature reserve of regional significance. The main type of tundra vegetation is lichens. They endure the harsh conditions of the Arctic, painting the tundra in a variety of colors from bright yellow to black. The bird fauna of the Great Arctic Reserve numbers 124 species, 16 of which are listed in the Red Book. The characteristic inhabitants of the tundra are the snowy owl and the tundra partridge. In the reserve there are rare species of gulls: pink, fork-tailed and white. The territory of the reserve also includes historical and cultural monuments associated with the names of polar research - A.F. Middendorf, F. Nansen, V.A. Rusanova, E.V. Toll, A.V. Kolchak, etc. 2.1.7 .Tunguska reserve The Tunguska Nature Reserve is located at the site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. The reserve is located in the Evenki municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The total area of the reserve is 296,562 hectares. The purpose of creating the reserve is to study the unique natural complexes of Evenkia and the consequences of the impact of the global cosmo-ecological catastrophe. The reserve is a nature conservation, research and environmental education institution. It was created to study the effects of a meteorite fall. The highest peak of the reserve is located on the spurs of the Lakursky ridge - 533 m above sea level. The second highest peak - Mount Farrington - is located near the site of the Tunguska phenomenon. The territory of the reserve is a typical area of the northern East Siberian taiga with its characteristic landscapes and biosenoses, practically not exposed to local anthropogenic influences, at the same time, the territory of the reserve is unique, as it keeps the prints of the mysterious "Tunguska catastrophe" of June 30, 1908. On this day, in the interfluve of the Podkamennaya Tunguska and its right tributary Chuni (South Evenkia), 70 km north-west of the village of Vanavara, a super-powerful (10-40 megatons) explosion of a space object of unknown nature known as the Tunguska meteorite took place. Larch and pine forests are widespread here. As a result of the fall of the supposed meteorite, the taiga over an area of more than 2 km was tumbled down and burned, but over the past century it has completely recovered. Evenk taiga to this day keeps the secret of one of the wonders of our century, called the Tunguska meteorite. Elk, bear, sable, wood grouse are common in the animal kingdom, badger and lynx are found. About 30 species of fish live in Podkamennaya Tunguska, most of which are valuable species. A 2 km wide buffer zone with an area of 20241 hectares has been formed along the boundaries of the reserve. The protected zone is entrusted with such tasks as improving the living conditions of protected animals of the reserve, carrying out measures for the protection, restoration of valuable wild and rare plant species growing in protected areas, creating demonstration sites, showcases, stands and other forms of promoting the activities of reserves for the purpose of environmental education. The following historical and cultural sites are located on the territory of the reserve: Expeditionary base for the study of the "Tunguska meteorite", better known as "Zaimka Kulik" or "Izby Kulik"; The expeditionary base for the study of the Tunguska meteorite is a historical and cultural monument of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. According to the existing Regulations on Russian reserves, tourism is prohibited in them. In the Tunguska nature reserve, due to the uniqueness of the event, as an exception, limited tourist activities are allowed for the purpose of environmental education of the population, acquaintance with the beautiful natural objects of the reserve, the place where the Tunguska meteorite fell. There are three environmental education routes. Two of them are waterways, along the most picturesque rivers Kimchu and Khushma, the third - walking along the "Kulik path" - the famous route of the discoverer of the Tunguska meteorite catastrophe site. A lot of explanatory work is carried out in routes with tourists. 2.2. National and natural parks of the Krasnoyarsk Territory The only national park in the region "Shushensky Bor" was organized in 1995 and is located in the Shushensky district on an area of 39.2 thousand hectares. The park includes a part of the picturesque places of the memorial complex “Siberian exile of V.I. Lenin ": Hut, Crane Hill, Sandy Hill and others. Here, areas of landscapes characteristic of the southern regions of Central Siberia, which are currently experiencing significant anthropogenic pressure, have been taken under protection. In the national park "Shushensky Bor" there is an interschool forestry enterprise consisting of three school forestries: "Pchela", "Ant", "Zhuravlenok". School forestry took under their tutelage an arboretum with an area of 1.8 hectares, in which there are 162 species of trees and shrubs, of which 22 species were introduced from other regions of the country. The results of many years of work of school forestries were recommendations for the use of trees and shrubs in landscaping settlements in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. From the first days of its existence, the national park has been developing tourism activities. As part of the overview information while moving along the route, you can get acquainted with the archaeological monuments of the history of human development of the Yenisei valley in the Bronze and Iron Ages - Ncherkina Gorka. Remains of the fortification of the state of the "Kyrgyz" have survived - the fortress "Omaitura" and the remains of the Sayan fortress - the first Russian settlement in the upper reaches of the Yenisei (1718) Employees of the national park together with the Sayano-Shushensky nature reserve and representatives of public organizations take an active part in the March of Parks campaign every year. In the period until 2005, the "Scheme for the development and placement of specially protected natural areas in the Krasnoyarsk Territory" (1998) provides for the organization of new natural parks, both federal - the national park "Kanskoye Belogorie" to preserve the unique natural complex of the East Sayan highlands in the Sayan region, and regional significance - the natural park "Symsky" for the preservation of a unique natural complex, not changed by human activity, in the basin of the Sym river, Yenisei region. Ergaki is the name of a natural park located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The park is named after the ridge of the same name, which by the 1990s had become very popular among tourists, artists, and the local population. In addition to the Ergaki ridge, the park covers in its territory partially or completely the Kulumys, Oysky, Aradansky, Metugul-Taiga, Kedransky mountain ranges. The basins of the largest rivers in the park are Us, Kebezh, Oya, Taigish, Kazyrsuk. Ergaki is a mountain knot, a ridge in the Western Sayan. It is located at the headwaters of the rivers Bolshoi Kebezh, Bolshoy Klyuch, Taigish, Verkhnyaya Buiba, Srednyaya Buiba and Nizhnyaya Buiba. 2.3. Natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory The state ecological and ethnographic reserve of republican significance "Eloguisky" with an area of 747.6 thousand hectares is located on the territory of the Turukhansk region in the northern part of the Sym-Dubcheskoy middle taiga upland in the river basin. Eloguy, was organized by the Order of the Glavokhota of the RSFSR No. 73 dated March 10, 1987. This reserve was created for an unlimited period of time with the aim of protecting the ecosystems of the middle taiga, maintaining the ecological balance in the basin of the river. Eloguy, for the preservation of the cultural heritage and habitat of the indigenous peoples of the North. It is an integral part of the biosphere test site of the Central Siberian Reserve and is subordinate to it. The main area of the reserve is occupied by larch-cedar and larch-cedar-spruce middle taiga forests; dark coniferous taiga and pine forests are less widespread. The fauna is typical for the middle taiga and is represented by such species as sable, squirrel, Siberian weasel, wolf, elk, capercaillie, hazel grouse and others. The fauna includes 350 species of vertebrates. On this territory, the species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation are noted - peregrine falcon, osprey, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and gyrfalcon. State reserves of regional significance occupy an area of 1,076.52 thousand hectares, located on the territories of 25 administrative districts of the region in various natural and climatic zones. State nature reserves "Arga", "Solgonsky Kryazh" and "Sisimsky" are complex in profile, the rest are zoological. Most of the zakazniks are aimed at the conservation, restoration and reproduction of valuable hunting and commercial species of wild animals along with their habitat. The Bolshemurtinsky, Talsko-Garevsky, Krasnoturansky Bor nature reserves are engaged in the protection of Siberian roe deer in places of mass concentration along the migration and wintering routes, as well as upland game. The territories of many reserves are inhabited by animals listed in the Red Data Books of the Russian Federation, for example, peregrine falcon (Bolshe-Kemchugsky, Malo-Kemchugsky and Prichulymsky reserves), osprey (Ubaysko-Salbinsky, Taibinsky, B-Kemchugsky and Sisimsky reserves), white-tailed eagle (reserves "Arga" and Berezovsky), Saker Falcon (B-Kemchugsky, Sisimsky). Recorded meetings of the black stork in the reserves "Arga", "Solgonsky Kryazh", "Prichulymsky" and "Taybinsky"; there is reliable information about the stay of the gray crane during the nesting period in the Taibinsky and Bolshemurtinsky zakazniks. In the Krasnoturansky Bor reserve there is a colony of gray herons, unique for the region, numbering about 100 nesting pairs. A complete list of state natural reserves of regional significance operating in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is given in Appendix No. 2. 2.4. Natural monuments of the Krasnoyarsk Territory On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects are registered (as of 01.05.07), which have the status of natural monuments of regional significance with a total area of 19.12 thousand hectares. Let's name a few: Chinzhebsky waterfall - a unique hydrogeological object of scientific, cultural and educational value, located in the southwestern part of the Eastern Sayan, in the interfluve of the Shinda and Nyrda rivers; nature monument "Snyt relict" is located in the basin of the river. Small Kebezh, in its lower reaches, was created with the aim of preserving the isolated location of the nemoral flora - European dream and is the only place of its growth in natural conditions on the right bank of the Yenisei, this is the extreme eastern point of the range, isolated at a distance of 300 km; lake Tiberkul is a unique and picturesque mountain lake located on the southern slope of the Eastern Sayan ridge, in the right-bank part of the river basin. Kazyr; a pine forest in the river basin was declared a natural monument. Baikalikha as the northernmost pine forest in Russia. There are many of the most picturesque caves among the natural monuments of the region (Lysanskaya, Bolshaya Oreshnaya, Badzheyskaya, Karaulnaya, Kubinskaya, Maiskaya, etc.). 2.5. Resorts and health-improving areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory There is one federal health resort and 6 health resorts and health-improving areas of regional importance on the territory of the region (Appendix No. 3). All facilities, except for the Krasnozavodsky sanatorium (Krasnozavodsky Rest House is located in the Bogotolsky District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the left bank of the Chulym River, in a picturesque pine forest, does not have mineral and medicinal waters), have deposits of natural medicinal waters and mud, which are used in therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. The problems of recreational areas are associated with their spontaneous building and undeveloped infrastructure, as well as high recreational loads. Conclusion In general, it can be noted that the system of intact natural areas in Russia seems to be quite developed and relatively flexible. Moreover, the density of the network of these territories and the flexibility of the security system have been growing in recent years. Although this system (like the entire country as a whole) is now experiencing significant economic difficulties, the forecast for its development is generally favorable. The main disadvantage of the network of protected areas in Russia is its unevenness and, especially, low density in the steppe zone, which is most susceptible to anthropogenic transformation. There are reserves in the European steppe, but they are (on the scale of Russia) microscopic, in the West Siberian steppe there are no reserves or national nature parks. At the same time, one should not forget that nature reserves are specially protected areas with the highest conservation status, although they, in turn, are divided into subcategories. In general, tourism here should not affect the main objects of protection and reproduction. Nevertheless, each reserve determines for itself the scope and directions of environmental education activities, which include environmental tourism. Currently, there are a large number of definitions proposed for ecotourism. The first definition was given by G. Ceballos-Laskurein in 1980. Ecological tourism, according to the author's interpretation, is a journey into relatively untouched or unpolluted natural areas with the specific purpose of learning, admiring and enjoying the contemplation of nature, landscapes, plants and wild animals. as well as studying the cultural characteristics of these territories. There are the following criteria that characterize this type of tourism: 1) ecological tourism should be based on the use of predominantly natural resources; 2) he must minimize damage to the natural and socio-cultural environment; 3) the orientation of such tourism should place the main emphasis on environmental awareness and education; 4) the development of tourism should ensure sustainable economic and social development, as well as the cultural and environmental well-being of the local population in those areas where it is carried out. The presence in our territories of a unique natural heritage with a rich range of biological and natural diversity gives Russia the preconditions for the development of ecotourism. At the same time, the growth in demand for ecological goods all over the world can give a powerful impetus to the development of this particular type of tourism with an orientation towards the inbound tourism market. The main constraining factors are: the duration of such tours, as well as high tariffs for high-speed transport due to the remoteness of unique tourist resources. Nevertheless, without targeted government support, this sphere of tourism, most likely, will not develop. Bibliography Baranov, A.A. Specially protected animals of the Yenisei Siberia. Birds and mammals: textbook. - method. manual. / A.A. Baranov. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of the KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004 .-- 264 p. Baranov, A.A. Specially Protected Natural Territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: textbook. - method. Manual / A.A. Baranov, S.V. Kozheko. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of the KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004 .-- 240 p. Vladyshevsky, D.V. Ecology and we: textbook. manual. / D.V. Vladyshevsky. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. University, 1994 .-- 214 p. Red Data Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. University, 2004 .-- 246 p. Nature and ecology of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: the program of the school course. - Krasnoyarsk, 2000. Savchenko, A.P. Appendix to the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. / A.P. Savchenko, V.N. Lopatin, A.N. Zyryanov, M.N. Smirnov and others - Krasnoyarsk: Ed. center of KrasSU, 2004 .-- 147 p. Appendix # 1 State natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Appendix # 2 State nature reserves of regional significance
Appendix No. 3 Resorts and health-improving areas in the Krasnoyarsk Territory
Target. Preservation of unique geological formations and natural complexes around them. The most valuable and famous natural complexes around picturesque rock formations - syenite outliers - "pillars" that gave the name to the reserve, as well as karsts and caves. At present, its area is 47,154 hectares. The reserve is located on the right bank of the Yenisei, on the northwestern spurs of the Eastern Sayan, bordering the Central Siberian plateau. The natural boundaries of the protected area are the right tributaries of the Yenisei River: in the north-east - the Bazaikha River, in the south and south-west - the Mana and Bolshaya Slizneva rivers. From the north-east the territory borders on the suburb of Krasnoyarsk A tourist and excursion area has been allocated on the territory of the reserve to meet the recreational needs of Krasnoyarsk residents and guests of the city, for which a special regime has been established by the regulation on the reserve. The vegetation of the reserve is diverse. On the northern outskirts of the reserve, steppe vegetation is replaced by forest. At the northern borders of the reserve, on a very small area, several specimens of Siberian linden have been preserved - the pride of "Stolbov". Fir and cedar also grow in the reserve. The cedar is a precious tree of the Siberian taiga, but, unfortunately, it is poorly renewed. Heavy pine nuts are not carried by the wind, but fall from ripe cones right there, under the tree, but, falling on a thick moss cover, they, as a rule, cannot germinate without help. Such an assistant of the cedar turns out to be a bird - the Siberian nutcracker. During the ripening period of nuts, she, knocking down a cone, flies with it on a block or stump, hulls the seeds and, with a goiter filled with nuts, flies to hide them. Nutcracker prefers to hide its reserves in places with shallow snow cover, which is quickly freed from it in spring. Thus, the nutcracker helps the settlement of the cedar in the territory of the reserve. The Stolby reserve is located at the junction of three botanical and geographical regions: the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, the mountain taiga of the Eastern Sayan Mountains and the subtaiga of the Central Siberian Plateau. The flora of the reserve numbers 1037 species of higher vascular plants, of which 260 are bryophytes, more than 150 species are classified as specially protected. On the territory of the reserve, 22 species of fish, 130 species of birds and 45 species of mammals are noted. The precious predator of the taiga is the sable. By the time the reserve was organized, it was completely exterminated in these places, but in the 60s it again became an ordinary inhabitant of the reserved taiga. The reserve is very rich in wild ungulates. Maral and musk deer find exceptionally favorable conditions here. The bird kingdom in the reserve is represented by such birds as hazel grouse, wood grouse, three-toed woodpecker, nutcracker, deaf cuckoo, warbler-warbler, blackbirds, bluetail, Far Eastern and blue nightingales, starling, small and white-backed woodpecker, white-capped bunting, lentil, finch. Among the fish in the reserve are whitefish, grayling, chebak, dace, spike, perch, pike, burbot, crucian carp and others. In addition to flora and fauna, the reserve is famous for its rocks. Pillars are the pride of Krasnoyarsk. Almost all the rocks of the reserve have names - outlines reminiscent of birds, animals and people, which is reflected in the names: Sparrows, Berkut, Musk deer, Ded, Monk. The height of the rocks, forming 80 groups, reaches 104 m in places. Some individual stones and fragments (parts) of rocks are also named. Rocks can be singles or form groups. A rock massif always has several named individual vertices. The rock called "Feathers" represents 4 majestic 40-meter sheer stone slabs adjoining each other. Each slab, pointed at the top, resembles the feathers of a gigantic bird. On the western side, the rock is a fairly flat sheer wall. A horizontal gap has formed at a height of 15-20 meters. When tourists climb into it and their heads stick out like teeth, the gap becomes like the mouth of a predatory animal, hence the name Lion's mouth. Fifteen meters from the Feathers there is a low cliff. It resembles a large lion's head. On the western side, there are two colossal stone bollards, covered by a huge monolithic stone. When you look at them, you get the impression that the stone, under the influence of its own weight, is about to part the rocks and collapse to the ground. This rock was named the Lion's Gate. It is easy to climb to the top of the Lion's Gate. Slots, ledges and flat slabs are freely overcome. Five hundred meters from the Feathers, across the ravine, rises a massive cliff "Ded" - an amazing work of nature. If you look down on the pillar, you can see the head of a courageous and stern old man thinking about something with an open forehead, on which a cap is pulled down. A straight nose and a beard lowered to the chest enhance the impression. On the opposite side, the rock looks like a laughing grandfather. Popular |
