These guys will be more terrible than all the alphas, GRU special forces and other airborne forces. Structure of the engineering troops of the German Army (2015) Tasks of combat engineering support
Original taken from onepamop
in the Pro Guards Assault Unit of the Engineering Troops
December 1, 2014 in the city of Murom ( Vladimir region) began to form a centrally subordinate engineer-sapper brigade. The brigade was formed in order to increase the capabilities of engineering troops and the efficiency of their use, create a reserve to solve unexpected problems and strengthen troop groups in strategic directions. The brigade is in the reserve of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief.
As part of the brigade, for the first time since the Great Patriotic War, the assault and barrage battalion was revived, designed to ensure the unhindered advance of forces general purpose in urbanized areas, which can significantly increase the efficiency of actions when storming buildings, while avoiding losses as much as possible.
This time I was able to observe the work of the “stormtroopers” with a “watering can” and a notepad. From personal impressions: one of my most interesting army races.
By pressing buttons you help in the fight
Our and your questions are answered by Guard Senior Lieutenant Dmitry Anatolyevich F., commander of the assault and barrage company of the 1st Guards Engineer-Sapper Brest-Berlin Red Banner Order of Suvorov and Kutuzov Brigade.
It was not possible to squeeze all the questions into one interview, but there is an opportunity to leave questions in the comments and get answers to them!
1. Just a little bit about yourself
I have always wanted to serve in the army; I have been in military service since 2005. He graduated from a military school in St. Petersburg and, by the will of fate and his own, ended up in the ranks of the 1st Guards Engineer-Sapper Brest-Berlin Red Banner Order of Suvorov and Kutuzov Brigade. Our brigade of central subordination was formed on December 1, 2014 in the city of Murom (Vladimir region). I’m happy with my service in the brigade, this is exactly what I like to do.
2. Since time immemorial, there have been rumors that engineering troops are needed only for building bridges and installing/removing mines. They also say that you can involve them in digging everything. What else is included in the range of real tasks of modern engineers?
The Corps of Engineers, of course, not only builds bridges and places and removes mines. We are engaged in fortification, engineering reconnaissance of the area, we can equip approaches and lines for the convenience of our troops or make them unsuitable for the advance of enemy troops, make a passage through minefields or secure an entire direction for the maneuver of our troops. Building bridges and crossings over water barriers is also our area of responsibility. In addition, military engineers provide troops in the field with electricity and water, including drinking water. We can greatly complicate enemy reconnaissance operations: where necessary, military engineers use camouflage and concealment of important objects or, conversely, imitation and arrangement of false objects, for example, using inflatable models of military equipment. We operate on land and at sea; in addition to army engineering units, the engineering troops also have naval or marine engineering units.
3. What are the tasks of the assault unit of military engineers?
The immediate tasks of my unit are clearing and assault. Demolition, simply put, is the elimination of enemy barriers (including mines) using various methods, and assault is the destruction of the enemy at fortified points and entire areas. Plus ensuring the unhindered movement of infantry, artillery, tankers and other forces following us through enemy territory.
Units similar to ours were widely used in the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War, there is enough information on them. Modern military conflicts, of course, differ markedly from the situation on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, but there are also many common features. The creation of assault units is a call of the times and an adequate response to modern military realities.
4. What are the specifics of “stormtroopers”? Are there units with similar specifics in the RF Armed Forces?
It turns out that the specifics of assault engineers include part of the work performed by Special Forces units, some of the tasks are consonant with those assigned to airborne assault units, and in terms of work in urban conditions, rubble and buildings, we in some sense overlap with the specifics of police special forces (SOBR) and FSB special forces. In the modern RF Armed Forces there is nothing similar to us (and with similar tasks).
5. What kind of heavy equipment are the “stormtroopers” armed with?
The battalion has clearing and assault companies (of heavy equipment - BTR-82A armored personnel carriers and Typhoon-K armored vehicles) and companies of special heavy engineering equipment (engineering clearing vehicles - IMR-3, mine clearing installations - UR-77 "Meteor"). We are armed with robotic equipment (mine clearance and fire extinguishing robots); specially trained military personnel of the robotic company work with robotics technical means.
6. What small arms do assault units have?
As for small arms, we currently have access to AK-74s with underbarrel grenade launchers and AKS-74, PK, PKT (well, plus a 30-mm cannon on an armored personnel carrier). From the desired - very necessary sniper weapon. But here the question is not so much about weapons, it is necessary to introduce into our staffing table snipers. A group that approaches a building or ruins, and especially during operations in urban environments, needs sniper support. This can prevent losses in the group and facilitate the advancement to the point of “work.”
As for small arms, I would like to replenish our arsenal with AK assault rifles of the “hundredth” series. And, of course, we need a replacement for the legendary PM. According to my staff, this is exactly what I am entitled to. But I would like to replace it with an APS (Stechkin automatic pistol).
7. If you had a choice not only of domestic pistols, but of any pistols in general, what would you like to have with you in battle as a short-barreled personal weapon?
APS.
8. And from heavier weapons?
Possibly flamethrowers. There are certain plans for them, we are an experienced unit, perhaps they will be implemented.
9. How are your communications?
We have all the new items appearing in the aircraft. I don’t see any problems with communication, including communication between the fighters of the assault group.
10. What are the “stormtroopers” equipped with?
I'll start with OVR-3Sh. The mine clearance suit (assault version) is comfortable and well thought out. Of course, it needs individual adjustment, but that's normal. About weight and convenience I will say this: all daylight hours today I was actively moving around the building in OVR-3Sh. I’m tired, of course, but, without exaggeration, I’m ready to pass the physical training standards right now. Feelings of comfort come with time, the suit must “get used to” the person, then he can work normally in it. The suit has three sizes in total, but this is not the most popular option. There is a natural limitation - the “attack aircraft” must be of average build. A big soldier is a big target and won’t be able to get through everywhere; a small soldier may not have enough physical strength in battle to do hard physical work.
The level of protection of the suit is determined by armor panels placed in special “pockets” on the chest, sides, groin, etc. Whatever protection class they have is the same as the suit. We have panels of the 6th protection class, they shot at a suit with such a panel from an SVD with an armor-piercing incendiary bullet from ten meters. No penetrations were recorded. The visor on the helmet holds a pistol bullet. And, of course, fragments.
The molle straps on the suit are comfortable. Allows you to place necessary equipment exactly where it is most convenient for you personally.
"Warrior". I approve. Except, perhaps, for the location of the “unloading” on the chest. It must be moved to the hips, otherwise in fire contact it is not possible to minimize your own silhouette in the “lying” position, because you have to lie on the “armor” and compartments with magazines placed on top of the “armor.” In addition, if a unit is camping for the day or overnight, surveillance and security are ensured, the soldier can take off his “armor” for the duration of the rest, without parting with his ammunition. This won't work in Ratnik. First you need to remove the unloading with ammunition and then the “armor”. And one more detail: a well-loaded “unloading” with equipment and ammunition in its current form, when worn for a long time, leads to excessive back fatigue.
Multitools. There are regular and personal ones. It is not forbidden to have one purchased personally. I personally have just this one, I bought it before the regular ones arrived. In general, I would say that the standard multitool is normal and allows you to solve the whole range of problems, but there are better tools. Life can depend on such an item of equipment as a multitool in our work, so I personally consider it wrong to save on a compact tool.
Probably not everyone knows that once a sapper had only a knife from such tools. During the war years in the Red Army it was utility knife Finnish type, they did everything with them. In the post-war Soviet Army it was already a folding knife “Demolition Man” with several blades. The “Demolition Man” made it possible to unscrew something, cut it off (for example, a fire cord), pierce something, expose and strip the wire. With a modern multitool, there is more room for maneuver. Generally speaking, today you can’t live without a multitool; it’s like a third hand.
Machete. Or the assault knife “Sapper”. Domestic. Chops, cuts, sharpens easily. I won't say anything bad about him.
For supplies in general. Let me note that we have no shortage of anything. Among the regular allowances there are many new products. It is not forbidden to somehow “upgrade” your personal property. This, by the way, allows us to summarize the personal practical experience and broadcast it to the entire department. One bought something, brought it, showed it, checked it in action - oh, you can take it! A reliable and functional item never hurts. Again, electrical tape, scope for improvements and personal modifications has not been canceled. One of the things that is already obvious is that we need hooks for machine gun magazines. This is especially important for the “Warrior”: if you put three magazines in each cell, it’s not very convenient to get it out without a hook, and it might fall out in a hurry.
The OVR has special fastening rubber bands for magazines, which prevent you from losing the magazine while moving. A small thing, but an important one. Other pouches don’t have this little detail, we modify them to suit ourselves because it’s proven and convenient. There is adopted third-party experience. The SOBR noticed that the “shield guard” had spare magazines taped to his pistol with a bandage or duct tape on his left hand. If you feel the urge to reload, you do it without taking your hands away from the shield. We also have two types of shields in service - light and heavy. You can combine three shields into one. The heavy shield is equipped with wheels, which can be very convenient in a building.
11. Who staffs the assault units of the engineering troops?
Both “contract soldiers” and “conscripts”. When recruiting our battalion, it is customary to pay close attention to military personnel contract service, who served a military term or previously served as “contract soldiers” in reconnaissance units and special forces, in the Army. We highly value their previously acquired skills.
For me, as a company commander, a desirable candidate for a unit looks something like this: “contract soldier”, age - 20-25 years, athlete, physically developed, strong build. I'll pay attention to height and weight. Previously acquired sapper skills and a driver’s license will be an advantage for the candidate. It’s great if the candidate has previously received a military specialty, for example, a machine gunner or radio operator. And a very important aspect for me personally, as a commander, is the desire of the candidate to serve in our battalion. More than 30 such “selected contract soldiers” came to us in six months. There could have been noticeably more, but no one canceled our selection and elimination.
It is easier to teach something new to someone who wants to serve in an assault unit. Every “contractor” with us, at a minimum, knows how to shoot, drive an armored personnel carrier, handle explosives and provide first aid. And, of course, follow safety rules.
12. How are things going with shooting training?
We pay special attention to shooting training; our practice is constant and systematic. An assault unit that is not capable of shooting well cannot, in my opinion, be called an “assault” unit. An “attack aircraft” must be fluent in standard weapons. The same applies to mine-explosive specifics. In addition, you must, at a minimum, be able to handle foreign types of small arms. While we are forming, not all models have the opportunity to meet “live”, we make do electronic documents and plan notes, but the command is carrying out work towards expanding and replenishing the material base specifically for us.
13. Is there a shortage of personnel or certain specialists?
At the moment, I cannot say that we have a shortage of personnel. Our own “cadres” are working, and there are many who want to join us. The same applies to conscript soldiers; immediately after the KMB (young soldier course), the majority strive to serve in our battalion. The motivation of the “conscripts” is different: some “by hearsay,” others see how and what we do during daily combat training. There's a lot of it. Some people are surprised that we also have drill training. What would it be like without her? This is the foundation of group combat. He who is good in the ranks is also good in battle, since Suvorov’s times known fact. To increase the level of coherence of a unit, combat troops are indispensable. Fire, sapper, special, physical training - we have something to do in the service. I personally observe how a set of measures turns yesterday’s boys into today’s men. Including through morning physical exercises.
14. Is physical training just a struggle for “good sports shape” or are there other super-useful aspects?
Our military personnel generally have increased physical activity. However, over time, this “increased” level is leveled out due to personal growth, people are constantly developing and at some point in time you begin to regard high loads as normal. You just become stronger and more resilient. This is also an observation from personal experience.
15. How much does the “average contract soldier” earn in an assault unit?
On average, a “contract worker” receives about 30 thousand rubles, and if he is successful and persistent in terms of individual physical training, has (and can confirm) sports “class”, then he receives the right to a cash bonus of 10-15 thousand rubles. Maintaining an excellent personal sports uniform, as you can see, it pays well. In something like working on oneself personally, I consider a financial incentive to be very useful.
16. Is there any equipment that is not yet available, but would like to have specifically for the commander of an assault company?
UAV. We don’t have these yet, but personally they make my job of making decisions based on operational intelligence much easier. I had experience interacting with UAVs.
Without touching on technology, I think that it would be very useful for us, as a young unit with unique specifics, to be able to attract outside experts and instructors. For learning. We are now actively forming a base of combat experience, and this is where the instructor experience of “narrow” specialists from other units is invaluable to us. For example, I would like to master the nuances of operations in the mountains, to study in practice the experience of the same police SOBR in working in a building, instructors from the Special Forces intelligence service would introduce them to their experience of operations in the forest. All this needs to be summarized, accumulated and adapted. We are now filming our classes followed by debriefing and analysis. We learn continuously. Again, let me remind you that our “contract soldiers” who come from special units also become sources of new knowledge and, to some extent, act as instructors. This is precisely part of my job as a commander: to highlight the main thing, summarize, adapt, accumulate and pass it on to subordinates.
In this vein, in the near future we have plans to cooperate with the Special Operations Forces (SSO). From what I can tell you about this, it will be practical course comprehensive training conducted by MTR instructors at the MTR base for all our officers and contract soldiers. This training course awaits me, too. It’s great that we have such an opportunity and it’s very correct that cooperation with the MTR is intended to be permanent. We, too, were created as a division to carry out special tasks within the framework of engineering and sapper topics.
17. If your unit were given the task “Take Konigsberg!” - how would you act?
It’s not right to plan an assault on Koenigsberg right away, “on your knees”, in a couple of minutes. But if we are given a similar task, we will complete it. Speaking in general: the personal armor protection of a soldier has advanced greatly since then, modern small arms, armored vehicles, mine clearance installations - in general, the Keninsberg model recent years The war from today does not look completely impregnable. Moreover, our grandfathers took it without all of the above.
By the way, we studied the experience of both Chechen companies when they had to fight in low-rise urban areas. UR-77s were successfully used there. Why are human sacrifices needed when a fortified building with militants inside can be remotely bombarded with an UR-77 and only after that can be cleared by personnel. Although there was often nothing left to clear there after the UR.
Sometimes it happens that you need to break into a building through a hole in the wall. Which still remains to be done. Here it is important to have maximum information about the building and the enemy: what kind of building it is, what approaches it is, who is inside, how many there are, what they are armed with. Based on this data, we determine the tactics for a specific case: which of the groups in what composition works on the first floor, which on the second, who covers the central and emergency entrances and exits. Let's say, sometimes it is more convenient to enter simply through the door, and sometimes from above, breaking through the ceiling or roof. If the situation and the door allow, you can do without an explosion, using hydraulic shears or a circular saw. You can’t really tell it in a nutshell and without specifics. In the general case, one person, under the cover of a group, approaches a building, sets a charge (there are many different ones) and detonates an explosive in one of the following ways. Then the assault is through the breach or simultaneously through the breach and other entry points.
18. Suppose we are talking about a large one-story brick house, with up to 30 people inside, presumably these are militants of ISIS, banned in the Russian Federation, and, probably, all of them are armed. What should I do?
Adjust the UR-77. If such equipment is not available, then we will have specialists who can carefully “fold” the building. This is not the pinnacle of a demolitionist's qualifications; there are more difficult tasks.
19. Is it true that mine clearance is a thing of the past, and now everything that was mined is simply destroyed?
Yes, everything is correct if we are talking about “neutralizing” on site or evacuating an explosive device for subsequent destruction. A sapper is a highly qualified specialist; unnecessary risk is contraindicated for a specialist; he can still save someone’s life. Why bother with neutralization once again, when without danger to others you can destroy an explosive device with a water cannon, an overhead charge, destroy it on the spot with a directed explosion without subsequent detonation, and at least primitively and reliably pull it off with a “cat” or simply shoot it? It’s only in the movies that the wires are cut when the brilliant “good guy” has to outplay the brilliant “bad guy.”
But cases when it is necessary to neutralize on site or remove an explosive device for subsequent destruction are also in practice. This is exactly the job for a highly qualified sapper specialist, which involves risk to life. A huge amount of experience has been accumulated in this part of the world, including from the time of the Great Patriotic War. And in modern engineering troops there are plenty of real geniuses of mine-explosive work.
20. What useful things can you do in peacetime? Are engineering troops involved, say, in civil defense tasks?
Recruited as needed. We can conduct reconnaissance in the area natural disaster, accident or disaster. We can work as rescuers. We can work as firefighters. We can provide first aid and evacuate. We can build a bridge and create a crossing. We can work underwater, we have our own divers. In general, we can save the lives of people in distress or in an emergency zone.
21. What is considered a sign of professional excellence? Pilots, for example, perform complex aerobatics at low altitudes, snipers hit their wristwatches from 300 meters, but what about “attack aircraft”?
A good stormtrooper engineer returns alive after successfully completing a combat mission.
Part two, photographic
I arrived at the unit while it was still dark, before getting up.
Had breakfast in the soldiers' canteen.
For breakfast they were given millet porridge with gravy, chicken, lard, cow butter, bread, chicken egg, sweet tea, caramel, gingerbread, cookies, milk.
Lard and chicken on my plate in double size, I finally found the first vegetarian in the army! The whole lieutenant colonel turned out to be.
Cabbage, carrots, beans, peas for breakfast to choose from. I couldn’t eat everything, even though I was hungry. Breakfast, by the way, was enough for a whole day of running around the outskirts of Murom; the food was good, satisfying, although not the most delicious.
After breakfast we went to meet the military engineers from the clearing and assault company. By prior agreement, they were to demonstrate the process of putting on new protective equipment.
OVR-3Sh has three standard sizes.
Costumes are transported and stored in bags like these. The round compartment is for a helmet.
The main components of the OVR-3Sh are laid out on the table: on the left you can see fragments of the cooling system, a lightweight jacket, trousers, a sleeveless vest and a protective helmet.
The cooling system consists of two parts - a sweatshirt and a “underpants”.
Lightweight flexible plastic hoses are sewn along the entire inner surface of the sweatshirt and underpants.
Hoses drive water from such a tank using an electric motor. The battery lasts for about a day of operation. The coolant is supposed to be ordinary water with ice (with ice!?).
Generally speaking, I don’t really understand about ice: in winter there is a lot of it, but a cooling system is not needed, but in summer where can you get it? It was not possible to find out how effectively ordinary water (without ice) will cool the user.
In any case, a system filled with drinking water can serve as a portable water supply.
The cooling system is put on with tubes to the body directly on the thermal underwear. Connectors for connecting to a water tank are visible.
IN winter period No cooling system required, was put on for demonstration purposes only.
On top of thermal underwear and a cooling system (or without the latter) such a lightweight jacket is put on; in fact, these are only sleeves, while the jacket serves as a forced load-bearing element.
A lightweight jacket is more convenient for two people to put on and adjust, but the task is quite feasible for anyone alone. Lacing on the back prevents the suit from moving around the body and regulates the “movement” of the arms and shoulders and overall comfort.
Following the jacket, trousers are put on.
The trousers are connected to the jacket with special straps on latches, they are visible on the left in the picture.
All that remains is to put on a “sleeveless vest” with shoulder pads.
There are special “pockets” for placing armor panels on the sides, chest and groin of the suit.
The panels can be different, in this case they have a 6th class of protection, they can withstand a point-blank shot from an SVD with an armor-piercing incendiary bullet.
Shoulder protection works on the same principle, only it is flexible and does not have such a high class of protection. But it reliably protects against splinters, cuts and burns.
Armored helmet "Warrior Kiver RSP" with visor. The visor holds a 9mm pistol bullet.
The visor on the helmet is removable. In the picture it just came out of the cold, so the room was fogged up. It fogged up much less outside, so I paid special attention.
The shield, made of three-layer plastic, is heavy, extremely transparent, but greatly changes the center of gravity of the helmet.
Helmet mounting points allow you to place a variety of items on the helmet, such as a flashlight.
Communications, hearing protection and connection point for a mine detector.
Attack engineer in OVR-3Sh. The visor has been removed from the helmet.
To demonstrate progress in individual armor protection for “stormtroopers,” they brought a pair of modern replicas of the CH-42 steel cuirass breastplates.
The cuirasses were specially made for demonstration purposes at one of the enterprises based on drawings and photographs, and the fastening elements and “damper” were sewn by one of the officers with his own hands.
The steel helmet, as you can see, is not the most authentic, but it’s a real deal. But an infantry shoulder blade with the stamp “1917”.
Layout of teaching staff. It’s strange to see such “new-made” inscriptions on weapons made in the USSR. This also applies to our domestic “layout designers”.
Or is there some special valor in the emasculation (sometimes simply barbaric) of an old but military weapon? Or is this some kind of legal requirement?
Based on numerous requests from interested parties, some photo details from the life of the NS-2 multitool and the “Sapper” assault knife.
The case with the standard multi-tool is visible on the left fighter’s left thigh.
Using the multitool for its intended purpose.
Multitool in a case. A table knife from a soldier's canteen for scale.
The case can be attached to a waist belt or equipment in several ways.
Assault knife "Sapper".
A sheath with an assault knife is visible on the stormtrooper's right thigh.
The assault knife “Sapper” immediately attracted my attention due to its fairly common grammatical errors.
Just in case, I inform you that in the phrase “ Armed forces Russia”, all words should be written with capital letters.
But in the phrase “Engineering Troops” the word “troops” would be correctly written with a small capital letter.
I talked with the users of Minesweeper, they expressed themselves in the spirit that such a knife is useful and necessary, and there are no complaints about this particular product yet.
But a secret doubt crept into my mind: I had amazing ownership experience and using a miracle survival knife, which proudly bore a similar “moose” brand.
The image of the anchor on the plastic of the handle became a complete mystery to me. Does anyone know what the anchor on the Minesweeper is for?
I tried to chop up an ancient log a little with the Minesweeper. It didn’t seem very comfortable with a bare hand; the handle was a bit narrow at the bottom where the fingers were.
It is much easier to operate with gloves.
At this point, it is proposed to calm down with the equipment and move on to examining photographs from the training of “stormtroopers” on the ground.
Instruction, formation. Two “stormtroopers” in OVR-3Sh, two in historical costumes from the Great Patriotic War (replicas of the “Ameba” camouflage and CH-42 breastplates), four in “Ratnik”.
BTR-82A are placed at all entrances and exits in the brigade. In case of preventing a possible terrorist threat.
We boarded an army Ural and arrived at the territory of the former Krasny Luch weaving factory.
The sappers received weapons, blank cartridges and screwed bushings onto the machine guns for blank firing.
The weaving mill, apparently, has long been abandoned by people and now serves as a training ground for “stormtroopers.”
It is convenient to practice the tactics of an assault group in city ruins.
The sergeant major counts the cartridges, pouring them from the packs into his hat. A very common picture in the army.
The buildings of the former LLC “UK “Muromsky KhBK”, or the “Krasny Luch” plant, which was part of the “Russian Textile” concern.
In 1900, paper weaving machines first started operating here, but today the plant turned out to be unprofitable and is now experiencing an unsurprising transformation from a classic “abandonment” into ruins.
Judging by the abundance of all kinds of inscriptions on the walls, Murom teenagers have already gone through a harsh school of life here.
While the sappers were discussing their plan of action, I walked around the building a little. All around are traces of active life activity in the past.
Having divided into combat “twos”, we began training to storm the building. The fighters in OVR-3Sh go first, followed by the core of the assault group.
A couple of times the guys kindly walked around with weapons without “blank” bushings, especially for photographs. The following are just photographs of the work process of storming the city ruins.
All the money, as they say, is on the screen!
An incentive prize is provided for those who watch everything to the very end. This is an individual army food ration, menu 2.
The box is signed by the commander of the assault company and will go to the author of the most interesting question about the service of the assault unit of the engineering troops.
Expert assessments, comments and recommendations, as always, are welcome.
I will send a link to determine the winner and receive explanatory answers to a comrade of the guard, senior lieutenant. The winner will be determined on March 1st of this year.
Iron people, you are sappers,
And how many mines did you extract?
From roads, passes and hills,
Did you pick it up from the ground with your hands?
How many times did the bullets whistle?
Above the head at the temple.
And my feet sometimes got cold.
Sometimes my hand trembled.
But no, it’s a momentary weakness
We don't take her into account.
You measured the ground with probes.
Everyone here is familiar with death.
Thank you, sappers, guys,
After all, you saved so many guys!
You removed mines from the ground -
I bow to you to the ground!
Igor Sokalo
Engineer platoon personnel
RMMG-2 (MMG-5) "Kaisar"
from December 1986 to June 1992
Engineer platoon"Kaysar" did not appear in MMG immediately. Until January 1987, i.e. 8 years of endless combat operations of the motorized maneuver group in Afghanistan, there was no platoon. Nevertheless, there were mines on the roads. “Somehow we managed it without specialists,” an ignorant person will think. In reality, it's not that simple. To solve the complex task of checking roads, mountain slopes, narrow passages, etc. in relation to mining, engineering and sapper squads of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd border outposts of the motorized maneuver group were used. In service in such a department, basically, there were mine detection dogs and probes. Number of members of the department: 3 people (mine-detecting dog service instructor, senior counselor and counselor). As a rule, dogs worked on the road instructor or senior counselor. The remaining dogs performed a guard role at the base camp in Kaisar.
On combat missions, the crew of the first armored personnel carrier of the leading outpost necessarily included an instructor with a dog from the outpost that was assigned to the GPP. A reserve dog with an instructor followed in the middle of the column or closer to the tail on one of the infantry fighting vehicles.
Through the efforts of chief N. Maksimov at the end of December 1986 at the expense of the staff MMG An engineer platoon was created. Mine-detecting dog units at outposts were reduced and transferred to the ISAPV. Other units were also slightly damaged. January 7, 1987 at ISAPV The first acting platoon commander, Yuri Sobko, appeared, arriving as part of a large group of warrant officers in Kaisar. From that moment on, the ISAPV and the combat support platoon lived separately from the rest of the MMG units, rebuilding part of the canteen building where there were warehouses. The warehouses, in turn, were removed from the main territory of MMG in 1986 and early 1987.
At the beginning of February 1987, the BAT-2m, based on the T-72 tank, was added to the platoon to strengthen the BRM. Such unprecedented equipment was intended primarily not for combat operations, but for introducing drilling engineers into the base camp. The command was tasked with providing all foreign garrisons with water from artesian wells, so as to never depend on water that could be blocked or poisoned by dushmans.
Soon, for the platoon, MMG received a new, overhauled BTR-70. He was assigned tail number 875. However, he was not destined to fight. At the very first exit behind the transport convoy in April 1987, while passing the Birkin Gorge border marker 45 on the way back, the armored personnel carrier was blown up by the third wheel on the left.
With the advent of an independent unit, the composition of the GPP changed. Now the senior outpost was one of the officers of the 2nd or 3rd outpost, and the senior armored personnel carrier of the sappers was an officer or warrant officer of the ISAPV. The GPZ was now built like this: the sappers’ armored personnel carriers were in front, followed by the senior GPZ’s armored personnel carriers. Next came the rest of the column, consisting of transport vehicles and military equipment.
The second half of 1987 and until the second half of 1991 history ISAPV our MMG is hidden under a layer of memory. I hope that the platoon veterans will shed some light on these white pages. But from the second half of 1991 until the disbandment of the MMG, there was virtually no history of the platoon, because there was no such unit in the mangroup. But there were specialists, there was sapper Lieutenant Kushchikov (arrived at MMG in August 1991), who graduated from a normal engineering school. Service dogs, along with instructors and counselors, were again assigned to the outposts, and training was also carried out constantly, every single day, to search for TNT blocks. During the period of service and combat operations, the MMG dogs were used to check mine-hazardous sections of roads during the entry of border guards or combat groups to the state border line to check border signs and demonstration actions. Of those who were in the mangroup in 1992, the shaggy, shaggy Airedale terrier Janus also worked. Was this necessary? Was! The spirits continued to lay mines in section 68 of the Takhta-Bazar border detachment even after the end of hostilities for several years following the withdrawal of troops.
Payroll personnel The engineering and sapper communications platoon of the MMG "Kaisar" is not complete. The list reflects approximately 50% of the personnel who served in the platoon during the Afghan War. There are inaccuracies in the surnames, there are almost no dates of stay in the motorcycle maneuver group soldier and sergeants, there is no information about awards, positions, places of residence of officers, warrant officers, soldiers, sergeants. There is no exact data on the personnel of the conscription in the fall of 1987, spring of 1988, as well as data on the platoon commanders after the withdrawal.
I ask you to pick up your demobilization albums, letters and remember everyone, dear veterans. Make changes and additions to the list of IASAP personnel through messages on the forum MMG "Kaisar" in a topic specially opened for this:
Activation of new users on the forum in order to combat spam is carried out by sending a letter with a link to activate the account to the user specified Mailbox. Problems that arise during registration can be submitted to the administrator through the "Contacts" form on the website.
ENGINEERING PLATOON OF MOTOMANEUVERABLE GROUP "KAYSAR"
|
Platoon commanders |
|||||
| Military rank | Full Name | Arrival date | Departure date | State awards | Note |
| Art. lieutenant | Starodubov Vladimir Ivanovich | MMG engineer - platoon commander | |||
| lieutenant | Rudenko Konstantin Nikolaevich | 09.09.1988 - | Engineer. | ||
| lieutenant | Kuschikov Nury | 08.1991 - | 06.1992 | Engineer. Until and including the disbandment of MMG. Turkmenistan. | |
|
Platoon warrant officers |
|||||
| Military rank | Full Name | Arrival date | Departure date | State awards | Note |
| Art. ensign | Sobko Yuri Vladimirovich | 07.01.1987 - | - 20.01.1989 | Senior technician. Explosion in April 1987 | |
| ensign | Mantul Yuri Vasilievich | 24.01.1989 - | - 07.1991 | Senior technician. Murmansk | |
|
List of soldiers and sergeants of the engineer platoon by conscription |
|||||
Conscription autumn 1985 - 1987 |
|||||
| Military rank | Full Name | Arrival date | Departure date | State awards | Note |
| sergeant | Makarevich Anatoly | 03.1986 - | - winter 1988 | Art. leader of the mine-detecting dog service. Gomel region, transferred from outpost 1 in January 1987. | |
| sergeant | Morozov Alexander | 28.03.1986 - | - winter 1988 | Instructor of the Mine Detection Dog Service. Transferred from outpost 3 in January 1987. | |
| sergeant | Palchevsky Igor | 03.1986 - | - 05.1987 | Dog Service Instructor. In January 1987 he was transferred to ISAPV from outpost 2, in April - May 1987 he was transferred to POGO. | |
Conscription spring 1986 - 1988 |
|||||
| Military rank | Full Name | Arrival date | Departure date | State awards | Note |
| sergeant | Gerets Alexander Mikhailovich | Section commander - station chief | |||
| sergeant | Grechkosiy Viktor Nikolaevich | 12.1986 - | - 05.1988 | Squad leader - vehicle commander | |
| corporal | Zaichenko Vladimir G. | Senior mechanic-driver | |||
| sergeant | Kochubey Arkady Viktorovich | 12.1986 - | - 05.1988 | Commander of the engineering department | |
| sergeant | Grave Arkady Stanislavovich | 12.1986 - | - 05.1988 | Commander of the engineering intelligence department | |
| ml. sergeant | Shestakov Yuri Vladimirovich | Art. sapper-reconnaissance | |||
| ml. sergeant | Khurmatulin Adik Rashitovich | Gunner sapper-operator | |||
Conscription autumn 1986 - 1988 |
|||||
| Military rank | Full Name | Arrival date | Departure date | State awards | Note |
| private | Belanovsky Viktor Stanislavovich | Driver mechanic | |||
| private | Gusev Vyacheslav Petrovich | 03.1987 - | - 15.02.1989 | Art. sapper - gunner | |
| corporal | Druzhinin Sergey Alexandrovich | 03.1987 - | - 15.02.1989 | Driver mechanic | |
| corporal | Ermakov Nikolay Anatolevich | 03.1987 - | - 15.02.1989 | APC driver. | |
| private | Zhalalov Fazlitdin Tadzhimagomedovich | Sapper-laboratory assistant | |||
| private | Inagamov Abdulkhamid Turalovich | Driver mechanic | |||
| private | Melnikov Vladimir Vasilievich | 03.1987 - | - 15.02.1989 | Art. laboratory assistant - senior chemist | |
| corporal | Osharin Vladimir Arkadevich | 03.1987 - | - 15.02.1989 | Sapper. Currently serving in the Pinsk POGO of Belarus, major. | |
| ml. sergeant | Popov V.N. | Sapper-electrician | |||
| private | Safin Rafael Rafovich | Driver | |||
| private | Tsukanov | 16.03.1987 - | - 15.02.1989 | ||
Second essay on the military department.
1. Engineer troops, purpose
2. Tasks of combat engineering support
2.1 Engineering reconnaissance of the enemy and the area
2.2 Fortification equipment of positions, areas, control points
2.3 Construction and maintenance of engineering barriers, and destruction. Installation and maintenance of nuclear mines and landmines.
2.4 Destruction and neutralization of enemy nuclear mines. Making and maintaining passages in barriers and destruction. Arrangement of passages through obstacles. Demining of terrain and objects
2.5 Preparation and maintenance of routes for troop movement, transport and evacuation
2.6 Equipment and maintenance of crossings when crossing water barriers
2.7 Engineering measures to camouflage troops and objects
2.8 Engineering measures to restore the combat capability of troops and liquidation of consequences nuclear strikes enemy
2.9 Extraction and purification of water, equipment of water supply points
2.10 Other tasks
3. Structure of engineering troops units
3.1 Staff of the engineer-sapper company of the tank regiment (ISRT TP)
3.2 Staff of the engineer-sapper company of the motorized rifle regiment (ISR MSP)
4. Military engineering terminology
Bibliography
Introduction
The Engineering Troops are a very remarkable branch of the military. First of all, engineering troops are frontline troops. Engineering units go into battle simultaneously with motorized rifle and tank units, and often before them. It is no coincidence that in Peter’s Table of Ranks, officers of the engineering troops stood one rank higher than the infantry and cavalry.
Few people know that it was the engineering troops who were the first to master the latest means of warfare and introduce them into the army’s arsenal. From the engineering troops, the railway troops, communications troops, automobile troops, and tank troops were separated into independent branches of the military. And it seems absolutely fantastic to say that aviation was born in the depths of the engineering troops. And yet this is so. The task of creating and combat use first aeronautical and then aeroplane detachments was entrusted specifically to the engineering troops. Until the end of the First World War, aviation units remained under the jurisdiction of the Main Engineering Directorate.
Somehow unnoticed in the history of the Great Patriotic War is the fact that at the beginning of 1942 ten sapper armies were formed. One sapper army for each front. In 1943, the ranks of marshals and chief marshals were introduced not only for aviation, tank crews, artillery, but even for engineering troops.
The first military school in Russia for training officers was the Pushkarsky Prikaz school, opened in 1701. This school trained artillery and engineering officers. In the infantry and cavalry, the first military educational institutions will be cadet corps, which will open only 30 years later.
The engineering troops were born, based on the needs of the artillery, in the bowels of the artillery and until the beginning of the 19th century they were an integral part of them.
1. Engineer troops, purpose
Engineer troops are designed to solve combat engineering support tasks.
The Combat Manual of the Ground Forces of the Armed Forces interprets the concept of “Engineer Troops” as follows:
“Engineering support is one of the types of combat support. Engineering support for combat operations of troops is organized and carried out with the aim of creating the necessary conditions for troops for timely and covert advance, deployment, maneuver, their successful execution of combat missions, increasing the protection of troops and facilities from all types of destruction, to inflict losses on the enemy, to hinder enemy actions.
Engineering support includes:
engineering reconnaissance of the enemy, terrain and objects;
fortification equipment of positions, lines, areas, control points;
installation and maintenance of engineering barriers, and destruction;
installation and maintenance of nuclear mines and landmines;
destruction and neutralization of enemy nuclear mines;
making and maintaining passages in barriers and destruction;
arrangement of passages through obstacles;
demining of terrain and objects;
preparation and maintenance of routes for troop movement, transportation and evacuation;
equipment and maintenance of crossings when crossing water barriers;
engineering measures to camouflage troops and objects;
engineering measures to restore the combat effectiveness of troops and eliminate the consequences of enemy nuclear strikes;
extraction and purification of water, equipment of water supply points.
Engineering support tasks are carried out by units and subunits of all military branches and special troops. They independently erect structures for firing, surveillance, sheltering personnel and equipment; cover with mine-explosive barriers and camouflage their positions and areas; lay and mark traffic routes; overcome barriers and obstacles; force water obstacles.
Engineering troops perform the most complex engineering support tasks, requiring special training of personnel, the use of engineering equipment and specific engineering ammunition. In addition, they defeat enemy equipment and personnel with mine-explosive and nuclear mine weapons."
2. Tasks of combat engineering support
2.1 Engineering reconnaissance of the enemy and the area
The expression “It was smooth on paper, but they forgot about the ravines” is well known. This is not a general aphorism, but a sad reminder to many commanders of times past and present. Historical fact- one of the reasons for Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Waterloo was the death of the cuirassier division in a ravine on the way to their brilliant attack on the British flank. Wellington covered the army's flank with a ravine. Napoleon could not see this ravine, and he decided to take advantage of the fact that the English commander “stupidly” left his flank open for attack. At full gallop, the French cuirassiers flew into this ravine, and most of them were maimed and killed. The attack was thwarted.
One can cite hundreds of examples when neglect of engineering intelligence thwarted the most beautiful plans of commanders and turned advancing troops into a target for the enemy.
Engineering reconnaissance of the area is carried out in various ways and methods (studying the area using a map, aerial photographs, military-geographical descriptions; observation, engineering reconnaissance patrols, etc.).
The result of engineering reconnaissance of the area is the answer to the question of the terrain's passability for personnel and equipment, and the possibility of camouflaging personnel and equipment (both friendly and foreign). To do this, you need to obtain information about the terrain (for example, the steepness of the hills); availability and bandwidth roads; about the possibility of driving off roads (is the area swampy, is the snow deep, are there ravines); about the presence of water barriers (rivers, streams, lakes, flood zones); about the density of forests and their fire danger.
In general, the terrain in which combat operations are to take place should be carefully studied and understood how it can affect the solution of combat missions. Without this, any of the most cunning battle plans will turn out to be just searches and the troops will be defeated.
Naturally, the enemy is also studying the terrain and trying to complicate the actions of our troops. To achieve this, the enemy is carrying out a number of measures to worsen the movement capabilities of our troops. He destroys or prepares for destruction roads, bridges, dams, creates forest debris, tears off anti-tank ditches, sets up barricades, minefields, builds bunkers, bunkers, armored caps, tears off trenches. Engineering reconnaissance is required to detect these enemy activities and predict enemy actions.
The methods of conducting engineering reconnaissance depend on the type of battle or maneuver to be carried out (offensive, defense, retreat, march). To conduct engineering reconnaissance in units and subunits, engineering observation posts (IOP), engineering reconnaissance patrols (IRD), photographing posts (PF), engineering reconnaissance groups (IRG), deep reconnaissance groups (DRG), helicopter patrols (VD), can be organized in units and subunits. radar observation posts (RPN). To conduct engineering reconnaissance, vehicles specially created for this purpose are used, for example, the IRM engineering reconnaissance vehicle.
Typically, these posts and groups are created by engineering units of a motorized rifle (tank) division, corps, army, or front. In motorized rifle (tank) regiments and battalions, engineering reconnaissance tasks are usually assigned to ordinary reconnaissance posts and groups. For this purpose, soldiers or sergeants of the regiment's engineer company are included in the posts and groups.
A very simple example - on the path of the advance of a tank regiment there is a flat green field. The regiment commander is interested in whether the tanks will get through there. Engineering intelligence is obliged to give an accurate and unambiguous answer - yes or no. After all, under the green carpet of grass there may be anti-tank mines or an impenetrable swamp. It is not difficult to predict what will happen if intelligence makes a mistake. But how to reconnoiter if this field is under the gun of numerous enemy snipers and machine gunners, mortar and artillery fire? Sappers show ingenuity, risk their lives, suffer losses and, finally, give an accurate answer. Sappers, under enemy fire, make passages among enemy mines and lay a road through the swamp. The regiment is successful. All glory to the tankers. After all, they won the battle. What about the sappers? They were forgotten again, although the regiment largely owed its success to them.
2.2 Fortification equipment of positions, areas, control points
Fortification equipment is one of the most important elements of combat engineering support. This includes sections of trenches for riflemen, military equipment, equipment for shelters for equipment, shelters for personnel, communication passages (trenches), equipment for observation and command observation posts.
A significant part of the work on fortification equipment is carried out by personnel of motorized rifle (tank) units and units of other troops. The role of even the simplest fortifications in achieving victory in battle is very great. Suffice it to say that losses from enemy fire of covered infantry are 4-6 times lower compared to unsheltered infantry, and from nuclear weapons 10-15 times lower.
Work on fort equipment begins immediately after the unit occupies the given area and organizes the fire system. They continue as long as the unit occupies the area. These works are very labor-intensive and time-consuming. Suffice it to say that even a section of a machine gunner’s trench for prone shooting takes from 25 to 40 minutes. To open a trench for a tank, it is necessary to move up to 28 cubic meters. land. Considering that tank crew consists of three people, then each of the tankers must move 9 cubic meters. soil. One person per hour, working in average soil, can move up to 1 cubic meter. This means that manually digging out a trench for a tank will take from 10 to 30 hours. But it's worth it. A tank in a trench successfully deals with three or four advancing enemy tanks.
In a number of cases (hasty defense, proximity of a suitable enemy, etc.) there is no time for this. To reduce the time required to equip positions, engineering troops are brought in. Thus, the engineering company of a tank regiment has nine BTUs (bulldozer equipment mounted on a tank) for these purposes, i.e. one BTU per tank company. This equipment allows you to dig one tank trench in 30 minutes (plus another 5 man-hours of shoveling). In addition, the engineer-sapper company has a PZM (regimental earth-moving machine) machine for digging trenches, pits for dugouts, shelters, and shelter for equipment. It digs a trench at a speed of up to 300 meters per hour; when excavating pits, its productivity is 150 cubic meters. per hour (for comparison, an excavator is only 40). The capabilities of the division's engineer battalion are much higher. In addition, the front usually has one to three specialized battalions of fortification equipment. In particular, there are machines of the BTM type (Fig. 2), which tear off a trench at a speed of up to 900 meters per hour; MDK, which opens a trench for a tank in 8-10 minutes.
Fig.2 High-speed trench vehicle (HTM).
1- lifting winch; 2-buckets with teeth; 3-ground reflector; 4-conveyor;
5-tooth rack; 6- support roller; 7-stripping shoe (a device that clears the bottom of the trench); 8- rotor support roller; 9- slope former;
10- rotor; 11- gearbox.
To ensure the possibility of quickly constructing shelters for personnel, the engineering troops have not only earth-moving equipment, but also ready-made sets of elements for dugouts and shelters, as well as sawmills and forest processing tools for working at or near the front line. They also have the means and capabilities to construct these shelters and trenches directly under enemy fire. For example, a trench charge (OZ) allows, with the help of a directed explosion, in 2-3 minutes to explosively open a trench for a shooter to shoot while standing (1m.10cm deep).
In addition to trenches and shelters, a large number of other structures are being built in the defense area of motorized rifle, tank and artillery units. These are, first of all, observation and command observation posts, which differ slightly from shelters and trenches (for example, a sheltered observation post is a dugout with a periscope installed inside; an open command post for a regiment commander is a section of a trench with cells for staff officers, several shelters for radio stations, one shelter).
2.3 Construction and maintenance of engineering barriers, and destruction. Installation and maintenance of nuclear mines and landmines.
The construction and maintenance of engineering barriers is one of the main tasks of the engineering troops. Everyone is somewhat familiar with this part of the combat activities of the engineering troops. First of all, this is the installation of minefields. Minefields play a very significant role in covering troop positions from enemy attacks. Many years of experience in warfare shows that mine danger can greatly influence the actions of the enemy. Mines do not cause real harm to the enemy as much as they affect the psyche of personnel. Experience shows that the detonation of two or three tanks by mines is enough to completely disrupt the attack of a tank company. The experience of the war in Afghanistan shows that it was enough for one car to be blown up by a mine on the road to reduce the speed of a convoy of our troops to 1-2 kilometers per hour. Then the speed of movement was determined by the ability of sappers to check the road for mines. In the combat manuals of a number of countries, the term “mine warfare” exists. The massive use of mines can almost completely paralyze any combat activities enemy troops in a particular territory.
Currently, the danger of mines is intensified by the fact that the development of technology and electronics makes it possible to create almost intelligent mines. It is a reality that a mine does not react to a soldier of its own army, a civilian, but is instantly triggered when an enemy soldier approaches and explodes at the most advantageous moment. In addition, today there is not a single sufficiently reliable method for detecting mines, and even if a mine is detected, there are no ways to reliably neutralize them. Mines can have sensors that recognize whether it is a target or a mine trawl, they can recognize the significance of the target, they can have a multiplicity device (miss a certain number of targets and explode under the next one). Mines can be transferred to a combat or safe position by radio signal, or self-destruct. To install minefields or individual mines, it is not at all necessary for a sapper to be present at the installation site. Mines can be placed remotely (throwing even non-enemy territory with the help of artillery or aviation). Mines can cover very large sections of the front in a very short time. If in the early sixties a sapper company could lay one kilometer of a minefield in one night, now it takes up to 10-15 kilometers in an hour.
In the recent past, to install mines in front of their front line, sappers had to crawl into no man's land at night and lay mines under enemy fire. Now this can be partially avoided through remote mining systems. However, these systems place mines on the ground, allowing the enemy to frequently detect and destroy the mines.
Minefields must not only be installed, but also maintained. The maintenance of a minefield includes monitoring its condition, installing new mines to replace the ones that exploded, protecting the field from being cleared by the enemy, fencing the field with signs so that mines do not blow up their vehicles or personnel, timely removal of these signs, converting the minefield into a combat zone. or a safe state (if the given minefield is set as controlled), opening and closing passages in the minefield, allowing friendly troops through the passages.
Motorized rifle and tank units can install some minefields themselves, but this type of combat operations is too specific, requires special knowledge, and therefore, as a rule, only engineering troops are engaged in minefields. To carry out this task, the engineer-sapper company of a motorized rifle (tank regiment) has a sapper platoon, which is armed with three trailed minelayers (PMZ) and three Ural or KAMAZ vehicles. A platoon is able to lay an anti-tank minefield one kilometer long in 15-20 minutes. The engineering troops are armed with anti-tank mines, anti-personnel mines, object mines (for mining buildings and other structures), automobile mines (for mining roads), railway mines, anti-landing mines (for mining water obstacles), anti-aircraft mines (mining airfield runways), booby traps, mines -surprises.
A special type of engineering mines are nuclear landmines. The engineering troops are armed with portable nuclear land mines weighing about 60 kg. and capacity from 500t. up to 2 thousand tons TNT equivalent. With the help of nuclear land mines, it is no longer tactical, but major operational-strategic tasks that are solved. With their help, continuous strips of nuclear mine barriers are created, very large bridges, dams, waterworks, and railway junctions are destroyed.
However, mines are not limited to the combat use of engineering troops. The engineering troops also construct non-explosive obstacles (barbed or cutting wire, anti-tank ditches, scarps and counter-scarps, barricades, road blockages, waterlogging and flooding areas), and carry out various destructions to impede the enemy’s advance (destruction of roads, bridges, blockages on roads); destroy infrastructure (destruction of buildings, railway and road structures, water supply systems, gas supply, electricity supply, fuel tanks, oil fields). To carry out these tasks, the engineering troops have various explosives and special engineering ammunition (charges of varying power and methods of activation).
The engineering troops solve the problems of destruction and mining not only on their own territory when preparing the area for defense, but also on the enemy’s territory in order to complicate the enemy’s combat operations, inflict losses on him, complicate or make it impossible for him to maneuver (withdrawal, transfer of units to threatened areas, transportation ammunition, approach of reserves).
Very often the main task of units and units airborne troops or special forces units is precisely the creation of conditions for the successful execution by engineering troops of the tasks of causing harm to the enemy. For example, special forces capture and hold an important bridge for several hours so that sappers can blow it up.
2.4 Destruction and neutralization of enemy nuclear mines. Making and maintaining passages in barriers and destruction. Arrangement of passages through obstacles. Demining of terrain and objects
All these activities are the exact opposite of those mentioned above. Actually, this is what a direct clash of engineering troops of opposing armies consists of. Some mine, others clear mines; Some are blocking, others are looting.
In general, the idea of using nuclear mines was born within the walls of NATO in the late sixties and early seventies. The brilliant operation of the Soviet Army to occupy Czechoslovakia in August 1968 showed that the USSR was able to carry out a “blitzkrieg”; that NATO troops will not have time to react in the event of a strike by the Soviet Army, that it is capable of secretly concentrating a strike force in a very short time, and making a rapid advance to any point in Europe.
In order to be able to delay the advance of the Soviet Army and give NATO troops time to deploy, it was proposed to create a so-called nuclear mine belt along the borders of the Federal Republic of Germany. It was meant that if all the charges of this belt were detonated simultaneously, a zone of radioactive contamination would be created, which would make it possible to delay the advance Soviet troops for two or three days. This time is quite enough for the deployment of NATO strike groups.
The task of neutralizing or destroying enemy nuclear mines was assigned to the engineering troops. By the way, it was precisely in connection with this that the very rapid creation of special forces units in the Soviet Army began. They were originally created solely for the purpose of reconnaissance of nuclear mine installation sites, destroying the personnel of control posts, and providing the engineering troops with the opportunity to destroy or neutralize nuclear mines.
Currently, the task of both installing and destroying nuclear mines has lost its relevance. The use of nuclear mines by both sides is a big question. However, the engineering battalion of the tank (motorized rifle) division still includes a platoon for reconnaissance and destruction of nuclear land mines (VRUYAF).
The main task of the engineering troops in this area, as during the Second World War, is to make passages in enemy minefields and obstacles, clear debris and destruction to ensure the movement of friendly troops, clear mines from areas, buildings, roads, airfields, railway stations, streets and so on.
This is precisely the side of the combat activity of the engineering troops when they say: “For the engineering troops, the war never ends.” After the end of the war, a huge number of minefields, mined objects, unexploded artillery shells, and bombs remain. All this creates a threat to the lives of civilians and makes it impossible to use objects and terrain. In peacetime, one of the main tasks of the engineering troops is to eliminate this danger. Its implementation has been delayed for many decades.
In combat conditions, it is the engineering troops who begin the attack. They make passages through the enemy's obstacles in front of his front line and in the depths of the defense, providing motorized riflemen and tankers with forward movement. During the Great Patriotic War, perhaps the only way to make passages in minefields was to manually remove mines by sappers the night before the attack. It was the capture of a German sapper on the night of July 5, 1943 that allowed Marshal Zhukov to determine the exact hour when the Nazis began their offensive on Kursk Bulge.
Currently, there are a number of ways to make passages in enemy minefields. So, to make passages, the engineering company of a tank regiment has three KMT-5M (roller) trawls and 27 KMT-6 (knife) trawls. These trawls are hung on tanks, which can overcome minefields, and other tanks follow in their wake.
In addition, the division's engineering battalion has UR-67 and UR-77 mine clearing installations. They are lightly armored vehicles carrying missiles with attached hoses filled with explosives. Before launching an attack, these vehicles fire rockets that throw explosive hoses onto the minefields. When these hoses explode, the mines detonate and create passages. Next, the mine clearance installations advance in the battle formations of the tanks and, when minefields are detected in the depths of the enemy’s defense, they make passages into them.
To overcome anti-tank ditches and water obstacles up to 20 meters wide, the engineering troops have MT-55 tank bridgelayers. This is a vehicle based on a tank, which has a 20 m long metal bridge on top instead of a tank turret. In 2-3 minutes, the crew of the vehicle installs the bridge without leaving the vehicle.
For wider barriers, the engineering troops have a heavy mechanized TMM bridge (Fig. 3). These are 4 KRAZ-255 vehicles, with 10 meters of bridge with rigid supports placed on each of them. In 20 minutes, TMM can install a bridge 40 meters long.
Fig.3 Heavy mechanized bridge laying machine (TMM).
1 - initial position of the bridge layer; 2.3 - sequential opening of the folding bridge.
To make passages in the rubble, the regiment's engineering and sapper company has one powerful BAT-2 bulldozer. It is capable of laying a column track at a speed of up to 5 km/h.
2.5 Preparation and maintenance of routes for troop movement, transport and evacuation
The existing network of roads built in peacetime, as a rule, does not satisfy the needs of the troops. Firstly, this network is known to the enemy, which means it is under constant surveillance, targeted, and the structures on it are destroyed. Secondly, the directions of the roads often do not correspond to the location of the troops and their tasks. For example, according to the regulations, the regiment’s defense sector has a frontal length of 10-15 kilometers. To ensure the supply of food, ammunition, evacuation of the wounded, and maneuver of units, the regiment requires one rokada (road) along the front at a distance of 4-6 kilometers from the front edge, 15-18 km long, and a regimental frontal road (from the rear to the front edge) 10-10 km long. 15 km. In addition, roads to battalion defense areas and company strongholds are required.
These tracks are prepared and maintained by the engineering troops. Of course, these are not the roads that people are used to in peacetime. More often, these are simply directions of movement marked on the ground with arranged transitions through difficult-to-pass places (crossings through ravines, streams, smoothed steep ascents and descents, passages in rubble). Special meaning laying and maintaining traffic routes acquires winter time. Also, a great difficulty in solving the problem of maintaining traffic paths is the camouflage of these paths. The opening of the network of routes by the enemy means the opening of the entire defense system of our troops.
To solve this problem, the regiment's engineering and sapper company has a BAT-2 track-laying machine, chain saws and other tools.
It should be borne in mind that these works are carried out in the zone of artillery, mortar fire, and often small arms fire from the enemy. In cases of active enemy influence, IMR vehicles from the division's engineering battalion can be used to solve these problems. The base of this machine is a tank with powerful bulldozer equipment and a manipulator (mechanical arm) with a lifting capacity of 2 tons.
2.6 Equipment and maintenance of crossings when crossing water barriers
One of the most difficult tasks during an offensive is crossing (overcoming) water barriers (rivers, lakes, reservoirs). They are usually used by the enemy as the basis of a defensive line. Very often, the offensive of troops began by crossing water barriers, or it ended with access to the water barrier.
With the advent of amphibious armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles in our army's arsenal, the task of crossing water barriers, especially wide ones, has not become any easier. The troops have a lot of equipment that is not capable of swimming, but without which it is impossible to carry out a further offensive (tanks, artillery pieces, vehicles, etc.). And river banks do not always allow floating cars to go down to the water or drive out to the shore.
Engineering troops are involved in solving problems of equipment and maintenance of crossings. For these purposes, there are crossing and landing battalions, pontoon-bridge battalions and regiments, bridge-building battalions and regiments.
The transport and landing battalions are armed with PTS-2 tracked amphibious transporters. This vehicle is capable of transporting 72 infantrymen, or a gun with a caliber of up to 203 mm, or a Ural-type vehicle through a water obstacle of any width at a speed of 10 km/h. The carrying capacity of PTS-2 on water is 10 tons. This machine is also able to sail on seas with waves up to 4 points.
For crossing tanks across water obstacles, self-propelled guns and other tracked vehicles weighing up to 52 tons, there are GSP tracked self-propelled ferries (Fig. 5).
Fig.5 Crawler self-propelled ferry (GSP).
1- ramp of the right semi-ferry; 2- boat of the right semi-ferry; 3-driving engine of the right semi-ferry; 4- wave breaker shield; 5- transported equipment.
These vehicles march in a tank column and solve the problem of crossing heavy equipment. Speed afloat 10 km/hour. The tank on the ferry can fire.
To cross water obstacles up to 227 meters wide, the engineering troops have a PMP pontoon fleet. From the set of this fleet, transported on 32 Kraz vehicles, a floating bridge with a carrying capacity of 60 tons and a length of 227 meters or a floating bridge with a carrying capacity of 20 tons and a length of 382 meters is assembled in 15-30 minutes. To ferry troops across wider barriers, ferries of various carrying capacities (from 10 to 300 tons) can be assembled from these pontoons. To tow these ferries, the pontoon battalion has 12 boats.
For the construction of stationary crossings, crossings over obstacles where the use of floating equipment is impossible, USM bridge construction installations are used, which allow the construction of a wooden 60-m bridge. bridge on pile supports at speeds of up to 60 meters per hour.
There are pontoon parks (PPS) in the engineering troops, which make it possible to build pontoon railway bridges across rivers.
In peacetime, all these units of the engineering troops are constantly involved in rescuing people and material during floods.
2.7 Engineering measures to camouflage troops and objects
Camouflage is a set of measures designed to hide from the enemy the presence and location of our troops, the actions and intentions of our troops, or to mislead the enemy regarding the number, actions, location, and intentions of our troops. The purpose of camouflage measures is to force the enemy to position his troops in the most unfavorable way for him, in the most unfavorable places for him, to force the enemy to strike at empty places, to expose the enemy to the attacks of our troops.
Camouflage can often play a decisive role in achieving success in battle, in winning the entire battle. When the command of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War was able to fully appreciate the role of camouflage and widely deploy camouflage measures in preparation for combat operations, it was able to achieve decisive successes.
Thus, the measures taken managed to hide from the Germans the construction of a railway on the left bank of the Volga to Stalingrad, which made it possible to quickly transfer and concentrate a large number of troops near the city. The German command regarded the reports of their intelligence officers about the concentration of Soviet troops near the city as disinformation. They knew that the Red Army command had nothing to transfer many troops there, and the new railway along which the transfer took place was reliably hidden from German aerial reconnaissance.
When preparing the defense on the Kursk Bulge, the engineering troops created a huge number of false objects (trench lines, tank trenches, airfields, roads, places of concentration of troops, tanks, artillery). German intelligence officers and aerial reconnaissance, encountering these false objects along with genuine ones, reported to their command, and the Wehrmacht High Command decided that the Red Army, guessing that the Germans intended to strike near Kursk, was trying to mislead them and create the impression that the Soviets had a sufficient number of troops near Kursk. Meanwhile, the Red Army actually created a large group of troops there, but it was hidden among a huge number of false objects.
Therefore, camouflage is divided into strategic, operational and tactical. The engineering troops carry out only their part of camouflage measures. For this purpose, the RGK (main command reserve) has camouflage battalions. One such battalion, using the means available to them, can be deployed to a false tank corps.
For example, up to 20 inflatable rubber tanks are transported on one vehicle. Such a rubber tank is inflated in 5-7 minutes from a car compressor and becomes indistinguishable from a distance of 200-300m. from the real one, and the metallic paint gives exactly the same mark on the locator screen as from a real tank. The same vehicle can tow these inflated tanks behind itself, creating the impression of two tank companies moving forward. The simulator installed on the same vehicle creates the impression on air of a lively radio exchange of a tank column.
Camouflage networks are gradually becoming a thing of the past. The fact is that modern means of even optical reconnaissance make it possible to very clearly distinguish artificial greenery from the natural background and it is no longer possible to hide objects behind nets. Moreover, it is impossible to hide a pontoon bridge on the river. But it is relatively easy to deploy several false bridges and hide the real one among them. The enemy will be forced to disperse his forces to destroy all the bridges in a row, which will sharply reduce the effectiveness of the strikes.
The engineering troops are armed with various simulators of radio operation, simulators of infrared radiation from objects, radar reflectors, and easy-to-assemble sets of decoy objects (equipment, buildings, bridges). For example, a camouflage airfield platoon with its own resources in unprepared terrain in 1-2 days deploys a false military airfield with an imitation of basing a fighter air division on it. Moreover, not only ground objects and aircraft on the ground are simulated, but also aircraft flights near the airfield.
In general, combat is not only a confrontation between offensive and defensive means, but also a confrontation between reconnaissance and camouflage means. If you don’t know where to strike, and the enemy knows where your strength is, then you will probably lose the battle.
2.8 Engineering measures to restore the combat capability of troops and eliminate the consequences of enemy nuclear strikes
Fortunately, the engineering troops never had to perform this task. To some extent, its implementation can be compared with the work of rescuers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations in zones of earthquakes, floods, large fires, landslides, avalanches, man-made disasters plus radioactive contamination of the area. But for a more accurate comparison, you need to imagine all these events as happening simultaneously. But these tasks must be completed in combat conditions and under conditions of severe time pressure.
If we decompose these tasks into their components, then the implementation of these components includes: engineering reconnaissance of the enemy, terrain and objects; restoration and maintenance of engineering barriers; making and maintaining passages in barriers and destruction; arrangement of passages through obstacles; restoration and maintenance of troop movement, transport and evacuation routes; restoration and maintenance of crossings over water barriers; engineering measures to camouflage troops and objects; and so on. tasks.
2.9 Extraction and purification of water, equipment of water supply points
In fact, this is more likely the task of the rear services, but all attempts to transfer the solution of this task to them immediately led to a disruption in the supply of water to the troops. This happened in 1939 in the battles on the Khalkhin Gol River, during the Soviet-Finnish War of 1940, and this happened in 1945 during the movement of Soviet troops through the Gobi Desert. In the end, it was decided that supplying troops with drinking water was not a matter of logistical support, but of combat support, because the lack of water by the end of the third day led to large losses in personnel.
One should not think that the issue of water extraction and purification plays a significant role only in desert conditions in the summer or in Arctic conditions in winter. People who are accustomed to the fact that at any moment they can open a tap and clean drinking water will flow from it, or, at worst, take buckets and go with them to a well, it is difficult to imagine the problem of drinking water. But imagine a village with one well, into which a regiment entered. One soldier requires from 8 to 15 liters of drinking water per day. The regiment consumes about 8-10 tons of clean water per day. The well will be empty in the first half hour, but people need to drink, eat, and wash. Where can I get water? But we need not just water, but clean drinking water.
To solve this problem, the engineering troops have a large arsenal of technical means for extracting and purifying water. To extract water from underground, for small units there are manual drilling devices (MTD) for drilling wells up to 8 meters deep and pumping water out of them. There are mechanized devices for drilling wells up to 200 m deep, various means(pumps) to lift water. To purify water, there are small-sized filters that can provide clean water to small units directly at their positions.
To provide the regiment with water, the engineering company includes a field water supply department, which is armed with a MAFS or VFS-2.5 vehicle. The MAFS machine is capable of purifying 5 tons of water in an hour, regardless of its initial contamination (it also purifies water from radioactive contamination). For areas where there is no dirty, but unsalted water, there is a POU machine capable of desalinating up to 400 liters of sea water in an hour.
2.10 Other tasks
In addition to solving the immediate tasks of combat engineering support, the engineering troops are entrusted with the task of providing other branches of the military with entrenching tools, electrical equipment (from flashlights and batteries to mobile nuclear power plants), and providing units with electricity. For this purpose, the engineering troops have mobile power plants with a capacity of 500 watts to 5 megawatts.
3. Structure of engineering troops units
Currently, the engineering troops of the Russian Army consist of subunits and units that are part of motorized rifle (tank) regiments and divisions; engineering units that are part of army corps, armies, districts, as well as engineering units and formations reporting directly to the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces.
A motorized rifle (tank) regiment has a combat engineer company (ISR).
The motorized rifle (tank) division has an engineer battalion (ISB). The army corps also has an engineer battalion, but its staff and capabilities are somewhat wider than those of the HMB division.
An army, depending on its composition and combat missions, depending on the theater of military operations, may have one or more HMB or an engineer regiment (ISR). In addition, the army may have a pontoon-bridge battalion (OPOMB), several specialized battalions.
However, most often specialized engineering battalions and regiments, as well as brigades, remain under district or central subordination, located on the territory of the districts. These engineering units are usually deployed in those areas where their use is most possible. These are pontoon regiments (OPOMP), airborne crossing battalions (ODESPB), engineering assault and barrage battalions (IBSHIR), engineering barrage battalions (OIZB), camouflage battalions (OMB), bridge-building battalions, road battalions, control point equipment battalions (OBOPU) ), engineering fortification battalions (OIFB), field water supply battalions and companies; platoons, companies and battalions of special mine clearance, units and units of mine clearance, units and units of special use.
In some cases, engineering units are combined into engineering teams. There are currently no formations larger than engineering brigades in the engineering troops, and their existence is inappropriate. For example, an engineering team for eliminating the consequences of nuclear accidents is stationed near each nuclear power plant.
3.1 Staff of the engineer-sapper company of the tank regiment (ISRT TP)
The engineering and sapper company of a tank regiment belongs to the combat support units and is designed to perform engineering support tasks for the regiment's combat (Diagram 1).
The direct commander of the company is the head of the regiment's engineering service, who in turn reports directly to the regiment commander. Fortification - a branch of military engineering that deals with the theory and practice of improving terrain for combat using engineering methods.
Military fortification - the main means of fortification equipment of the area.
Trench called an open earthen structure for firing. A trench can be used for a rifleman, a machine gun, a grenade launcher, a mortar, a gun, a tank, an infantry fighting vehicle (IFV), an armored personnel carrier (APC), an anti-aircraft gun, etc. A word for everything that can shoot. Very often, a tank trench is mistakenly called a caponier. This is completely wrong. This word came into literature from the times of forts and fortresses. A caponier is a concrete or brick structure adjacent to the fortress wall and intended for firing along the walls of the fortress to destroy enemy soldiers who broke through directly to the walls. If the caponier allows you to fire not in two directions, but in one direction, then it is called a semi-caponier.
For non-firing equipment (cars, communication vehicles, field kitchens, ambulance transport, etc.), personnel are being built shelters . Their difference from trenches is that it is impossible to fire from them. In some cases, covers may also come off for firing equipment. Thus, a shelter for a tank differs from a trench for a tank only in its depth (the tank is hidden in the shelter to its entire height).
Various shelters are also being built to shelter personnel. But, if all shelters for equipment are called “shelter”, then for personnel their names differ.
Gap used to cover a motorized rifle squad (and other small units). Outwardly, it looks like a short section of a trench. The gap can be open or covered (covered on top with thin logs (knurling) and sprinkled with a 30-60 cm layer of earth). The gap must accommodate at least 1/3 of the squad personnel.
Dugout It is a completely buried structure made of logs, panels, or corrugated iron elements, covered with earth. The dugout is covered from above with one or several rows of knurling and covered with a layer of earth of at least 1m.20cm. Inside, bunks are equipped for personnel to rest, a heating stove is installed, and electricity can be installed. Very often, a dugout is mistakenly called a dugout. This is fundamentally wrong. Dugouts, unlike dugouts, are a surface structure, located in the rear areas; they are not intended to shelter personnel from enemy fire. Dugouts are intended for long-term accommodation of personnel and are something like large huts made of logs, covered with a thick layer of turf. Dugouts can have a capacity of up to 100 or even 200 people, while a dugout can accommodate up to 13 people. According to the standards, one dugout is equipped per platoon and must accommodate 1/3 of the platoon's strength. The dugout is not intended for firing. Structures similar to a dugout, but equipped with one or more embrasures are called bunkers (wood-earth firing point) or DZOS (wood-earth firing structure). The same structure, but made of concrete, is called a bunker (long-term firing point) or DOS (long-term firing structure).
Asylum similar to a dugout, but larger, goes deeper into the ground than a dugout, has a thicker protective layer of earth and is completely sealed. Those. toxic substances cannot penetrate inside the shelter, incendiaries. The shelter is equipped with a filter and ventilation unit; in a shelter you can be in a poisoned zone, a zone of radioactive contamination, without wearing gas masks. The shelter is equipped with one per company and must accommodate at least 1/3 of the company’s personnel.
Message moves - these are trenches connecting the trenches of units or trenches leading to the rear (for removing the wounded, delivering ammunition, food, replenishment). Also in the defense area, shelters are being built for the wounded, for medical stations, communications facilities, water supply points, field warehouses, food points, etc.
Engineering ammunition , explosive means, explosive charges (HE), mines, pyrotechnic devices and other items of engineering weapons filled with explosives and pyrotechnic compositions. The means of explosion are blasting caps, electric detonators, electric igniters, fuses, detonating and fire cords, incendiary tubes, fuses, etc. Explosive charges are used to cause destruction, construct obstacles and perform other tasks related to engineering support for military operations of troops. The main means for these purposes are mines, as well as projectiles from engineering cable launchers (devices for throwing cables), and in some armies - nuclear mines.
RECOVERY COMPANY is designed to conduct tactical reconnaissance in combat. Consists of two reconnaissance platoons. One of the platoons is armed with four armored vehicles, and the other platoon is equipped with armored vehicles based on infantry fighting vehicles.
In an offensive, a company can send one or two reconnaissance patrols and set up one or two observation posts, or act in full force as a reconnaissance detachment.
ENGINEERING COMPANY is intended for:
· conducting engineering reconnaissance of the enemy and the area;
· installation of engineering barriers;
· inflicting losses on the enemy by mine-explosive and other means;
· making passages in barriers and destruction;
· devices for crossing obstacles;
· demining areas and objects;
· equipment of traffic routes and crossings;
· mechanized excerpts of trenches, trenches, communication passages;
· implementation of engineering measures for camouflage;
· equipment and maintenance of water supply points.
The company's regular composition includes:
Engineer platoon;
Engineering and technical platoon;
Transport department.
Engineer platoon consists of four engineering and sapper departments. The branches are armed with:
IMR - engineering clearing vehicle - for preparing traffic routes and clearing debris and destruction.
GMZ - tracked minelayer - for mechanized installation of anti-tank mines (laying one 208 PTM ammunition load into the ground in 11-14 minutes, on the surface - in 6 minutes).
Engineering and technical platoon contains:
· road machinery department with tracklayer BAT-M. The speed of laying column tracks is 4-8 km/h, excavation work to move soil is up to 150 cubic meters/hour (trenches);
· earthmoving machinery department with the regimental digging machine PZM. Productivity – 120-150 linear meters/hour (trenches), when removing shelters – up to 10 cubic meters/hour;
· water supply department with car filtered station MAFS. For extraction and purification of up to 8 cubic meters of water per hour.
· heavy mechanized bridge department.
The department includes:
TMM is a heavy mechanized bridge for constructing a 60-ton bridge 40 meters long over an obstacle up to three meters deep. The bridge can be installed in one hour.
MTU is a bridge laying machine for installing a bridge with a lifting capacity of 50 tons over an obstacle 18 meters wide. Installs in 5 minutes.
Transport department is armed with:
Wheeled mine trawls – 12 pcs. (with means of transportation).
Roller and knife track mine trawl KTM 5 (weight - 7.5 tons);
Knife track mine trawl KTM-6 (weight – 1 t);
Trucks.
CHEMICAL PROTECTION PLATOON is designed for:
Conducting radiation, chemical and nonspecific bacteriological (biological) reconnaissance;
Carrying out dosimetric and chemical monitoring;
Conducting special processing of units;
Equipping degassing kits and instruments in departments.
Consists of a RHR department and two special processing departments. In service there are:
Radiation and chemical reconnaissance vehicle (BRDM-2рх);
Automatic filling stations for 12 or 14 hoses (ARS-12, ARS-14);
Two degassing kits in the special treatment departments of the DKV.
Platoon capabilities:
For special processing - 1.5-2 battalions;
For route reconnaissance - three taxiways at a distance of up to 20-30 km;
For reconnaissance of areas - reconnaissance of an area of up to 100 sq. km.
| According to the scale and nature of the tasks performed | By affiliation | ||||||
| Strategic | District (front) rear | ||||||
| Army rear | |||||||
| Operational | |||||||
| Corps rear | |||||||
| Divisional rear | |||||||
| Military | Regimental rear | ||||||
| Rear of battalions (rear of divisions) | |||||||
Fig.1. Structure of the rear of the Armed Forces
GAZ-66 -3 pcs. for personal belongings PAK-200 - 3 pcs. - field vehicles
ZIL-131 - 1 pc. for kitchens and kitchens and 1-P-1.5 -1 pcs. -trailer
food Total: 8 people (3 drivers)
URAL-375 - 3 pcs. for ammunition
ATMZ-5 -3 pcs. for fuel
Total: 10 people (all drivers)
BREM-2 - 1 pc. - armored MTO-AT - 1 pc. - technical machine
automotive service repair and recovery vehicle
Total: 6 people (2 drivers) Total: 5 people (1 driver)
Fig. 2 Organization of a support platoon for a motorized rifle battalion
Oh oh
Rice. 3 Option for the location of a support platoon on the ground.
113. In positional defense The engineer-sapper company maintains the barriers installed during the preparation of the defense, including those transferred to it by the company of engineering barriers (other engineering units). When maintaining obstacles, a company usually operates as a platoon.
An engineer company (platoon, squad) builds up barriers during a defensive battle by installing minefields, primarily anti-tank ones, installing one or two nodes of obstacles, installing groups of anti-tank, anti-personnel, anti-vehicle and object mines and destroying road structures at the nodes barriers and on the roads between them.
114. A company (platoon) of engineering barriers, equipped with minelayers, during the course of defense operates in the POS in cooperation with the anti-tank reserve (ATR) or independently.
When assigning a mission to a company, the following are indicated: the combat strength of the POZ, the tasks to be prepared for, one or two directions of action, the main and reserve mining lines in each direction, the advance routes to the mining lines, the main and reserve concentration areas, the assembly area after the installation of obstacles , readiness dates, place and time of deployment of the command and observation post.
Barriers are set up at planned or newly designated mining lines that block the direction of the enemy’s attack (breakthrough).
After receiving the task to prepare for actions in the POS, the company moves to the designated concentration area and prepares to carry out the tasks. The company commander, together with the platoon commanders and together with the commander of the PTR (combined arms formation, unit, subdivision), conducts reconnaissance of mining lines, advance routes to them, objects to be destroyed (mined), passages left in the obstacles for the passage of departing units, the location of the charging point in the assembly area after the installation of barriers and the route of advance to the assembly area.
Upon receipt of a signal (command), the POS moves to the specified mining line together with the PTRez or independently. For reconnaissance of the enemy, advance routes and mining lines, an engineering reconnaissance patrol can be sent from the company. The company commander constantly maintains contact with the commander of the PTR (combined arms unit or subunit) and clarifies with them the mining line, the route to it, the order and signals of interaction at the mining line.
Upon reaching the mining line, the POZ commander clarifies with the commander of the PTRez or combined arms military unit (unit) the location of the minefields, objects for destruction and mining, the readiness time of barriers, the locations of passages, their designation and signals for closing, covering the POZ actions with fire from the PTRez or combined arms military units(divisions). After this, the company commander clarifies the tasks of the platoons, the order of deployment and the route of advancement to the charging point after the installation of barriers. At the mining line, minefields are installed by engineering platoons of obstacles and sections of roads, road structures and other objects are prepared for destruction (mined) by a platoon of controlled mining. The company commander directs the actions of the platoons, being at the head barrier. If it is necessary to temporarily maintain objects prepared for destruction and abandoned passages in barriers, crews are allocated from the mobile barrier detachment.
The POZ commander reports on the construction of barriers to the PTRez commander, the commander of his formation and the head of the engineering service. The activation of the prepared destruction is carried out by dedicated crews at the command of the commander of the PTRez (combined arms military unit), with whom the mobile obstacle detachment interacts. After the destruction is carried out and the passages are closed, the crews go to the charging point (assembly area) on their own. After loading the minelayers, the full company is located in the assembly area in readiness to perform the following tasks.
115. Engineering department barriers, equipped with a minelayer, operates in the POS as part of a platoon. At the mining line, the squad sets a number of mines. The squad leader directs the actions of his subordinates, controls the correct movement of the minelayer, the size of the mining step and the quality of mine placement. After installing the mine ammunition, the platoon squad goes to the charging point, and after loading the minelayer, at the command of the platoon commander, to the collection point.
116. A company (platoon) of engineering barriers, equipped with engineering means of remote mining (destruction), sets minefields on identified directions of action of enemy troops in front of it, or directly on its battle formations. When mining, demolition shells can be used in conjunction with remotely deployed mines to create craters and render road and bridge structures on road routes inoperative.
117. The engineering positional company carries out tasks of fortifying positions, defensive lines in the depths of the defense, operating in full force, where it prepares standard defense areas for battalions and standard positional areas for missile and anti-aircraft missile divisions.
118. Engineer Company(platoon) of control point equipment operates independently in full strength or as a platoon. In order to timely complete tasks related to fortification equipment in the areas where control points are deployed, the company, as a rule, is reinforced with personnel from control point maintenance units or from motorized rifle units.
Upon an established signal or upon receipt of a combat order, the company moves to a new mission area and begins engineering equipment area of deployment of the control point in accordance with the instructions of the reconnaissance team officer.
The company (platoon) erects structures for the protection and work of the operational personnel in the combat command group, pits for shelters for command and staff vehicles before the operational personnel arrive in the area.
If there is time, the improvement of the fortification equipment in the area where the control point is deployed is carried out by digging out pits by a company (platoon) for shelter for communications vehicles and hardware vehicles, for transport equipment at the communications center and in the support group.
119. The road engineering company maintains the routes for advancing formations (units) to the lines of counterstrikes (counterattacks), and also prepares the routes for advancement to the unplanned line of counterstrikes (counterattacks).
To advance a motorized rifle (tank) battalion to the counterattack line (firing line), paths are prepared from the starting line to the line of deployment into platoon columns, then the directions of movement to the line of transition to the attack are designated.
120. When preparing the routes for the second echelon to launch a counterattack, the road engineering platoon operates as part of the road engineering department and the mechanized bridge department. The paths are prepared for one-way traffic. To overcome obstacles and damage on the tracks, bypasses are prepared, and if this is not possible, crossings are equipped using mechanized bridges, installing decking (gates) through weak areas of the terrain, or filling them in using track-laying machines.
121. During defense, a field water supply company (platoon, department) maintains and, if necessary, equips water extraction and purification points in new areas.
When a defense is broken through and the enemy penetrates, as well as when conducting maneuver defense, field water supply units move from the main areas of equipment for water production and purification points (areas) to reserve ones.
The commander of a company (platoon, squad) can receive an order to move by radio or in writing from the officer of the department of the chief of engineering troops (NIV) of the formation, the head of the engineering service (NIS) of the formation.
In the reserve area, the commander of the field water supply unit organizes the implementation of the task of equipping and maintaining water production and purification points (areas), as in the main areas.
122. During the defense, power supply units for troops operate as part of control point equipment units or independently. Maintain power supply points and cable networks, paying special attention to the supply of electricity to responsible consumers.
123. When conducting maneuver defense units of engineering troops carry out tasks to ensure the timely and covert deployment of units and their maneuver with the consistent conduct of defensive combat from line to line, firmly holding the final line, and inflicting losses on the enemy with engineering ammunition.
124. An engineering company (platoon, squad) lays minefields in front of maneuver defense lines, strong points, in the spaces between them and on the flanks, mines and prepares sections of roads and road structures for destruction. The first and final lines are most tightly covered with engineering barriers. In order to create a fire pocket, minefields are installed in front of cut-off positions (lines) and in front of fire ambush positions.
On the escape routes, controlled minefields or obstacles are installed in the second stage of readiness, passages are left, which are closed after the withdrawal of friendly troops.
125. An engineer company (platoon) of obstacles operates in POS. When units are maneuvering to the next line, the POZ, together with the PTRez or independently, covers their withdrawal from the rear or flanks with barriers.
A feature of the PZ's actions is the increased consumption of engineering ammunition due to the increase in the number of mining lines. This requires clear organization of the supply of engineering ammunition to replenish the ammunition loads of minelayers.
126. An engineering positional company (platoon) at positions (in defense areas) of units digs trenches and communication passages, pits for trenches for tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers) and other fire weapons, for dugouts and shelters, and erects structures at control points and medical posts.
Defensive positions are most fully equipped at the final line of defense, where battalion defense areas are connected by trenches and communication passages, and reserve and decoy defense areas are equipped.
Depending on the situation, the availability of forces, means and time, the fortification equipment of successively occupied lines (positions) is improved, the structures of industrial structures installed in the areas where control points are deployed at the previous line are removed from the ground, if necessary, repaired and installed in the new area where the point is deployed management.
Company strongholds prepared for all-round defense, as well as fire ambush positions, are set up at cut-off positions. Ambushes and positions for roaming units are set up for air defense units.
127. The road engineering company (platoon) prepares and maintains frontal routes throughout the entire depth of defense from the first brigade road route to the road route at the final position. In the brigade's area of responsibility, frontal routes are prepared for the withdrawal and maneuver of first and second echelon battalions, command posts and brigade subordinate units. In addition, to ensure the maneuver of the first echelon from line to line, routes to the final line of defense are prepared on the flanks of the brigade’s area of responsibility.
For the maneuver of brigade control points, artillery, air defense military units, and logistics units, a brigade frontal route and brigade road routes are prepared - one behind the first defensive position, the second at the final defensive position.
128. A pontoon, ferry-landing company (platoon), a company (platoon) of amphibious transporters equips and maintains crossings over water obstacles on the escape and maneuver routes. With the completion of the crossing, the crossing means are removed, and in the event of a threat of capture by the enemy, they are destroyed, the bridges existing on the water barrier are destroyed, and the fords are mined.
