Coldest temperature in the universe. Yakut frosts and other temperature records of the earth

Despite the fact that humanity has explored the Earth far and wide, scientists continue to make discoveries that force them to rewrite textbooks. So American researchers from the University of Colorado at Boulder made their contribution -

they found that temperatures in Antarctica can drop to almost -100°C.

They spoke about the discovery of a new temperature record in an article in the magazine. Geophysical Research Letters .

Previously, the lowest recorded temperature in Antarctica was -93°C, this data was obtained in 2013. New record, like the previous one, was installed in the eastern part of the mainland. Researchers discovered it by studying satellite readings of temperature changes in Antarctica and comparing the results with data from ground-based weather stations.

Now the most low temperature on Earth it is officially -98°C. The temperature record was set on July 31, 2010.

“I have never been in such cold and I hope I never will,” says Doyle Rice, one of the researchers. —

They say that every breath there brings pain and you need to be extremely careful not to freeze your throat and lungs when breathing. It’s much colder than Siberia or Alaska.”

“This is the kind of temperature that can be felt at the poles of Mars on a clear summer day,” says Ted Scambos, lead author of the study.

Temperatures drop so low in ice “pockets” up to three meters deep.

The scientists used data from the Terra and Aqua satellites, as well as measurements from National Oceanic Administration satellites. atmospheric research USA for 2004-2016. The greatest temperature changes, as it turned out, occur in Southern Hemisphere at night in June-August. Temperatures below -90°C are regularly recorded there.

The researchers also identified conditions conducive to the establishment temperature minimum: clear sky, light breeze and extremely dry air. Even a minimal content of water vapor in the air contributes to its heating, although not much.

“In this area, during certain periods the air is very dry, and this allows the snow to release heat more easily,” Scambos explains.

The temperature record was recorded at several points at a distance of hundreds of kilometers from each other. This got the researchers wondering - is there even a limit to the cooling?

“It all depends on how long the conditions allow the air to cool and how much water vapor there is in the atmosphere,” Scambos said.

Extremely dry and cold air sinks into pockets of ice and becomes colder and colder until the weather. Temperatures could drop even lower, researchers say, but it will just take a lot of clear, dry days in a row.

If this record can be broken, it will obviously not be soon, the authors of the work believe. An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and, in connection with this, an increase in the amount of water vapor does not at all contribute to the emergence of the conditions necessary for this.

“Observation of the processes that influence low air and surface temperatures suggests that we will experience extreme low temperatures less frequently in the future,” the researchers write.

The researchers note that the data obtained are indicators recorded remotely. The lowest temperature recorded at a land weather station was -89.2°C. It was recorded on July 21, 1983 at the Soviet Antarctic Vostok station.

Because the current data was obtained from satellites rather than directly, some researchers refuse to acknowledge its significance.

“The East is still the coldest place on Earth,” insists Randy Cervenu, a professor of geography at the University of Arizona and a World Meteorological Organization specialist. - Used here remote sensing, not standard weather stations, therefore we at the World Meteorological Organization do not accept these results.”

In the United States, the lowest temperature was recorded in Alaska in the Prospect Creek settlement. The temperature record set on January 23, 1971 was -80°C.

Since normal indicators are very individual, the temperature at which a person feels healthy and productive, and metabolic studies do not show any abnormalities, is considered normal.

Normal and pathological body temperature

This indicator can vary within the following limits:

1. - hypothermia - below 35.5 degrees;
2. normal - in the range of 35.5 -37 degrees Celsius, sometimes figures are given as 35-37.2 degrees;
3. increased - hyperthermia - from 37 degrees Celsius in the armpit:

• subfebrile - up to 38.3 C;
• high - 38-40 C;
• hyperpyretic - from 41 C.

Hypothermia

Hypothermia is often associated with a decrease in blood circulation due to various external and internal factors.

The minimum recorded human body temperature is 14.2 degrees Celsius.

This figure belonged to a 2-year-old girl from Canada, found on the street while severe frost in 1994. The body cooled to such a critical value as a result of prolonged severe hypothermia.

This case is rather an exception. Typically, a drop below 35 C causes weakness and dizziness, below 32 - chills, and at 29 degrees a person loses consciousness. At 27 C there is a high probability of falling into a coma. The minimum critical temperature in humans is 25 degrees.

However, when it drops to 34 degrees, it is already necessary to call ambulance to prevent the condition from worsening. Hypothermia can lead to death.

Most people don't use a thermometer every day when they feel normal. Hypothermia is accompanied by some changes in a person’s well-being:

• loss of strength, weakness;
• drowsiness;
• apathy or irritability;
• pale skin;
• dizziness;
• slowing heart rate and lowering blood pressure.

If you have several of the listed symptoms, you should measure your body temperature. If your fears are confirmed, try to warm up. If the thermometer reading is significantly lower than normal, consult a doctor.

Normal body temperature fluctuations

During the day, body temperature changes as a result of changes in solar activity. Minimum temperature The body temperature is normally observed in the early morning, at about 5 am, and is about 35.5 degrees.

This process does not depend on a person’s physical activity, since people working or sleeping at this time have the same temperature reduction. In the evening, on the contrary, the thermometer reaches its maximum value for the day - 36.7-37 degrees.

Changes in hormonal levels throughout menstrual cycle women also affects the release of heat by the body. During ovulation, body temperature is about a degree higher, and during menstruation, on the contrary, it tends to drop below usual values.

Similar fluctuations associated with the activity of hormones are also observed during pregnancy. If deviations from the norm are minor and are not accompanied by malaise, there is no need to attach great importance to this.

At rest, the body cools down by reducing the rate of blood circulation. In healthy people, during active physical and mental activity, the heart rate increases. Heat production from contracting muscles also contributes to warming.

Hypothermia - possible causes

If a person observes something unusual in himself, he needs to think about the reasons. The following factors can reduce this indicator:

• low level of physical activity;
• strict unbalanced diet or fasting;
• severe emotional stress;
• depression;
• disruption of calcium channels or lack of calcium in the diet;
• hormonal disorders, primarily pathology thyroid gland and hypothalamus;
• severe hypothermia;
• brain or spinal cord injuries.

Lifestyle correction

In most cases, incorporating physical activity into your schedule is easy. However, in some cases, for example, with a temporary or permanent loss of the ability to move, people need help from others.

For example, in medical institutions Patients with broken limbs, etc., who are forced to constantly stay in bed, are given special light gymnastics, rubbing, turning over, and massage.

This prevents congestion in tissues and stimulates cardiac activity, thus increasing body temperature.

It will also not be difficult to put your own nutrition in order. It is necessary to abandon sharp restrictions. Nutrition should include carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, as well as vitamins and minerals. Take care of normal water balance. If you are a supporter of therapeutic fasting, consult your doctor; you may have contraindications to this type of healing.

You should also avoid nervous tension, stressful situations. If you notice that in Lately are prone to depressive thoughts, visit a doctor - perhaps the reason for this lies not in a hard life, but in a simple deficiency of B vitamins or Magnesium.

Additionally

If hypothermia is not related to your lifestyle, the cause is diseases of the systems involved in thermoregulation. This may be a disruption of the hypothalamus, heart and other organs. Self-diagnosis and attempts at treatment in this case will not bring successful results, so you should consult a therapist without wasting time.

In this article we bring to your attention a variety of Interesting Facts about temperature. Perhaps every schoolchild knows that temperature is a fundamental concept in physics. In general, temperature plays a big role for all life forms on earth. It turns out that at very low or, on the contrary, very high temperatures, different things behave in a rather strange way. Highest temperature was created by human hands and amounted to 4 billion C 0 . It’s hard to believe, but scientists managed to reach such an unimaginable temperature level, which is 250 times higher than the core temperature of the Sun. This kind of record was achieved thanks to the RHIC ion collider, which is located at the Brookhaven Natural Laboratory (New York). The length of this RHIC collider is 4 kilometers. During the research, we tried to recreate the conditions big bang. To do this, they forced gold ions to collide with each other, creating a quark-gluon plasma.

Most extreme temperature in our solar system. The Sun star is very hot. At the very center of the Sun, the temperature reaches approximately 15 million Kelvin, and the surface of the Sun itself is heated to 5700 Kelvin. By the way, the temperature of the Earth's core is approximately the same as on the surface of the Sun. Jupiter is considered the hottest planet in our solar system. Since the temperature of its core is five times higher than the temperature on the surface of the Sun.

The coldest temperature recorded on the Earth's satellite, the Moon. In some craters that are in the shade, the temperature reaches only 30 Kelvin - above absolute zero.

There are peoples who live almost extreme conditions and the most unusual places that seem in no way suitable for life. So there is the coldest village on earth - Oymyakon and also the city of Verkhoyansk, which is in Yakutia (Russia). In this area in winter average temperature drops to minus 45C 0 . This is perhaps the most extreme temperature of the human environment. The coldest city is also located in Siberia - Yakutsk (population 270 thousand). Winter temperature there it reaches minus 45 C 0, but in the summer it can rise to 30 C 0.

The most extreme temperatures were recorded in the Mponeng gold mines ( South America). At a depth of 3 kilometers, the temperature reaches plus 65 C 0. And people work in such conditions. To somehow reduce this incredible heat, insulating wall coverings and ice are used.

Lowest temperature was achieved in artificial conditions– 100 pico Kelvin (0, 0000000001 K). Such results were achieved thanks to magnetic cooling. Something similar can be achieved with lasers. At such abnormally low temperatures, any material or substance behaves differently from its usual environment.

Temperature in space. What is she like? IN outer space The temperature is kept above absolute zero due to radiation that is still left over from the Big Bang. For example, if you leave a thermometer in space for some time and away from radiation sources, it will show 2.73 Kelvin (minus 270 C 0). This temperature is considered the lowest natural temperature in the Universe. Although space is quite cold, as it is for us. But it turns out that the astronauts are faced with the most important issue- heat. The metal from which objects in orbit are made sometimes heats up to 260 C 0 . This happens due to the free rays of the Sun. And in order to reduce the temperature of the ship, it wrapped in a special material that reduces the temperature by half.

But, nevertheless, the temperature in space is falling. So research has shown that every 3 billion years our Universe cools by approximately 1 degree. The temperature on planet Earth is in no way related to the cosmic temperature. In addition, the Earth has been slowly warming up lately.

Is there a highest temperature? There is a concept of absolute zero, this is a temperature below which it is impossible to fall. But which is the highest, science cannot yet answer.

In fact, the highest is called the Planck temperature. She was in the Universe at the time of the Big Bang, so says modern science. And this temperature reached 10 ^32 Kelvin. In simple words, this is billions of times higher and greater than high temperature, which has ever been obtained artificially. And today it remains the highest of all possible.

IN summer months Over the past few years, we have increasingly complained about the unbearable heat of July or August. This topic always comes up in everyday conversations, where we complain about unbearable climatic conditions. It is especially difficult for residents of large cities. The same topic regularly appears on the pages and in videos of the media: “Today the highest temperature in the last n years was recorded...” and “The temperature record was broken again...” In this regard, it would be interesting to know what temperatures are generally possible in our planet.

And above all about Russia

Yes, it was in our country that one of the weather temperature records was recorded. Only it was not the maximum, but the lowest. In the city of Oymyakon, which is located in Yakutia just 350 kilometers south of the Arctic Circle, a temperature of -71.2 °C was recorded. This happened in 1926. For a resident middle zone or southern regions, it’s even difficult to imagine such cold! By the way, city residents immortalized this moment by establishing

Vostok station

And this record again belongs to the Russians. The station may not be located on the territory of the country (it is located in Antarctica), but it is the fruit of the labors of Soviet science and engineering. And it was here in 1983 that air quality across the entire planet was recorded. This figure was -89 °C.

Canadian frosts

The country is the northernmost in the Western Hemisphere, so it's no surprise that Canada also boasts (or complains about) record low temperatures. On "Eureka" average annual temperature is -20 °C. And in winter it regularly drops to -40 °C.

Sultry Libya

Now let's walk a little through places whose temperatures sharply contrast with those above. After all, here is the highest temperature on the planet! For example, Libya is famous for its incredibly high temperatures. And in the town of Al-Aziziya, which is 40 kilometers south of Tripoli, the highest temperature on Earth was recorded among settlements. In September 1922 it was +58 °C. A real inferno, in comparison with which the heat of our country will seem like a light spring warmth!

And again Libya

If our native Russia presented us with the lowest temperature records, then otherwise it is Libya that is in the lead. In 2004-2005, the local Dashti Lut desert recorded the highest temperature in earth's surface. It was +70 °C. Interestingly, this same desert is also the driest place on Earth (along with the Chilean desert. Not a single thing is able to survive here. Living being, even bacteria!

Hot Ethiopia

But in this country the average annual highest temperature throughout to the globe. The local area of ​​Dallol is located 116 meters below sea level and is covered with volcanic salt. Of course, nothing living lives here. And the temperature in these conditions is +34.4 °C on average per year.

What is the highest temperature in the Universe?

It's amazing, but the highest temperature in the Universe, 10 trillion degrees Celsius, was obtained artificially on Earth. According to the resource, the absolute temperature record was set on November 7, 2010 in Switzerland during an experiment at the Large Hadron Collider - LHC (the world's most powerful particle accelerator).

As part of the experiment at the LHC, scientists set the task of obtaining quark-gluon plasma, which filled the Universe in the first moments of its emergence after the Big Bang. To this end, at a speed close to the speed of light, scientists collided beams of lead ions with colossal energy. When heavy ions collided, “mini-big explosions” began to appear - dense fiery spheres that had such a monstrous temperature. At such temperatures and energies, the nuclei of atoms literally melt and form a “broth” of their constituent quarks and gluons. As a result, quark-gluon plasma with the highest temperature since the origin of the Universe was obtained in laboratory conditions.

Before this, in no experiment had scientists ever been able to obtain such an unimaginably high temperature. For comparison: the temperature of the decay of protons and neutrons is 2 trillion degrees Celsius, the temperature of a neutron star, which is formed immediately after a supernova explosion, is 100 billion degrees.

Our native Sun is a yellow dwarf and has a core temperature of 50 million degrees. Thus, the temperature of the resulting quark-gluon plasma was 200 thousand times higher than the temperature of the solar core. At the same time, pristine cold usually reigns in the surrounding space, since the average temperature of the Universe is only 0.7 degrees above absolute zero.

What is the coldest temperature in the Universe?

Now guess where and how the lowest temperature in the Universe was obtained? Right! Also on Earth.

In 2000, a group of Finnish scientists (from the Low Temperature Laboratory University of Technology in Helsinki), who studied magnetism and superconductivity in the rare metal “Rhodium,” managed to obtain a temperature of 0.1 nK, writes. This is currently the lowest temperature recorded on Earth and the lowest temperature in the Universe.

The second lowest temperature record was set at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2003, they managed to obtain ultra-cold Sodium gas.

Obtaining ultra-low temperatures artificially is an outstanding achievement of mankind. Research in this area is extremely important for studying the effect of superconductivity, the use of which (in turn) can cause a real industrial revolution.

In nature, the lowest temperatures were recorded in the Boomerang Nebula. This nebula expands and ejects cooled gas at a speed of 500,000 km/h. Due to the enormous speed of release, the gas molecules were cooled to -271 °C. This is the lowest officially recorded natural temperature.

For comparison. Typically, in outer space the temperature does not drop below -273 °C. The lowest temperature in the Solar System, -235 ° C on the surface of Triton (a moon of Neptune). And the lowest natural temperature on Earth, -89.2 °C, is in Antarctica.