The main stylistic features of the journalistic style. Journalistic style of speech
Journalistic style functions in certain stable forms - genres. Their circle can be designated as follows:
- 1. Newspaper - essay, article, feuilleton, report, note, interview, etc.
- 2. Advertising - announcements, poster, slogan, etc.
- 3. Oratory - speech at a rally, toast, debate, etc.
- 4. Television - analytical program, dialogue in live, news reports, etc.
- 5. Communication - teleconference, press conference, etc.
- 6. Network journalism.
We will consider newspaper genres, of which three main groups are usually distinguished in science:
1. Informational - note, report, interview, report.
Information genres in general are characterized by objectivity in the presentation of information. The main feature in in this case is the novelty of the message conveyed in these texts. As a rule, they are aimed at prompt transmission of simple, primary information, facts, and events.
The information note tells about where, when, what event happened, is happening, will happen. In the extended information, commentary parts are added, clarifying why, why, under what circumstances, and how exactly.
The report is characterized by the presence of the author at the scene of the event. Modern reporting is often a mixed genre - informational and analytical, which combines descriptions of the active actions of a journalist to clarify the issue (interviews with eyewitnesses, participants in the event) and analysis of the problem.
The modern interview is a multifunctional genre. It can be either informational (questions asked to an informed person about events), analytical (conversation about a problem) or journalistic (portrait interview).
2. Analytical - article, correspondence, review, etc.
The purpose of analytical genres is the analysis by a journalist of socially significant actual problem, the current state of affairs, events from the author’s point of view. The most common analytical genre is the problem article. It is characterized by logical presentation; it is based on reasoning, which is constructed as proof of the main thesis. An article can be either deductive reasoning - from the main thesis to evidence, or inductive reasoning - from premise to conclusion. Unlike reasoning in a scientific article, reasoning in a newspaper article is emotional in nature, it the main objective- impact on the reader. Various episodes of events and mini-interviews can be used as factual evidence. The author expresses his opinion and evaluates what is happening.
3. Artistic and journalistic - essay, sketch, conversation, feuilleton, etc. Imagery, emotional expressiveness, typification, use of literary and artistic visual means, a number of linguistic and stylistic features- all this delimits this group genres from the rest.
These genres give the reader the opportunity to perceive the problem in a figurative form. This is most clearly manifested in the essay. The nature of the essay largely depends on the object of the image: it can be problematic, portrait, travel, event. In the essay, one of the characters is the narrator, who talks about the event from the first (I-form) or from the third (He-form) person. The essay can be written on behalf of the narrator-journalist, on behalf of the hero of the essay, the narrator can also act as a voice-over observer or commentator. The image of the narrator brings into the essay a special emotional attitude towards the events and characters described. The narratives and reasoning in the essay are colored by the author’s emotional assessment. A distinctive feature of the essay is its depiction; it is characterized by vivid details that characterize the hero and the event.
The author's thought, the image of the author, is the center to which all the main features of the author's style converge and are determined. Thus, the author plays the most significant role in the formation of a journalistic picture of the world, identifying the nature of her speech, and the formation of newspaper and journalistic genres.
This gives rise to the special character of journalistic texts:
- - Subjective coloring. The palette of the author's feelings and colors varies from a dry listing of facts to pathos and pathos.
- - Confession. The author expresses his thoughts and feelings.
- - Documentation. The publicist is characterized by dynamism and immediate perception. The author seeks to record today's day, event, news.
- - Objectivity. The author seeks to expand the fund of knowledge, influence the formation of opinions and express the attitudes of that social group which he represents.
- - Sociality. The author's task is to correlate realities with the social interests and goals of certain groups.
In the genres of modern journalism, there is an increasing personal authorial tendency. The personal tendency and the tendency to increase information content determine the active process of the formation of new genres.
IN last years Significant changes have occurred in the genre system of journalism. Thus, the leading article disappeared from almost all newspapers. Essays and feuilletons have almost disappeared. Bigger place In the newspaper, the genre of investigative journalism began to occupy a more prominent position than before. At the same time, genres based on dialogue are becoming popular: interviews, round tables, conversations, express interviews, which allow you to find out information and opinions “first hand”. Minute or daily information updates correspond to dynamism modern era, which, as V.G. Kostomarov notes, “requires speed, efficiency and inconstancy, or rather, change, continuous change.” Currently, the system of genres as a whole is characterized by the abolition of genre barriers and the emergence of hybrid genres. G.Ya. Solganik draws attention to the evolution of the genre system occurring in the last decade, associated with increased information content.
Journalism is a functional style of verbal art of a special kind, unique in form, material, method of approach to reality and means of influence. The most important constructive principle to which this style is subject, according to V.G. Kostomarov, is the principle of alternating expression and standard. Depending on the genre and the purpose of the text, either one or the other is enhanced. If the author seeks to awaken a certain attitude towards information, then expression comes to the fore (which is observed, for example, in pamphlets, feuilletons, etc.). In the genres of a newspaper article, newsreel, etc., in which the desire for maximum information content is projected, the standard prevails, since it is the standard that ensures the speed of information transfer, saving the effort of perception, and helps to quickly respond to what is happening described in the text. Thus, these features correlate with the interaction of two main functions of journalism: informational and influencing.
The selection of events in journalism is determined by their social significance. Socially significant events include events of public interest: these are meetings of heads of state, the adoption of new laws, theater premieres, sporting events, etc. They are often of a repetitive nature, so information about these events is standard, and stereotypical expressions are used when covering them ( theater season opened with the premiere, a match between the teams took place).
The influencing function of texts in journalism is realized through a system of evaluative means, the main one of which is metaphor, as well as other means of emotional impact. Thus, the journalistic style constantly combines expressiveness and standardization.
Finding ways to enhance expression within journalistic style causes a rapid transition of expression into a standard, when linguistic elements that turned out to be the most successful in terms of expressiveness begin to be used or replicated by many newspapers. Due to the loss of clear and precise semantics, expressive-evaluative qualities, and increased frequency of use by standard formulas, they become cliches. In general, the “conflicting” relationship between expression and standard manifests itself differently in different genres, but is always a constructive feature of a given functional style.
Journalistic style
Plan
I . Introduction.
II . Journalistic style.
3. Genres of journalism.
III . Conclusion
I . Introduction
The Russian language is heterogeneous in its composition. It primarily emphasizes literary language. This highest form national language, determined by a whole system of norms. They cover its written and oral varieties: pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammar.
Literary language, depending on where and for what it is used, is divided into a number of styles.
Speech styles
Spoken Book
(scientific, official business,
journalistic style
The styles of the Russian literary language are characterized by:
the purpose pursued by a speech statement (scientific style is used to communicate scientific information, explain scientific facts; journalistic - to influence words through means mass media and directly speaking; official business – for information);
area of use, environment;
genres;
linguistic (lexical, syntactic) means;
other style features.
II . Journalistic style
1. Characteristics of journalistic style.
Journalistic style addressed to listeners, readers, this is already evidenced by the origin of the word (publicus , lat. – public).
The journalistic style of speech is a functional type of literary language and is widely used in various fields public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. This should also include political literature for the mass reader and documentary films.
The journalistic style occupies a special place in the system of literary language styles, since in many cases it must rework texts created within the framework of other styles. Scientific and business speech focused on the intellectual reflection of reality, artistic speech- on her emotional reflection. Journalism plays a special role - it seeks to satisfy both intellectual and aesthetic needs. The outstanding French linguist C. Bally wrote that “scientific language is the language of ideas, and artistic speech is the language of feelings.” To this we can add that journalism is the language of both thoughts and feelings. The importance of topics covered by the media requires serious thought and appropriate means logical presentation thoughts, but an expression of the author's attitude towards events impossible without the use of emotional means of language.
2. Features of journalistic style.
Sphere of use of journalistic style : speeches, reports, debates, articles on socio-political topics (newspapers, magazines, radio, television).
The main function of works of journalistic style: agitation, propaganda, discussion of pressing social and public issues with the aim of attracting public opinion to them, influencing people, persuading them, instilling certain ideas; inducement to certain actions or actions.
Objectives of speech in journalistic style : conveying information about current issues modern life with the aim of influencing people, shaping public opinion.
Characteristics of the utterance : appeal, passion, expression of attitude to the subject of speech, brevity with informative richness.
Features of journalistic style : relevance, timeliness, efficiency, imagery, expressiveness, clarity and logic, information richness, use of means of other styles (especially artistic and scientific), accessibility (understandability for a wide audience), appealing pathos.
Genres of journalistic style : essays, articles in the media (newspapers, magazines, on the Internet), discussions, political debates.
Style Features : logic, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, genre diversity.
Language means : socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, words with an emphatically positive or negative meaning, proverbs, sayings, quotes, figurative means of expression language (metaphors, epithets, comparisons, inversion, etc.), syntactic constructions book and colloquial speech, simple (complete and incomplete) sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals.
Form and type of speech: written (oral is also possible); monologue, dialogue, polylogue.
3. Genres of journalism.
Journalism has its roots in ancient times. Many biblical texts and the works of ancient scientists and orators that have survived to this day are permeated with journalistic pathos. In literature Ancient Rus' genres of journalism were present. A striking example works of journalism ancient Russian literature" - "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (the genre of journalism is the word). Over the millennia, journalism has developed in many respects, including genre.
The genre repertoire of modern journalism is also diverse, not inferior to fiction. Here you can find a report, notes, newsreels, an interview, an editorial, a report, an essay, a feuilleton, a review, and other genres.
1) Essay as a genre of journalism.
One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay.Feature article – small literary work, short description life events (usually socially significant). There are documentary, journalistic, and everyday essays.
There are short essays published in newspapers, large ones published in magazines, and entire books of essays.
Characteristic feature the essay is documentary, authenticity of facts, events about which we're talking about. In an essay, as in a work of art, visual means are used and an element of artistic typification is introduced.
Essays, like other genres of journalism, always raise some important problem.
2) Oral presentation as a genre of journalism.
Oral presentation also belongs to the journalistic genre.
An important distinguishing feature of an oral presentation is the interest of the speaker - the guarantee that your speech will arouse the reciprocal interest of the listeners. Oral presentation should not be drawn out: the attention of listeners becomes dull after 5–10 minutes. The speaker's speech should contain one main idea that the author wants to convey to the audience. In such a speech, colloquial expressions and the active use of oratorical speech techniques are acceptable: rhetorical questions, appeals, exclamations, which are simpler than in writing, syntax.
It is important to prepare such a speech: think through a plan, select arguments, examples, conclusions, so as not to read “from a piece of paper”, but to convince listeners. If a person owns the subject of his speech, has his own point of view, proves it, this arouses respect, interest, and therefore the attention of listeners.
3) Report as a genre of journalism.
The most difficult form of oral presentation isreport . In this case, you can use pre-prepared recordings, but do not overuse reading, otherwise they will stop listening to the speaker. The report usually concerns some area of knowledge: it can be a scientific report, a report-report. The report requires clarity, logic, evidence, and accessibility. During the course of the report, you can read out vivid quotes, show graphs, tables, illustrations (they should be clearly visible to the audience).
4) Discussion as a genre of journalism.
The report can be a starting pointdiscussions , that is, discussing any controversial issue. It is important to clearly define the subject of discussion. Otherwise, it is doomed to failure: each participant in the dispute will talk about his own. It is necessary to object with reason and provide convincing arguments.
III . Conclusion
Journalistic style is very important style, with its help you can convey what cannot be conveyed by other styles of speech.Among the main linguistic features of the journalistic style, one should mention the fundamental heterogeneity of stylistic means; the use of special terminology and emotionally charged vocabulary, a combination of standard and expressive language means, the use of both abstract and concrete vocabulary. An important feature of journalism is the use of the most typical at this moment social life, ways of presenting material, the most frequent lexical units, phraseological units and metaphorical uses of the word characteristic of a given time. The relevance of the content forces the journalist to look for relevant forms of its expression, generally understandable and at the same time distinguished by freshness and novelty.Journalism is the main sphere of origin and the most active channel for the dissemination of linguistic neologisms: lexical, word-formative, phraseological. Therefore, this style has a significant impact on the development of language norms.
References
1. A.I.Vlasenkov, L.M.Rybchenkova. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. A basic level of. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.
2. V.F.Grekov, S.E.Kryuchkov, L.A.Cheshko. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.
3. Deykina A.D., Pakhnova T.M. Russian language (basic and specialized levels).10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M.Verboom-M, 2005
4. N.A. Senina. Russian language. Preparation for the Unified State Exam 2012. Rostov-on-Don, “Legion”, 2011.
The word journalistic is derived from Latin word publicus, which means “public, state”. The words journalistic (socio-political literature on modern, topical topics) and publicist (author of works on socio-political topics) have the same root as the word journalistic. Etymologically, all these words are related to the word public, which has two meanings: 1) visitors, spectators, listeners; 2) people, people.
The purpose of the journalistic style of speech- information, transfer to public meaningful information with a simultaneous influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, instilling in him certain ideas, views, inducing him to certain actions.
The scope of use of journalistic style of speech- socio-economic, political, cultural relations.
Genres of journalism- article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, report, interview, feuilleton, oratorical speech, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.
The journalistic style of speech is characterized by logic, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, appeal and their corresponding linguistic means. It widely uses socio-political vocabulary, various types syntactic structures.
A journalistic text is often constructed as a scientific argument: an important public problem, possible ways to solve it are analyzed and evaluated, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, and general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.
Publicistic speeches are distinguished by reliability, accuracy of facts, specificity, and strict validity. This also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech. On the other hand, journalistic speech is characterized by passion and appeal. The most important requirement for journalism is accessibility: it is intended for a wide audience and must be understandable to everyone.
The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. In order to effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and other figurative means, resorts to colloquial and even colloquial words and expressions, phraseological expressions that enhance the emotional impact of speech.
Widely known journalistic articles literary critics V.G. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians S.M. Solovyova, V.O. Klyuchevsky, philosophers V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by outstanding Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Gobber. M. Gorky turned to journalistic genres (the cycles “On Modernity”, “In America”, “Notes on Philistinism”, “Untimely Thoughts”), V.G. Korolenko (letters to A.V. Lunacharsky), M.A. Sholokhov, A.N. Tolstoy, L.M. Leonov. Writers S.P. are known for their journalistic articles. Zalygin, V.G. Rasputin, D.A. Granin, V.Ya. Lakshin, academician D.S. Likhachev.
The journalistic style (as mentioned earlier) includes the speech of the defense attorney or prosecutor in court. And from them oratory, the ability to master words often determines a person’s fate.
The journalistic style of speech is characterized by the widespread use of socio-political vocabulary, as well as vocabulary denoting the concepts of morality, ethics, medicine, economics, culture, words from the field of psychology, words denoting the internal state, human experiences, etc.
In the journalistic style the following words are often used: with the prefixes a-, anti-, de-, inter-, time- (s-); with the suffixes -i(ya), -tsi(ya), -izatsi(ya), -ism, -ist; with roots close in meaning to the prefixes, all-, general-, super-.
The vocabulary of the journalistic style is characterized by the use of figurative means, figurative meaning words, words with a bright emotional connotation.
The means of emotional influence used in this style of speech are diverse. For the most part, they resemble figurative and expressive means artistic style speeches with the difference, however, that their main purpose is not the creation of artistic images, but rather the influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something and informing, transmitting information.
Emotional means of expressive language can include epithets (including those that are an appendix), comparisons, metaphors, rhetorical questions and appeals, lexical repetitions, gradation. Gradation is sometimes combined with repetition (not a single week, not a single day, not a single minute can be lost); it can be enhanced by grammatical means: the use of gradational conjunctions and conjunctions (not only..., but also; not only..., but and; not only …, How many). This includes phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, colloquial figures of speech (including colloquialisms); the use of literary images, quotes, linguistic means of humor, irony, satire (witty comparisons, ironic inserts, satirical retelling, parody, puns).
Emotional means of language are combined in a journalistic style with strict logical evidence, semantic highlighting of particularly important words, phrases, and individual parts of the statement.
Socio-political vocabulary is replenished as a result of borrowings, new formations and the revival of previously known words, but which have received a new meaning (for example: entrepreneur, business, market, etc.).
In the journalistic style of speech, as in the scientific style, nouns in the genitive case are often used as an inconsistent definition of the type of voice of the world, neighboring countries. In sentences, verbs in the imperative mood and reflexive verbs often act as predicates.
The syntax of this style of speech is characterized by the use of homogeneous members, introductory words and sentences, participial and participial phrases, complex syntactic structures.
Journalistic style and its features
Introduction
journalistic style speech informational
The purpose of this work is to study the journalistic style of speech and its features.
Objectives: consider the general specifics of the journalistic style; determine its main functions; study various substyles related to the journalistic style and, finally, reveal the linguistic features of this style of speech.
Journalism is closely woven into the life of any modern society, which is difficult to imagine without the media, advertising, political appeals and speeches. In addition, it is journalistic texts that are an indicator of the linguistic culture of the entire society as a whole.
Let us consider below the features of the journalistic style of speech.
General specifics
The linguistic features of each style are determined by the tasks facing the author of the text. Journalism describes socially significant events: everyday, sports, cultural, economic, political. These events affect the interests of a large audience - which means that the addressee of the journalistic text is mass.
The goal of the author of a journalistic text is to convey certain information to the reader, viewer, listener and evaluate it, to convince the addressee that he is right. The combination of informative and evaluative plans in a journalistic style of speech leads to the use of both neutral and extremely expressive language means. The presence of terms, logical presentation and the presence of words neutral in stylistic connotation bring the journalistic style closer to the scientific and official business style. At the same time, significant linguistic expression makes the journalistic text original and less standardized.
In journalism, it is imperative to take into account who exactly the addressee is in each specific case. Based on this, the author builds his text in accordance with the age, gender, social status, and life interests of the reader.
Functions
There are two functions of journalistic style: informationalAnd influencing.
The information function in a journalistic text is reduced to transmitting certain information and facts to the addressee. At the same time, this information and facts are used only when they are of public interest and do not contradict the beliefs expressed by the author of the text.
Journalism is called upon to actively intervene in social life, form public opinion. And therefore its influencing function is very important. The author of a journalistic text is not an indifferent recorder of events, but an active participant and commentator. Its goal is to convince the addressee that he is right, to influence the reader, to inspire him certain ideas. The author's position is direct and open.
The functions of journalistic style are closely and inseparably linked.
Substyles
The journalistic style is complex and branched, characterized by numerous transitional influences. In this regard, there are three main substyles: political-ideological, political and propagandaAnd strictly journalistic. Each substyle is divided into varieties depending on genre and other features. The genre differences here are very noticeable.
The political-ideological substyle is represented by party documents and is characterized by the greatest formality and low expression of the text. This substyle is quite close to the official business style. During the USSR it was more common than in modern Russia.
Appeals, proclamations, orders belong to the political propaganda substyle. In this substyle, the most significant is the influencing function. Political propaganda texts are primarily aimed at the adult politically active population of the country.
The most common is the actual journalistic (newspaper-journalistic) substyle. Therefore, let's look at it in more detail.
The newspaper and journalistic substyle is developing very quickly, dynamically reflecting the social and cultural state of society. Over the past fifty years, it has undergone significant changes in terms of reducing declarativeness and expanding the content and linguistic range.
This substyle is most closely related to everyday life society and, accordingly, is influenced by conversational style. At the same time, the sphere of interpersonal communication modern man covers topics of science, production, sports, and social activities. As a result, in the journalistic substyle itself, transitional, inter-style influences are most noticeable. Combination of elements different styles leads simultaneously to partial neutralization and to the preservation of the original stylistic coloring. The language of the newspaper is close to the everyday speech of many modern people, but is more expressive and colorful. Within the newspaper-journalistic substyle, a unique stylistic reorientation of linguistic resources takes place. Some newspaper vocabulary becomes commonly used and undergoes general language adaptation. At the same time, many speech units came to the newspaper from scientific, professional, colloquial speech and over time begin to be perceived by the prevailing part of the audience as “newspaperisms” (for example, “labor productivity”, “cost reduction”, “red corner”, etc.) .
As a result, a new stylistic integrity is formed, which can be conditionally called social and everyday. It constitutes the main semi-neutral background of the newspaper-journalistic substyle and is the link between the language of the media and the language of the sphere of interpersonal communication.
In the journalistic subgenre itself, four types of genres are distinguished: informational, analytical, artistic and journalistic, advertising. Information genres include reportage, interview, information article; for analytical ones - commentary, review, analytical article; to artistic and journalistic - sketch, essay, feuilleton, sketch; Advertising uses elements from almost all genres.
Language features
Among the linguistic features of the journalistic style, three groups are distinguished: lexical, morphologicalAnd syntacticpeculiarities. Let's start by looking at the first group.
Lexical features
In journalistic texts, elements of all functional styles and even non-literary forms of the Russian language, including jargon, are used. At the same time, the colorfulness and expression of the journalistic style is due to the use of:
· speech standards, clichés (“employment service”, “law enforcement agencies”);
· typical newspaper phrases (“to reach the forefront”, “beacons of production”). They are not used in other styles;
· scientific terminology that goes beyond the scope of highly specialized use (“virtual world”, “default”, “investment”);
· socially charged synonyms (“gang of hired killers”);
· unusual lexical compatibility (“preacher of the whip”, “apostle of ignorance”);
· words reflecting social and political processes in society (“policy of dialogue”, “balance of interests”);
· new words and expressions (“detente”, “consensus”, “ cold war»);
· socio-political vocabulary and phraseology (“society”, “freedom”, “glasnost”, “privatization”);
· stylistically lowered words with a negative assessment (“pirate course”, “policy of aggression and provocations”);
· speech cliches that have a clerical connotation and arose under the influence formal business style(“at this stage”, “today”, “at this period of time”);
· colloquial words and expressions (“quiet and quiet”, “horde”).
Morphological features
Morphological features of the journalistic style are characterized by the use of:
· difficult words(“mutually beneficial”, “good neighborly”, “CIS”, “OMON”);
· international word-forming suffixes (-tsia, -ra, -ism, -ant) and foreign language prefixes (archi-, anti-, hyper-, dez-, post-, counter);
· certain types of abstract nouns with the suffixes -ost, -stvo, -nie, -ie (“cooperation”, “condemnation”, “intransigence”);
· formations with Russian and Old Slavonic prefixes naming socio-political concepts (“universal”, “super-powerful”, “inter-party”);
· words with emotionally expressive affixes -schina, -ichat, ultra- (“to put on airs”, “everyday life”, “ultra-left”);
· substantivization of adjectives and participles (adjectives and participles as nouns).
Syntactic features
· correctness and clarity of sentence construction, their simplicity and clarity;
· use of all types of one-part sentences;
· syntactic expression techniques (inversion, rhetorical questions, appeals, imperative and exclamatory sentences);
· monologue speech, dialogue, direct speech.
Techniques used
Among the various linguistic features of the journalistic style, it is necessary to consider the following.
Journalistic stamps. Journalistic cliches have a dual nature. On the one hand, these are stable phrases close to official business clichés (“to wonder,” “to treat with distrust,” “to open up bright prospects,” “to become a bright event"). Many of them are paraphrases; one-word neutral synonyms can be selected for them (“to have an intention” - “to intend”, “to want”; “to treat with distrust” - “not to trust”). On the other hand, journalistic texts use clichés that are expressive: “wagging a finger,” “biting one’s elbows,” “blinking one’s eyes.” Most of these phraseological units are of an oral nature; they appear in texts along with colloquial vocabulary.
The combination of neutral and expressive clichés is especially characteristic of polemical and evaluative texts.
Language game- intentional violation of norms of speech behavior that causes laughter. The psychological basis of the language game is the effect of disappointed expectations: the reader expects that one thing will be written in accordance with the norms of the language, but reads something completely different.
A language game uses means at various levels - from phonetics and graphics to syntax:
"Chrome Temple Science?" - the sound similarity of words is played out;
“Utop-model” - a non-existent word is formed;
“Danger technique” - a stable phrase is “destroyed”.
Precedent texts. Such texts include titles social events, names or texts that speakers reproduce in their speech. At the same time, precedent texts serve as a kind of symbols of certain standard situations (for example, speaking names).
The source of precedent texts are “ancient” works (the Bible, ancient Russian texts), oral folk art, author’s works of art etc.
Appeal to the addressee. A means of helping the author of a journalistic text to convince the reader that he is right is an appeal to the addressee - an appeal to the reader that has a special, confidential character.
The means of appeal can be a question to which the author provides an answer, as well as a rhetorical question.
The author can address the addressee directly: “so, dear readers...”. He may also call on the reader to take a joint action (“Let’s imagine another life situation..."). All these means allow the author to “get closer” to the addressee and gain his trust.
Conclusion
Thus, the journalistic style is a complex style with various linguistic features, various fields of application and having different functions. It resonates to varying degrees with each of the other functional styles of the Russian language: artistic, official, business, and scientific. At the same time, the journalistic style is widespread both in oral form and in writing and television. By interfering in the social life of every person, journalism penetrates deeply into modern society- and this trend is only growing over time.
Bibliography
Lapteva M. A. Russian language and speech culture / M. A. Lapteva, O. A. Rekhlova, M. V. Rumyantsev. - Krasnoyarsk: IPC KSTU, 2006. - 216 p.
Vasilyeva A. N. Newspaper and journalistic style. A course of lectures on the stylistics of the Russian language for philologists / A. N. Vasilyeva. - M.: Russian language, 1982. - 198 p.
There are quite a lot of definitions of the concept “style”. If we compare these definitions, we can distinguish general provisions: style is: 1) a type of literary language, 2) which functions (acts) in a certain sphere of social activity, 3) for which it uses specific features of text construction and linguistic means of expressing content specific to a given style. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties.
The formation and functioning of styles is influenced by various factors. Since style exists in speech, its formation is influenced by factors (conditions) that are associated with the life of society itself. These factors are called extralinguistic or extralinguistic. The following factors are distinguished:
· Sphere of social activity: science, law, politics, art, everyday life;
· Form of speech: written or oral;
· Type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;
· Method of communication: public or personal (all functional styles, except conversational, relate to public communication);
· Genre of speech: in particular for journalistic style - note, article, report, etc.;
· Communication functions.
In each style, all the functions of language are implemented (communication, message, influence, etc.), but one is leading. For example, for scientific style this is a message, for journalistic - impact. Based on the listed factors, the following styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial and artistic.
Let's take a closer look at the journalistic style.
The journalistic style is characteristic of the political sphere of society, functions in written and oral forms, manifests itself both in monologue and in dialogue and polylogue (discussion), and is a public way of communication.
The purpose of journalistic texts is to inform citizens about events in the country and in the world, as well as to shape public opinion. A feature of the journalistic style is the combination of standard (stable linguistic forms of expression) and expression (linguistic means that affect the reader’s emotions).
The journalistic style is represented by a variety of genres that have different tasks in the process of communication and function in different conditions. Thus, journalistic genres include newspaper political information, editorials, notes, feuilletons, pamphlets, lyrical and journalistic articles, as well as slogans, appeals, appeals to citizens of the country, reviews of films and plays, satirical notes, essays, reviews, that is all genres of mass communication (language of newspapers, magazines, television and radio programs), as well as oral speech - public performance on socio-political topics. Due to the variety of genres, characterizing the journalistic style raises many difficulties.
It should be borne in mind that the journalistic style, like all other styles, is a historical phenomenon and is subject to change, but in it, more than in other styles, changes are noticeable that are caused by socio-political processes in society. Thus, even a non-specialist can see the changes in the newspaper modern style in comparison, for example, with the language of newspapers at the beginning of the century: the open appeal, sloganism, and directive nature of newspapers have disappeared; modern newspapers strive at least for the external argumentation of the presentation, the polemical nature of publications. However, the characteristic stylistic features of journalism have been preserved.
The journalistic style is primarily characterized by the desire to influence the reader and listener. So, the most important feature of the journalistic style is its influencing function, which can be designated linguistic term"expressive function". This function of the journalistic style is inherent in all its genres in any socio-political conditions.
Characteristic feature of this style is also the informativeness of the presentation associated with the popularization function. The desire to convey something new to the reader and listener ensures the success of journalistic genres. The uniqueness of the functioning of the journalistic genre, for example, in newspapers, the conditions for preparing the material, different level The qualifications of numerous correspondents contribute to the emergence of standard linguistic means in newspaper texts. The standardization of linguistic means is generated both by repetition and by the fact that the search for expressive means is limited by time, and therefore ready-made expression formulas are used.
Thus, the typical features of a journalistic style are: the desire to influence the reader - an influencing function; information content; expressiveness due to the influencing function; presence of a standard in an expression. The influencing function of the journalistic style determines the expressiveness of this style. Expressiveness manifests itself primarily in the assessment of events and phenomena. Evaluativeness is expressed by the use of adjectives, nouns, adverbs with the meaning of a positive or negative evaluation such as: wonderful, interesting, important, sufficient, grandiose, unprecedented, etc.. Evaluativeness is also expressed by the use of high book vocabulary : daring, Fatherland, Fatherland, mission, inspiration, feat of arms, etc.. On the other hand, the assessment is expressed colloquially and even colloquial vocabulary, For example: hype, rabid, renegades, etc.
A sharp, apt, figurative assessment is expressed using metaphors and personification, for example: The news is in a hurry, spring is raging, slander and hypocrisy are walking nearby.
In the journalistic style, foreign words and elements of words, in particular prefixes, are actively used a-, anti-, pro-, neo-. ultra- (anti-constitutional, ultra-right, etc.). It is thanks to the media in Lately the active dictionary has been significantly expanded foreign words, included in the Russian language - privatization, electorate, denomination and others. Evaluation can also be expressed using word-forming means, for example, suffixes superlatives adjectives, evaluation suffixes on nouns: highest, most interesting, most important, groupism, hazing, assault.
The syntax of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech also has its own characteristics associated with the active use of emotionally and expressively colored constructions: exclamatory and interrogative sentences, sentences with appeal, rhetorical questions, repetitions, dismembered constructions, etc. The desire for expression determines the use of constructions with a conversational coloring: particles, interjections, inversions, non-union sentences, omission of one or another member of the sentence, etc. Often the assessment is expressed in the headings, Therefore, the title of articles must be expressive and catchy. Expressiveness is thus expressed by a variety of linguistic means, including sentence structure.
The information content of the journalistic style is achieved:
a) in a documentary and factual manner of presentation through the use of special terms, special vocabulary, professional words;
b) the generality of the presentation, its analyticity;
c) “neutrality” of presentation, which is facilitated by non-expressive vocabulary; complex syntactic constructions are used, especially with subordinating connections.
A characteristic feature of the journalistic style is the presence of special newspaper standards, special newspaper phraseology, newspaper cliches arise, for example: make a huge contribution, work with passion, honor sacredly, increase military traditions, universal human values, etc.
The journalistic style uses linguistic means of different styles, but the main stylistic features of the journalistic style stand out very clearly, and the journalistic style is a special phenomenon, combining such features as expressiveness and standard, informativeness and popularization.
