In what year was the Pioneer Society formed? Pioneer organization awards
Pioneer means first.
The pioneer organization was founded on May 19, 1922 by the decision of the All-Russian Komsomol Conference to organize children aged 9 to 14 years. At the V Komsomol Congress, the Laws and Customs of Young Pioneers, the Solemn Promise, and the Regulations on pioneer organization. The pioneer organization can be called a school of political activity. The pioneers helped adults build a new, fair and happy life.
More than one generation of children passed through the pioneer organization. The ability to be friends and help each other, the ability to work and fulfill one’s duty to the team, the ability to love the Motherland - Soviet people absorbed all these qualities from the pioneer organization.
“Pioneer Country” - what it was like in our republic, to what causes did the pioneers give their ardent hearts, minds and all their strength different years and generations.
Pioneer devoted to the Motherland, the party, communism.
Pioneer preparing to become a Komsomol member.
Pioneer looks up to the heroes of struggle and labor.
Pioneer honors the memory of fallen fighters and prepares to become a defender of the Motherland.
Pioneer persistent in learning, work and sports.
Pioneer- an honest and loyal comrade, always boldly stands for the truth.
Pioneer- comrade and leader of the Octobrists.
Pioneer– a friend to the pioneers and children of workers of all countries.
I (last name, first name), joining the ranksAll-Union Pioneer
organization named after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin,
in front of his comradesI solemnly promise:
love your homeland passionately,live, learn and fight,
as the great Lenin bequeathed,
as the Communist Party teaches,
always doLaws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union.
By decree of the Soviet government from October 29, 1917 The hired labor of children was prohibited. For teenagers from 14 years of age, a 6-hour working day is established. Night and overtime work is prohibited. The doors of all educational institutions opened before them.
Summer 1918 The enemies of the young Soviet Republic began a civil war.
In Izhevsk and Votkinsk, children's communist organizations were born - the “House of the Young Proletarian” (YUP).
When the older comrades united the Communist Youth Union, the attraction of inquisitive, energetic, recklessly brave children to it turned out to be limitless. But the obstacle to joining the RKSM for 10-12 year olds was its Charter. His older brother, the Komsomol, came to the rescue. Izhevsk residents allocated one of the rooms for the children, and most importantly, they sent a sincere, proactive and cheerful leader to the children - Komsomol member Kiryakov. Soon the words of the young proletarians’ oath were heard: “To fight for the councils of workers’, peasants’ and soldiers’ deputies, to be reliable and faithful assistants to Komsomol members and Bolsheviks, to always be brave and truthful.”
What did the young pioneers do? – helped adults build a new life.
Children eagerly listened to stories about Lenin, the Red Army, the Komsomol, went on hikes, participated in subbotniks, war games held by the Komsomol.
November 4, 1920 The decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR proclaimed the formation of the Udmurt Autonomous Region. The civil war ended, but the difficulties of the post-war devastation were increased by a lean summer, and the year of famine 1921 began.
The party called on the people to fight devastation and hunger, and to take fatherly care of children. The Vyatka Provincial Committee of the Komsomol issued an appeal: “Young people, do you hear? Little orphans whose fathers and mothers fell victim on the fronts of the civil war or were buried alive in the ground, burned on barges, shot or hanged by the White Guards on telegraph poles need your help, your support. Now these are the children of the Republic. They need bread, they need shelter. They need light and warmth. They need affection, hello. These children are the future builders of a new life, the creators of the future Commune. But they need to be educated, watered, fed.” (Pioneer Chronicle. Kirov, 1972, p. 20.)
Thousands of youngsters filled the labor exchanges. 137 orphanages were opened for orphans. The factories of Izhevsk accepted 1,181 teenagers. A special dining room was opened for them. Thanks to the efforts of Izhevsk Komsomol members, 150 children became the first students of the factory apprenticeship school (FZU).
May 17, 1923 the date of the decision of the presidium of the regional executive committee to recognize the organization of detachments of young pioneers as necessary and deserving of all encouragement.
The date of the decision was the birthday of the Udmurt Regional Pioneer Organization.
A memorable event took place in a picturesque corner near Vazhnin Klyuch, near Izhevsk. Here everything was a first - the pioneer camp in huts, where 45 pioneers had already lived throughout July, and the line built around the pioneer fire, and the words of a solemn promise were heard for the first time in the face of senior comrades - communists, Komsomol members, and factory workers.
Pioneer! Fight homelessness! Calls, concerts, demonstrations, mass holidays, evenings, camping trips, played scouts, loved to compete for the best runner, cook, doctor.
The password of those years was teaching! We studied ourselves and taught others. One would get tired, and another would take his place at the ABC book with his grandmother. Our students were rewarded with everything - pies, apples, jam, tears.
By the mid-20s, the country's economy had been restored. The results of a medical examination of children showed: 60% of children were anemic, 70% had measles, scarlet fever and other infectious diseases. Participants in the regional meeting of pioneer workers in 1926 decided: health promotion, physical education, problems of everyday life and education are the first place in the work.
In the 20s passion started sports. The Komsomol put forward the slogan “Give us physical education!” But the counselor had nothing to give the pioneers yet. He had neither the financial resources nor coaching skills.
Since 1926 The passion for pyramids and floor exercises began. At all holidays and gatherings one could hear a call like this:
Durevo - quit! Smoke - quit!
Build physical education!
In 1932 The Central Bank of DKO proposed to begin preparations for mass physical education holidays based on the GTO complex. Systematic all-encompassing work began to master the secrets of sportsmanship.
Pioneer history 20s captured numerous hut towns in picturesque places of Udmurtia. But the romance of camp life had its difficulties. Fir branches served as a bed and a roof. Homemade food was delivered by boat. Lunches were cooked in a homemade oven dug into the side of a cliff. Potatoes were baked over a fire. There weren't enough products. They collected berries, mushrooms, sorrel, and rose hips.
Since 1926 code the beloved “potato” becomes a song of pioneer history.
The most enthusiastic response to the Motherland's concern for the health of children was given by the first Artek residents. The All-Union camp opened in 1925, and the following summer it hosted 70 pioneers from the Urals.
The struggle on the health front was an integral part of the cultural revolution that began in the country. Its scope was expanded by the front of educating the masses.
Campaign against illiteracy was the central problem of the Cultural Revolution. In the reading huts in large letters wrote:
It's time, comrade grandfather,
It's time, comrade grandmother,
Sit down with your ABC book.
The older pioneers taught literacy in literacy clubs (educational programs), and the younger ones taught them at home. They had one more responsibility - to ensure that the illiterates did not miss classes, to prepare chalk, a rag, and chairs before they started. Often we had to make the benches ourselves. The pioneer received a task: and if there is an illiterate person in his family, teach him to write and read, help his neighbor.
The 1st All-Union rally of pioneers “Forward, compressed troops!”, the rally assessed the work of the pioneers during the years of the first five-year plan.
The pioneers of the 30s learned to read and write using the words “five-year plan”, “drummer”, “collective farm”, “industry”. The delegates of the regional rally of shock pioneers (1932) will remember the excursion to the Izhevsk Arms Plant for the rest of their lives. The power of the industry is imprinted in my memory: huge workshops, fountains of flaming metal sparks, the bed of a fiery river and breathing rolled metal. The guys truly realized that the economic difficulties of the state were nearing an end. There will be, soon there will be sugar, and tea, and white bread, and homemade canvas slippers with hemp rope soles will become history.
These are the years of giant new buildings, the Bolshevik Party needed financial resources and the fast pace of work. Social competition, Stakhanov movement. Campaigning for the purchase of government bonds.
The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, in its 1932 resolution “On the work of the pioneer organization,” proposed that the detachments decisively restructure their work. The activities of the pioneers should be concentrated in the school in order to lead the children's team in the struggle for knowledge, for conscious discipline, to help rebuild the school on a polytechnic basis, to develop children's interest in science, technology, production and broad creativity.
The meeting raised high the problem of deep and lasting knowledge. The first-born of industry and the collective farm system were in need of ideologically mature, educated, cultural school graduates; universities and technical schools were waiting for them. In order to lead the children's team in carrying out one of the most important tasks of socialist construction, the pioneer organization completely moved to school.
We are children of the proletariat,
The country has given us an order:
The Great Five Year Plan
Our curriculum includes...
Gathering all the troops,
Blow your trumpet, bugler!
Hooligan and lazy
We declare a fight.
The main order of the meeting sounded laconic: for knowledge!
The pioneer organization actively entered school life, training groups for counselors were organized at the Glazov Pedagogical College, Yak-Bodier, and Multan.
Pioneer mentors study, and in 1940 they pass the exam for the “Senior Leader of Young Pioneers” certificate. So the senior counselor came to school.
The forms of pioneer work are deepening and improving. Activities, research, experiments, scripts, and literary evenings in libraries became indispensable companions to study.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Osipov The history of the creation of the first children's technical stations is connected with his name. It began in 1932 with the Izhevsk DTS. Head teachers-masters N.N. Yuminov, V.L. Fetzer, students more than once became participants in the All-Russian Agricultural Exhibition, and in the aircraft modeling circle, future Heroes determined their calling Soviet Union A. Zarovnyaev, L. Rykov and twice Hero of the Soviet Union E. Kungurtsev. The boys were lucky with their bosses - the factories became them. Young technicians from Izhevsk set out to speed up the creation of road transport vehicles in the cities and regions of the republic. Model gliders became the guys' assistants. Their flight at parades and demonstrations or in the halls of party and Komsomol conferences was excellent propaganda, a call to promote the development of children's technical creativity. On the day of aviation, the sky of Izhevsk was filled with box kites, air postmen, and model airplanes with gasoline engines soaring. The campaign was a success. In 1935, they arrived at a modeling competition young technicians Izhevsk, Glazov, Keza, Sharkan, Alnashey.
Youth was in a hurry to live and dream, to know and be able.
Children's artistic creativity at the beginning In the 1930s, only counselors and some teachers were in charge. But then, in 1933, the call letters of a children's radio studio began to sound. The children were introduced to the works of classical and Soviet music, literature, helped to learn pioneer songs. The first radio stations were only in clubs in regional centers. The pioneers carried their impressions, new songs, poems and stories to their detachments and native villages. The children not only listened to the weekly radio program, but also prepared it, accompanied by performances by the choir, orchestra, and drama club; sent letters of request.
A big step in the development of young talents was the opening of the House of Artistic Education of Children in Izhevsk (DHVD), which replaced the children's club. There were 16 artistic circles working there. The house has become the center methodological training counselors and pioneer activists of the republic. The year of its birth (1935) was marked by the first Olympiad of children's creativity and a gathering of young entertainers.
1937 was a true celebration of young talents. For three days it sparkled with a scattering of nuggets first republican festival. Sonorous folk melodies, lively dances, virtuoso playing of the balalaika, artistic whistling, and sonorous songs filled the theater hall freely and beautifully.
Menacing clouds were approaching from the west and the east back in the early 30s. These years gave rise to the motto of preparation not only for work, but also for defense. He became an integral part new system training and education of schools and detachments.
“Let each pioneer have three defense badges!”
this means,
That I can shoot like Voroshilov,
Ready for sanitary defense
and passed all the standards for a young athlete.
I am proud of my badges and, when necessary, I will put this knowledge into practice.”
A passion for war games began. The soldiers studied defense, studied a gas mask and a small-caliber rifle. Everyone wanted to be a hero.
On December 28, 1934, by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the autonomous region was transformed into a republic.
The right of children to education, to rest, and the right to participate in the work of public organizations was approved by the flames of the lines of the 1936 Constitution about the victory of socialism in a country of free and equal people. In 1936, Spain became the bastion of the first international battle against fascism.
War…
In the country martial law was introduced. Mobilization announced. The hour of courage has struck.
“Our cause is just. The enemy will be defeated. Victory will be ours!"
Alarmed children ran from everywhere to their home school. At rallies they declared: “The fate of the homeland is our fate! – and determined their place among the defenders.
Now everyone, young and old, should consider themselves mobilized. We, pioneers, Komsomol members, all students of school No. 27, decided to go to work together, where our work can be useful...” Helping adults at work, in the home, caring for young children whose fathers went to the front, helping collective farms in the fields.
Trains with the wounded began to arrive. Hospitals were located in school buildings. The word appeared - evacuated. The whole detachment went to meet them and placed them in apartments.
Gaidar’s Timur actively entered the family of Udmurt children. His teams were born along with the publication of the book. Timurovets is a very necessary and very honorable title. They learned to use an ax and a saw, collected pine cones and brushwood, caressed children, cared for the wounded, carried water, chopped wood, and cleared snow from the roof. During the war years, pioneers and schoolchildren of Udmurtia gave 5,000 concerts in hospitals, glued and sewed tens of thousands of envelopes and bags for medicine. The boys lovingly and with great desire collected parcels for the front-line soldiers. They knitted woolen socks and mittens themselves, embroidered pouches, and bought gifts with the money they earned. In total, during the war, pioneers and schoolchildren of Udmurtia sent 4,000 parcels.
By November 1, 1941, the guys gathered tank "Pioneer of Udmurtia" 150,000 rubles.
During the war years, the Komsomol Central Committee rebuilt the structure of the pioneer organization. The pioneer detachments united into a school squad headed by the headquarters. In Udmurtia there were 919 of them. The pioneer activists were not elected, but appointed. The badge of the young Leninist became an asterisk, like a fighter’s. They made it themselves. The new text of the pioneer’s solemn promise read: “...I hate the fascist invaders with all my heart and will tirelessly prepare myself to defend the Motherland. I swear this in the name of the soldiers who gave their lives for our happiness. I will forever remember that their blood burns on my pioneer tie and on our red banner.”
Village teenagers provided great assistance to elders in logging work.
The timber was transported to Izhevsk by horse-drawn transport, mostly on horses. The needs of the front required the connection of the Volga and the Northern Urals.
During the war, people's construction began railway with a length of 146 kilometers from Izhevsk to Balezino. It was built mainly by women and teenagers aged 13–16 years.
During the Great Patriotic War, pioneers and schoolchildren contributed 924,000 rubles to the construction of the “Soviet Schoolboy” tank column. Teachers and schoolchildren of Udmurtia contributed 1 million 47 thousand 767 rubles to the country’s defense fund. They received the gratitude of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Headquarters twice.
The war was coming to an end, leaving war-scarred areas in ruins. The fate of the children of the liberated areas worried the children of distant Udmurtia. “We, the pioneers, know that the Nazi animals, forced to retreat under powerful blows, Soviet army, destroy everything in their path: school clubs, teaching aids. We... really want to help our comrades - the guys from the liberated areas. We organized a collection of school supplies and have already collected 400 pens, 5000 pencils, 6 boxes of feathers, fiction, paper, dishes, box teaching aids. Join us guys! " (newspaper “Leninsky Put” Glazov, 1942, March 18)
They came from all over the country echelons of Friendship. 130 wagons with grain, livestock, agricultural implements, and gifts from the workers and children of Udmurtia went to Belarus. Cities were rebuilt, vacant lots were plowed up, schools were restored, and the country grew stronger. And the long-awaited day came when, instead of explosions of war, explosions of Victory salutes were heard. His replacement rejoiced along with the people of the country. His shift went on in step with the fathers. She went through all the hardships of the war in step with her fathers, equaled them in heroism, valor, and passed the test of maturity.
Victory! The soldiers returned to their native lands. The country was restoring its economy. Schools were given back buildings that were temporarily occupied as hospitals, but classes were still going on in 2-3 shifts. There were not enough textbooks and visual aids. The Komsomol called on the pioneers to direct their efforts to the struggle for deep and lasting knowledge, to the implementation of universal seven-year education, and the involvement of students in socially useful work. The affairs of young pioneers were headed by the pioneer council. The Komsomol Central Committee reintroduced the election of pioneer activists. He established pioneer banners in organizations, and red flags in detachments.
Accepting the banner, the pioneers swore an oath to sacredly preserve it and multiply the traditions of the Komsomol shift in serving the Fatherland.
Pionersky call “Let's decorate the Motherland with gardens!” gave rise to the months of the forest and garden. Each pioneer will plant 3 trees, and there will be a garden republic.
At the regional 4th rally (1956), the first competitions of youth volunteer fire brigades of Udmurtia were held (UDPD).
The Central Council of the Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin (CC VPO) developed new “Laws of Young Pioneers”, “Approximate List of Skills and Abilities” (steps of a young pioneer).
"Seven Year Plan Companion" - the title became a pioneer symbol of the best detachments and organizations dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin.
Komsomol-pioneer construction is a very responsible matter.
All-Union competition of pioneer detachments 1963–1964, dedicated 40th anniversary naming the Pioneer and Komsomol named after V.I. Lenin.
His start was successful. By order of Timur, published in Pionerskaya Pravda, the detachments became crews in this game, the chairmen of the councils became commanders, the leaders became helmsmen and set sail on the “Ocean of Useful Deeds.”
For pioneers, the first front of action is school. Since 1959, in Udmurtia, instead of a seven-year course, universal eight-year polytechnic education has been introduced. The country is heading towards a gradual transition to universal secondary education with a desk-based education system.
WITH 1961 Republican Olympiads in mathematics and physics became traditional.
Children's creativity is expanding year after year. from the first republican rally of young technicians in 1962 to the second in 1965, the number of participants in technical creativity exhibitions increased by 6 thousand. First of all, their models were added to school classrooms. The starting point for children's creativity and familiarity with the basics modern production became training workshops.
The workshops of school No. 28 play a great role in the development of children's creativity. Many pioneer crews of Izhevsk started and finished from them. The starts started in 1960 year teacher of plumbing Anatoly Vasilyevich Novikov. Soon the amateur PAMC was born ( pioneer automoto club). Motorcycling was learned using A.V. Novikov’s car, and traffic rules were taught using homemade electrified stands. A council of assistance appeared. It included workers of the OK Komsomol, DOSAAF, veterans of the motorcycle industry, Stakhanovites who completed the women's run along the route Izhevsk - Moscow - Izhevsk on the first Izh-7 motorcycles, and motorcycle racing athletes.
In 1965 opened young sailors club with real sailing and service. The All-Union Pioneer “Zarnitsa” will soon lead the hobby of detachments of all branches of the military, and sports fans will become members of the “Golden Puck” and “Leather Ball” clubs.
Pioneer-experimenters of the Baiteryakov seven-year school in the Alnash district. Under the leadership of a tireless enthusiast, honored school teacher of the RSFSR, winner of bronze and silver medals from VDNKh L.D. Belousov, they turned the school site into a “green laboratory” of the Iskra collective farm. An orchard was planted near the school and plots were set up for experiments.
1962 - the first school forestry in the Russian Federation was created in Udmurtia.
Young foresters of the Sharkan school received an area of 500 hectares, elected a council and a forester, drew up a map and divided it into five forest detours. And the winter cold, and summer heat they are checked by forestry engineers and inspectors with their teams. They monitor and treat pest-infested areas, hang feeders and artificial bird nests, register and propagate anthills, and bravely fight poachers. On the way, they read the “forest book” - a living organism of the forest with traces and habits of its inhabitants. And in the spring, new seeds of tree species are sown in the nursery.
New all-Union operations increased the romance of pioneer affairs.
Participants in the operation "Green Arrow" by the end of 1973, forest was planted on an area of 8,248 hectares.
The result of the operation "Bird Town" there were 52,428 artificial nesting sites.
In operation "Ant" 1121 anthills were registered and propagated.
And the participants in the operation "Spring" Over the five-year period, 712 springs were improved and 1,176 springs were registered.
April 22, 1967 The attention of the regional pioneer organization was focused on open-hearth furnace No. 2. the best steelmaker of Udmurtia, holder of the Order of Lenin, Evgeny Chernykh and his assistants had 19 young assistants from schools No. 18 of Sarapul, No. 9 and 12 of Glazov, No. 9, 30, 32, 54, 56 of Izhevsk; Kezskaya and Surekskaya. Walked here pioneer melting. Steel from 6852 tons of scrap metal was used for construction Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. Dozens of tractors, hundreds of cars, BAM - pioneer rails
Operation “A million to the Motherland!”- it is not easy to count the pioneer contribution to the heritage of the people.
An important milestone in the development of tourism was the decisions of the XII Congress of the Komsomol (1954). tourism and local history work turned into one of effective methods strengthening the connection between school and life. Children from different schools went on hikes, the first to be led by teachers of geography, history, biology, and physical education. Their activities were directed by the Republican Children's Excursion and Tourist Station (RDETS). It was headed by veteran of tourism and sports Alexey Vladimirovich Emelyanov. The children's great desire for hiking was confirmed by the gathering of travelers. The decision to hold it was made by the bureau of the regional committee of the Komsomol in 1955. The secretary of the regional committee, Yu.K. Shibanov, was appointed as the head, and A.V. Emelyanov as the chief of staff. first rally... Where to hold it? And the choice fell on the banks of the Kama River, where another energy giant was being created. Several years will pass, and the picturesque Nosok Peninsula will be flooded by a new sea. So let the first gathering of travelers perpetuate its beauty. For the first time, the arriving teams experienced the excitement of the tourist relay race, the strength of friendship, and the romance of life in nature. The fighting spirit permeated all the work: it was in the relay race, in the amateur competition, at the fire meeting with the builders of the Votkinsk giant.
“To the Soviet Motherland, born in October, all our discoveries, all our love!” - called "Pionerskaya Pravda" in the year of the 40th anniversary of October. The motto heralded a new stage in tourism. Announced 1st All-Union Expedition of Pioneers and Schoolchildren 1956 – 1957.
The increased passion for tourism and excitement at the Sletov relay races have given rise to a new, youngest type of competition - orienteering. The first All-Russian competitions for schoolchildren were held in 1970.“The judges work quickly, posting control cards of the participants. Strange words can be heard: “pegging”, “messed up on the 5th”, “caught on No. 44 and missed the first checkpoint”. There are drooping faces. But the more complex the program and the harder the struggle, the stronger the camaraderie and friendship.
And from the first rally held at the future hydroelectric power station, the chronicle of great tourism for Udmurt children began.
Tourism is courage, the will to win and friendship. He combined into one whole pride for the land, for his people, childish inquisitiveness, breadth of knowledge and sportsmanship.
The noble deeds of the followers of Genki the orderly and Timur are subject to fulfillment principles:
Humane relations and mutual respect between people;
Man is friend, comrade and brother to man;
Honesty and truthfulness, moral purity, simplicity and modesty in public and personal life...
Interesting job young internationalists Izhevsk. They are headed by the city club "Globus". The Globus board includes the presidents of 34 school KIDs. He organized 6 city festivals of Peace and Friendship, and initiated a review of the work of school clubs. In 1976, they held the first republican rally.
This is the past of our country. But we all know that what is new is the old that is well forgotten. And I would like to say that the pioneer organization, with its history and past, has a lot of good things and, first of all, these are our memories of our youth.
History of the pioneer organization
Until now, we, the generation of the 80s, our fathers and mothers, grandfathers and grandmothers, remember that the organization was formed by the decision of the USSR Komsomol Conference on May 19, 1922. Before this, the pioneer organization was called “Spartak”, and after the death of the leader of the proletariat Lenin it received his name.
Pioneerism in the USSR at its initial stage was created as organizations at the Houses of Culture of cities, which even then, judging by, was the prototype of future Houses of Pioneers. Recruitment of children was carried out individually.
From 1925-1926, the pioneers were already organized everywhere on the basis of schools, as evidenced by convincing statistics of those years. There were already up to one and a half million pioneers in the USSR.
Pioneering in the USSR was ubiquitous. Children, as a rule, became pioneers starting from the age of 9. And if we remember our youth, then this was usually in the 3-4th grade and until the age of 3-14. Until the moment when admission to the Komsomol began.
Here, I think many will smile if we remember that first of all, children with good academic performance became pioneers, and then everyone else. Initially, when the pioneers were created, admission was carried out on a voluntary basis, but at the turn of the 1980s, virtually all students upon reaching the above age were accepted into the pioneers. They were rarely accepted into pioneers, with the exception of inveterate hooligans.
What did the pioneers do?
There were many things associated with the pioneers in the USSR. Let's remember the pioneer camps - places of mass summer holiday children (the most famous are “Artek” - Crimea, “Eaglet” - the Caucasian coast).
Various public events were held with the pioneers: shows, concerts, sports competitions, hikes. A paramilitary game for children, “Zarnitsa,” gained all-Union popularity. And today, already in our time, “Zarnitsa” is being revived in the regions.
Distinctive form of Pioneer
The pioneers had their own uniform. Distinctive feature- it is mandatory to wear a red pioneer tie and pioneer badge. In addition, there was a uniform, which consisted of a white pioneer shirt with shoulder straps and a patch on the sleeve, dark blue trousers for boys and a dark blue skirt. When attending school, pioneers were usually limited to wearing only a tie and a pioneer badge along with the school uniform.
Today, the history of the USSR is beginning to attract more and more interest. Some are trying to find negative aspects in it, others are positive. In this article we talk about the history of the pioneer organization, which in our time causes heated discussions. Especially when questions arise about what to do with children or why the current generation has grown up so irresponsible. There will be no talk about how useful or harmful this organization was; you must draw these conclusions for yourself independently.
The origins of the pioneer movement
Surprisingly, the roots of this seemingly purely communist movement go back to scouting. Few people know that by 1917, many children’s scout associations had been formed in Russia. In total, this organization had about 50 thousand participants. In anticipation Civil War Scouts provided various social assistance, organized children's police units, and organized searches for street children.
When Soviet power came to power, the scout movement began to disintegrate in directions depending on the territory where it was located. For example, associations of the Forest Brothers arose in Kazan and Petrograd, and Moscow society was built on the principles of Baden-Powell. Also, a movement of “Yukism” arose, i.e. “young communists”. They tried to combine communist ideology with the principles of scoutism. The founder of the Yukist movement was party functionary Vera Bonch-Bruevich. But in 1919, at the congress of the RKSM, they decided to disband all scout troops.
Krupskaya's proposal
From this moment begins the history of the pioneer organization in the form in which it is remembered. So, after the ban on scout troops, there was an acute shortage of organizations working with children. The idea was first formulated by N.K. Krupskaya, who gave a report in November 1921 called “On Boy Scoutism.” Soon this speech was published in the form of a small brochure, which stated that it was necessary to quickly create a children's organization that would be “scouting in form and communist in content.”
At first, Komsomol leaders, who had a negative perception of scouting, were wary of this proposal. After all, by joining the ranks of such people, they essentially preserved a tradition established under tsarism, which could not but cause concern. However, everything changed when, after Krupskaya’s next speech, a special commission was formed. At it, I. Zhukov presented his report, which was positively assessed by members of the Bureau. Immediately after this, a discussion began on the organizational side of the matter.
At the very beginning of 1922, a proposal was put forward for consideration by the commission to include children in scout organizations, and not Komsomol members, as originally proposed. At the same time, I. Zhukov proposed calling the new organization “pioneer.” He borrowed the name itself from Seton-Thompson. In addition, the pioneer organization took a lot from scouting. For example, a game form of education, organization into groups, managing children with the help of counselors, elements of symbolism, gatherings around the fire. Even the motto “Be prepared!” is not original.
First groups
On February 2, 1922, the next step was taken towards the development of the history of the pioneer organization. It was on this day that letters from the Central Committee bureau were sent to regional centers about the creation of a children's group under the Komsomol cell. A special bureau had already been created, which included Valery Zorin, a former scoutmaster. It was he who organized the first children's group in one of the boarding schools in Zamoskvorechye. The detachment was called “Young Scouts,” but it did not last long. And soon Zorin took up organizing children at the Kauchuk plant.
In parallel with Zorin, Mikhail Stremyakov, another scoutmaster, began working in the same direction. He organized groups at the factory apprenticeship school at the former Mashistov printing house. Usually this children's group is called the first pioneer detachment. In April, “Drum”, the first pioneer magazine, and then “Pionerskaya Pravda” began to be published there.
On March 2, a bureau of children's groups was created, whose task was to develop a charter. It was considered and adopted at the II All-Russian Komsomol Conference on May 19. Pioneer Organization Day - this is what this date will later be called. The conference not only agreed on the charter, but also decided to begin the widespread dissemination of pioneer organizations. After this, a special bureau was created to work with children, which included seven people. Among them were I. Zhukov, as well as Krupskaya, in the role of observer from the party, and Lunacharsky as an observer from the government.
Ubiquitous distribution and choice of name
From this moment on, pioneer detachments began to actively form throughout the country. At the same time, pioneer symbols are being spread and created. It was in 1922 that the text of one of the most famous pioneer songs was composed - “Raise the fires, blue nights.” In Petrograd, the first children's group appeared only on December 3. It was organized by Komsomol member Sergei Margo. The first four pioneer detachments were created from Russian groups of young scouts.
In October, at the next congress of the RKSM, a decision was made to unite all pioneer detachments into a single organization, which was given the name “Young Pioneers named after Spartak”. On the day of Lenin's death, the organization was named after the leader. In 1926, a special decree was issued indicating a new name children's association, preserved until last days his existence. It sounded like “All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V. I. Lenin."
Pioneers during WWII
The year of the formation of the pioneer organization became the year of the beginning new era in the lives of many children. After 1922, being a pioneer became as honorable as being a Komsomol member. And later it became almost impossible to become a Komsomol member without having been a pioneer.
Gradually the pioneer organization became inseparable from social life countries. It is not surprising that during the terrible disaster that befell the entire Soviet Union, she did not stand aside.
From the moment the start of the war was announced, the pioneers tried in everything to keep up with the adults and help fight the enemy not only in the rear, but also at the front. Many children joined the underground and partisan detachments. The pioneers became cabin boys on warships, scouts, helped hide the wounded from enemy soldiers, and brought provisions to partisans hiding in the forests. Children were rarely taken seriously, so it was easier for them to sneak through or find out secret information.
However, the combat mission did not always end well for the children. Thus, four children were posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union - Zina, Portnova, Lenya Golikov, Valya Kotikov and Marat Kazei.
After the end of the war, all the names of the dead children were included in the official list of those who received the title of pioneer heroes.
Post-war stage
History of the pioneer organization in the after war time as difficult as the history of the entire country. It was necessary to restore what had been destroyed, and here there was great importance even children's help. City children collected scrap metal and waste paper and planted green spaces. Rural pioneer detachments had a more difficult task - they raised small domestic animals, such as birds and rabbits. The best of the little workers were awarded various orders. Children also took part in the harvest and went to work at the factory. In general, wherever there were not enough hands, pioneers were hired. A huge number of healthy men died in the war, so it was impossible to refuse any help. Moreover, children, realizing the need, worked equally with adults, trying not to yield to them in anything.
Now this seems inhumane, but at that time the pioneers themselves wanted to help. Nobody forced the children to work. Many took on the hard work themselves.
Later years
In 1953, the pioneers of the USSR were almost renamed. After Stalin's death, many suggested adding to the name of the organization. And if earlier the All-Union Pioneer Organization was only named after Lenin, now proposals were made to add the recently deceased leader here. However, after the exposure of Stalin's personality cult, this issue was completely settled, and the organization was never renamed.
Since 1955, a tradition has emerged of including the names of outstanding children in a special book of honor. In 1958, the structure of the organization underwent a slight change. From this year, three levels of development were introduced, at each of which the child received a special badge. To reach the next stage, the pioneer had to follow a special individual program. At the same time, all the pioneer work was combined into a two-year plan, which was aimed at helping the elders in fulfilling their seven-year plan.
In 1962, the image was changed - Lenin's profile was added to it. This was a sign that the state recognized the enormous merits of the pioneer organization. The event was caused by the presentation of the Order of Lenin to the All-Union Pioneer Organization for success in the socialist education of adolescents. Ten years later, in 1972, the children's organization was again awarded the same high award.
By this time, more than 23 million children throughout the Soviet Union were Pioneers.
Cease to exist
The pioneer organization underwent its first changes during the period of perestroika and the beginning of liberal reforms. At this time, I.N. Nikitin, chairman of the Central Union of Pioneer Organizations, proposed changes to the pioneer structure in order to democratize it. And already on October 1, 1990, at the 10th All-Union Pioneer Rally, which took place in Artek, the children's organization was renamed SPO-FDO (Union of Pioneer Organizations - Federation of Children's Organizations). E. E. Chepurnykh was appointed chairman of the new institution. However, he could not independently make changes and reorganize SPO-FDO. The fact is that he still remained a member of the Komsomol Central Committee. Therefore, no fundamental changes were made.
After the ban of the CPSU, proclaimed in September 1991, an extraordinary congress of the Komsomol was held, at which it was announced that the historical role of the Komsomol had been exhausted, Komsomol organization was dissolved, and the All-Union Pioneer Organization ceased to exist. From this day on, May 19, the day of the pioneer organization, was no longer considered a holiday. Fundamental changes occurred in the country, which led to the collapse of many government institutions.
After the final collapse of the USSR, the property of the pioneer organization was confiscated. All the Palaces of Pioneers in the region were repurposed and became “Houses of Children and Youth Creativity”. Most of the pioneer camps ended up in the hands of private owners, who turned them into boarding houses and camp sites. Only a small part of them retained the status of a children's health camp.
What did the pioneers do?
The activities of the pioneer organization have always been aimed at helping the Komsomol and adults. But these were not always peaceful actions. In the early 30s, they decided to involve the pioneers in the fight against opponents of Soviet power. This was positioned as the civic duty of every person loyal to the Soviets, including children. Pavlik Morozov was chosen as a model for all pioneers. According to the official version, he reported to the authorities about own father, who helped the kulaks, and then opposed him in court. For this, Pavlik was killed by his father.
After this tense time, the fight against anti-Sovietism took on an ideological and propaganda character.
However, the pioneers were engaged not only in ideological education. It is also their responsibility to different time included:
- Collection of scrap metal and waste paper.
- Participation in the formation and song review.
- Participation in
- Participation in all-Union sports competitions"Leather Ball", "Golden Puck".
- Carrying out the sports and military “Zarnitsa”.
- Team ball games “Pioneerball” and “Sniper”.
- Joined the ranks of young assistant inspectors traffic, as well as in youth voluntary fire brigades.
- They organized the “Green Patrol” (engaged in the protection of forests), the “Blue Patrol” (engaged in the protection of water resources).
- Classes in sports sections and clubs.
- Raising service dogs and horses.
Admission procedure
The pioneers accepted children from 9 to 14 years old. Officially, this happened on a voluntary basis. Reception was carried out individually, by voting at the general council of the pioneer detachment. Those who joined the organization took the pioneer oath at the line, then they tied a red tie on him and presented him with a pioneer badge. Usually the ceremony took place in places of historical and revolutionary memory during communist holidays. For example, at the monuments to Lenin on April 22.
The solemn promise, or oath of the pioneer, had a regulated text, which was learned by heart by those entering. During the existence of the organization, amendments to this oath were made only a few times and were always agreed upon with the party. While taking the oath, the pioneer said his name and swore, joining the ranks of the pioneer organization, “in the face of his comrades” to love his homeland, live according to Lenin’s behests and observe the Laws of the pioneer organization.
Charter
The charter of the pioneer organization, also known as the pioneer law, had to be observed unquestioningly. It was not particularly long and could easily be learned by heart. According to the charter, the pioneer had to:
- Be devoted to communism, the party and the Motherland.
- Prepare to join the Komsomol.
- Look up to the heroes of labor and struggle.
- Honor the fallen soldiers and be ready to become the defender of the Motherland yourself.
- To be the best in work, sports and studies.
- Be a loyal and honest comrade who always defends the truth.
- To be a counselor and comrade of the October students.
Hymn
The anthem of the pioneer organization was the “March of Young Pioneers.” This Soviet song was written specifically for the pioneers in 1922. The authors of the march were poet and pianist Sergei Kaidan-Deshkin. Some lines from this song are familiar even to those who have never joined the pioneers. For example, “Raise your fires, blue nights. We are pioneers - children of workers!”
In May 1922, after Krupskaya’s speech at a meeting of the Central Committee, Zharov was given the task: to come up with a song in two weeks that could become the anthem of a new children’s organization. Zharov turned to D. Furmanov for advice, who advised him to take some existing composition as a basis. At the same time in " Bolshoi Theater“The opera “Faust” was on. At the performance, Zharov heard “March of the Soldiers,” which became the basis of the revolutionary composition.
Symbolism
Like any ideological organization, this one also had its own attributes. The symbols of the pioneer organization were intended to inspire respect, as did those who were members of it. These included:
- Pioneer tie- personified part of the pioneer banner and was a mandatory part of the uniform. The three ends of the tie denoted a strong connection between 3 generations, i.e. communists, then Komsomol members, and then pioneers. This item was tied with a special knot. Representatives of the squad had a yellow mark on their red tie. In pre-war times, the ends of the tie were often secured with a special clip. It was made in the form of a fire, the five logs of which represented the five continents, and the three flames represented the Third International. The disappearance of the clamp was due, firstly, to the dissolution of the Comintern, and secondly, to the fact that one of the heads of the Central Committee saw in it a similarity with Nazi symbols.
- Icon- was also a mandatory symbol of pioneer organizations at school. The shape and type of the badge were described in the special Regulations on children's organizations. Throughout the history of the institution, they have changed several times.
- Pioneer Banner- was a red canvas with the image of a pioneer sign and motto. Not only the pioneer detachments had banners, but also school classes.
- Squad flag- personified the honor and cohesion of the guys, served to indicate belonging to some kind of pioneer group. With this banner, children went to parades, parades, training camps, excursions, hikes and even work activities. He carried the flag cloth, who walked behind the counselor in front of the drummer and bugler.
- Horn- without this attribute it is impossible to imagine pioneer life. This musical instrument served to provide various signals. The position of bugler was very honorable; the most responsible and trusted guys were appointed to it. He walked immediately behind the flag.
- Drum- the second most important musical instrument of the pioneers. It was necessary during processions, campaigns and parades. The drummer performed rolls and marches, and also helped perform basic drill techniques.
Pioneer organization awards
Pioneers could receive the following insignia:
- “Million to the Motherland” - awarded for success in collecting scrap metal.
- “Young Pathfinder” - awarded to those who could navigate the terrain.
- In addition, there were many medals of various award badges for winning various sporting events.
Pioneers of the USSR often received insignia and awards common to all Soviet people, for example, the Order of the Red Banner. Unfortunately, during wartime, many such medals were awarded to the guys posthumously.
History of the All-Union Pioneer Organization
At the end of 1921, the Central Committee of the RKSM created a special commission to develop a program and principles for the activities of a new children's organization. Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya took direct part in the work of the commission. One of the ideologists of scouting I.N. Zhukov, who sought to embody the positive aspects of the scouting movement in the children's organization, proposed the motto “Be prepared!”
May 19, 1922- The 2nd All-Russian Komsomol Conference decided to create pioneer detachments everywhere.
October 1922- The 5th All-Russian Congress of the RKSM decided to unite all pioneer detachments organized in different cities of Russia into the children's communist organization "Young Pioneers named after Spartak."
January 21, 1924- By the decision of the Komsomol Central Committee, the pioneer organization was named after V.I. Lenin.
March 1926- The pioneer organization became known as the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I.Lenin.
The first pioneer detachments, uniting the children of workers and peasants, worked at Komsomol cells of factories, factories, and institutions; participated in community cleanups, helped in the fight against child homelessness and in eliminating illiteracy.
1923- Outposts and bases began to be created in schools - associations of pioneers of a given school, regardless of their place of residence. There were up to 75 thousand pioneers in the pioneer organization.
Late 1930s- The restructuring of the All-Union Pioneer Organization according to the so-called school principle has been completed: class - detachment, school - pioneer squad. Military and defense work began in pioneer groups; circles for young shooters, orderlies, and signalmen were created, and military sports games were held.
1941-1945- A massive Timur movement has unfolded throughout the country, the emergence of which is associated with the name of the writer Arkady Gaidar and his story “Timur and His Team.”
Young pioneers helped the families of front-line soldiers, collected medicinal herbs, scrap metal, funds for tank columns, were on duty in hospitals, worked in the harvest. For courage and heroism shown in the fight against German fascist invaders, pioneers Lenya Golikov, Marat Kazei, Valya Kotik, Zina Portnova were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, thousands of pioneers were awarded orders and medals.
1962- The All-Union Pioneer Organization was awarded the Order of Lenin for its great work in the communist education of children and in connection with its 40th anniversary.
1970- In the World Pioneer Organization there were over 118 thousand squads, uniting 23 million pioneers. Over the entire existence of the All-Union Pioneer Organization, more than 210 million people have been in its ranks.
After “perestroika,” the All-Union Pioneer Organization abandoned its political overtones, adopting a new motto: “For the Motherland, goodness and justice.”
Mid 1980s- Attempts were made to reform the pioneer organization, but a children's and youth organization was not created on the same scale.
October 1990- The successor of the pioneer organization - “Union of Pioneer Organizations - Federation of Children's Unions” - an international voluntary independent union uniting children's public organizations, associations and other public associations formed with the participation of children and in their interests.
The Union of Pioneer Organizations was registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation in 1992 as a non-governmental public organization, independent of political parties and movements.
Symbols and rituals in the pioneer organization
Pioneer tie was a symbol of belonging to the pioneer organization, a piece of the banner of the pioneer organization. The three ends of the tie symbolized the unbreakable connection of three generations: communists, Komsomol members, and pioneers. The tie was tied with a special knot. The chairman of the squad had a red tie with a yellow border. In the pre-war years, one of the attributes of the pioneer uniform was a special clip that fastened the ends of the pioneer tie. This attribute was desirable, but not required. The symbolism of the clamp is interesting. Five logs of fire mean five continents. Three flames - Comintern (3rd International). Disappearance in post-war years clamps out of use has several reasons. First of all, this is the dissolution of the Comintern itself, in the flames of which the logs of the continents burn (accordingly, the symbolism lost its meaning). This was also facilitated by the mass psychosis that engulfed the broad masses of pioneers in the late thirties. It suddenly seemed to someone that in the flames of a fire, upon careful examination, one could find everything - from a Nazi swastika to Trotsky’s profile.
Pioneer badge was described in the Regulations on children's communist groups named after Spartak (the old name of the pioneers) dated August 28, 1923: the red waving flag depicts a hammer and sickle, a burning fire, and the motto “Be prepared!”
On December 14, 1925, a second version of the badge appeared (Lenin’s mausoleum was added to it). In 1927, an image of Lenin appeared on the badge. In 1934, the badge was changed again - the motto changed to "Always ready!" In September 1942, the badge took the form of a five-pointed star, with a fire in the center and the motto “Always ready!” In 1944, instead of a fire, a hammer and sickle appeared in the center of the star, and three flames began to be depicted above the star. In 1962, the last example of the badge was adopted: in the center of the five-pointed star is Lenin’s profile, below it is the motto “Always Ready!”, and above the star there are three tongues of flame. There were pioneer squad badges - red with the image of a pioneer badge.
Firework- greeting the pioneers. A hand raised just above his head demonstrated that the pioneer put public interests above personal interests.
The pioneer gave a salute while in and out of formation: during the performance of the “Internationale”, the Anthem of the Soviet Union and the anthems of the union republics, when responding to the pioneer motto, at the command “Align to the banner!”, “Align to the flag!”, at the Mausoleum, at the monuments to V.I. Lenin and monuments and obelisks to fallen heroes. When submitting a report, when changing the guard at the banner, when declaring gratitude before the formation, awarding, when receiving the Red Banner, squad flag or pioneer attributes, welcoming the military and pioneer formation. At the parade, line, passing by the stands, the pioneers carried out the command “Attention!” with alignment to the right or left. During the greeting of the leaders of the pioneer organization, the honorary pioneers, the salute was given only by the senior counselor leading the column, the chairman of the squad council, squad leaders, chairmen of squad councils, and assistants at the banner.
Pioneer Banner- a red banner on which the pioneer badge and the motto “Be ready to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union!” were depicted. Two Orders of Lenin were pinned to the main banner of the All-Union Pioneer Organization. Even the pioneer detachments had banners (at the everyday level this is a school class) - red with a pioneer badge, the number of the detachment and the honorary name of the detachment.
Squad flag was a symbol of honor and cohesion of the pioneers, a sign of their belonging to a specific pioneer group. With the detachment flag, the pioneers went out to training camps, parades, holidays, hikes, excursions, and work activities. On the march, the flag leader walked directly behind the leader and the chairman of the detachment council, ahead of the bugler and drummer. At a Sunday or tourist stop, the flag was installed or fixed in a visible place.
Flag had to be able to carry out the following commands: “Be equal!”, “At attention!”, “At ease!”, “March!” The flag was stored in the pioneer room next to the squad banner. Horns and drums were usually kept here.
The names pioneer bugle and drum appeared almost simultaneously with the word “pioneer”. The history of these musical instruments is as great as the history of mankind. But there's more to it than just musical instruments. The sounds of the bugle and drum are a call to the pioneers, to their unity, to their activities aimed at protecting the Motherland, serving good, and seeking and establishing justice.
Horn convened the pioneers with the signals: “Listen, everyone,” “Gathering,” “To the banner,” “ marching march", "On the line", "Anxiety" and some others. The detachment's bugler - this was a responsible pioneer assignment; he had to be able to perform drill techniques with a bugle and give signals: “Listen everyone,” “Gathering,” “To the banner,” “March,” “To the line,” “Alarm,” and some others. On the pioneer line, the place of the bugler was on the right flank of the formation next to the drummer, in the column of the detachment - behind the flag.
Drum accompanied the formation during campaigns, processions, and parades. The drummer of the detachment (he, like the bugler, was elected by the assembly or council of the detachment) had to be able to perform drill techniques, perform the “March”, “Fraction”.
All these symbols and rituals were borrowed by the organizers from scouting, as well as the division into groups, the institute of counselors, gatherings around the fire, elements of symbolism (for example, in the pioneer badge, three flames of a fire replaced the three petals of a scout badge, 3 ends of a tie began to mean 3 generations - pioneers, Komsomol members and communists, etc.).
Oath was pronounced by everyone joining the ranks of the organization.
It sounded like this: “I, I.F., joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization, in the face of my comrades, solemnly swear: to passionately love my Motherland; live, study and fight as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches; Always follow the laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union."
"Be ready!"
"Always ready!"
Law of the Pioneers of the Soviet Union All pioneers had to know it by heart.
The pioneer is devoted to the Motherland, the party, and communism.
A pioneer is preparing to become a Komsomol member.
The pioneer looks up to the heroes of struggle and labor.
The pioneer honors the memory of the fallen fighters and prepares to become a defender of the Fatherland.
A pioneer is the best in studies, work and sports.
A pioneer is an honest and faithful comrade, always boldly standing for the truth.
Pioneer - comrade and leader of the October.
A pioneer is a friend to pioneers and the children of workers of all countries.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
ROSTOV STATE ECONOMIC UNIVERSITY (RINH)
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORICAL SCIENCES AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
ABSTRACT
On the topic: “History of the pioneer movement in the USSR”
Performed by student Khanina A.E.
gr. 241-ORM
Checked by Assoc. Chervyakova A.A.
Rostov-on-Don
2011
Content
Introduction
- History of the emergence of the pioneer movement
Pioneering and culture
Pioneers in the Stalin era
Bibliography
Introduction
The All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin is a mass children's communist organization in the USSR. It was formed by the decision of the All-Russian Komsomol Conference on May 19, 1922, since then May 19 has been celebrated as Pioneer Day. Until 1924, the pioneer organization bore the name of Spartak, and after Lenin’s death it received his name. It originated from the Scout movement, but differed from it in significant aspects: the system was all-encompassing state in nature and aimed at the ideological indoctrination of children and their education as citizens completely devoted to the Communist Party and the Soviet state.
- The history of the pioneer movement
As soon as it emerged, the Komsomol declared war on scoutism (including Yukism), seeing it as its rival. Already at the 1919 congress of the RKSM, a decision was made to disband the scout troops.
At the same time, in communist circles there began to be a need to create their own, communist organization to work with children. The idea was formulated by N.K. Krupskaya, who on the 20th of November 1921 made a report “On Boy Scoutism” several times in different places (the report was soon published in a brochure entitled “RKSM and Boy Scoutism”), in which she proposed that the Komsomol take adopt scouting methods and create a children's organization, “scouting in form and communist in content.” The leaders of the Komsomol, who had an extremely negative attitude towards scouting, initially perceived these ideas with caution. However, after Krupskaya’s speech at the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RKSM (November 29), a special commission was created to discuss the issue of “using scouting for the education of working youth and children.” A detailed report by I. Zhukov was presented to the commission. On December 10, 1921, based on the commission’s report, a positive decision was made by the Bureau, and the search for specific organizational forms began. At the beginning of 1922, the idea was put forward of using scouting methods not among Komsomol members, but among children and creating a children's communist movement (CCM). I. Zhukov proposed the name “pioneers” (borrowed from scouting practice) for the new organization. Its symbols were slightly modified scout symbols: a red tie (instead of green; it was already used by the Yukovites), a white blouse (instead of green), the scout motto “Be prepared!” and the scout’s answer to it is “Always ready!” From scouting, the pioneer organization retained playful forms of educational work with children, the organization of children into groups, the institute of counselors, gatherings around the fire, elements of symbolism (for example, the three lily petals of the scout badge in the pioneer badge replaced the three flames of the fire, the three ends of the pioneer tie that became red began to mean three generations: pioneers, Komsomol members and communists). The scout call “Be ready!” has also been preserved. with a change in its focus on the struggle for the liberation of workers and peasants around the world.
On February 2, 1922, the bureau of the Central Committee of the RKSM sent out a circular letter to local organizations about the creation of children's groups under Komsomol cells. On February 4, the corresponding decision was made by the Moscow Committee of the RKSM. For this purpose, a special bureau was created, one of whose members, former scoutmaster Valerian Zorin, organized a children's group on February 12 at the First Communist Boarding School named after the Third International (in Zamoskvorechye). The troop, called “Young Scouts” in scouting, soon disbanded, and Zorin switched to organizing children at the Kauchuk plant. At the same time, on February 13, another former scoutmaster and member of the RKSM, 19-year-old Mikhail Stremyakov, organized a detachment of “young pioneers” at the factory apprenticeship school (fabzavuche) named after N. A. Borshchevsky at the former Mashistov printing house on Krasnaya Presnya. This latter group is generally considered the first pioneer group. At the same printing house, Stremyakov began publishing the pioneer magazine “Drum” in April, and subsequently became the first editor of the newspaper “Pionerskaya Pravda”. On March 2, a temporary bureau of children's groups was created under the Central Committee of the RKSM with the task of developing a charter, which was presented in May at the II All-Russian Komsomol Conference. The resolution adopted on May 19 read: “Taking into account the urgent need for self-organization of proletarian children, the All-Russian Conference instructs the Central Committee to develop the issue of the children’s movement and the use of the reorganized “scouting” system in it. Taking into account the experience of the Moscow organization, the Conference proposes to extend this experience on the same basis to other organizations of the RKSM under the leadership of the Central Committee.” A bureau for work among children was created consisting of 7 people, 4 of whom were former scoutmasters.
Throughout 1922, pioneer detachments appeared in a number of cities and villages. On December 3, the first pioneer detachments appeared in Petrograd. The first four detachments were created from the Russian detachment of young intelligence officers. This event took place in the club of the old and young guards (Teatralnaya Square, house no. 14).
In October, the 5th All-Russian Congress of the RKSM decided to unite all pioneer detachments into the children's communist organization “Young Pioneers named after Spartak”. On January 21, 1924, the day of Lenin’s death, by decision of the Central Committee of the RKSM the organization was named after Lenin, and in March 1926 the official name was established - the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I. Lenin (retained by the organization until the end of its existence).
- Structure of the pioneer organization
In its classic form, the All-Union Pioneer Organization united republican, regional, regional, district, city, and district pioneer organizations in the USSR. Formally, the Regulations on the All-Union Pioneer Organization stated that the basis of the organization is the squad, which is created in schools, orphanages and boarding schools with at least 3 pioneers. In squads numbering more than 20 pioneers, pioneer detachments are created, uniting at least 3 pioneers. In orphanages and pioneer camps, groups of different ages could be created. A detachment of 15 or more pioneers is divided into units. In fact, as indicated, the pioneer detachments (divided in turn into units led by the unit members) united students of the same class, and the squads united students of the same school.
In the 80s, the structure of the organization underwent some changes - a new link was created between the pioneers and Komsomol members - senior pioneers (in fact, pioneers before joining the Komsomol). The external difference was wearing a badge that combined elements of the Komsomol and Pioneer. In theory, older pioneers should have continued to wear a red tie, but many tried to wear “adult” ties.
Organization management
The All-Union Pioneer Organization was led by the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union (VLKSM), which in turn was controlled by the CPSU. All councils of pioneer organizations worked under the leadership of the corresponding Komsomol committees. Komsomol congresses and conferences heard reports from the councils of pioneer organizations and assessed their activities. The chairmen, deputies and secretaries of the councils of pioneer organizations from Central to District were approved by the Plenums of the relevant Komsomol committees.
The basis for organizational-mass and instructional-methodological work with pioneers and pioneer personnel were numerous Palaces and Houses of Pioneers and schoolchildren, and other out-of-school institutions. Komsomol committees provided the pioneer squads with senior pioneer leaders, carried out their selection, placement, advanced training and education. Primary Komsomol organizations sent squad leaders to the Pioneer squads, selected leaders of circles, clubs, sections, and other interest groups, and helped them organize the life of Pioneer groups.
The highest body of a squad, detachment, unit is the pioneer gathering. The gathering of the detachment accepted schoolchildren into the pioneer organization, invited the squad council to recommend worthy pioneers to the ranks of the Komsomol, planned the work, assessed the activities of the detachment council, units, and each pioneer. The gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council, the gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council, the gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council. The councils of the squad and detachments elected the chairman of the council of the squad and detachment. In the All-Union, republican, regional, regional, district, city, district pioneer organizations, the form of self-government of pioneers was pioneer rallies, which were held once every 5 years (all-Union and republican) or once every 2-3 years (territorial, regional, district, city and regional). City (district) councils of the pioneer organization created pioneer headquarters from representatives of all pioneer squads of the city. The most active part of the pioneer organization, its most active elite, gathered at the city headquarters.
- Attributes of the pioneer movement
The pioneer organization accepted schoolchildren aged 9 to 14 years. Formally, admission was carried out on a voluntary basis. Admission was carried out individually, by open voting at a meeting of the pioneer detachment or squad (if it was not divided into detachments), operating in a secondary school and boarding school. Those who joined the pioneer organization at the pioneer line made a solemn promise to be a pioneer of the Soviet Union. A communist, Komsomol member or senior pioneer presented him with a red pioneer tie and a pioneer badge. As a rule, pioneers were accepted into a solemn atmosphere during communist holidays in memorable historical and revolutionary places, for example on April 22 near the monument to V.I. Lenin.
Pioneer's Solemn Promise
Last edition (1986):
“I, (last name, first name), joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, in the face of my comrades, solemnly swear: to passionately love and take care of my Motherland, to live as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches, as required by the Laws of the Pioneers Soviet Union".
Note: 1922 Promise
I promise with my word of honor that I will be loyal to the working class, I will help my fellow workers every day, I know the laws of the pioneers and will obey them.
Pioneer Laws
Latest edition (1986)
A pioneer - a young builder of communism - works and studies for the good of the Motherland, preparing to become its defender.
A pioneer is an active fighter for peace, a friend to pioneers and the children of workers of all countries.
The pioneer looks up to the communists, prepares to become a Komsomol member, and leads the Octobrists.
A pioneer values the honor of his organization and strengthens its authority through his deeds and actions.
A pioneer is a reliable comrade, respects elders, takes care of younger ones, and always acts according to conscience and honor.
A pioneer has the right to: elect and be elected to pioneer self-government bodies; discuss at pioneer gatherings, rallies, meetings of councils of detachments and squads, in the press, the work of the pioneer organization, criticize shortcomings, make proposals to any council of the pioneer organization, up to the Central Council of the Higher Professional Education named after V.I. Lenin; ask for a recommendation from the squad council to join the ranks of the Komsomol.
The declared goal of the pioneer organization: to educate young fighters for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. It is expressed in the motto of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin. To the call: “Pioneer, be ready to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union!” - the answer follows: “Always ready!”
Pioneer Anthem
The anthem of the pioneer organization is considered to be “March of Young Pioneers” - a Soviet pioneer song written in 1922 by two Komsomol members - pianist Sergei Kaidan-Deshkin and poet Alexander Zharov:
We are Pioneers - children of workers!
The era of bright years is approaching,
With a joyful step, with a cheerful song,
We stand for Komsomol,
The era of bright years is approaching,
The cry of the pioneers is always be prepared!
We raise the red banner
Children of workers - boldly follow us!
The era of bright years is approaching,
The cry of the pioneers is always be prepared!
Rise up with fires, blue nights,
We are Pioneers - children of workers!
The era of bright years is approaching,
The cry of the pioneers is always be prepared!
Pioneer symbols
Pioneer tie
Pioneer badge
Pioneer squad. Standard bearer, honor guard, drummers. USSR stamp.
Pioneer uniform
On ordinary days, it coincided with the school uniform, complemented by pioneer symbols - a red tie and a pioneer badge. On special occasions (holidays, greetings at party and Komsomol forums, meetings of foreign delegations, etc.) a dress uniform was worn, which included:
red caps, pioneer ties and badges;
for boys - uniform white shirts with gilded buttons and sleeve emblems, belted with a light brown belt with a gilded buckle, blue trousers and dark shoes;
girls also wear uniform white shirts with gilded buttons and sleeve emblems or just white blouses, blue skirts, white knee socks and white shoes;
in regions with a hot climate, shoes were replaced with sandals, and trousers could be replaced with shorts, if this did not contradict the spirit of the event and the national traditions of the republic;
for banner groups, the dress uniform was complemented by a red ribbon over the shoulder and white gloves.
on the dress shirt on the left sleeve above the sign of the pioneer organization there was a belt loop (a strip of fabric) on which the insignia of the pioneer organization was attached - plastic red stars with an eyelet for sewing on.
- Pioneering and culture
The Central Committee of the Komsomol, the Central Committee of the Komsomol of the union republics, regional committees, regional committees of the Komsomol, Central, Republican, regional and regional councils of pioneer organizations published pioneer newspapers and magazines and literature necessary for children, including the newspaper “Pionerskaya Pravda”, magazines “Pioneer”, “Koster” ”, “Young Technician”, “Young Naturalist”, etc. Radio and television regularly produced programs for pioneers, the radio newspaper call sign “Pionerskaya Zorka” was broadcast daily, the television studio “Eaglet” worked on Central Television, and in cinemas before the film was shown monthly documentary film magazine "Pioneria".
Films featuring Pioneers
The adventures of Petrov and Vasechkin, ordinary and incredible
Vacations of Petrov and Vasechkin, ordinary and incredible
Guest from the future
Adventure Electronics
Moscow - Cassiopeia
The eccentric from the fifth "B"
Next to you, 1976
Welcome, or No Trespassing
Bronze Bird (film)
Passenger from Equator
Old Man Hottabych (film)
- Pioneers in the Stalin era
Pavlik Morozov was hailed as an example of a pioneer, who, according to the official version, reported to the authorities against his father (who abandoned Pavlik’s mother), who was helping the “kulaks,” and spoke out against him in court, after which he followed the kulaks who covered the bread and denounced them; for this he was killed by them. “Pavel Morozov is not alone, there are legions of people like him. They expose bread grabbers, plunderers of public property, they, if necessary, bring their fathers to the dock…” wrote the Tavdinsky Rabochiy newspaper. Special “pioneer patrols” were organized to monitor all “disorders.” “Pionerskaya Pravda” reported on the following “exploits” of young pioneers: Kolya Yuryev saw a girl in the wheat who was collecting spikelets, and grabbed her. Pronya Kolybin boldly exposed his mother, who went into the field to collect fallen grains to feed him. The mother was sent to the camp, the son was sent to rest in Artek. Mitya Gordienko several times caught hungry collective farmers in the field collecting spikelets. Speaking as a witness in court, he said: “Having exposed the thieves of collective farm grain, I pledge to organize thirty children of our commune to protect the harvest and to be the leader of this pioneer detachment...” After one of Mitya’s denunciations against two adults, the husband was sentenced to death, and the wife to ten years of imprisonment with strict isolation. For this, Mitya was awarded a gold watch, a pioneer suit, boots and an annual subscription to the local newspaper “Lenin’s Grandchildren”.
Denunciations were written both directly to the “authorities” and to “Pionerskaya Pravda”, which then transmitted them “according to their affiliation”. She introduced the institution of children's correspondents - "detkors" (by analogy with "worker correspondents" and "village correspondents"), who published their denunciations in the newspaper anonymously or under a pseudonym (for example, "Keeping Eye"). One children's teacher, for example, reported to the newspaper that the director of his school gave the children a task in class: “There were 15 horses in total in the village. And when people joined the collective farm, 13 horses died. How much is left?" The director, as a class enemy, was brought “to severe responsibility.” With the introduction of the passport system in 1932, “Pionerskaya Pravda” even took the initiative to instruct pioneers to check passports, but the party leadership did not support it. “Young Watchmen” exchanged experiences and organized their own meetings; the most active ones were awarded trips to Artek.
Pioneers in the Great Patriotic War
With the onset of the Great Patriotic War, the pioneers sought to help adults in every way in the fight against the enemy both in the rear and at the front, in partisan detachments and in the underground. The pioneers became scouts, partisans, cabin boys on warships, and helped shelter the wounded. For their military services, tens of thousands of pioneers were awarded orders and medals, four were posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union - Lenya Golikov, Zina Portnova, Marat Kazei and Valya Kotik. Subsequently, the dead pioneers were included in the official list of pioneer heroes.
Pioneer organization in the post-war years
After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the pioneers were engaged: in the city - collecting waste paper and scrap metal, planting green spaces, in rural areas - raising small domestic animals (rabbits, birds). In the Central Asian republics, pioneers grew cotton. Pioneers Tursunali Matkazinov and Natalie Chelebadze were awarded the title of Hero in 1949 socialist labor and were awarded the Gold Star medal and the Order of Lenin.
Since 1955, the names of the best pioneers began to be entered in the book of honor of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin. In 1958, three stages of growth were introduced in the children's organization, at each of which the children were awarded a special badge. To move to a new level, the pioneer worked according to a pre-drawn up individual plan. All pioneer work was combined into a two-year pioneer plan, which was focused on concrete assistance to adults in fulfilling the seven-year plan.
Since 1962, the pioneer badge has depicted Lenin’s profile, which symbolizes the state’s recognition of the merits of the pioneer organization. This is due to the fact that in 1962 the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Lenin was awarded the Order of Lenin for its success in the socialist education of teenagers. In 1972, the pioneer organization was re-awarded the Order of Lenin.
By 1970, the All-Union Pioneer Organization united 23 million pioneers in more than 118 thousand pioneer squads.
In 1990, at the X All-Union rally in Artek, the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Lenin was transformed into international union pioneer organizations - Federation of Children's Organizations. In practice, this transformation, as well as the ban in 1991 of the CPSU, the dissolution of the Komsomol and the collapse of the USSR, undermined the power of the pioneer organization and led to the virtual liquidation of the majority of pioneer squads. At the same time, numerous pioneer organizations still exist in Russia, in all countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States and in the former Soviet republics that were not included in it.
Pioneer camps
The vast majority of pioneers spent their school holidays in pioneer camps. In the USSR, there were up to 40 thousand summer and year-round pioneer camps, where about 10 million children vacationed annually. There was a kind of unspoken hierarchy between them. The most famous of them was the All-Union Pioneer Camp of the Komsomol Central Committee "Artek", which had international status. The second place in prestige was occupied by the All-Russian Pioneer Camp "Orlyonok" (Krasnodar Territory, RSFSR). This was followed by the republican recreation camps “Ocean” (Primorsky Territory, RSFSR), “Young Guard” (Odessa region, Ukrainian SSR) and “Zubrenok” (Minsk region, BSSR).
Conclusion
After the collapse of the USSR, in Russia, the ideological activities of the Pioneer movement were supported on a voluntary basis by the forces of public initiative groups and enthusiasts, which were of a purely symbolic nature. One such organization is the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. The overwhelming majority of opponents of the Soviet system remember their participation in the Pioneer movement and speak out against the revival of the Pioneer and Komsomol movements in Russia.
The main points of criticism of the pioneer organization are: its ideological nature and formalism. The leader of modern St. Petersburg scouts, Kirill Alekseev, considers the pioneer organization “a monster of formalism, indifference and bureaucracy.” According to the President of the Russian Union of Scouts, Igor Bogdanov, “in a pioneer organization, the main thing is to conduct the pioneer gathering on time, the main thing is formalism, what adults want. But the children don’t want that, they want to play.” Bogdanov considers another mistake of the pioneers to be tied to school.
The writer Vladislav Krapivin believes that if initially the pioneer detachments were voluntary associations, then, having fallen under the power of the school, the organization lost absolutely all elements of voluntariness and ceased to be an organization as such.
The sprouts of all childish democracy were carefully weeded out, like weeds from carrot beds. Everything was subject to strict school regulations. Class - squad. The links in the classroom (not always, but often) are in rows of desks.
It turned out that the main task The pioneer is still the same: “Study, study, and study...”. Why a tie then?
Bibliography
- All-Union Pioneer Organization // TSB
Regulations on the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V. I. Lenin. - 10.06.1986.
Self-government at school. Edited by Yu.K. Babansky. "Enlightenment", Moscow, 1983
Komsomol and the children's movement (edited by the Central Committee of the Young Communist League under the Central Committee of the Young Communist League). - M.-L., 1925. P. 32.
Young pioneer. Collection of lectures given at the first Moscow provincial courses for workers of children's communist groups, vol. V. Zorin, M. Stremyakov, Ya. Smolyarov, L. Kotenko. - M., 1924. P. 57.
Memo to a young pioneer. - Simferopol, 1925. P. 33.
Regulations on children's communist detachments named after V.I. Lenin.. - Smolensk, 1933. S.5.
Young Pioneers /Under. ed. V. Zorin.. - M.-L., 1922. - P. 16.
Glory to the informers! How many Pavliks were there?- Druzhnikov Yu. I.
Editor-in-chief - M. M. Kozlov The Great Patriotic War. 1941-1945. Encyclopedia. - Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1985. - P. 559-560.
