Body temperature: low, normal and high. Normal body temperature in a child and the reasons for its increase

The condition of a newborn baby can be determined by several criteria: appetite, sleep, behavior. Among the main indicators healthy body- normal temperature in babies. It is not the same as that of an adult and depends on many factors.

Thermoregulation processes continue to form in children until the end of the first year of life. Accordingly, the temperature by this time will be the same as in adults (36, 6 degrees).

In the first month, the child's body temperature is in the range from 37 to 37.5 degrees. In the following months normal level decreases and can range from 36 to 37 degrees.

The temperature in children can be measured in several ways and various thermometers (electronic, infrared, mercury) can be used. The answer to the question of what temperature is considered the norm in children under one year old depends on the place where the measurement takes place.

• In the axillary region, the norm is 36–37.3 degrees.
• Oral temperature ranges from 36.6 to 37.2.
• Rectal temperature can be higher - from 36.9 to 38. This method of measurement is used when the baby can lie quietly for several minutes. Otherwise, you can damage the intestinal wall. The number 38 on the thermometer is considered the norm if the child is feeling well.

Since the heat exchange process has not yet been established, it is very easy for a baby to cool or overheat. It is very important to monitor the temperature and humidity in the room.... The child should not be wrapped up too much. All of these factors affect the temperature level of the body.

To determine what temperature is normal for a child, it should be measured daily for several days at the same time. You should not measure the temperature immediately after waking up, after eating, crying, or after the baby's active actions. You can keep a diary of observations.

How to measure the temperature correctly

If applicable , then they need to be used only for measurements in the armpit. After the sixth month of life, the temperature can be measured in a sitting position. Care should be taken not to drop the thermometer. Mercury is dangerous to the human body; damage to the thermometer should be avoided. It will take 5-7 minutes to get a reliable result.

Electronic thermometer easy and safe to use. It can be used from the first month of a child's life. The sound timer will signal the end of the measurement procedure. This takes up to 3 minutes. Accurate readings can be achieved by oral or rectal administration. If you install it in the armpit, the result will fluctuate within a few degrees.

For oral use, the tip of the thermometer is placed in the mouth under the tongue. 1 minute is enough.

More preparations are required for rectal insertion. The child is laid on a side, the legs are bent to the tummy. The tip of the thermometer is lubricated with baby cream. After that, it is carefully and carefully inserted into the anus, no deeper than 2 cm.

Temperature indicator is a small strip with divisions that is applied to the child's forehead for a few seconds.

Dummy thermometer... This thermometer is very convenient for measuring temperature in children who are not one year old. But it can be used if the baby is used to the pacifier.

How to keep your baby's temperature at the same level

In order for the baby's body temperature to be equally normal - 36.6 degrees or slightly higher, you should adhere to simple hygiene rules.

What is the reason for the rise in temperature

The rise in temperature is the result of some provoking factor. Children who are under 3 months old should not bring down their body temperature below 38.2 degrees. You can disrupt the thermoregulation process. But this is in the event that the baby is feeling relatively well. If convulsions appear, he has become lethargic, appetite has disappeared, you should consult a doctor.

The reason for the rise in temperature can be:

• Viral and bacterial infections. In this case, there will be other symptoms: cough, redness of the throat, runny nose.
• Stressful situations.
• Overheat. Long sun exposure, improper dressing.
• Active games or long crying.
• Teething may be the cause.
• Heat may be due to an intestinal infection or a cold.
• The temperature in children under one year old may rise after vaccination.

In the event that elevated temperature the body lasts for three days, if it reaches 39 degrees and above, does not get confused by antipyretics, you should immediately seek medical help... With heat, the tissues of the body cease to receive oxygen, the defenses weaken, which is a very dangerous condition.

An ambulance should be called in cases when the following symptoms appear:

• Fever is observed in a child under three months of age.
• The baby's temperature is above 38.5 degrees.
• Convulsions appeared.
• Voltage cervical, there is no way to bend your head forward.
• Breathing becomes noisy, frequent.
• The child is constantly crying, while he is lethargic and apathetic.
• Refusal to eat.
• There is frequent vomiting, diarrhea.
• Violation of urination or urine color.
• The appearance of a rash on the skin.
• The presence of chronic diseases.
• The inability to bring down the temperature with antipyretic drugs.

Before the doctor arrives, there are a few simple guidelines to follow.

• The baby should be given as much liquid as possible.
• The children's room needs to be ventilated. The child should be moved to another place for this time.
• The light should be dim. No harsh sounds.
• You can make compresses on the legs. A towel is moistened in water (about 20 degrees) and applied to the feet.
• You cannot wrap up a child.

If in children the body temperature drops, but slightly (up to 35 degrees) and at the same time they feel good, then there is no need to worry. Perhaps this is an individual feature of the organism. If the value falls below 35, they speak of hypothermia. You should consult a doctor. He will order additional examinations. Consultation of a pediatrician, endocrinologist, immunologist will be required.

Reasons for lowering the body temperature of a child up to a year:

• In children born prematurely.
• During sleep.
• Against the background of a long illness, the body's defenses are weakened.
• Avitaminosis, anemia.
• Hormonal imbalance.
• While taking antipyretic drugs.
• Malignant formations.
• Hypothermia.
• After severe poisoning.

If the decrease is associated with hypothermia, then the child should be warmed up (warm drink, warm clothes, you can apply a heating pad to the legs). Hardening and increasing immunity is important.

When to measure temperature

It is not worth it once again, for no reason to measure the body temperature of children under one year old. This is stressful for them. But the procedure will be necessary if alarming symptoms appear:

• Excessive anxiety, lethargy, moodiness.
• Increased need for fluid.
• Dryness is observed oral cavity and lips.
• Pulse and breathing become rapid, intermittent.
• The cheeks become very red or, on the contrary, pale.
• Chills appear, eyes are clouded.

A child under one year old requires increased attention on the part of adults. Any non-observance of hygiene standards can lead to a malfunction of the body. This becomes the cause of various diseases.

It is often accompanied by other unpleasant symptoms - runny nose, headache, muscle weakness, sore throat, etc. Fever is not a disease, but just a symptom that manifests itself in many ailments. Unfortunately, parents often take on the role of a doctor and try to diagnose themselves. But in fact, there are many reasons for the rise in temperature, and this only indicates that the child's body is actively fighting the disease.

Temperatures up to 38.5 ° C are not considered dangerous for a child, and doctors recommend not to reduce it by the action of antipyretic drugs. But what indicator of a thermometer is considered critical?

High temperature in a child

Infants tolerate fever worse than adolescents. That is why, doctors recommend that parents measure indicators daily and closely monitor the behavior of the baby and its skin.
Elevated temperature in different ages has its own characteristics.

In children under one year old, the heat transfer system is not yet sufficiently developed.
An increased temperature in children under one year old rarely indicates the development of an inflammatory process in the body.

When foreign bacteria invade the body, an increased release of leukocytes from the lymphatic tissue and blood is observed. Their active fight against infection stimulates the release of interleukins, which with the blood flow penetrate into the brain thermoregulation center, which is responsible for the stability of body temperature.
That is why many children have cold hands and feet with high thermometer readings.

The main causes of high fever

An increase in temperature stops the multiplication of bacteria and viruses, and many of them die at 38.5 ° C.

There are several reasons that can cause an increased temperature. Among them it is worth noting:
bacterial infection
viral infection
overheat,
,
stressful situation,

In order to make sure that the body temperature is really high, you should always use a thermometer. Don't trust tactile sensations. How many mothers practice it. Today you can buy several types of thermometers, but the most accurate of them is the mercury one.

Important! The thermometer indicator in the evening is always higher than in the morning.

What should parents do if the child's body temperature is high and which thermometer is considered critical?

First of all, the mother should call a doctor who will examine the child and develop correct scheme treatment. I would like to note right away that high fever in viral diseases is considered the only effective method of treatment. But! Only if its indicator does not fit the 40 ° C mark.

In children under one year old, the thermoregulation system has not yet been fully improved, therefore, the normal temperature for such children is 37.2 ° C if there are no symptoms that may indicate the child's malaise.

If the temperature rises above 41 ° C, then an ambulance team should be called immediately. Irreversible processes can develop in the brain, and the risk of death will increase. A critical temperature in a child requires urgent action from doctors and parents.

It should be noted that if a child has problems with the cardiovascular or neurological system, then 38 ° C is already considered a dangerous indicator for them.

How parents should behave at temperatures above 39 degrees

Parents' timely response and calm demeanor can make the sick child feel better. That is why it is worth familiarizing yourself with the basic rules of conduct:

1. A sick child should be in a well-ventilated room.
2. The level of humidity in the room affects the reading of the thermometer. Therefore, 60% humidity is considered the norm.
3. Take off your baby's clothes and wipe his body with a cloth dampened with water. The water temperature should match the body temperature. Never use vodka or vinegar to wipe your child's body.
4. If at a temperature of 39 ° C the baby develops a chill, then the wiping procedure is not recommended.
5. Apply a cool compress to your forehead.
6. Give your baby some warm fruit drink or tea.
7. Make sure your baby's limbs are as hot as their body. If the feet remain cold, while the body is ablaze with heat, quickly warm them up with your hands and put on warm socks on the legs.
8. It is possible to bring down the temperature with drugs only on the recommendation of the attending physician.

In the event that after taking an antipyretic drug, the body temperature does not decrease even after 30 minutes, then you can give the baby another pill, but on the basis of another drug - ibuprofen or paracetamol.

If the child does not have concomitant diseases, and his age is more than 3 years, then the temperature above 40 ° C is considered dangerous. If the temperature rises in children under 3 years old, then it is necessary to call a doctor immediately when the temperature rises above 38 ° C.
Once again, we focus the attention of parents - never self-medicate. It is better to consult a doctor and only then take measures to treat the child.

[: ru] Heat bodyindicates that the body has a cold or that some inflammatory or infectious processes are taking place in it.What to do if the temperaturelasts a few days? What treatment will be effective and how to overcome the disease without harming yourself?

The temperature has risen: is it ok?

Temperature human body points to general state organism and is an indicator of the ratio of heat transfer between external environment and internal organs and tissues. The temperature is considered normal from 36.5 to 37.2 degrees. The hypothalamus is responsible for metabolic processes and thermoregulation of the body. It is also interesting that the temperature can fluctuate by 0.5-1 degrees during the day, which is the norm.

The most high body temperature- 42 degrees, and this mark is critical for human health and even life. The danger lies in the fact that metabolic processes are disrupted in the tissues of the brain. The lowest body temperature is considered to be 27 degrees. In this state, a coma can occur, however, medicine knows cases when a person managed to survive with hypothermia up to 16 degrees. If the mark reaches 37 ºС, this is considered within the normal range and indicates that the body has begun to fight the onset of the disease.

Elevated temperature: causes

A strong temperature occurs in response to internal stimuli, including infections, viruses and various kinds of inflammatory processes. Also, symptoms such as weakness and a persistently elevated body temperature may indicate the development of oncological diseases, which is an unconditional reason to see a doctor.

At almost always there is an increased temperature. Asking the questionwhat is the temperature at, it is worth considering what kind of infection has struck the body. For example, with sinusitis or laryngitis, this increase will not be significant, within a few degrees, while angina, bronchitis, pharyngitis and other diseases can provoke a jump in the thermometer up to 39 ºС.How long does the temperature last- depends on individual characteristics organism. On average, signs of the disease are observed for 3 to 5 days.

The reasons for the sharp rise in temperature can be quite serious. Diseases such as hypertension, damage to the central nervous system, stroke and others should be feared.

How to bring down the temperature at home

Any cold causes discomfort to the patient, so the primary task is to improve your well-being. Among the proven traditional methods of treatment:

• rubbing with an alcohol solution;
• vinegar wraps;
• cold compresses on the forehead.

Give the patient a good sweat - put on warm clothes, roll up with a blanket and give a hot drink. It can be a broth, or a tea based on raspberries, lindens or chamomile flowers. Instead of sugar, it is better to use natural honey.

Correct temperature treatmentconsists in simple actions that are good as prevention of diseases. Wet cleaning and airing rooms is a good old way of maintaining health and vitality.

Another "grandmother's method" that allows you to quickly cure the patient - plentiful drink... The body fights disease, resulting in dehydration. Therefore, even if the patient does not have a desire to drink water, it should be done in any case. In addition, toxins will be released from the body faster with fluid, which will contribute to a speedy recovery.

Citrus fruits are also on the guard of our health. Their use contributes to the saturation of the body with vitamin C and other necessary substances, which increases immunity and does not allow the disease to linger for a long time.

How to bring down the temperaturewith medication?

In the case when folk methods in the fight against high temperatures, they are powerless, time-tested medications are used. The undisputed leader in the fight against this unpleasant symptom, paracetamol remains. It is prescribed even to young children, as well as to patients with complications of the disease.

The simultaneous use of aspirin and analgin also gives an antipyretic effect, but it is worth remembering that it can be dangerous to use these powerful drugs without consulting a doctor.

To get sick less often, it is recommended 1-2 times a year to undergo a preventive course with natural medicines, such as Imupret. His plant composition allows you to maintain the strength of the body without harm, so that you think as little as possible about how to bring down the temperature and what to do if you are overtaken by a cold at the most inopportune moment.[: ua]

Tila temperature- an indicator of thermal stamina to the human body, which is responsible for the heat transfer between the heat of the young organs and tissues and the heat exchange between them and the outer middle. Change the average temperature of the human body to range between 36.5 and 37.2 ° C - the same as for food " Is your temperature normal? ”.

In the body of people for thermoregulation of the hypothalamus. In addition, the temperature can be increased by a stretch of 0.5 - 1 ° C, the temperature of the organs in the body of a person will rise to a temperature of degrees.

The maximum temperature is cold, and it is critical - 42 ° C. Vaughn is not uncomfortable with the fact that in the tissues of the brain the exchange of words will be destroyed. If the temperature drops to 27 ° C, a coma may occur, a little more severe drops, if people live with hypothermic organisms up to 16 ° C.

In general, an increase in temperature of 37 ° C is a normal phenomenon, a reaction to any damage to the robot's body. In other words, it’s a sign that the organism recognizes the ailment and struggles against it. The temperature is adjusted by three types: low temperature - up to 38 ° С, middle - up to 40 ° С and temporal - 40 ° С.

Causes of increased temperature

Tila temperaturego to see on internal teens, such as infections, viruses and inflammation: abscesses, mononucleosis, pneumonia, , meningitis, malaria, hepatitis and appendicitis. Also, trivial period of increased temperature can be used for pukhlins (other types of cancer with metastases).

When the temperature rises, it will increase. So with і to promote the temperature not to the sutta (because you don’t want to move), but when , , the temperature can reach 39 ° C.

The temperature drop is also characteristic for diseases of the immune system: chervoniy vovchak and SNID.

Rise of increased temperature of the body does not rarely become familiar with insult, thyrotoxic crisis, malignant hyperthermia and with malfunctions of the central nervous system.

It is becoming clear that the temperature does not rise only in such obvious drops, For the grip, ale and todi, if the reason for the development without medical help is still easy. For example, the temperature can change, as a reaction to antifungal drugs, antibiotics of the penicilin group and sulfonylamide. Also, the temperature often rises during blood transfusions and surgeries.

And why should the temperature drop? tila can bootie? It is also rare to develop, ale dermal organism reacts to mockers in a different way. This can be done through the intoxication of the body, lack of stress and stress, failure of vitamins, or even vaginism.

Not rare, if you get cold you can the temperature is lowered, Also, the phenomenon can be indicative of problems with immunity, affecting the body, or even the overturned one. Important to the nobility how to take the temperature in home minds:

1. to drink hot tea with special specialties;
2. zroiti physical right (vidzhimannya, squat, big on the mice);
3. take a warm bath.

Yak beat the temperature

There are a lot of people who fix the cold because they fix the hot temperature. The body temperature has been adjusted to help improve the effectiveness of the infection control. On the right, there are plenty of microbes and viruses to reproduce at a temperature of 37 ° C. In addition, at a temperature of 38 ° C, interferon is vibrated, it drives in viruses and additional help appears antibodies.

At the same hour, when it is busy temporal temperature - tse drive the activity of the central nervous system. Heat to produce heat, damage blood circulation in the internal organs (legends, pechintsi, nirkah), bring to a decrease in arterial grip, heart and mental deficiencies.

1. zbivati ​​compresses;
2. rubbing;
3. fever-lowering infusions.

For example, it can be rubbed cleanly with water in a ratio of 1: 1. Yaksho otstu nemaє, polegshuvati heat can be regularly wiped off with wet servet or sponge. At the same time, the water is not to blame for being cold, but here it is also, like the temperature of the sick.

With an increase in temperature, the organism of people consumes a lot of ridin, so it is even more important to drink a lot: water, tea, not juicy compotes and fruit drinks. Kindly reduce the temperature of the fresh lemon, carrots and beet juices, chamomile, lime, thyme and thorns.

As soon as the temperature does not go to beat for the help of the people, it’s stagnant on the basis of paracetamol. Ale, madly, beautifully innocently viciously lіkarya, sob just go back to the reasons for the high temperature and diagnose ailments.

An increase in body temperature is possible with various diseases in childhood... At the same time, the question of whether to shoot it down causes many conflicting opinions.

Some of the parents heard that with a fever, the body fights the disease more actively, and if the temperature is brought down, the duration of the disease will increase. Others have heard that both its increased values ​​and medications against it are very dangerous and threaten with serious health problems.

As a result, some parents are afraid to bring down the temperature even in cases where it is required, while others, with a slight increase, give crumbs of medicine. Let's figure out what really needs to be done in these cases, as well as whether this symptom is a sign of a disease.

How to measure the temperature correctly?

Measurement in the armpits is the most accessible and simplest, therefore it is the most common.

However, there are other ways to measure:

1. In the mouth (oral temperature is determined). For measurement, a special thermometer in the form of a pacifier is usually used.
2. In the rectum (rectal temperature is determined). This method is used when the child is less than 5 months old, since children over six months will resist the procedure. The thermometer (necessarily electronic) is treated with cream and inserted into the baby's anus by about two centimeters.
3. In the groin fold. The baby is laid on its side, the tip of the thermometer is placed in the fold of the skin, after which the child's leg is held in a position pressed against the body.

It is important that the child has a separate thermometer, and before use it should be treated with alcohol or washed with soapy water.

Measuring in babies is now easy with a pacifier-thermometer

Also, when measuring, you need to be guided by the following rules:

• In a sick child, measurements should be taken at least three times during the day.
• Do not measure the temperature if the baby is very active, crying, took a bath, wrapped up warmly, and also in case of high air temperature in the room.
• If you are measuring oral temperature, this should be done 1 hour before meals and drinks, or 1 hour after, as drinks and food will increase the values ​​in the oral cavity.

Normal values

The peculiarities of the temperature in infants are inconstancy and a rapid increase in any illness. In addition, in infants under one year old, it is normally slightly higher than in older children.

The normal temperature for a child under 12 months old is considered to be less than + 37.4 ° С, and for a child over 12 months old - less than + 37 ° С. These are indicators of temperature measurement in the armpit, as well as in the groin fold. For rectal measurements, the norm is considered to be less than + 38 ° С, and for oral measurements - less than + 37.6 ° С.

The most reliable indicators are given by using mercury thermometer, and electronic thermometers have a significant error. To find out how different the indicator of an electronic and a mercury thermometer is, measure the temperature with two thermometers at once from any healthy family member.

Classification

Depending on the indicators, the temperature is called:

• Subfebrile. The indicator is up to +38 degrees. Usually, this temperature is not brought down, allowing the body to produce substances that protect it from viruses.
• Febrile. The increase is more than + 38 ° С, but less than + 39 ° С. Such a fever indicates the active struggle of the child's body with the infection, so the parents' tactics should take into account the child's condition. If it is severely worsened, antipyretic drugs are indicated, and vigorous and calm child medications may not be given.
• Pyretic. Indicators on a thermometer from + 39 ° С to + 41 ° С. It is certainly recommended to lower this temperature with medication, since the risk of seizures increases.
• Hyperpyretic. The most dangerous temperature is over + 41 ° С. Seeing such an indicator on the thermometer, you should immediately call ambulance.

pros

• Allows you to quickly diagnose many diseases in early period and start timely treatment.
• With the flu virus, high fever is important for high levels of interferon, allowing you to successfully fight the infection.
• At elevated body temperatures, microorganisms stop multiplying and become less resistant to antibacterial agents.
• Fever intensifies immune system baby, increasing phagocytosis and antibody production.
• A child with a fever remains in bed, due to which his forces are completely directed towards the fight against the disease.

Minuses

• One of the complications is the appearance of seizures.
• With fever, the load on the child's heart increases, which is especially dangerous if the baby has rhythm disturbances or heart defects.
• When the temperature rises, the work of the brain suffers, as well as the liver, stomach, kidneys and other internal organs.

Stages

To start the mechanism of raising the body temperature, foreign substances are usually needed that enter the child's body - pyrogens. They can be various infectious agents, represented by unicellular, viruses, protozoa, fungi, bacteria. When injected into the body, pathogens are absorbed by white blood cells (leukocytes). At the same time, these cells begin to produce interleukins, which enter the brain with the blood.

Having reached the center of body temperature regulation, located in the hypothalamus, these compounds change the perception of normal temperature. The baby's brain begins to determine the temperature of 36.6-37 degrees as too low. It instructs the body to produce more heat and at the same time to spasm the vessels to reduce heat transfer.

In this process, the following stages are distinguished:

1. Heat is produced in the baby's body in more, but the heat transfer is not increased. The body temperature rises.
2. The release of heat is increased and a balance is established between the production of heat and its excretion from the body. The temperature decreases, but not to normal values.
3. Heat production is reduced due to the death of infectious agents and a decrease in the production of interleukins. The heat output remains high, the child sweats and the temperature returns to normal.

It should be noted that the temperature can drop either lytically (gradually) or critically (abruptly). The second option is very dangerous by vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure.

Is immunity really developed?

Numerous studies have confirmed that fever improves faster recovery in some infections. It was also found that the use of antipyretics for some time prolongs both the time of the disease itself and the period of contagion. But, since these effects do not apply to all infections occurring with a high fever, it is impossible to talk about the unequivocal benefits of fever.

Scientific research showed that the active compounds produced at high temperatures (among them interferon) in some cases help to recover faster, and in some diseases they affect their course negatively. In addition, for many children this is a very dangerous condition.

What happens if you don't bring down the heat?

Long time high temperature was considered a factor capable of disrupting blood clotting and causing brain overheating. Therefore, they feared it and tried to reduce it in all possible ways. However, modern scientific research has shown that it is not a high temperature itself that leads to health problems, but a disease that manifests itself as such a symptom.

At the same time, doctors note that fever poses a danger to children with chronic pathologies of internal organs, symptoms of dehydration, disorders physical development or diseases of the nervous system.

The danger of hyperthermia lies in the large expenditure of energy and nutrients to maintain a high temperature. Because of this internal organs overheat and their function is impaired.

Maximum allowable values

It is determined primarily by the age of the baby:

If you see numbers on the thermometer higher than those indicated in the table, this indicates a high probability of a serious illness, therefore it is extremely important with such temperature measurement results to urgently call a doctor.

When are antipyretics needed?

It is usually recommended to bring down the febrile temperature if the child does not tolerate this condition well, but there are situations when it is worth giving an antipyretic agent with subfebrile indicators:

• If the child is less than 2 months old.
• When a baby has diseases of the cardiovascular system.
• In the past, the child has had seizures with a high fever.
• If the child has diseases of the nervous system.
• When a child has hyperthermia caused by overheating.

Additional symptoms

Fever is rarely the only manifestation of a child's health problems. Other signs of disease are added to it.

Red throat

Redness of the throat against the background of fever is characteristic of viral and bacterial infections affecting the nasopharynx. Such symptoms often appear with angina, scarlet fever and other childhood infections. The child complains of pain when swallowing, begins to cough, refuses food.

Runny nose

The combination of high fever and runny nose most often occurs with viral infections, when viruses infect the nasal mucosa. The child may also have symptoms such as weakness, refusal to eat, difficulty breathing through the nose, lethargy, sore throat, and coughing.

Cold feet and hands

A condition when, at an elevated temperature, a child has pale skin and spasms of its vessels is called white fever. The limbs of the baby with such a fever will be cold to the touch. The child usually has chills. This condition requires immediate medical attention. The child's body should be rubbed with hands, but water rubbing and other methods of physical cooling are prohibited. To relieve the spasm of the skin vessels, the doctor will recommend taking an antispasmodic, for example, No-shpu.

Convulsions

Increased body temperature can cause seizures. Because of their association with fever, these seizures are called febrile seizures. They are diagnosed in children under 6 years of age with rates above + 38 ° C, as well as in babies with pathologies of the nervous system at any numbers.

With febrile convulsions, the child's muscles begin to twitch, the legs can straighten and the arms can bend, the baby turns pale, does not react to the environment, it is possible to hold his breath and turn blue skin. It is important to immediately lay the baby on a flat surface with his head turned on its side, call an ambulance and not leave the baby for a minute.

Febrile seizures are very dangerous. You need to call a doctor immediately!

Vomiting and diarrhea

Such symptoms against a background of fever usually indicate the development of an intestinal infection, but they can also be caused by the use of certain foods by a small child. In babies under 3 years of age, the intestines are not yet fully ripe, so those foods that are normally tolerated by older children can cause dyspepsia and fever.

In addition, the combination of fever with vomiting can signal not only gastrointestinal damage. This symptomatology is typical for meningitis and acetonemic syndrome. In children under 7 years of age, vomiting may occur at elevated body temperature and without brain damage or digestive system... It occurs at the peak of the temperature rise, usually once.

Abdominal pain

The appearance of complaints of pain in the abdomen against the background of fever should alert parents and cause an ambulance to be called. So can manifest and serious illness requiring surgery (such as appendicitis) and kidney and digestive tract diseases. To clarify the reason, the child will be prescribed tests and additional examinations.

No additional symptoms

The absence of other signs of the disease often occurs during teething, as well as in situations when the disease is just beginning (other symptoms appear later). Fever, as the only symptom, is often seen with kidney infections. The disease can be confirmed by urinalysis and ultrasound examination.

Causes

The increased temperature acts as a protective reaction of the child's body to the ingress of infectious agents into it, but it can also be caused by non-infectious reasons.

Diseases

Infectious diseases are a very common cause of fever:

Disease	How does it manifest itself besides high temperature?	What should I do?
	The appearance of a runny nose, dry cough, complaints of sore throat, body aches, muscle pain, nasal congestion, sneezing.	Call a pediatrician, give plenty of fluids, and if necessary, give an antipyretic agent.
Chickenpox or other childhood infection	Rash, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes in the neck.	It is imperative to call a doctor so that he accurately diagnoses and recommends the correct treatment.
	The appearance of pain in the ear, as well as discharge from the ear, cough, runny nose.	Contact a pediatrician to examine the child and prescribe the appropriate treatment for the situation.
Infectious mononucleosis or sore throats	Severe sore throat, plaque on the tonsils, swollen lymph nodes in the neck.	Call a doctor urgently to clarify the diagnosis and start treatment immediately.
Urinary tract infections	Pain in the lower back or abdomen, painful and frequent urination, changes in odor and appearance urine.	Contact a pediatrician to get tested, identify the disease and start treatment.
Intestinal infections	Attacks of vomiting and nausea, spasmodic pain in the abdomen, upset stools.	Give your baby more to drink, stop feeding, call a pediatrician.

An increase in body temperature is also possible with diseases of non-infectious origin, for example, with problems with hormones, pathologies of the nervous system and other health disorders. It can also indicate acute surgical diseases requiring immediate medical attention.

Teething

This reason is very common in children. younger age, but the indicators are usually up to + 38.5 ° С. In rare cases, the fever can be very severe, and the child refuses to eat and is lethargic.

Additional signs indicating precisely the connection between teething and high temperature will be increased saliva production, reddening of the gums, restless capricious behavior of the baby. The child will chew on various objects and hands.

Overheat

In case of overheating, parents notice a connection between an increase in temperature and exposure to heat on a child, for example, a fever appeared after a long stay under sunbeams... In infants, overheating can be caused by the use of excessively warm clothing. Also, parents can provoke overheating themselves when, with a slight increase, they wrap the baby.

The risk of overheating is associated with the risk of heat stroke. It manifests itself not only with high fever, but also with impaired consciousness, convulsions, disturbances in the work of the heart and respiration. Heatstroke is a reason to immediately call an ambulance.

Vaccinations

Preventive vaccination can cause a rise in temperature for several days after the procedure. In this case, the child may develop swelling and pain at the injection site. These symptoms indicate the development of immunity and are considered acceptable side effects of vaccinations. At the same time, antipyretics can be given even with a slight increase in indicators.

When to Call a Doctor?

A doctor should be called in each case of a fever, since only a specialist can determine what was the cause and how to treat the baby.

The doctor will prescribe effective treatments and control the course of the disease

Indications for an immediate call to the doctor are the following situations:

• The temperature has risen above the indicators considered to be the maximum for a certain age of the child.
• Fever provoked seizures.
• The kid is disoriented and has hallucinations.
• If there are others dangerous symptoms- vomiting, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, ear pain, rash, diarrhea and others.
• The child has a fever for more than 24 hours and during this time the condition has not improved.
• The baby has serious chronic diseases.
• You doubt that you are able to correctly assess the condition of the baby and help him.
• The child is recovering, but the temperature has risen again.
• The kid refuses to drink and the parents note symptoms of dehydration.

What to do?

Once the cause has been identified, it is necessary to determine how to deal with such a symptom. Taking into account the condition of the baby, his age, temperature figures and related facts, the parents and the doctor decide whether antipyretic drugs are needed.

Antipyretic drugs

In most cases, such medications allow, albeit for a short time, to improve the condition of the child, allow him to sleep and eat. With angina, otitis media, teething, stomatitis, these drugs reduce pain.

Will rubbing help?

Used in the past, rubbing with vinegar, alcohol or vodka is now considered harmful by pediatricians. Doctors do not advise wiping the child even with a cool towel, because such actions provoke vasospasm in the child's skin, and this, in turn, will reduce heat transfer. In addition, when rubbed, alcohol-containing liquids will actively get into the child's body, which is fraught with poisoning of the baby.

Rubdowns are permissible only after the use of drugs prescribed by a doctor that relieve spasm of peripheral vessels. For the procedure, only water at room temperature is used. In addition, you can wipe the baby, provided that the baby does not mind, since with resistance and screaming, the temperature will increase even more. After wiping the child, do not wrap it up, otherwise his condition will worsen.

You can do rubdowns with cool water only after taking drugs that relieve spasms of peripheral vessels

Food and liquid

A child with a fever should drink often and a lot. Give your baby tea, compote, water, fruit drink or any other liquid that he agrees to drink. This is critical for heat dissipation through more evaporation of sweat from the skin, as well as for faster excretion of toxins in the urine.

Small amounts of food should be given to the baby. Let the child eat according to his appetite, but not much, because when the food is digested, the body temperature will increase. Both the dishes and the drinks offered to the child should have a temperature of about 37-38 degrees.

Folk remedies

It is recommended to drink tea with the addition of cranberries: it stimulates active sweating. At the same time, such a drink should be given carefully - in babies up to a year old, it can cause allergies, and older children should not use cranberries for any stomach ailments.

Another wonderful folk remedy with an antiseptic and antipyretic effect is raspberries, which can be given to a child in the form of jam, juice or tea. But in cases where there is a risk of allergies, the use of raspberries is best avoided.

Cranberry juice is excellent tool with ARVI for both adults and children

How safe is the treatment?

How many days does the child have a high temperature?

For a baby, it is not the fever itself that is dangerous, but the reason for the appearance of this symptom. If the parents do not know what triggered a rise in the baby's temperature and the next day after the increase in indicators, the condition did not improve, and additional alarming symptoms appeared, you should immediately seek medical help. This will help you identify the cause of your child's illness and be able to act on it, not just a symptom.

If the parents know the cause of hyperthermia, and it does not pose a danger, the child was examined by a doctor and prescribed therapy, then the temperature can be brought down within several (3-5) days, observing the child. If over the past three days there are no positive changes in the course of the disease, despite the treatment, you should call the doctor again and undergo an additional examination.

rules

• Having chosen a specific drug to lower the temperature, determine the required single dose according to the instructions.
• Antipyretic should be taken only when necessary.
• The next dose should be at least 4 hours after the previous use for paracetamol or 6 hours for ibuprofen.
• A maximum of 4 doses of the drug can be taken per day.
• The medicine, taken by mouth, is washed down with water or milk. It can also be drunk with food - so the irritating effect of medications on the gastric mucosa will be reduced.

What medicines to choose?

The drugs that are recommended in childhood at high temperatures are paracetamol and ibuprofen. Both drugs reduce pain equally, but ibuprofen has a more pronounced and prolonged antipyretic effect. At the same time, paracetamol is called safer and is recommended as the drug of choice for infants in the first months of their life.

For babies often given such drugs in the form of rectal suppositories or syrups. This is due to the convenience of using these forms - they are easy to dose and give to the child. In older children, preference should be given to tablets, syrups and soluble powders.

The effect of oral medications begins within 20-30 minutes after their use, and rectal suppositories - 30-40 minutes after administration. Suppositories will also be the most preferred option if your child is having bouts of vomiting. In addition, syrups, powders, and tablets often include flavoring and odor additives that can cause allergies.

You may hear recommendations to take paracetamol and ibuprofen together or alternating between these drugs. Doctors think it is safe, but it is not necessary. The combination of these drugs works with the same effectiveness as taking ibuprofen alone. And if you gave this medicine, and the temperature does not decrease, you should not additionally give paracetamol, it is better to immediately call an ambulance.

Why shouldn't aspirin be given to children?

Even in adulthood, it is advised, if possible, to avoid using aspirin at a temperature, and it is completely contraindicated for children under 18 years of age.

In childhood, aspirin has a pronounced toxic effect on the liver and is the cause of the development of serious complications, which doctors call "Reye's syndrome". With this syndrome, internal organs are affected, in particular the liver and brain. Also, taking aspirin can affect platelets, cause bleeding and allergies.

Aspirin has many side effects and its use for children is not permissible

• In the room, lower the air temperature to 18-20 degrees to increase heat transfer (if the baby does not have chills). You should also take care of sufficient humidity (60% is considered the optimal level), since dry air will contribute to the loss of fluid by the child's body and drying out of the mucous membranes.
• When choosing clothes for a child, make sure that the baby is not cold, but you should not overheat the baby with excessively warm clothes either. Dress your child in the same way as you are dressed or a little lighter, and when the baby begins to sweat and wants to undress, allow him to generate more heat in this way.
• Limit the child's activity, because some children run and jump even at temperatures above 39 degrees. As movement increases heat production in the body, distract your child from active play. However, do this so that the baby does not cry, because due to tantrums and crying, it will also rise. Offer your child reading books, watching cartoons, or some other quiet activity. It is not necessary to force the child to lie down all the time.

A high temperature in a child (fever) is considered one of the most formidable symptoms for parents. Many mothers try to lower even the smallest temperature, believing that they will do it better for their baby. In fact, a fever is defense mechanism organism, including children.

What are the causes of high body temperature in a child? First, many viruses and bacteria die at certain temperatures - the body is trying to kill the infection in itself. Secondly, a temperature higher than usual leads to vasodilation and blood flow to many organs and tissues, enhancing metabolic processes.

Third, fever promotes increased production of immune cells, which boosts immunity. That is why doctors do not recommend lowering body temperature if it has not reached 38.5 0 C.

What should you do if you notice that your child has a fever? First of all, you need to measure it accurately. Many parents rely on subjective sensations, putting their lips to the forehead or face of the child, so they roughly assume how many degrees the temperature. It is not right.

You need to know exactly how high the baby's temperature is. For correct measurement of body temperature, the thermometer must be installed in the armpit, pressing firmly with your hand. In time, about three minutes is enough.

It should be remembered that in a newborn child, a temperature of up to 37.5 ° C is considered the norm, you should not try to lower it. Have healthy child an increase in body temperature can be observed immediately after eating, sleeping, physical or emotional stress. If such an increase in temperature is not accompanied by other complaints, then you should not draw negative conclusions.

The actions of parents at a high temperature in a child

If the temperature is not higher than 38.0 0 C, the baby does not have chills and there is no severe concomitant pathology, for example, heart disease, pathology of the nervous system, convulsive syndrome, warm limbs, then such a fever should not be brought down. Every half hour, you should measure your body temperature, and if it rises above 38.5 0 C, then call a doctor at home and give the baby antipyretic drugs (suppositories, syrup or antibiotic).

Before the arrival of the doctor, parents should provide the baby with first aid. The child should be put to bed, not covered, even if there is a strong chill. Provide access fresh air and solder the baby abundantly. Doctors allow you to wipe the baby's body with cool water or make cold compresses.

It is impossible to wipe the body and limbs of the child with alcohol or vinegar at an elevated body temperature, especially if the baby has cold feet. The toxic substances of these solutions are absorbed into the baby's body through the skin. It is also impossible to shelter a feverish child, no matter how strong the chill may be. It is also not worth treating the child on your own, including giving an antibiotic. Any medicines, including antipyretic, after establishing the causes of the temperature, a doctor should prescribe!

Why does a child have cold feet and hands with a fever?

Why does the child have cold feet at a temperature of 39.0 0 C? Why are the legs and arms cold, while the rest of the body "burns" and may even be red? The presence of such symptoms is often associated with a sharp spasm of the small vessels of the limb. This is called "pale fever." This temperature drops very hard and requires the addition of antispasmodic drugs to the therapy.

First aid will be to warm the cold feet. The limbs can be lowered into hot water or grind with mustard ( folk remedies effective in these cases). No antipyretic drugs will help while the baby has cold hands and feet.

Diseases and conditions that may be accompanied by fever

Stomach hurts, red throat, sore throat, headache, cough, frequent urination, snot, cramps - these are just some of the reasons that cause fever and chills.

The causes of fever in a child are usually the following.

Sore throat or pharyngitis(red throat). This is a viral infection. An increase in body temperature in this case indicates an infectious cause of the disease. If the temperature rises sharply to 39.0 0 C and above from the first days of the illness, a runny nose, snot, coughing, sneezing join it, the throat begins to hurt and it is red, most likely, the baby has a viral infection and intoxication develops (a condition that occurs when poisoning by toxins of viruses or bacteria). This sore throat is less dangerous than herpes.

Today it is often found. With tonsillitis (tonsillitis), an increase in temperature is often accompanied by lethargy, drowsiness, pallor and nausea, a stomach ache or a headache may appear, which indicates the poisoning of the child's body with bacterial toxins. The throat does not hurt much and is slightly red. Angina should be differentiated from diphtheria - a serious fatal disease.

The throat with diphtheria does not hurt, not red, and the temperature rises. If you have all of the above symptoms, you should immediately contact your pediatrician. The temperature will be held until an antibiotic is prescribed. Antipyretics should be given immediately, without waiting for high numbers, because angina is quite dangerous.

The presence of symptoms such as abdominal pain, combined with a high body temperature, can indicate any inflammatory processes in the child's abdominal cavity, including poisoning. When a child has a stomach ache, consultation with a surgeon is mandatory. Starting from appendicitis, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum), ending with pyelonephritis (inflammation of the kidney tissue). The temperature rises to 39 and above, chills appear. If the stomach hurts and there is frequent urination, then a genitourinary infection can be suspected.

Fever against the background of thinning of the stool (diarrhea) may indicate that there is an intestinal infection in the body. The manifestation of these symptoms can be combined with vomiting and abdominal complaints. Diarrhea can also occur with poisoning. If at the same time the stomach hurts, it cannot be ruled out helminthic invasion... How many days the fever will last depends on the severity of the illness. In severe poisoning with toxins, even hallucinations can occur against the background of dehydration.

A complex of symptoms, such as headache and fever, may indicate an intoxication of the body (poisoning with toxins) or severe infectious lesion nervous system (meningitis). In the latter case, fever and headache are combined with vomiting. Antibiotic and detoxification agents are required in this case. Headache, fever, and seizures can be a formidable sign of a neoplastic process.

Fever and frequent urination... As a rule, such a complaint is a manifestation of the inflammatory process in the bladder. It will be painful to urinate. The temperature can rise to 38.0 0 С. If inflammatory process pyelo- or glomerulonephritis develops on the kidneys, the temperature rises to high numbers (above 38.0 0 C), the stomach and back hurt, and frequent urination begins. When poisoning with bacteria toxins, vomiting, weakness and drowsiness occur. In these cases, doctors will definitely prescribe an antibiotic, otherwise the fever may last a long time.

Fever with a runny or stuffy nose... An increase in body temperature and nasal mucus is, as a rule, a manifestation of acute respiratory viral infection... If there is prolonged nasal congestion and a small amount of snot, a decrease in smell, headache and an increase in body temperature to low numbers, up to about 37.5 0, then sinusitis, inflammation should be suspected paranasal sinuses nose, to treat such a disease, you need to immediately start taking an antibiotic.

Increased body temperature with stomatitis may be higher than 39.0 0 C. This condition usually occurs with severe viral or bacterial stomatitis. The infection causes severe inflammation in the oral mucosa. With fungal stomatitis, the temperature may not rise. In this case, an antibiotic is not needed, the appointment of antifungal drugs will be sufficient, and in case of bacterial stomatitis, an antibiotic is required. With stomatitis, it is also important to consult a doctor on time.

Fever and cough... The first thing to think about is pneumonia. Yes, pneumonia is one of the most common causes of this symptom complex. Today, due to the aggressiveness of infections, pneumonia is very dangerous with complications. Cough with pneumonia is frequent, at the beginning of the disease dry, then wet. The temperature is above 39 degrees, there is a headache, nausea, weakness, snot. The body is gradually poisoned by the infection. If a cough appears against the background of a low temperature and hurts in the sternum, then most likely bronchitis develops. Cough can be combined with an increase in temperature, even if foreign body in the bronchi. Snot in a child usually appears, both with pneumonia and with bronchitis.

In any of these conditions, you should urgently consult a doctor, since any illness is dangerous for a child!

The reasons why the body temperature can rise without other symptoms can be as follows:

1. Overheating baby. A common mistake young mothers are always trying to wrap up their baby. In a child under one year old, thermoregulation processes are somewhat atypical, and any overheating can cause a sharp increase in body temperature above 39 degrees. In such a situation, the first thing to do is to undress the baby. For older children, the fever can be caused by prolonged exposure to the sun, which can lead to heatstroke. First aid is to chill the baby, such as applying a cold compress to the forehead, moving the baby to the shade, or giving cold water to drink.
2. Severe psycho-emotional trauma... Many parents do not associate the child's fever with, for example, exams or quarrels with peers. But nervous system children may react to such circumstances in their own way, in some cases the child has a fever.
3. Teething... A common cause of an increase in body temperature is against the background of the complete well-being of the child. When teething, you can notice a number of symptoms - the baby has become more whiny and capricious, the stomach is swollen, appetite is reduced, and the surface of the gums is slightly swollen or reddened. Parents at these moments need to be especially attentive to the child, since during teething, the local immunity decreases in the baby, which increases the likelihood of infection, bronchitis or tonsillitis may develop, and the throat may turn red. Therefore, the legs of the child should always be warm. A high temperature during teething can last for several days, diarrhea can join all of the above, but this will not speak of poisoning, like a red throat, cough, snot will not be a sign of bronchitis. Teething throat usually does not hurt, even if there is a cough. Many mothers immediately start giving the baby antibiotics, but this should not be done. You can give antipyretics, but it is better to consult a doctor for advice. Sometimes during teething, there is frequent urination.
4. Preventive vaccinations... A normal reaction is an increase in body temperature in children after vaccinations. It can be observed in the first three days after the injection, after some vaccines, for example, against measles, rubella and mumps, the increased body temperature can last up to 15 days. It is necessary to reduce the temperature after vaccination.

How to lower the temperature? Traditional and folk remedies

Treating a child without consulting a doctor is fraught with sad consequences, so any treatment should be started with a visit to a specialist. First aid, of course, can be provided by parents, but the help of a doctor will be more effective. To date, WHO experts are allowed to treat fever in children with antipyretics such as paracetamol and ibpurofen, the dosage forms of which are suspension, suppositories, tablets.

How long and in what dosage the drug should be used is decided by the doctor. It is not allowed to use "Analgin" and "Aspirin", because after these drugs serious complications may occur, for example, a child may have a headache.

For the smallest in a comfortable shape medicinal product are rectal suppositories, suppositories, especially when the body temperature rises at night or chills begin. Suppositories are fast-acting medicines that are well absorbed into the bloodstream and cause fewer complications. In the case when a child has convulsions or vomiting against a background of fever, suppositories are an ideal option for antipyretic drugs. Rectal suppositories also convenient for treating disabled children.

For older children, suspensions or syrups are recommended. It is better to use products without dyes or fragrances to reduce the likelihood of occurrence allergic reaction per drug. Any antipyretic drugs should be taken no more than once every 5-6 hours, be it syrup or suppositories.

Folk remedies that will help relieve fever, especially when chills hit, are made from St. John's wort, chamomile and yarrow. From these herbs, infusions, compresses are made.

Why is fever dangerous for children? The appearance of seizures

The most formidable complication of fever for a child is seizures, they are also called.

The reasons why seizures occur against the background of fever can be different:

• difficult childbirth;
• traumatic brain injury;
• intoxication of the nervous system;
• poisoning with bacteria toxins.

Seizures can manifest as:

• twitching of certain muscle groups;
• throwing back the head;
• rolling eyes;
• fading;
• holding or stopping the child's breathing.

How long the seizures last is not always known, so you need to urgently call an ambulance. With severe convulsions, more than 20 minutes, the child's jaw sometimes clenches. Do not open them with your finger or a spoon, otherwise you can harm your baby. If the convulsions have stopped before the arrival of the doctors, then try to assess the condition of the baby yourself: what is his breathing, how he reacts to the surrounding space.