French army. Artillery armament, Gribeauval system
Pounder
Pounder
Pounder
Cannon - depending on the difficulty level 8-pounder, 12-pounder and 16-pounder - Boss living in the Thicket.
Bandit Cannon - Ancestor's memories
| “ |
Simple folk are by their nature loquacious, and the denizens of the hamlet were no exception. It was not long before rumors of my morbid genius and secretive excavations began to fill local legend. In the face of my increasingly egregious flaunting of public taboos, awe turned to ire, and demonstrations were held in the town square. The whisper wilds of heresy roused the rabble to violent action. Such was the general air of rebellion that even my generous offer of gold to the local constabulary was rebuffed. To reassert my rule, I sought out unscrupulous men skilled in the application of force. Tight-lipped and terrifying, these mercenaries brought with them a war machine of terrible implication. Eager to end the tiresome domestic distraction, I instructed my newly formed militia of hardened bandits, brigands and killers to go ahead and do their work. Compliance and order were restored, and the noisesome population of the Hamlet was culled to more managable numbers. |
„ |
Story
When rumors of the Ancestor's experiments reached the ears of the local residents, they became furious. In order to contain them, the Ancestor hired a gang of robbers who brought with them huge cannon incredible strength. Now that the Ancestor has died, the robbers continue to use it, terrorizing the village.
Behavior
Bandit Gun appears in the second position, with three bandits in the other three positions. The most dangerous of them is the Rogue Pyro, who makes the Cannon fire. If the Pyro is able to act on its turn, the Cannon will use one of its two attacks. The first one, BOOOOOM! (“BOOOOOOOM!”) is a long-range attack that hits the entire squad with huge damage and also causes a lot of stress. The second attack is a misfire! ("MISFIRE!") does no damage and gives the party stress treatment. The Cannon itself cannot use any of its attacks except the Reinforcement skill! (“Reinforcements!”), which summons another rogue. The cannon will use this skill at the start of each turn until all positions are filled. If you killed the Arsonist Rogue, the Cannon will first summon him, and therefore all other types of robbers. The chance of Cannon using his devastating attack increases depending on the dungeon's level.
Skills
| Apprentice Level | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skill name | Attack type | From the position | Strikes to position | Chance to hit | Crit chance | Damage | Effect | Effect on yourself |
| Reinforcement* | Ranged | 1, 2, 3, 4. | 1, 2, 3, 4. (allies) | 0% | 0% | 0 | Summon Brigands** | No effect |
| BOOOOOOOM!*** | Ranged | 1, 2, 3, 4. | 1+2+3+4. | 83% | 0% | 9-27 | Stress +15 | No effect |
| MISFIRE!*** | Ranged | 1, 2, 3, 4. | 1+2+3+4. | 0% | 0% | 0 | Stress -10 | No effect |
| Veteran Level | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skill name | Attack type | From the position | Strikes to position | Chance to hit | Crit chance | Damage | Effect | Effect on yourself |
| Reinforcement* | Ranged | 1, 2, 3, 4. | 1, 2, 3, 4. (allies) | 0% | 0% | 0 | Summon Brigands** | No effect |
| BOOOOOOOM!*** | Ranged | 1, 2, 3, 4. | 1+2+3+4. | 89% | 0% | 12-35 | Stress +15 | No effect |
| MISFIRE!*** | Ranged | 1, 2, 3, 4. | 1+2+3+4. | 0% | 0% | 0 | Stress -10 | No effect |
| Champion Level | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skill name | Attack type | From the position | Strikes to position | Chance to hit | Crit chance | Damage | Effect | Effect on yourself |
| Reinforcement* | Ranged | 1, 2, 3, 4. | 1, 2, 3, 4. (allies) | 0% | 0% | 0 | Summon Brigands** | No effect |
| BOOOOOOOM!*** | Ranged | 1, 2, 3, 4. | 1+2+3+4. | 103% | 0% | 18-54 | Stress +15 | No effect |
| MISFIRE!*** | Ranged | 1, 2, 3, 4. | 1+2+3+4. | 0% | 0% | 0 | Stress -10 | No effect |
* Bandit Cannon will always use Reinforcements! (Reinforcement) at the beginning of each of your turns, until all positions are occupied by robbers.
** Reinforcements! Reinforcement can only summon Brigand Matchman, Brigand Cutthroat, Brigand Fusilier and Brigand Bloodletter. If the Firebug Rogue is not on the battlefield, he will always be summoned first.
** There can only be 1 robber of each type on the battlefield. This means that the Cannon cannot summon two Arsonists or Thugs.
*** Bandit Cannon will use BOOOOOOOM! and MISFIRE! only after the Pyro skill “The fuse is burning!” (Fire In The Hole) regardless of the effects on it.
*** BOOOOOOOM! and MISFIRE! are mutually exclusive. Only one of these skills can be used after Brigand Matchman uses Fuse Burns! (Fire In The Hole).
NOTE: As the dungeon's difficulty increases, the chance of using BOOOOOOOM! increases significantly, and the probability of MISFIRE! decreases. An approximate table of relationships as difficulty levels increase:
| Apprentice | Veteran | Champion | |
| BOOOOOOOM! | 65% | 70% | 75% |
| MISFIRE! | 35% | 30% | 25% |
Strategy
First and most importantly, kill the Arsonist first! Do not allow him to live until the end of the turn, as his actions have disastrous consequences for the entire squad. It is recommended to take with you heroes that can attack in all positions, as the Pyro can be moved or summoned again to the third or fourth position, where it will be inaccessible to melee attacks. Luckily, the Pyro has very low speed and low health, making him an easy target to kill. Bleeding and Poison can kill the Pyro before he even lights the fuse, and stuns will cause him to miss his turn.
As for the Cannon itself, it has a LOT of defense points and is practically immune to all possible effects. In this battle, it is recommended to take heroes with AOE attacks with you so that you can deal with robbers and Cannon at the same time.
One strategy is to kill all the robbers, after which you can attack the Cannon without support. This is a rather long, but safe battle, since the Cannon will be busy summoning more and more robbers. However, any hero with Stun can reduce incoming damage, leaving the rogue stunned instead of having a new one summoned. Hit the rogue with one attack per turn, then stun him and finish him off when he is under the stun resistance increase buff. This will reduce incoming damage to the squad, without leading to constant calls for new robbers, and will allow you to finish off the Cannon more quickly, freeing up additional attacks for this. The Thug is the most obvious target for this strategy, as he spawns in the first position and his attacks deal more concentrated damage than the Marksman's, making it difficult to control incoming damage with healing.
Another strategy is to ignore the two rogues and focus on the Pyro and Cannon. This is a more dangerous and risky strategy, but it will help reduce the number of Reinforcements. High Damage and Evasion stats are recommended for this strategy.
Actually high level Combat with the Cannon can cause a lot of problems, since the Firestarter's health and evasion increases significantly, the Cannon's health doubles, and it begins to summon the Brigand Bloodletter robber. Due to the increased health and damage of robbers, conventional strategies become less effective. For the last level of difficulty, it is recommended to assemble a squad without a healer in order to quickly destroy the robbers and beat the Cannon in those turns when it only summoned the Arsonist. A good option there will be a squad structure built on interaction with the Mark - Savage-Mercenary-Crossbowman-Tamer. However, it is risky to send such a squad into the Thicket without a healer due to the Unclean Giant monster found there.
- When entering the boss room, you can surprise two robbers, but not the Cannon or the Pyro.
Shotgun AN-IX
French 6-pounder gun and 6-inch howitzers
However, even such a magnificent gun had drawbacks, such as insufficient reliability and a tendency to corrosion of some components. But the main thing was some difference in caliber of the guns produced and the need for individual fitting of parts. This created certain difficulties in creating and arming a mass army. Therefore, in 1801 the French adopted the AN-IX gun, which became the main one by the time of the invasion of Russia. This gun was almost identical to the gun of the 1777 model and differed from the old one by greater unification of parts and the replacement of corroded, but not load-bearing, iron parts with copper ones. In addition, it was possible to slightly reduce the weight of the gun.
Perhaps the excellent capabilities of the 1777 model gun had an effect, but less attention was paid to rifled weapons in France. The main type of rifled weapon was the "Carbine de Versailles" model 1793 in infantry and cavalry versions. It was only in 1804 that a slightly improved AN-XII carbine was developed, which differed only slightly from the Carbine de Versailles. Saturation French army rifled weapons was slightly lower than the Russian one. Non-commissioned officers, sergeants and sappers from light infantry and 6 riflemen in a voltigeur company were mainly armed with rifled carbines.
The characteristics of the main guns in service with the French army were as follows.
Shotgun AN-IX. Its weight (without bayonet) is 4.375 kg, length 151.5 cm (bayonet length 46.5 cm). Caliber – 17.5 mm, bullet weight – 27.2 g, gunpowder weight – 12.24 g. Maximum range shooting 300–400 steps, effective aimed shooting range (probability of hitting a standard target is more than 1/2) – more than 100 steps.
Rifled carbine "Carbine de Versailles": Its weight (without bayonet) is 3.45 kg, length is 102.5 cm. Caliber is 13.5 mm, bullet weight is 17.5 g, gunpowder weight is 4 g. Maximum range is approximately 1 thousand steps, effective aimed shooting range (probability of hitting a standard target is more than 1/2) - more than 500 steps.
In the field of artillery, the French army held a leading position for a long time, which was not lost in the quarter century that passed after Gribeauval's reform. But Napoleon, himself an excellent artilleryman, noted the presence of excessive calibers in the Gribeauval system. For example, Napoleon pointed out that in most cases, when firing, commanders do not make a difference between 8-pounder and 4-pounder guns. At the same time, the 8-pounders are too heavy, and the 4-pounders have weak ammunition. As a result, it was decided to settle on a 6-pound gun, which should replace both calibers.
It was also decided to switch to a new howitzer with a longer barrel length and a smaller caliber. This made it possible to increase the flatness of the trajectory and more effectively use these weapons in maneuverable field battle. In addition, this made it possible to unify the ammunition with the 24-pound siege gun.
Finally, Colonel Villentroy created heavy long-range howitzers with an increased powder charge and barrel length. These howitzers had calibers of 8, 9 and 11 inches. At the same time, the most powerful 11-inch howitzer could fire at a distance of up to 5.8 versts. The 8-inch howitzer was also used in field battles. In addition to changes in the calibers used and barrel lengths, the guns of the new models were lightweight and simplified in design.
The reform was supposed to bring French artillery to a new qualitative level. In fact, it was not carried out as decisively and effectively as in Russia. The reason was the slight superiority of French artillery over the artillery of most opponents, which already existed at the time the reform began. The “patchwork” nature of Napoleon’s empire and the lack of clear management of military production also had a negative impact. Many factories of Napoleon's empire, especially in conquered territories such as the Confederation of the Rhine, produced according to old models and in the old caliber system. So, in the end, the reform not only did not reduce, as required, the number of calibers in the army, but, on the contrary, increased it. Of the new guns, only the 6-pounder gun and the 24-pounder howitzer were fired in significant quantities. Into the war" Grand Army"entered with more than two dozen artillery systems.
The characteristics of the main guns in service with the French army were as follows.
12-pounder gun of the Gribeauval system:
Gun weight - 860 kg (54 pounds), system weight - 2160 kg (135 pounds), caliber - 4.76 inches (121 mm), barrel length - 16.5 calibers.
Firing range: cannonball – 2.7–3 km, grenade – about 1.2 km, buckshot – up to 600 meters.
8-pounder Gribeauval gun
Gun weight - 580 kg (36 pounds), system weight - 1760 kg (110 pounds), caliber - 4.1 inches (104 mm), barrel length - 16.5 calibers.
Firing range: cannonball – 2.7 km, grenade – about 1 km, buckshot – up to 500 meters.
4-pounder Gribeauval gun
Gun weight - 280 kg (18 pounds), system weight - 1120 kg (70 pounds), caliber - 4.76 inches (121 mm), barrel length - 16.5 calibers.
Firing range: cannonball – 2.6 km, grenade – about 1.1 km, buckshot – up to 400 meters.
6-pounder gun new system
Gun weight - 400 kg (25 pounds), system weight - 1440 kg (90 pounds), caliber - 3.9 inches (96 mm), barrel length - 16.5 calibers.
Firing range: cannonball – 2.3 km, grenade – about 1 km, buckshot – up to 400 meters.
6-inch extended howitzer
Gun weight - 320 kg (20 pounds), caliber - 6 inches (164 mm), barrel length - 4 1/3 calibers.
Firing range: cannonball – 3 km, grenade – about 3 km, buckshot – up to 400 meters.
24-pound howitzer of the new system
Gun weight – 320 kg (20 pounds), caliber – 6 inches (155 mm), barrel length – 5 calibers.
Firing range: cannonball – 3 km, grenade – about 3 km, buckshot – up to 500 meters.
Although in general French artillery looked worse than Russian due to the wide variety of calibers and large quantity low-power regimental guns, it had an advantage in the fight against fortifications and manpower at long distances due to the presence of large-caliber howitzers and with a steep trajectory, which made it possible to hit the enemy behind the fortifications.
When comparing the characteristics of Russian and French weapons, several need to be taken into account general points related to its use.
During the Napoleonic Wars, volley rifle and artillery fire dominated. Only rangers and voltigeurs in loose formation could fire differently. This was caused, among other things, by the black powder used. When there was a discrepancy in the salvo, the latecomers fired into the smoky cloud, which after each salvo clouded the battle formations.
The maximum rate of fire largely depended not on the characteristics of the weapon, but on the training of the soldiers. A well-trained soldier, as practical shooting has shown even today, could easily ensure a rate of fire of 3-4 rounds per minute from a smoothbore gun using a cartridge. This pace could not be maintained for long, but allowed 10–12 salvoes to be fired at a battalion column attacking briskly, 7–9 for attacking running and 2–3 for attacking cavalry at a gallop. Given the low accuracy of fire even against close battle formations, rifle fire alone was usually not able to stop the attack of battalion columns or cuirassiers.
Field artillery had a longer firing range than smooth-bore shotguns. At the same time, the field gun had a maximum rate of fire thanks to cap loading of 7–9 rounds per minute. At the same time, the accuracy of artillery fire at equal distances was also higher. Here, too, the high tempo could not be maintained for long, but it made it possible to fire 25–35 volleys of grapeshot at a battalion column attacking at a fast pace, 15–20 against an attacking run and 7–10 against a cavalry attacking at a gallop. This rate of fire was a powerful stopping force against both infantry and cavalry, provided there were a sufficient number of guns along the length of the attacked front. Such superiority of artillery usually made it possible to win a firefight with infantry even at short distances. The power of artillery on the battlefield in relation to other types of troops was, perhaps, greatest precisely in early XIX century.
Fully machined, copper plated and blackened cast guns made Dmitry Shevelev, gold champion of the world and Russia in ship modeling. The author has his own outstanding style, his works are distinguished by historical authenticity, artistic taste and the effect of antiquity.
To cast the guns, a dental alloy with a melting point of 105 degrees is used, then the casting is mechanically processed on a lathe, a channel is drilled, brushed, copper-coated and only then blackened. The process is not easy, but the result is amazing. There’s no need to even stutter about historical authenticity; a mosquito won’t hurt your nose. The master model of this gun was made according to drawings from the monograph Le Cygne by the French publishing house Ancre.
Technical characteristics of the gun:
- length 59 mm; - scale 1:48;
- caliber 8 pounds;
- channel diameter 2.2 mm;
- France, 1806;
- initial development for the Le Cygne brig model. Requires 2 pieces.
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Since this question, to be honest, is simply SICK of me, and there are a bunch of “experts” who very often poke me into land instructions on the firing range of guns and other similar issues, I decided to make a post to solve this problem once and for all.
First of all, a little theory - if you do not take fortress artillery, then a land cannon in battle encounters rather flimsy protection. These can be earthen fortifications, lunettes, barriers using wood or stone, but the distinctive property of these fortifications will be their relative low strength. That is, if these are wooden spears, then they are dug into the ground. If the stones are piled up, but not cemented, etc.
At sea, in linear battles (or in battles between fortresses and ships), cannon cores had to overcome quite serious protection in the form of the “armor” (hull) of the ship, and often this protection was multi-layered, as for example is clearly visible here:
This protection had a total thickness of 60 to 100 centimeters (that is, up to a meter). Most often, even the most powerful guns could not penetrate it, and shooting at ships essentially came down to maximum hits in the hull (if we are talking specifically about causing critical damage/sinking the ship). This maximum of hits gradually undermined the protection, potholes appeared somewhere, chips appeared somewhere, connections were broken somewhere, the wood gradually sagged and broke, most often in the area of the upper deck or gun ports, and finally the critical moment came when " the armor" stopped holding.
If we talk about analogies, then perhaps the most accurate imitation of this explanation I came across in the film “Death Race” with Statham:
In the film, the role of armor is played by a 6-inch armor plate at the back of Statham’s car, which competitors shoot at with all types of weapons. Sooner or later, this plate receives critical damage and can no longer withstand hits. The meaning is absolutely the same.
Now let's move on to the numbers. First of all, we note that the Gribovalevsky land cannons could fire as much as 2-2.5 km, but absolutely no one used such a range. Why? Yes, for two simple things - there were no sights for such distances yet, and the dispersion of fire was very high. Therefore, in the Gribovalevsky instructions for ground artillery we see the following figures
Effective fire distances for guns of various calibers
If we open the English naval shooting manuals (for example, from 1832), we will see the following figures:
For long guns:
The maximum sighting range is 500-400 meters (sorry, here and below I am simplifying the English yard to an ordinary meter; for those who need it, they will convert it into exact values)
Effective target firing range - 200 meters
Pistol range - 50 meters.
For carronades:
maximum sighting range - 200 meters
effective sighting range - 50 meters
pistol distance - 10 meters.
Why do the values of land and sea systems differ so much? Really naval guns were they worse?
No, they were no worse, and sometimes even better. It’s just that the admirals laid down such values because it was not about maximum, A sighting range, and secondly, from these ranges could cause damage to enemy ships. That is, in reality, naval guns could fire much further, but the accuracy of the fire and the damage from it were very bad at distances above the recommended ones. The question is - was it possible to use guns beyond the maximum effective range? The answer is why not? For example, the accuracy of a carronade over 200 meters is non-existent. But who prevents, for example, from conducting unaimed fire with carronades not on the sides, but on the sails of ships? Nobody! The area of the sails is much larger than the part of the side being hit, therefore, according to the theory of probability, such fire may well be effective. Yes, the speed of the cannonball at this distance is not enough to break through a bulwark or something wooden, but tearing a sail or knocking down a yard is quite enough.
One more thing should not be forgotten - ground artillery fires from a fixed platform (ground, fortress wall, etc.) at a target that is stationary or slowly moving relative to the gun/battery. Even the galloping speed of a horse is 15-18 km/h, in sea terms - 8-8.5 knots, that is, the speed of an ordinary frigate. But most often the cavalry goes to the battery(speaking nautical term- into "longitudinal fire"), and does not jump along the battery(the meaning of the cavalry attack is clear - to suppress this very battery, and not to run away from its fire). The walking speed of infantry (110 steps per minute at a step of 70 cm) is significantly lower - approximately 4.6 km/h or 2.5 knots, but again - infantry goes towards the battery, not along it.
Naval artillery has a completely different task - there the enemy moves precisely along the battery, since the movement is most often parallel relative to each other, and this leaves an additional imprint on the accuracy (or, if you like, inaccuracy) of shooting and on the effective combat distance.
Oddly enough, but land artillery, operations against ships, most often used naval instructions. This is understandable - ships, especially battleships, are a very specific enemy. And here it is necessary to introduce such a concept as the probability of hitting the target, which directly depended on the number of guns firing at the target. It is clear that an airborne salvo creates a kind of “cloud” of nuclei, which covers the target. As far as I understand, in the case of long distances this probability distribution of hits is akin to Gaussian, at short distances it is linear and uniform. That is, as in the case of the movie with Statham, the decisive role is played by the number of hits per unit of time.
Now let's move from theory to practice.
The first debate on this topic arose for me a long time ago, regarding Toulon of the 1793 model. Let me remind you that Bonaparte then captured the forts of Eguiet and Balaguier, located on one side of the exit to Toulon harbor. The width of the passage from the harbor itself is 1200 meters. The question is: could the guns of these forts clearly block the exit of ships from Toulon?
The answer is obvious - no, they couldn’t. And this is even though (according to Nilus) "A 12-pound core with a charge of 4 pounds at a distance of about 300 fathoms goes deep: into the ground by 7-9 feet, into a tree by 2.5 feet, into a stone by 4 inches. 300 fathoms is about 650 m; 2.5 ft. = 0.75 m." Still, the sides of the ships are clearly not land, and we will leave what kind of tree Nilus had in mind - to the author’s conscience.
The next issue of our program was my supposedly delusional ideas of shelling the brig "Mercury" with grapeshot. And again, the author of the opus about my nonsense gave a breakdown for land buckshot (the weight of one bullet is 23 grams). Well, how many times have I said - such buckshot was never used at sea!
In the same Russian fleet there were the following types of buckshot: short-range and long-range buckshot. The charge for both buckshots is 1.64 kg. The weight of the long-range buckshot was 10.9 kg, it had 48 bullets (each weighing 227 grams). The weight of the short-range buckshot is 11.2 kg, it contains 94 bullets (each weighing 119 grams). The maximum firing range of short-range buckshot is up to 400 meters, long-range up to 700. The British and French used bullets weighing 384 and 452 grams in buckshot on 32-pound and 24-pound guns! So it’s one thing to have buckshot in a hunting rifle for birds, and another thing to have buckshot for battleship. She is also on board any small ship (for example, brig) can cause quite a lot of damage, tearing sails, breaking yards, etc.
The result of the work of the commission chaired by Inspector General of Artillery d’Aboville was a new proposal proposed on May 2, 1803 artillery system, called "System XI of the Year". (According to the Revolutionary calendar in force at that time in France, the 12th floreal of the XI year of the republic corresponded to May 2, 1803. The Revolutionary calendar was abolished by Napoleon on September 22, 1805).
The new nomenclature of French artillery was reduced to guns with a bore corresponding to the caliber of 6, 12 and 24 pounds. According to Marmont, new main tools field artillery– 6-pounder guns, made with a caliber slightly larger than the corresponding 6-pounder guns of others European countries. This allowed the French to use captured ammunition. At the same time, the French charges could not be used by the enemy. The 11th year system involved some lightening and simplification of the guns while optimizing their firepower, as well as the introduction of improved transport equipment.
The new system of the 11th year had both supporters and opponents in the artillery environment of France. The main argument of the opponents was: significant material costs to replace the existing Gribeauval system, which was still considered quite perfect. There were 2,700 4- and 8-pound Gribeauval guns in service and about 3 million cannonballs cast for them. To replace the old guns and approve the new system of the 11th year, it was necessary to carry out the necessary practical tests and several years of peaceful life, but the continuous wars waged by France from 1803 until the end of the Empire did not allow the reform that had begun to be fully completed. As a result, the French army had to use old and new artillery material simultaneously. Instead of a single caliber, Gribeauval's 4- and 8-pounder guns and limbers were supplemented by 6-pounder guns and a whole range of new carts and limbers. In order to somehow solve the problem, almost all the guns of the Gribeauval system were sent for combat operations in Spain, and mainly new guns of the XI year system were sent to the German and Russian theater of operations - 6-pound guns (as well as 12-pound guns and 24-f howitzers).
The French 6-pounder gun was recognized as the main and most successful weapon of the new system of the 11th year. She was casting enough large quantities from 1803 to 1808. The bronze gun barrel weighing 380 kg had a caliber of 96 mm and was devoid of decorative reinforcing friezes and belts. The monogram “N” was engraved on the breech of the barrel, framed by oak and laurel branches under the imperial crown. On the muzzle there was a ribbon stamped given name guns. The place and date of manufacture were minted on the torel belt. The carriage of the XI model, compared to the Gribeauval carriages, had straighter frames with rounded curved ends of the trunk. The iron wheel axle was built into wooden beam. The vertical aiming screw mechanism, like most of the metal fittings and parts, was from the Gribeauval system. The wooden parts of the carriage were painted olive green, and the metal parts were painted black. The new charging box was not inserted between the carriage frames, but was installed on the front end.
The gun's rate of fire was 2-4 rounds per minute. Maximum range – 1500 m. Effective fire distance when firing a cannonball – 800 m; long-range buckshot – 500 m; close-range grapeshot - 300 m. Number of servants - 9-11 people. The foot artillery company had 6 cannons (and 2 howitzers), transported by teams of 4 horses. The horse artillery company had 4 cannons (and 2 howitzers), transported by teams of 6 horses.
In 1812, upon entering Russia, the French artillery, among other guns, had approximately 260 6-f cannons. In the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon's artillery numbered only about 590 guns. Almost half (275) were 6-pounder guns, of which probably 180 were directly French 6-pounder guns of the Year XI system. In 1817, among the 874 captured guns from various European countries brought to Moscow, there were 195 French 6-pounder guns.
