Biography. Business trip to the USA and design of an artificial heart

Born on November 9, 1931 in Moscow. Father is a civil engineer. Mother is a housewife. His wife is a highly qualified anesthesiologist. The son is a specialist in cardiovascular surgery. The daughter is an art critic.

In 1956 he graduated from the medical faculty of the First Moscow Medical Institute named after Sechenov. In 1956 - 1959 - graduate student in the department of operative surgery and topographic anatomy of the same institute. In 1959 he defended his candidate's dissertation, and in 1966 - his doctorate.

After graduate school, he worked in the academic group of B.V. Petrovsky on the problem of artificial circulation in open correction of heart defects. From 1963 to 1966 he worked as a senior researcher at the Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Surgery of the USSR Ministry of Health. In 1966 - 1969 - Head of the Laboratory of Artificial Heart and Assisted Circulation of the Institute. In 1969 he was confirmed with the rank of professor. In 1969-1974 - Head of the Department of Transplantation and Artificial Organs. From 1974 to the present - Director of the Research Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

Generalist cardiac surgeon - V.I. Shumakov- one of the founders of domestic clinical transplantology, for the first time in the country he successfully performed a heart, liver and pancreas transplant, as well as a two-stage heart transplant. Creator of the science of artificial organs that temporarily replace the impaired functions of vital human organs (heart, lungs, kidneys, pancreas). These artificial organs are developed at all stages of design, experimental testing, introduction into clinical practice and mass production.

He heads the department of “Physics of Living Systems” at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and the laboratory of biomedical informatics at the Institute of Automation and Design of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where he founded a higher school for training versatile specialists: transplantologists, surgeons, physicists, mechanics and system managers. In total, he trained 27 doctors and 45 candidates of medical sciences.

Scientific and practical achievements of V.I. Shumakova awarded the State Prize of the USSR (1971), the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, III degree (1995), the international award of Academician B.V. Petrovsky "Outstanding Surgeon of the World" (1996), the Russian Government Prize in the field of science and technicians for the development and implementation of heart transplantation into clinical practice (1997). He is a Hero of Socialist Labor (1988), Honored Inventor of the RSFSR (1978). In 1997, he was elected an honorary citizen of Moscow and awarded the jubilee medal of the 850th anniversary of Moscow. Awarded a diploma from the UN World Intellectual Property Organization, three gold medals from the USSR Exhibition of Economic Achievements, honorary diplomas from the USSR Exhibition of Economic Achievements, the French Society of Transplantologists and the Surgical Society of the Czech Republic.

IN AND. Shumakov- full member Russian Academy medical sciences (1988), academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1993), chairman of the Scientific Council on Transplantology and Artificial Organs under the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, coordinator of the interdepartmental agreement between Russia and the USA on artificial heart and assisted circulation, editor-in-chief of the journal "Transplantology and artificial organs", executive editor of the section "Medical Technology" of the Big Medical Encyclopedia, member of the board of the All-Union Society of Cardiovascular Surgeons, member of the International Society of Surgeons, honorary member of the French Society of Transplantologists, member of the International Society of Artificial Organs, International Society of Heart Transplantation, International Society of Transplantologists, American Society of Thoracic Surgeons, American Society of Artificial Organs, European Society of Transplantation, European Society of Artificial Organs...

He enjoys swimming and tennis.

Lives and works in Moscow.

Valery Ivanovich Shumakov was born in Moscow on November 9, 1931 in the family of a civil engineer and a housewife. At school, the boy was most impressed by a textbook on human anatomy. Valery was amazed at how complex and at the same time interesting a person is. It was this moment that became key in the young men’s choice of future profession.

At the age of 19, the guy graduated from school and successfully entered the Sechenov Moscow Medical Institute. Valery confidently overcame all educational difficulties; in his third year he prepared his first scientific work, published several years later in Surgery. Shumakov’s debut topic was the use of novocaine in vascular operations.

In 1956, the talented young man entered graduate school, graduating with honors from the institute. The future professor devoted his first independent research to the then popular area of ​​cardiac surgery, creating a method for treating mitral valve insufficiency. Leading domestic surgeons paid attention to a young guy whose proposed method was both original and revolutionary. The famous cardiac surgeon Petrovsky decided to apply the method proposed by Shumakov in his practice.

In 1959, Shumakov, having defended his PhD on mitral valve defects, was immediately invited by Petrovsky to the scientific group as a junior specialist. The cooperation of doctors affected the benefit of domestic surgery; it lasted about 15 years.

The height of the Cold War did not prevent the future professor from going on a business trip to the USA in 1961, where he thoroughly studied the achievements of modern Western medicine, adopting the experience of the most famous doctors in America. It was in the states that Valery Ivanovich learned about new methods of open heart surgery and became acquainted with the equipment for artificial blood circulation.

A fruitful business trip helped Shumakov begin to perform heart surgeries on his own. In 1965, the scientist performed a kidney transplant, which had not been possible to do in the USSR before him. The accomplished surgeon continued to move confidently towards his main goal - cardiac transplantation. In the mid-60s, Valery Ivanovich designed artificial heart valves. The model he developed was considered perfect and was used for the next twenty years. During his life, Shumakov received more than two hundred invention certificates; in 1978, he was awarded the title of Honored Inventor of the RSFSR.

Since 1969, the surgeon has headed a new direction at the Research Institute under the Ministry of Health - the transplantation department. A little later, the scientist created a group of researchers to create an artificial heart. This team brought together leading specialists from the USA and the USSR. The problem of the human body’s rejection of artificially created organs haunted the domestic researcher. Thanks to Shumakov, first a solution appeared that preserved a donor kidney, and then drugs that prevented organ rejection.

No matter how hard Shumakov tried, Soviet transplantology began to rapidly lag behind the West. The end of the 80s crippled this branch of medicine, which remained literally on the brink of survival due to economic difficulties. However, this did not prevent Shumakov from performing a successful heart transplant for the first time in the Union in 1988. Two years later, by Decree of the Presidium, the great transplantologist received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

At first, after the collapse of the USSR, Shumakov tried to maintain the life of the institute, which was sorely lacking in funding. His incredible dedication helped save the institute, avoiding the commercialization of all operations. Research activities and financial difficulties could not prevent Shumakov from pursuing social activities. He tried with all his might to change the frightening attitude of every person and the entire society towards organ transplantation itself, Valery Ivanovich sincerely wanted larger number allowed people to use their organs after death to help those who needed surgery.

And after 70, despite his age, Shumakov continued to operate, performing several complex surgical feats of organ transplantation per week. The President of Russia awarded the great surgeon for outstanding achievements in the field of medical science and healthcare with the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called Apostle, the highest award of the State.

(09.11.1931 - 27.01.2008)

IN AND. Shumakov was born on November 9, 1931 in Moscow. Father - Shumakov Ivan Andreevich (1900-1965). Mother - Shumakova Natalya Alekseevna (Barskova) (1900-1975). Wife - Kalitievskaya Natalya Mikhailovna. Daughter - Shumakova Olga Valerievna (born 1963). Son - Shumakov Dmitry Valerievich (born 1967). Grandchildren: Natasha (born 1993), Kirill (born 1996), Masha (born 1996), Valery (born 1998)

When Valery was born, the Shumakov family lived in one of the Krestovsky lanes near the Rizhsky station in Moscow. Then we moved closer to the center, to Pokrovka. Ivan Andreevich was a civil engineer, Natalya Alekseevna was a housewife. In 1941, Ivan Andreevich went to the front. He was lucky - he went through the entire war and remained alive. And Valera lived in Moscow with his mother throughout the war years. A difficult question for many young people is “Who should I be?” was never painful for Valery. He realized his purpose in the eighth grade, when they began to study “Human Physiology and Anatomy.”

I picked up the textbook, leafed through it - and it was as if some kind of epiphany came. Everything was interesting to me: how difficult it turns out that a person is structured. For some reason, even then I thought that people with diseased organs should be treated.

After graduating from the 330th Moscow secondary school in 1950, he entered the 1st Moscow medical school named after I.M. Sechenov Ministry of Health of the USSR.

Having the firm intention of becoming a surgeon and high-class specialist, V.I. In his third year, Shumakov became a member of the scientific student circle at the Department of Topographic Anatomy and Operative Surgery. There he actively mastered surgical technique and published his first scientific work, “On the use of a 2% novocaine solution in vascular operations,” in the journal “Surgery,” No. 9, 1955. The second work, “On the “dangerous zones” of the heart,” was reported in 1955 at the XVI final session of the scientific student society of the 1st Moscow Medical Institute named after I.M. Sechenov of the USSR Ministry of Health, and then published in the journal “Experimental Surgery” No. 1 for 1956.

Having graduated from the Institute with honors in 1956, V.I. Shumakov entered graduate school at the Department of Topographic Anatomy and Operative Surgery, which was headed in those years by the rector of the institute, Professor V.V. Kovanov (later academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences). This was a period of rapid development of cardiac surgery throughout the world, and therefore, in graduate school, Valery Ivanovich continued to work on the problems of heart surgery. He developed new method palliative treatment of one of the acquired heart defects - mitral valve insufficiency.

Proposed by V.I. Shumakov’s surgical method was so original that it attracted the attention of the famous surgeon, one of the pioneers of Russian cardiac surgery, Academician Boris Vasilyevich Petrovsky, who considered it useful to apply this method in clinical practice. Subsequently, the need for palliative operations quickly disappeared: the period of radically corrective open-heart operations began. But the meeting of V.I. Shumakova with B.V. Petrovsky became a turning point in his future fate.

Upon completion of graduate school in 1959, Valery Ivanovich successfully defended his candidate's dissertation on the topic “Surgical correction of mitral valve insufficiency,” after which Academician B.V. Petrovsky invited him, a young doctor, to work in the academic group at the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences for the position of junior researcher.

Having no experience in medical work, I immediately plunged into cardiac surgery, one of the pioneers of which was Boris Vasilievich. Petrovsky delighted everyone who worked with him with his amazing surgical technique. He was a polyvalent surgeon, of which there are very few left now: he performed operations on the limbs, abdominal cavity, stomach, lungs, and during the war at the front he also performed neurosurgical interventions. He has a light hand, he is truly a surgeon from God!

IN AND. Shu¬makov worked next to his Teacher - the great surgeon B.V. Petrovsky is about 15 years old.

These were the years when open heart operations were just starting, when operations with artificial circulation were introduced into the clinic. That is why Valery Ivanovich was instructed to master the operation of heart-lung devices. To get acquainted with the latest achievements of Western medicine, V.I. Shumakov, as part of the leading Soviet cardiac surgeons, in 1961 was sent on a six-month business trip to the United States, where he studied new methods for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases, the operation of artificial blood circulation machines during open-heart surgery, as well as modern aspects of the development and application of models of artificial valves . In addition, he became acquainted with the work of leading American cardiac surgeons: W. Lillehai, R. Varno, R. Lillehai, R. De Wall (Minneapolis), A. Blackcock, G. Watson, D. Sabiston, E. Andrewson (Baltimore), D. Morrow, D. Blades, G. Hufnagel (Washington), D. Johnson (Pennsylvania), P. Gibbon (Philadelphia), G. Harken (Boston), D. Bailey (New York), etc. .

After a successful internship, V.I. Shumakova in medical centers USA B.V. Petrovsky entrusted his student with the first independent open-heart operations. This time became the beginning for Valery Ivanovich long journey to realize your dream - a heart transplant.

In the early 60s of the 20th century, artificial heart valves began to be used in clinics in the USSR. The first domestic samples, unfortunately, were significantly inferior to foreign ones, and then B.V. Petrovsky instructed V.I. Shumakov to tackle a new problem in domestic cardiac surgery: the development of high-quality artificial heart valves together with leading specialists from military-industrial complex enterprises. As a result, since 1963, in domestic heart surgery they began to use the method developed by V.I. Shumakov together with B.P. Zverev ball mitral valve prosthesis.

The design of this valve turned out to be so successful that it had no equal for about 20 years, until the next generation of prosthetic heart valves appeared.

For this development, Valery Ivanovich in 1966 received his first of 200 invention certificates, for which later in 1978 he was awarded the honorary title: Honored Inventor of the RSFSR.

In 1963, Valery Ivanovich was elected to the position of senior researcher at the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Surgery (VNIIKiEH) of the USSR Ministry of Health, headed by Boris Vasilyevich Petrovsky. Actively involved in the use of artificial heart valves in clinical practice during these years, V.I. Shumakov prepared a doctoral dissertation on the topic “Heart valve replacement,” which he successfully defended in 1965. IN next year his first monograph “Heart Valve Prosthesis” was published, written together with B.V. Petrovsky G.M. Soloviev.

In the mid-60s, leading clinics in the USA and Western Europe began to develop research into creating systems for mechanical support of blood circulation in the body using an artificial heart and circulatory support devices.

Having assessed the prospects of this new direction in heart failure surgery, V.I. Shumakov managed to convince B.V. Petrovsky on the need to develop these studies in our country. In 1966, by order of the director, an experimental laboratory of artificial heart and assisted circulation was created, and V.I. was appointed its director. Shumakov. From that time on, he gathered his like-minded people (V. Tolpekin, G. Itkin, E. Mogilevsky, V. Preiger, O. Itsekhovsky, V. Kuznetsova, A. Kuvaev, etc.), many of whom later became his students. us, and together with them, as well as leading engineers from technical institutes and design bureaus, in extremely difficult conditions, begins to work on creating technical systems partial and complete heart replacement, the creation of actuators (balloon pumps, heart ventricles), and testing their physiological characteristics in acute and chronic experiments on large animals (calves, dogs). As a result, by the end of the 60s it was possible to say with confidence that the problem of creating an artificial heart and circulatory support systems could be solved in the next 15-20 years, provided there was sufficient funding for these developments.

In 1965 B.V. Petrovsky performed the first successful kidney transplant from a related donor, giving impetus to the development of domestic transplantology. Soon, several specialized kidney transplant centers were organized (Order of the USSR Ministry of Health No. 464 of July 25, 1969), which began to carry out kidney transplants from both related and cadaveric donors.

A transplantation department is being created at the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Kiev of the USSR Ministry of Health, which Boris Vasilyevich instructs V.I. to head. Shumakov.

In 1969, Valery Ivanovich substantiated the feasibility of combining two directions - the development of artificial organs and organ transplantation. And on his initiative, the department of transplantation and artificial organs was organized, which he began to lead.

From that time on, V.I. Shumakov began to pay close attention not only to the problems of creating an artificial heart and circulatory support systems, but also to issues of organ conservation, since this problem becomes one of the most pressing in cadaveric kidney transplantation. Already in 1970, he, together with his employees, introduced into clinical practice first perfusion and then non-perfusion methods of kidney preservation, introduced into practice the formulation of the first domestic preservative solution (VNIIKiEH solution), which was successfully used for many years in domestic transplant centers. At this time, Valery Ivanovich proposed an original method of anastomosing the donor’s ureter with the recipient’s bladder, which was included in the specialized literature under the name “Mebel-Shumakov Method” and was also introduced into the clinical practice of transplantation centers in the country. In addition, he devoted a lot of time to the problems of diagnosing rejection crises, developing combined immunosuppression regimens, as well as developing measures to prevent surgical and urological complications.

As a result, in 1971, Valery Ivanovich, in a team of leading domestic clinical scientists led by academician B.V. Petrovsky received his first government award: the USSR State Prize for the development and implementation of kidney transplantation into clinical practice.

During one of his official visits to the United States in 1971, Boris Vasilyevich Petrovsky, when meeting with the world-famous cardiac surgeon Michael DeBakey, proposed combining the efforts of scientists from the two countries in studying the problems associated with the development of an artificial heart. This proposal was approved by M. DeBakey, and subsequently received support at the government level. As a result, in 1972, the Intergovernmental Soviet-American Agreement on the development and research of an artificial heart was signed. This document gave a powerful impetus to the financing of further scientific development of mechanical circulatory support systems.

IN AND. Shumakov, together with his collaborators (V.E. Tolpekin, G.P. Itkin, E.Sh. Shtengold, A.K. Chepurov, A.E. Kuvaev, etc.) is intensively working on the problems of physiological design of the systems being developed and conditions of their use. In experiments on animals, as well as on specially created hydrodynamic stands, they study the features of hemodynamics when using mechanical systems, problems of regulation of myocardial oxygen balance, hemocompatibility and thromboresistance polymer materials, used for the manufacture of balloon pumps and artificial heart ventricles. They are developing priority research in the field of physiological and mathematical modeling of the circulatory system to develop methods and systems for automatic control of the heart and circulatory support devices.

Qualified specialists from a number of scientific and technical centers of the country are involved in solving these problems (Institute of Control Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Design Bureau named after P.O. Sukhoi, MZEMA, etc.).

During this period, Valery Ivanovich showed not only extraordinary efficiency, but also extraordinary organizational talent. He becomes the center of psychological unity of the team, and the authority of the leader contributes to the creation of an atmosphere of creative upsurge in the department.

Business cooperation relatively quickly led to the first significant results. Clinical prototypes of domestic pumps of a new design, the first domestic paired stimulator and cardiac massager, the first domestic pneumatic actuators were created, and an algorithm for controlling an artificial heart was proposed for the first time based on the developed mathematical model of the circulatory system (G.P. Itkin).

Already in May 1969, for the first time in the clinic, the method of intra-aortic counterpulsation was used (in a patient with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock), which made it possible to begin the regular use of this method for the treatment of severe forms of heart failure of various origins ( V.E. Tolpekin).

The successes achieved contributed to the recognition of V.I. Shumakov is the leader of domestic transplantology and the development of artificial organs. As a result, in July 1974, by order of the USSR Minister of Health B.V. Petrovsky Valery Ivanovich was appointed director of the previously created Institute of Organ and Tissue Transplantation of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1969), where he moved along with his department to continue the ongoing developments. From this time on, a new stage in the scientific and clinical activity of Professor V.I. begins. Shumakov, which allowed him to fully reveal his creative potential in the fight for people’s lives.

Planning to conduct large-scale research on the problems of transplantation and the use of artificial organs, Valery Ivanovich is gradually but steadily carrying out a number of organizational measures. He carries out reorganization and adjusts the structure of the institute. Since June 1978, the institute has been renamed the Research Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. On the basis of the institute, a scientific council on transplantation of organs, tissues and the creation of artificial organs is being created under the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, which coordinates research in the country on these problems. In addition, it creates a solid experimental base, as well as a vivarium for long-term observation of animals in a chronic experiment; significantly expands the clinical base of the institute (by the end of 1982 the construction of a new building of the institute will be completed), which makes it possible to create not only kidney and liver transplantation departments, kidney and pancreas transplantation departments, but also three cardiac surgery departments in order to increase the surgical activity of the institute (up to 500 open-heart operations per year under artificial circulation), as well as for performing reconstructive operations in patients with the most severe heart pathology, in which there is often a need to use systems in the postoperative period mechanical support of blood circulation.

When selecting a team,” Valery Ivanovich shares his experience, “I evaluate doctors only by their professional qualities. Because “good guy” is the highest category of assessment for a feast. And the most important thing for the matter is that he good specialist, even if he has a bad character. And then - it is not enough for him to just perform the operation, he must also take care of his patient after it. Did it - bring it to good condition.

Creating an organizational basis for conducting full-scale research at the institute, V.I. Shumakov analyzes the reasons hindering the development of transplantology in our country, advocates the legal and legal regulation of transplantation methods of treating patients doomed to death, and is a supporter of strict legal regulation of the work of transplantation centers and donor teams. Together with his employees A.G. Dolbin, N.V. Tarabarco and E.M. To Balakirev, he explains the medical necessity and biological importance of accepting the concept - “brain death” as the death of an individual - for the use of cadaveric donors with a confirmed brain death and a beating heart as a source of donor organs. Only through the development of intensive (multi-organ) donation, as well as the expansion of extensive (suboptimal) donation, Valery Ivanovich sees the possibility of easing the widespread shortage of donor organs (primarily kidneys), expanding the list of transplanted organs, first of all, unpaired organs (heart, liver, etc.), improving the quality of transplants (a sharp weakening of the damaging effect of ischemia on transplants), as well as the efficiency of the operations themselves.

The result of these efforts was first the approval by the USSR Ministry of Health of Order No. 236 of February 17, 1987 and the “Temporary instructions for ascertaining death based on the diagnosis of “brain death”, and then the adoption by the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation on December 22, 1992 of the law of the Russian Federation “ On the transplantation of human organs and/or tissues" and approval by order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 189 of August 10, 1993 of the instructions "On the procedure for removing human organs from cadaveric donors." The last two documents to this day serve as the legal basis regulating the conditions for organ and tissue transplantation in our country.

Along with legal regulation Transplantology V.I. Shumakov, together with his students, works a lot on optimizing the surgical technique for removing donor organs during multi-organ retrieval, optimizing the regimes of initial perfusion of removed organs (Ya.G. Moysyuk, N.V. Tarabarko), developing a program for conditioning and donor selection (correction donor homeostasis with replenishment of the deficiency of hormonal and metabolic factors, I.A. Kozlov), proposes a new method of heart transplantation, develops indications for the selection of donor heart recipients (use of a functional test with inhaled nitric oxide to assess the reversibility of pre-transplantation pulmonary hypertension, I.A. Kozlov, V.N. Poptsov), as well as tactics to combat myocardial dysfunction in the early post-transplantation period (I.A. Kozlov, A.V. Alferov), explores the possibilities of new immunosuppressants, in particular, cyclosporine A, is developing schemes for their use in combination with other immunosuppressants and anti-ischemic drugs (E.R. Levitsky, N.A. Tomilina and F.S. Baranova), is developing measures for antibacterial and antiviral protection of donors and recipients, especially recipients during immunosuppressive therapy (R.Ya. Voilokova).

As a result, by the second half of 2001, the institute had accumulated experience in performing 100 heart transplants, 11 liver transplants and more than 3,000 kidney transplants, and all heart and liver transplants and more than a thousand kidney transplants were performed directly by Valery Ivanovich.

The priority developments of the institute also include the treatment of patients with diabetic nephropathy by kidney transplantation simultaneously with transplantation of pancreatic islet cells (N.V. Tarabarko, N.N. Skaletsky). In recent years, in the clinic of the institute, thanks to the accumulated experience ensuring maximum safety of living donors, related kidney transplantations have again begun to be carried out more widely (Ya.G. Moysyuk).

Despite the keen support in the clinic for transplantation of various organs and tissues, heart transplantation has always remained at the center of V.I.’s professional interests. Shumakov, since he worked towards carrying out these operations all his life, devoting his entire reserve of mental and physical strength to the preparation for them, and to his patients - all his medical experience and skill. Valery Ivanovich carefully studied the experience of leading Western transplant centers, worked out the details of operations in the autopsy room together with his closest assistants, colleagues and students (A.Sh. Khubutia, M.V. Semenovsky, E.N. Kazakov, E.M. Nikolaenko, Yu.G. Matveev, V.V. Chestukhin, G.M. Mogilevsky, A.Ya. Kormer), discussed the stages of upcoming operations, the readiness of all services. It is not surprising that immediately after the first permitting orders of the USSR Ministry of Health, namely on March 12, 1988, V.I. Shumakov performed the first successful heart transplant in the USSR, and since that time he has regularly performed similar operations. The first patient after a successful heart transplant (a year later she was socially rehabilitated) lived for about 9 years, several patients after heart transplantation continue to live for more than 10 years, and one patient lives for more than 13.5 years.

In 1997, for the development and implementation of heart transplant operations into clinical practice, V.I. Shumakov and a group of institute employees were awarded a prize from the Russian Government.

Depending on the initial condition of the recipients, heart transplantations were performed in two versions: as a one-stage transplantation (92 operations, including one retransplantation after 4.5 years after the primary heart transplantation; in two cases, the valvular heart disease) and two-stage heart transplantation (8 operations) with forced preliminary connection of the recipient to mechanical circulatory support systems due to the lack of a heart transplant suitable for transplantation. Among them, there was one observation using intra-aortic counterpulsation, one using an artificial heart, and six with bypassing the left ventricle with a centrifugal pump “Biopump” (USA).

Along with the development of problems of clinical transplantology, V.I. Shumakov fully supports fundamental theoretical research in this area. In 1976, he organized the Department of Physics of Living Systems at the Moscow State University on the basis of NIITiIO. Institute of Physics and Technology, in the same year he was elected head of the department, which he heads to the present time. At NIITiIO, research is being conducted to study the mechanisms of the damaging effect of ischemia and prolonged hypothermia on transplants, used as the main means of anti-ischemic protection of organs, the energy and molecular mechanisms of the implementation of the protective effect of preservative solutions, including cardioplegic ones, are being studied, the effects of various pharmacological drugs when introduced into the body of the donor and recipient. In chronic model experiments on animals with decentralization of the organ (kidney), V.I. Shumakov and N.A. Onishchenko revealed the most important pathogenetic mechanism of induction of acute crises and chronic graft rejection. A position has been put forward according to which it is the progressive dystrophic process in the graft due to its denervation and delymphatization that triggers the clinical manifestations of the rejection reaction, and the existing histoincompatibility in allogeneic transplants acts as a factor that aggravates the severity of the clinical manifestations of the rejection reaction.

According to V.I. Shumakov and N.A. Onishchenko, the dystrophic process underlies the progression of rejection nephropathy of transplanted kidneys, coronary cardiopathy of transplanted hearts, and also causes a decrease in the clinical effectiveness of immunosuppressants due to the death of receptors on the cell membranes of a decentralized transplant. They were the first to declare in 1981 that organ transplantation is a special operation, since it simulates a typical pathological process - graft degeneration, which determines the sequence (stages) of manifestations of the viability and functional activity of grafts in the future. leoperative period, regardless of the degree of their histocompatibility and organ affiliation.

In the mid-70s V.I. Shumakov initiated the development of a new direction in transplantology at the institute - cell transplantation. It started with the fact that the employees of the cytology and tissue culture group (since 1985 - tissue culture laboratory), headed by V.N. Blyumkin, in 1975, was commissioned to study the possibility of transplanting cultures of islet cells of the fetal pancreas for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In numerous experiments on animals with modeling diabetes mellitus, researchers of this group (V.N. Blyumkin, R.A. Babikova, N.N. Skaletsky, etc.) in 1975-1979, using functional and histological techniques, succeeded show the effectiveness of cell therapy for diabetes mellitus. Already in October 1979 V.I. Shumakov carried out the first in the USSR and one of the first in the world successful clinical transplantation of islet cells: a patient with labile diabetes mellitus, complicated by angiopathy and neuropathy, introduced cultures of islet cells isolated from the pancreas of non-viable fetuses person. The transplant led to a weakening of the severity of the disease and regression of complications in the recipient. It should be noted that this patient subsequently received repeated transplantations of islet cell cultures and is still in satisfactory condition (22 years after the first transplant with a 50-year (!) duration of diabetes mellitus). Subsequently, transplantations of islet cell cultures began to be carried out regularly, and, in addition to allotransplantations (from human fetuses), xenotransplantations (from animal fetuses) began to be performed. Since 1989, when the tissue culture laboratory was headed by student V.I. Shumakov and V.N. Blyumkina - N.N. Skaletsky, the main source of islet cell cultures for transplantation began to be the pancreas of newborn rabbits. At the same time, thanks to the improvement in the quality of islet cell cultures (the method for their production was patented by V.I. Shumakov as a co-author) and the absence of problems in providing donor material, it was possible to significantly improve the results of clinical transplantations and increase their number.

Twenty years of experience in experimental and clinical studies on transplantation of islet cell cultures conducted at NIITiIO under the leadership of V.I. Shumakov, summarized in a monograph, numerous publications and the doctoral dissertation of N.N. Skaletsky.

In the late 70s, much attention was paid to surgical problems of liver transplantation. Valery Ivanovich together with E.I. Galperin developed an original method of transplanting the left lobe of the liver, conducted numerous experiments on animals, and in 1977, for the first time in the clinic, performed a heterotopic transplant of the left lobe of the liver into the left iliac region. The accumulated experimental and clinical experience is summarized by V.I. Shumakov and E.I. Galperin in the monograph “Liver Transplantation,” which was published in 1981.

After the adoption of regulatory documents on the ascertainment of “brain death” and multi-organ retrieval, since 1989, the institute has been organizing a clinical program on orthotopic liver transplantation, and already on April 5, 1990, V.I. Shumakov, at a meeting of the Society of Surgeons of Moscow and the Moscow Region, demonstrates the first patient in the USSR after a successful liver transplantation for an inoperable tumor, which he performed on February 27, 1990.

It should be especially noted that the beginning of work on liver transplantation dates back to a period when the country completely lacked a legal framework for transplantation of unpaired organs (liver, heart). Therefore V.I. Shumakov, possessing the gift of scientific foresight, instructed A.A. Pisarevsky, and then N.A. Onishchenko to develop a method for treating liver failure by extracorporeally connecting the patient with living donor hepatocytes, cultured in the bioreactor of the “Assisted Liver” perfusion systems.

The connection of auxiliary liver systems and biodetoxification of the body with the help of isolated hepatocytes helped save the lives of many hundreds of patients, especially with acute liver failure that developed in surgical patients in the postoperative period. Connection of bioartificial liver support systems to patients with chronic liver failure of various etiologies, including Konovalov-Wilson disease, contributed to the formation of prolonged clinical remission in these patients.

Since 1983, the institute has been developing work on the creation of auxiliary spleen systems for the treatment of severe purulent-septic and autoimmune diseases, which, at the suggestion of V.I. Shu¬makov, headed by A.B. Tsypin.

With the support of V.I. Shumakova A.B. Tsypin and his colleagues introduced the method of splenotherapy in its various modifications into the practice of many specialized clinics. This method, as well as the method of islet cell transplantation and the method of extracorporeal connection of isolated hepatocytes, has found followers in many cities of Russia.

The work on cell transplantation that unfolded at the institute induced the development of biological and clinical aspects of the creation of a low-temperature bank of cells of the liver, spleen and some other organs, and also contributed to the development and deepening of theoretical ideas about the regulatory effect of cell transplants on the body .

As a result, in the depths of transplantology and its new aspect - cell transplantation - a new direction of medicine was born at the institute - peptide therapy, in particular, immunopeptide bioregulation of restoration processes in damaged organs. This direction opens up new opportunities in practical medicine for the effective treatment of numerous diseases and critical conditions, as well as chronic and gerontological diseases, which is a fairly pressing problem of maintaining health and social balance in modern society. The development of this direction was based on modern ideas about the role of tissue peptides, and especially immunopeptides, in maintaining cellular homeostasis at the level of intercellular interactions by restoring with their help the connections between the neuroimmunohormonal regulation of the body and the cell genome (N.A. Onishchenko, B.S. Suskova).

To restore impaired intercellular interactions in organs and tissues under various pathological conditions, the institute developed the drug “Splenopid” (A.B. Tsypin, V.I. Shumakov, I.M. Ivanov, etc.), the therapeutic capabilities of which are currently being researched.

Great importance V.I. Shumakov attached importance to the development of research on the epidemiology of chronic renal failure for the scientific substantiation of the development of chronic hemodialysis services and kidney transplant centers. This direction of research at the institute was headed by E.M. Balakirev, who substantiated ways for further development of the kidney transplantation service in the country and participated in the organization of more than ten transplantation centers in the country, as well as in solving some problems of social rehabilitation of patients after kidney transplantation.

The introduction of kidney transplantation into widespread clinical practice has led to the emergence of new area modern medicine - transplantation nephrology, which developed at the intersection of clinical transplantology and nephrology. Its emergence and successful development in our country is closely connected with the name of Valery Ivanovich. He, together with professor M.Ya. Ratner, an outstanding nephrologist in the country, initiated the creation of the first domestic department of nephrological problems of kidney transplantation, which has been organized and operates at NIITiIO of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for more than a quarter of a century. For the last 15 years, this department has been headed by student V.I. Shumakova and M.Ya. Ratner - N.A. Tomilina.

Thanks to the active work of N.A. Tomilina and her staff, the department has accumulated a unique material of clinical observations: several thousand recipients with an allogeneic kidney, the analysis of which made it possible to formulate an idea of ​​​​the patterns of the course of transplantation nephropathies and to develop new approaches to their diagnosis, prevention and treatment. The next stage in the development of the rehabilitation direction of the institute’s activities was the organization of dispensary observation of allogeneic kidney recipients, the development of principles of outpatient care for these patients, as well as the training of doctors to work locally in remote regions of our country.

The result of a consistent solution to the problems of transplantation nephrology was significant progress in the results of kidney transplantation, which put the institute on a par with the world's leading centers.

Having become the director of the institute in 1974 and fully supporting experimental research, especially in the field of development and use of artificial organs, V.I. Shumakov never lost sight of the prospect of rapid clinical application of new technical developments.

Together with employees of clinical departments, he is engaged in the development of domestic oxygenators, which culminated in the creation of a membrane oxygenator of the stationary type “Bridge”, jointly developed by A.A. Pisarevsky and Z.R. Karicheva (State Research and Production Enterprise "Kvant"), is working on improving and applying new methods of extra-renal cleansing of the body (methods of diafiltration, hemodiafiltration, hemoperfusion and plasmapheresis), as well as new domestic membranes for hemodialysis, new brands activated carbons and new compositions of ion exchange resins. The institute systematically carries out clinical testing of new equipment for hemodialysis, plasmapheresis, etc.

Since the beginning of the 70s, V.I. Shumakov with his students, first A.A. Seid-Guseinov, and then A.L. Sklyanik and A.N. Sharikov, began to develop and use experimentally and then clinically devices that provide continuous programmatic administration of fast-acting insulin (artificial pancreas) and other medications.

In 1985, the institute created an automated system “Biostator” - a computer dispenser, in which the “Biostattor” served as a glucose sensor, and the administration of insulin through the dispenser was controlled by a personal computer according to an individually identified algorithm for regulating sugar in the patient’s blood .

Insulin dispensers, which are structurally a multi-mode insulin pump, have been used in clinical and outpatient practice. IN AND. Shumakov is actively involved in the development of such dispensers and already in 1975 he carried out the first two implantations of domestic multi-mode insulin dispensers, and in 1976 he carried out another implantation of a domestic single-mode freon dispenser, thereby being ahead of his foreign colleagues by as much as five years.

At the end of the 80s, the production and release of the first domestic paracorporeal insulin dispensers of the “Electronics-UVI-01” type began, which were a joint development of NIITiIO of the USSR Ministry of Health and the Coral production association (Gomel ).

In recent years, under the leadership of V.I. Shumakov, his student V.I. Sevastyanov and the staff of the biomaterials laboratory have developed a new method for transdermal delivery of insulin to the body of a diabetic patient. The new dosage form of insulin has successfully passed preclinical trials, and its testing in the clinic has already begun.

However, no matter how broad the research interests of V.I. Shumakov in the problems of creating artificial organs, his favorite brainchild remained the creation of an artificial heart and mechanical support systems for its work.

Without stopping experimental research, from 1975 to 2000, mechanical cardiac support systems were used by V.I. Shumakov and his staff in almost 280 patients with severe and extremely severe heart failure, with intra-aortic counterpulsation performed in 210 patients, right ventricular bypass in two, left ventricle bypass in 48 patients with a maximum period of up to 55-57 days current, biventricular bypass in six and complete artificial heart in thirteen patients with a maximum period of up to 16 days.

Indications and contraindications for the use of each method have been established, the timing of their use has been optimized, and control and correction of violations of the most important homeostatic parameters of the body that occur during and after the operation of mechanical circulatory support systems have been established. All this led to a significant increase in the survival rate of patients doomed to death (survival rate after the use of intra-aortic counterpulsation in 1969-1980 was only 8.3%, and in 1991-2000 it increased to 38.9%, with the combined use of this method with left ventricular bypass, survival rate has already reached 43%).

Today, the Institute’s achievements in the field of application of mechanical circulatory support systems are generally recognized.

However, recognition of the institute's leadership was preceded by a difficult, several-decades-long journey. A path of hard work, performing several hundred model and bench experiments, as well as experiments on animals, a path of grief, disappointment, torment and new experiments in new modifications with continuous duty for many days around operated animals.

The work was carried out in several strategic areas:

Developments various types actuators for mechanical support of blood circulation and methods for connecting them in the body;

Development of drives and control systems that ensure adequate operation of actuators;

Selection of polymer materials for biomedical purposes with thromboresistant properties, suitable for the manufacture of individual designs of artificial heart pumping devices and circulatory support;

Control and correction of disturbances of homeostatic parameters in the body when using mechanical circulatory support systems.

And all this experimental work was supervised by V.I. Shumakov, and next to him were his closest associates and students and, above all, V.E. Tolpekin, G.P. Itkin, E.Sh. Shtengold, A.A. Drobyshev and N.K. Zimin.

Already at the early stage of work on the program for creating an artificial heart and auxiliary circulatory systems (from 1972 to 1992, work was carried out within the framework of the Interstate Soviet-American Treaty), V.I. Shumakov paid great attention to the problems of mathematical, physical and experimental modeling of circulatory systems for the development of principles for the design and improvement of pumping devices, as well as for the development of drives and control systems for them.

With the direct participation of engineer G.P. Itkin developed algorithms for automatic control of an artificial heart and auxiliary blood circulation based on mathematical modeling of the circulatory system, which made it possible to study the features of the interaction of pumping devices and the circulatory system in conditions of partial and complete heart replacement, and to evaluate energy unloading heart, and also choose the most adequate method of automatic control of the artificial heart (pumping devices and drive).

Subsequently, the automatic control algorithms developed at the Institute were recognized as the most physiological and were used in the construction of automatic control systems for artificial hearts in Germany, Austria and the USA.

In experiments with physical modeling of the operation of pumping devices on hydrodynamic stands (hydraulic simulators of the circulatory system), the requirements for the design of pumps, in particular, for the flow-pressure and local flow characteristics created by pumping devices, were quantitatively assessed and optimized. The results of these studies form the basis for the development of standardized methods for bench testing of artificial hearts, which are still used in many scientific centers around the world.

In parallel with the bench research of V.I. Shumakov together with G.P. Itkin participates in the creation of an information and computing complex, as well as in the development of a set of equipment for driving and automatic control of pumping devices with stationary and autonomous power sources, among them: “Sinus-VK-2”, “Sinus-IS”, backpack version pneumatic drive, etc.

The best research and engineering forces of the country actively contributed to the implementation of all this work: the Research Institute of Physiology named after I.P. Pavlov Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Institute of Control Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, All-Russian Research Institute of Radiation Engineering, MZEMA, Ministry of Health at the P.O. Sukhoi and other institutions.

Simultaneously with technical and cybernetic research, the designs and manufacturing technology of actuators were improved, the capabilities of which were assessed in acute and chronic experiments on animals.

The production of artificial heart ventricles (ACVs) for long-term left ventricular bypass was entrusted to a group of employees led by process engineer A.A. Drobyshev. Research on implantation of IVC for long-term circulatory support was headed by V.E. Tolpekin. Research on implantation of the first artificial heart models - first E.Sh. Stengold, and then (since 1981) - N.K. Zimin.

In the period from 1975 to 1983, V.I. Shumakov devoted a lot of time and effort to experiments on animals, testing in them the clinical capabilities of various models of individual housing systems, drives and control systems. He himself performed a lot of surgeries, regularly organized discussions of experiments together with doctors and development engineers, participated in the analysis of the results obtained, in elucidating the reasons for the still short survival times of experimental animals, demanded constant readiness and clarity in the work of all basic and auxiliary services.

Only at the beginning of 1982 did the lifespan of calves on the left ventricular bypass begin to increase, and only by mid-1982 was a convincing result obtained: the lifespan of calves reached 15 days (using the IZhS “Poisk” models), which made it possible The USSR Ministry of Health in the same year gave permission for the clinical use of the method.

Experiments on implanting an artificial heart with an external drive were even more dramatic, since, despite all the efforts of the staff, a convincing result, indicating a fundamental solution to the problem of creating an artificial heart, was obtained only two years later. In 1984, the calf Olympus, after implantation of the artificial heart “Poisk-YUM” (developed by A.A. Drobyshev), lived for 102 days, and this long-awaited result is associated with the name of N.K. Zimin, head of the artificial heart laboratory.

In 1986, the scientific council of the USSR Ministry of Health, on the basis of detailed reports of experimental studies, gave the institute permission to connect an artificial heart to patients for health reasons.

The high hemodynamic efficiency of the artificial heart, on the one hand, and the traumatic nature of connecting a cardiac prosthesis, the high risk of developing infectious and other complications incompatible with life, on the other, prompted V.I. Shumakov to continue research in two directions: towards the creation of a fully implantable heart using rotor (axial) type pumps as an IVC and towards the correction of reactions of maladaptation of the body arising as a result of technical, technological and regulatory imperfections of designs implantable heart prostheses (IHD, artificial heart). Danger of developing stress with typical manifestations critical conditions(development of a systemic inflammatory reaction, secondary immunodeficiency, multiple organ failure, as well as purulent-septic complications) when using mechanical circulatory support systems, as well as artificial blood circulation devices during cardiac surgery, required early control of maladjustment phenomena, and also the development of methods for correcting the resulting violations. Under the leadership of Valery Ivanovich, the institute has launched research on the chemical identification of the spectrum of acute-phase proteins for the diagnosis of a systemic inflammatory reaction (O.P. Shevchenko), on advanced diagnostics of the condition immune system, including monitoring the spectrum of cytokines to predict the development of purulent-septic complications. For the first time, it was proposed to use indicators of the immune status of patients (for example, the severity of spontaneous and induced apoptosis of lymphocytes) as markers of apoptotic processes in the body to predict the risk of developing multiple organ failure (B.S. Suskova, N.A. Onishchenko).

For the first time in clinical medicine, organ dysfunctions and multiple organ failure when using mechanical circulatory support systems began to be considered as a result of a deficiency of the lymphoid component of the immune system in the regulation of regenerative processes in organs. Based on this concept, a method of splenopeptidotherapy (the drug “Splenopid”) has been developed both for the correction of immune system dysfunction and for the treatment (but especially prevention) of multiple organ failure.

Understanding the importance of using high-quality hemocompatible biomaterials in the manufacture of artificial organs, V.I. In the early 80s, Shumakov created the country’s first biomaterials laboratory on the basis of the institute, headed by V.I. Sevastyanov. Laboratory Special attention focuses on the development of the first domestic hemocompatible polymer materials that have found application in the creation of artificial and auxiliary blood circulation systems. With the participation of the laboratory, a number of high-quality materials have been created, such as “Hemotan”, “Vitur”, “Silurem”, “Silaplen”, etc.

In 1986, with the initiative and direct participation of Valery Ivanovich, the only All-Union Center in the country for the experimental study of hemocompatible biomaterials for artificial organs was organized on the basis of the laboratory of biomaterials of the NIITiIO Ministry of Health of the USSR. In 1991, it was transformed into the Russian Center for the Study of Biomaterials, which included a laboratory of biomaterials and a testing laboratory for the biological safety of medical devices (accredited by the State Standard of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation).

While developing an artificial heart, V.I. Shumakov never stopped researching in the field of valve replacement. Thus, in the late 70s, he participated in the creation of two models of valve prostheses with mechanical fixation for the mitral and aortic positions, made of titanium alloys by polishing to reduce the risk of thrombus formation on their surface.

In 1982, Valery Ivanovich for the first time in the USSR implanted the domestic “sequential” “EX-425” with myocardial electrodes, after which the institute’s clinic began to implant almost all types of domestic pacemakers (ECS), including the latest generation pacemakers with telemetric functions (“Junior” ").

In addition to pacemakers used for the treatment of bradyarrhythmias (M.Sh. Khubutia, E.V. Kolpakov, etc.), in the clinic under the direction of V.I. Shumakov also conducted research on rhythm correction and hemodynamic stabilization during tachycardia. The first work on this problem began back in 1969 together with A.E. Kuvaev and V.E. Tolpekin and were based on the development of a method of reducing paired stimulation in the heart rhythm control mode. This technique was first used to normalize the rhythm during intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, and then, after improvement, which resulted in the creation of new stimulators (“EXK-02” and “EXK-04”), it began to be used for expanded use in tachycardias . This method made it possible to stabilize hemodynamics in patients with intractable tachycardia and remove patients from severe heart failure. The first positive clinical results were obtained in 1976.

In subsequent years, Valery Ivanovich and his collaborators created a method of radiofrequency stimulation of the heart to relieve paroxysms of tachycardia using implanted EKSR-01m. Then they began to use automatic anti-tachycardia stimulators of the “Tachylog” type, the domestic analogue of which was the “EX-700”. For topical diagnosis of the location of abnormal pathways and foci of ectopic excitation, a system with special electrodes for epicardial mapping (“EX-64” based on the IBM PC of the “Intel Pentium II” family) has been created.

We can safely say that almost all scientific and technical developments were carried out by Valery Ivanovich, taking into account the demands of the time and therefore were introduced into the practice of medical institutions of the country. The conductors of his ideas and developments were his numerous students, who make up the school of Academician V.I. Shumakova.

Now this school is numerous (50 Doctors of Science and over 120 Candidates of Science) and is represented by various specialists (medics, biologists, engineers, mathematicians and physicists), in different regions of Russia and neighboring countries who are united around B .AND. Shumakov has an ardent desire to help solve the problems of cardiac surgery and transplantation of various vital organs, to promote the development and use of artificial organs.

IN AND. Shumakov became a Teacher for all of them, because, possessing extraordinary determination, indomitable will and energy, as well as the breadth of scientific vision, he set the pace, direction and at the same time provided his students with freedom of creative search, ignited, tempered and shaped their professionalism. His students knew that the success of the operation largely depended on their knowledge and experience.

Surgery is one of the few areas of work where almost everything depends on the person. No regalia, no posts, no connections will help here; you cannot shift the responsibility to someone else - every time you have to take the risk on yourself and again and again prove and confirm your right to be called a surgeon. This is why I love my profession.

IN AND. Shumakov is the author of more than 55 discoveries and 500 scientific papers. In 1995, the first “Manual on Transplantology” in Russia was published under his editorship. In the same year, Valery Ivanovich received a certificate of discovery “The property of carbon dioxide to inhibit the generation active forms oxygen by human and animal tissue cells” in collaboration with A.B. Tsypin, A.Kh. Kogan and N.I. Losev, in 1997 - a certificate of discovery “The phenomenon of transfer of antigenic material by recipient erythrocytes during the development of transplantation immunity” in co-authorship with V.T. Vasilenko and A.B. Tsypin, in 1998 - a certificate of discovery “The phenomenon of the formation of helical blood flow in the cardiovascular system of humans and animals” in co-authorship with V.N. Zakharov, in 2001 - a certificate of discovery “The phenomenon of reverse blocking of the vital activity of humans and animals with weak solutions of methylene glycol” in co-authorship with V.D. Razvadovsky and A.P. Bezrukova. Since 1994 V.I. Shumakov concurrently works as the editor-in-chief of the scientific journal “Transplantology and Artificial Organs”, and since 1999 - the journal “Bulletin of Transplantology and Artificial Organs”.

Valery Ivanovich was elected a corresponding member in 1978, and an academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in 1988; in 1992 - academician of the Russian Academy of Medical and Technical Sciences. In 1993 he became an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1998 he was elected academician of the Russian Academy natural sciences, in 2002 - academician of the European Academy of Sciences.

In 1998 he was elected president of the Interregional public association"Scientific Society of Transplantologists", in 2002 - honorary professor of the Russian Scientific Center for Surgery.

In recent years, Shumakov lived in the famous “house on the embankment.” However, he preferred a house in Peredelkino to a city apartment.

"Country house - the best place on earth, where I rest my soul and body. Among your family, you can allow yourself to relax properly: warm up by the fireplace, drink something from the home bar, read detective stories that are so good at distracting you from operations, or laugh heartily while listening to your grandson. He sometimes gives out such expressions that either stand or fall!..”

At V.I. Shumakov has one grandson and three granddaughters. By his own admission, in his work he always walked on the edge of the possible, adhered to his motto: “Forward and not a step back!” In life I loved excitement and speed, but I never got behind the wheel in a car: “I have enough risk at the operating table!”

He loved to celebrate holidays with family and friends. Especially celebrated the birthdays of loved ones, New Year, Christmas and Easter. Sometimes he liked to smoke a good cigar and drink whiskey and soda, eat crayfish, borscht, and lamb stew. On a fine summer day, he never missed the opportunity to swim in a lake or river. For example, he swam across the Volga more than once.

Among the prose writers he singled out A. Tolstoy, Chekhov, Stendhal, and J. London. Among the poets - Pushkin, Yesenin, Byron. Among the painters - Titian, Manet, A. Ivanov, Savrasov. Among the composers - Chopin, Strauss, Tchaikovsky, Borodin.

Valery Ivanovich valued courage and intelligence in a man, and loyalty and femininity in a woman. He admired Joan of Arc, the wives of the Decembrists.

His wife, Natalya Mikhailovna, who worked as an anesthesiologist for many years, is now retired. Daughter Olga is an art critic and works at the Tretyakov Gallery. Son Dmitry followed in his father’s footsteps, became an excellent surgeon and now heads the department at the Research Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs.

“I am an optimist, because what I do does not allow for pessimistic sentiments,” academician Valery Shumakov never tires of repeating. - You must always be an optimist, you must maintain faith in success until the last moment. And I believe that such a powerful country, such a powerful people as the Russians, will endure everything and ultimately win.

Facts: Valery Ivanovich Shumakov was born on November 9, 1931 in Moscow. Graduated from the 1st Moscow Medical Institute. In 1966-1969 - head of the laboratory of artificial

Shumakov Valery Ivanovich was born on November 9, 1931 in Moscow. Graduated from the 1st Moscow Medical Institute. In 1966-1969 - head of the artificial heart and circulatory support laboratory of the institute. In 1969-1974 - head of the department of transplantation and artificial organs. Since 1974, he was director of the Research Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Author of three scientific discoveries, 20 monographs, more than 450 scientific papers, more than 200 inventions - both in clinical medicine and at the intersection of medicine and exact sciences. Winner of many government awards and holder of the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, II degree.

Even during his lifetime they spoke of him as “great.” And this was not an exaggeration. Shumakov was the first in the country to perform complex operations on heart, liver and pancreas transplantation, created more than 100 inventions - both in clinical surgery and at the intersection of medicine and exact sciences. While continuing to operate every day at his institute, he simultaneously headed the department of physics of living systems at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and the laboratory of biomedical informatics at the Institute of Automation and Design of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He saved the lives of thousands of people. For many patients, Shumakov’s death was the loss of a loved one who always supported them in trouble.

The departure of such a specialist is an irreparable loss for the country. The formation and development in Russia of a new direction of medicine - transplantology - is entirely connected with the name of Academician Valery Ivanovich Shumakov. A graduate of the 1st Moscow Medical Institute named after Sechenov, after graduating from graduate school he worked in the academic group of Academician Boris Petrovsky on the problem of artificial circulation in open correction of heart defects. Shumakov analyzed the reasons hindering the development of transplantology in our country, advocated the legal regulation of transplantation methods of treating patients doomed to death, and was a supporter of strict control over the work of transplantation centers and donor teams. In the last years of his life, Shumakov worked on the problem of the shortage of donor organs, developing methods for creating perfect, long-lasting artificial organs that replace the natural analogue. Dr. Shumakov always considered the most memorable day in his life to be March 12, 1987, when the heart he transplanted was for the first time not rejected by the human body.

“This is a great man and surgeon, and we are all very sorry that he left now, in his prime. Unfortunately, he did not have time to turn around and do everything he wanted,” said children’s doctor Leonid Roshal, expressing condolences over the tragic news.

There were legends about Shumakov’s love for his patients at the institute. Being a deeply religious man, he achieved the construction of a church for the sick. “Doctors have a belief that there is an angel behind the surgeon,” he said.

Valery Shumakov

Shumakov’s school trained versatile specialists: transplantologists, surgeons, physicists, mechanics and system managers. Shumakov was a teacher for a whole generation of outstanding scientists and doctors.

“Shumakov’s departure orphaned the entire transplant industry. Valery Ivanovich has no equal. And it is a very big problem to find a worthy replacement for him. Shumakov cannot be replaced,” said Mikhail Davydov, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, president of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Shumakov is the creator of domestic artificial heart valves; the very first model he developed began to be used in surgery back in 1963. Thanks to Shumkov valves, many thousands of patients were saved. Valery Ivanovich had a rule: do not abandon former patients. All colleagues noted his personal modesty, goodwill, honesty, responsiveness and genuine concern for people suffering and healthy. Valery Shumakov left us at about 4.00 Moscow time on Sunday at his home institute. The big heart of a real doctor stopped beating.

Valery Shumakov was born in Moscow on November 9, 1931. His father was a civil engineer, and his mother was a housewife. In 1956 he graduated with honors from the 1st Moscow Medical Institute. I. M. Sechenov. Then he went to graduate school at the same institute at the department of operative surgery and topographic anatomy, from which he graduated in 1959. In graduate school, he developed a technique for palliative treatment of mitral valve insufficiency. B.V. Petrovsky, a luminary of Russian cardiac surgery, drew attention to the ideas of the young doctor. Petrovsky applied his method in treating patients. He took the young talent into his academic group. In 1966, Shumakov defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic of heart valve replacement. Experts used the ball prosthesis he improved for another 20 years. Under the leadership of Petrovsky, he worked on issues of artificial circulation during open correction of heart defects. Later, Shumakov began developing an artificial heart. From 1963 to 1966 he was a senior researcher in clinical and experimental surgery, from 1966 to 1969 - head of the laboratory of artificial heart and assisted circulation, from 1969 to 1974 he was head of the department of transplantology and artificial organs of the Research Institute. Subsequently, he became director of the Research Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs of the Ministry of Health of the USSR and Russia. Shumakov founded the Department of Physics of Living Systems at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, which he headed until the end of his life. In 1965, Petrovsky performed the first successful transplantation of a donor kidney. After this operation, transplant centers began to be created. In the 70s, Shumakov began to head a Soviet-American group developing an artificial heart. In the late 70s, Shumakov focused on the surgical problems of liver transplantation. In 1977, he was the first to perform a heterotopic transplant of the left lobe of the liver into the left iliac region. In 1979, Shumakov performed the first successful clinical islet cell transplantation in the USSR. In 1987, Shumakov performed the first heart transplant operation in Russia. With no less success, he performed a pancreas and liver transplant and a two-stage heart transplant. In 1990, Shumakov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, he was awarded the Order of Lenin and Golden medal"Hammer and sickle". In 1997, he and a group of employees were awarded the Russian Government Prize. Shumakov was a scientist, an inventor, and a developer of several dozen technologies and methods in transplantology. He made 3 discoveries, wrote 20 monographs and more than 450 scientific papers, and has more than 200 inventions. Throughout his life, Shumakov acted as an active surgeon. He died of heart failure on January 27, 2008. The leader of Russian transplantology was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.