The largest oil refineries in Russia. Oil refining centers

The first discovery of oil in Russia was reported on January 2, 1703 in the Russian newspaper Vedomosti. However, during the 18th century, the development of oil fields was unprofitable due to the extremely narrow practical application product. After territorial acquisitions in the Baku region at the beginning of the 19th century, the Caucasus became the main oil region of Russia. After the invention of the kerosene lamp in 1853, the demand for oil increased manifold. The first oil well (exploration) industrially was drilled on the Absheron Peninsula in 1847, the first production well was drilled on the river. Kudako in the Kuban in 1864.

To date, more than 60% of current oil reserves have been developed. There are 840 fields under development, located in many regions of the country: from the Kaliningrad region in the west to Sakhalin Island in the east, from Kolguev Island in the Barents Sea in the north to the foothills of the Caucasus in the south. The main oil region is the Tyumen region, where more than 70% of current reserves are concentrated and 66% of Russian oil is produced.

The second most important region is the Ural-Volga region, where 27% is produced, followed by the Timan-Pechersk oil and gas province - 3.2%, the North Caucasus - 1.6%, Sakhalin - 0.5%. Most old oil areas have entered late stages of development, when oil production stabilizes or even declines. The degree of depletion of current oil reserves has exceeded 50%, including more than 30% in the Tyumen region, 70% in the Volga-Ural province and 80% in the North Caucasus. The reserves in the largest and most highly productive fields, which provide the bulk of oil production in Russia, have been especially significantly depleted. In this regard, one of the the most important problems- maintaining high productivity of old areas. There is an “aging” of the Volga-Ural region. Its technical and economic indicators have become lower compared to the previous level, and oil production (for example, in Bashkiria) has even decreased.

With the “aging” of a number of oil regions, the creation of new oil bases assumes a huge role. Among them, the West Siberian Lowland stands out sharply, where the main base of the country arose. The production of West Siberian oil increased at a rapid pace. In the future, the share of this oil base will remain at the achieved level. Timan-Pecherskaya (the largest Usinskoye field) is also being formed from new oil bases. There have been changes in the structure of oil production based on the methods of exploitation of fields. In 1965, almost 2/3 of all oil was produced using the cheapest flow method. Now its share has noticeably decreased; on the contrary, the importance of the pumping method, with the help of which over 2/3 of all oil was produced in 1987, has sharply increased. Assessing the raw material base as a whole oil industry Russia, we can conclude that in quantitative terms it is sufficient to solve current and forecast oil production problems. However, qualitative changes in the structure of developed and forecast oil reserves will negatively affect the efficiency of oil recovery processes. The development of such reserves will require the use of more complex and expensive technical means And technological processes, as well as the use of new, more effective methods for increasing oil recovery from productive formations. In the context of continuous deterioration in the quality of the industry's raw material base, increasing oil recovery is acquiring strategic importance for the stabilization and development of oil production processes.

The location of oil refining industry enterprises depends on the size of consumption of petroleum products in different areas, oil refining and transportation techniques, territorial relationships between resources and places of consumption liquid fuel. Oil extracted from the depths of the earth contains a large number of sand, salts and water. Oil needs to be purified, so it first goes to oil refineries, which are usually built in the areas where it is produced. The refined oil is then supplied to oil refineries, which are built in areas consuming petroleum products. The oil refining industry produces petroleum products (fuel oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, lubricating oils) that are directly used by consumers.

Technological progress in oil transportation has led to the separation of the oil refining industry from the oil production industry. Oil refining is more often concentrated in areas of mass consumption of petroleum products. Meanwhile, bringing the oil refining industry closer to the places where petroleum products are consumed has a number of advantages associated with its transportation and storage: transportation of oil is always more economical than transportation of its numerous derivatives; for the transportation of oil, pipelines can be widely used, which, in addition to crude oil, pump light products; storing crude oil is cheaper than storing petroleum products; the consumer gets the opportunity to simultaneously use crude oil coming from different areas. The location of oil refining is becoming widespread. In the same time economic factor becomes limiting.

Oil refining in different parts of the country depends not only on the quality of the original crude oil, but also on which types of fuel are most efficient under local conditions. Oil refineries are located along oil pipeline routes ( Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Moscow, Kirishi, Polotsk, Orsk, Omsk, Angarsk), on waterways (Volgograd, Saratov, Syzran, Samara, Yaroslavl, Khabarovsk) and in sea ​​ports(Tuapse), where pipelines are now laid. That's why specific gravity oil production areas and its refining are sharply reduced. A significant part of the oil refineries are still concentrated in them (Ufa, Salavat, Ishimbay, Grozny), their intensive reconstruction and often expansion is underway. New factories are no longer being built in oil production areas. They are being built on oil pipeline routes going to the east (Achinsk). This trend of territorial rupture of the oil production and oil refining industries has intensified even more due to the transformation of Western Siberia into main base country's oil production. Currently there is only one oil refining center in Omsk, which receives a small part of the liquid fuel produced in the area.

Oil is the most important feedstock for Russian industry. Issues related to this resource have at all times been considered one of the most important for the country's economy. Oil refining in Russia is carried out by specialized enterprises. Next, we will consider the features of this industry in more detail.

General information

Domestic oil refineries began to appear as early as 1745. The first enterprise was founded by the Chumelov brothers on the Ukhta River. It produced kerosene and lubricating oils, which were very popular at that time. In 1995, primary oil refining already amounted to 180 million tons. Among the main factors for the location of enterprises engaged in this industry are raw materials and consumer goods.

Industry development

Major oil refineries appeared in Russia in post-war years. Before 1965, about 16 capacities were created in the country, which is more than half of those currently operating. During the economic transition of the 1990s, there was a significant decline in production. This was due to a sharp decline in domestic oil consumption. As a result, the quality of the products was quite low. The conversion depth ratio also fell to 67.4%. Only by 1999 did the Omsk Refinery manage to get closer to European and American standards.

Modern realities

In the last few years, oil refining has begun to reach new level. This is due to investments in this industry. Since 2006, they have amounted to more than 40 billion rubles. In addition, the conversion depth coefficient has also increased significantly. In 2010, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, it was forbidden to connect to highways those enterprises for which it did not reach 70%. The head of state explained this by saying that such plants need serious modernization. In the country as a whole, the number of such mini-enterprises reaches 250. By the end of 2012, it was planned to build a large complex at the end of the pipeline running to the Pacific Ocean through Eastern Siberia. Its processing depth was supposed to be about 93%. This figure will correspond to the level achieved at similar US enterprises. The oil refining industry, which is largely consolidated, is under the control of companies such as Rosneft, Lukoil, Gazprom, Surgutneftegaz, Bashneft, etc.

Industry Importance

Today, oil production and refining are considered one of the most promising industries. The number of large and small enterprises occupied in them. Oil and gas refining brings stable income, providing positive influence on the economic state of the country as a whole. This industry is most developed in the center of the state, Chelyabinsk and Tyumen regions. Petroleum products are in demand not only within the country, but also abroad. Today, enterprises produce kerosene, gasoline, aviation, rocket, diesel fuel, bitumen, motor oils, fuel oil and so on. Almost all plants were created next to the towers. Thanks to this, oil refining and transportation are carried out at minimal cost. Most large enterprises located in the Volga, Siberian, and Central Federal Districts. These refineries account for about 70% of all capacity. Among the regions of the country, Bashkiria occupies a leading position in the industry. Oil and gas processing is carried out in Khanty-Mansiysk, Omsk region. Enterprises operate in Krasnodar region.

Statistics by region

In the European part of the country, the main production facilities are located in Leningrad, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl and Ryazan regions, Krasnodar Territory, in the Far East and southern Siberia, in cities such as Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk, Achinsk, Angarsk, Omsk. Modern refineries were built in the Perm region, Samara region and Bashkiria. These regions have always been considered the largest oil production centers. With the relocation of production to Western Siberia, industrial capacity in the Volga region and the Urals became redundant. In 2004, Bashkiria became the leader among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in primary oil processing. In this region, the figures were at the level of 44 million tons. In 2002, Bashkortostan refineries accounted for about 15% of the total oil refining volume in the Russian Federation. This is about 25.2 million tons. The next place was taken by Samara Region. It provided the country with about 17.5 million tons. Next in volume were the Leningrad (14.8 million) and Omsk (13.3 million) regions. The total share of these four entities amounted to 29% of all-Russian oil refining.

Oil refining technology

IN production cycle enterprises include:

• Preparation of raw materials.
• Primary oil refining.
• Secondary distillation of fractions.

IN modern conditions Oil refining is carried out at enterprises equipped with complex machines and devices. They operate in conditions of low temperature, high pressure, deep vacuum and often in aggressive environments. The oil refining process includes several stages in combined or separate units. They are designed to produce a wide range of products.

Cleaning

During this stage, raw materials are processed. Oil coming from the fields is subjected to purification. It contains 100-700 mg/l of salts and water (less than 1%). During purification, the content of the first component is brought to 3 or less mg/l. The share of water is less than 0.1%. Cleaning is carried out in electrical desalting plants.

Classification

Any oil refining plant uses chemical and physical methods for processing raw materials. Through the latter, separation into oil and fuel fractions is achieved or removal of unwanted complex chemical elements. Oil refining chemical methods allows you to obtain new components. These transformations are classified:

Main stages

The main process after purification in an ELOU is atmospheric distillation. During this process, fuel fractions are selected: gasoline, diesel and jet fuel, as well as lighting kerosene. Also, during atmospheric distillation, fuel oil is separated. It is used either as a raw material for further deep processing, or as an element of boiler fuel. The fractions are then refined. They undergo hydrotreating to remove heteroatomic compounds. Gasolines undergo catalytic reforming. This process is used to improve the quality of raw materials or to obtain individual aromatic hydrocarbons - material for petrochemicals. The latter, in particular, include benzene, toluene, xylenes, and so on. The fuel oil undergoes vacuum distillation. This process makes it possible to obtain a wide fraction of gas oil. This raw material undergoes subsequent processing in hydro- or catalytic cracking units. As a result, motor fuel components and narrow distillate oil fractions are obtained. They are further sent to the following purification stages: selective processing, dewaxing and others. After vacuum distillation, tar remains. It can be used as a raw material used in deep processing to obtain additional volume of motor fuels, petroleum coke, construction and road bitumen, or as a component of boiler fuel.

Oil refining methods: hydrotreating

This method is considered the most common. Hydrotreating is used to process sulfur and high-sulfur oils. This method allows you to improve the quality of motor fuels. During the process, sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen compounds are removed, and the raw material olefins are hydrogenated in a hydrogen environment on aluminum-cobalt-molybdenum or nickel-molybdenum catalysts at a pressure of 2-4 MPa and a temperature of 300-400 degrees. In other words, hydrotreating breaks down organic matter containing nitrogen and sulfur. They react with hydrogen that circulates in the system. As a result, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia are formed. The resulting connections are removed from the system. During the entire process, 95-99% of the feedstock is converted into a purified product. At the same time, a small amount of gasoline is formed. The active catalyst undergoes periodic regeneration.

Catalytic cracking

It proceeds without pressure at a temperature of 500-550 degrees on zeolite-containing catalysts. This process is considered the most efficient and deepens oil refining. This is due to the fact that during it, up to 40-60% of the high-octane motor gasoline component can be obtained from high-boiling fuel oil fractions (vacuum gas oil). In addition, they emit fatty gas (about 10-25%). It, in turn, is used in alkylation plants or ester production plants to produce high-octane components of auto or aviation gasoline. During cracking, carbon deposits form on the catalyst. They sharply reduce its activity - cracking ability in this case. To restore the component undergoes regeneration. The most common installations are those in which the catalyst circulates in a fluidized or fluidized bed and in a moving stream.

Catalytic reforming

This is a modern and fairly widely used process for producing low- and high-octane gasoline. It is carried out at a temperature of 500 degrees and a pressure of 1-4 MPa in a hydrogen environment on an aluminum-platinum catalyst. Using catalytic reforming, the chemical transformations of paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons are primarily carried out. As a result, the octane number increases significantly (up to 100 points). The products obtained by catalytic reforming include xylenes, toluene, and benzene, which are then used in the petrochemical industry. Reformate yields are typically 73-90%. To maintain activity, the catalyst is periodically regenerated. The lower the pressure in the system, the more often the restoration is performed. The exception to this is the platforming process. During this process, the catalyst is not regenerated. As main feature The main advantage of the whole process is that it takes place in a hydrogen environment, the excess of which is removed from the system. It is much cheaper than that obtained specially. Excess hydrogen is then used in hydrogenation processes in oil refining.

Alkylation

This process makes it possible to obtain high-quality components of automobile and aviation gasolines. It is based on the interaction of olefinic and paraffinic hydrocarbons to produce a higher boiling paraffinic hydrocarbon. More recently, industrial change this process was limited to the catalytic alkylation of butylene with isobutanes in the presence of hydrofluoric or sulfuric acids. In recent years, in addition to the indicated compounds, propylene, ethylene and even amylenes, and in some cases mixtures of these olefins, have been used.

Isomerization

It is a process during which paraffinic low-octane hydrocarbons are converted into the corresponding isoparaffin fractions having a higher octane number. In this case, predominantly fractions C5 and C6 or their mixtures are used. In industrial installations, under appropriate conditions, up to 97-99.7% of products can be obtained. Isomerization takes place in a hydrogen environment. The catalyst is periodically regenerated.

Polymerization

This process is the conversion of butylenes and propylene into oligomeric liquid compounds. They are used as components of motor gasoline. These compounds are also feedstocks for petrochemical processes. Depending on the source material, production mode and catalyst, the output volume can vary within fairly wide limits.

Promising directions

Over the past decades Special attention is focused on combining and strengthening capacities engaged in primary oil refining. Another current area is the implementation of large-capacity installations for the planned deepening of raw material processing. Due to this, the production volume of fuel oil will be reduced and the production of light motor fuel, petrochemical products for polymer chemistry and organic synthesis will be increased.

Competitiveness

The oil refining industry today is a very promising industry. It is highly competitive both in the domestic and international markets. Own production capacity allow you to fully cover the needs within the state. As for imports, they are carried out in relatively small volumes, locally and sporadically. Russia today is considered the largest exporter of petroleum products among other countries. High competitiveness is due to the absolute availability of raw materials and the relatively low level of costs for additional material resources, electricity, and protection environment. One of the negative factors in this industrial sector is the technological dependence of domestic oil refining on foreign countries. Of course, this is not the only problem that exists in the industry. At the government level, work is constantly underway to improve the situation in this industrial sector. In particular, programs are being developed to modernize enterprises. Of particular importance in this area is the activity of large oil companies and manufacturers of modern production equipment.

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Number of pages (original) - 8. Organization - Developer - Special design bureau for automation in oil refining and petrochemicals (SKB ANN) Status - Active.

INTRODUCED by the Department of oil refining Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation 2 ADOPTED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Resolution of the State Standard of Russia dated July 24, 2000 No. 197-st 3 ENTERED. FOR THE FIRST TIME 4TH EDITION (March 2002) with Change No. 1...

Integrated lesson: geography + mathematics.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Goals and objectives:

1. Show the importance of the fuel and energy complex, form an idea of ​​the location of oil and gas fields. Give the concept of fuel and energy balance. Introduce the problems of the fuel and energy complex. Develop the ability to work with economic maps and statistical material.
2. Continue to develop schoolchildren’s ideas and knowledge about the main inter-industry complexes and sectors of the Russian economy; develop and deepen the knowledge of ninth-graders about the fuel and energy complex.
3. To form a worldview idea about the interconnectedness of Russian economic sectors, about the problems of the fuel industry, about possible ways to solve them; promote the development of students’ thinking by organizing work on solving problems, comparing and highlighting the main thing in the lesson; develop the cognitive interests and emotional sphere of the student.
4. Develop the ability to analyze statistical material and work with additional sources of information. To identify the possibilities of using mathematical calculations to assess the territorial structure of the NGDU Jalilneft economy.” Explore mathematical patterns and solve problems.

Educational and visual complex: comprehensive map Russia, map of the fuel and energy complex of Russia, map of minerals, collection of combustible minerals, pictures, tables, diagrams, contour maps, set “Oil and products of its processing”, atlases, pictures, political and administrative map of the Republic of Tatarstan, map of the village of Jalil and “Jalilneft” , statistical data on the oil and gas production management enterprise, multimedia projector.

Results of the lesson

• Students should know: the main fields of oil, natural gas, their processing centers, main pipelines, ecological problems in these industries
• Students should be able to show: the main oil fields, natural gas fields, pipelines.
• Students should be able to name/understand the major environmental issues of these industries.

During the classes

I. Organizing time.

II. Learning new material:

Geography teacher:

Today we are starting to get acquainted with inter-industry complexes and the industries that make them up.

Plan for studying the intersectoral complex:

1. The importance of IOC in the economy.
2. The composition of the complex and the role of the industries included in it.
3. Factors in the location of industries.
4. Areas of production location (bases).
5. Prospects and problems of development of the complex.

The first intersectoral complex that we will study is the fuel and energy sector - the fuel and energy complex. Since 40% of Russia’s exports are fuel (oil, gas, coal), we will begin our study from the “ground floor” of the economy, which is based on natural resources.

The economy of Russia - countries with cold winter, it is impossible to imagine a developed industry without fuel and energy. The task of the fuel and energy complex is to extract fuel, produce electricity and transfer it (transport) to the consumer.

The following diagram is carried out on the board and in notebooks:

Let's consider the composition of the fuel and energy complex:

Fuel industry - engaged in the extraction of fuel: coal, gas, oil, shale, peat.

Electric power industry - energy production at power plants. Energy resources are - fuel, water energy, energy nuclear fuel, non-traditional types of energy (wind, tides, solar energy, etc.).

Transportation of fuel and electricity.

Every year, the country compiles a fuel and energy balance - this is the ratio of fuel production and energy produced (income) and their use in the country's economy (expense).

Determine (according to study D., p. 88, Fig. 33.) what makes up the income and consumption of fuel and energy? (Income - consists of the extraction and production of fuel, balances at the end of the year and imports. Expenses - for production needs, conversion to other types of energy and exports.)

The objectives of the fuel and energy complex are not only to increase fuel production and electricity production, but also to save energy, since, firstly, new deposits are located in uninhabited, difficult-to-develop regions of the North of Russia; secondly, the extraction and transportation of fuel is constantly becoming more expensive; and thirdly, the fuel industry and energy have a negative impact on nature.

Question to the class: How can every resident of Russia save energy? How can school students help with this?

In the fuel industry, leading importance belongs to three sectors: oil, gas and coal.

Oil industry

1. Methods of oil production

Crude oil is explosive and is rarely used. Therefore, oil is processed into gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oil. Plastics, polymers, chemical fibers, etc. are obtained from oil.

Oil is produced in two ways: flowing and pumping. With gushing, oil under pressure flows to the surface on its own. This method is cheaper.

Question: Why is oil production declining? (Depletion of deposits, not all wells are being exploited, some of the deep-lying formations cannot be exploited due to the lack of modern equipment.)

2. Basic oil fields Russia (oil bases)

In terms of oil reserves, Russia today ranks second in the world after Saudi Arabia. 70% of oil is produced in the West Siberian base, fields: Samotlor, Megion, etc. Working with the map:

Find other oil fields in Russia. (Volga-Ural base (25% of production); large fields: Romashkinskoye, Ishimbayevskoye, Tuymazinskoye - oil has been produced here for more than 40 years and up to 90% of the reserves have already been extracted. In the future, oil production from the shelf is possible Barents Sea and the northeastern coast of Sakhalin Island (in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk).)

3. Oil transportation

Oil is transported through oil pipelines. The main direction of oil flows is to the west, to refineries (oil refineries) and abroad (account D. p. 93, Fig. 38)

Refineries are most often located not in areas of oil production, but in areas where refined products are consumed, since crude oil is easier to transport than refined products. Working with the map:

Indicate the directions along which oil is transported.

1. Oil pipeline "Friendship": from Almetyevsk (Tatarstan) - to Brest and across the border of Belarus to European countries;
2. Almetyevsk - Kirishi - St. Petersburg;
3. Almetyevsk - Novorossiysk.

Find oil refining centers (cities with refineries). (Kirishi, Yaroslavl, Perm, Ufa, Ryazan, etc.)

Gas industry

Gas is a cheap and environmentally friendly high-calorie fuel.

Russia ranks first in the world in terms of gas reserves and production. More than 700 natural gas fields have been explored in Russia. Gas production is stable and brings high profits.

1. Main gas production areas

Russia is rich in natural gas deposits, but its production often takes place in harsh natural conditions: polar night, permafrost, strong winds at low temperatures air in winter

The West Siberian base produces 92% of all gas production in the country. These fields are Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Medvezhye, etc. Orenburg-Astrakhan base (6% of production); Timan-Pechora base (1% of production).

Working with the map:

Find the main natural gas deposits on the map (learning D., p. 95, Fig. 39).

2. Gas transportation

Gas is delivered to consumers via gas pipelines. The largest of them were built from Urengoy and Orenburg (Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod). The new Yamal-Europe and Blue Stream gas pipelines have been laid across the Black Sea to Turkey.

Mark on the contour map oil and gas fields, as well as the main directions of oil and gas pipelines.

Map 10 refineries and oil export ports.

Mathematic teacher:

Using mathematics to assess the territorial structure of the Jalilneft oil and gas production department

Problem 1.If the length of pipelines is first divided by 10 and added to the product 25, then extract Square root and subtract 3 from the result obtained and then divide by 5, you get 4. Find the length (km) of the pipelines.

X is the length of the pipeline. ( -3):5=4.

Answer: 5040 km.

Problem 2. At what speed must oil move in a pipeline with a cross-section of 100 cm² so that 18 m³ of oil flows within an hour?

t = 1h=3600s; s - path S - cross-sectional area of ​​the pipe
S=100 cm²=0.01 m²

1 m²=10000 cm², V=18 m²; V=Ss ; s=18/0.01=1800 (m); ν=1800m/3600s=0.5m/s

Answer: 0.5m/s

Task 3. The length of NGDU pipelines is 5040 km, and the area of ​​operation is 1370 sq. km. The population of Jalil is 14,134 people. Find the Engel coefficient - Yuzuru Kato - d, which shows the territorial organization of the economy.

The solution to the Engel coefficient - Yuzuru Kato is found using the formula d=L/

d=5040: =1.145. Answer: 1.145.

Task 4. Oil production at NGDU is 4,505,000 tons. The length of NGDU pipelines is 5040 km, and the area of ​​operation is 1370 sq. km. The population of Jalil is 14,134 people. Find the Uspensky coefficient d1.

Solution: d1= L/=5040:= 0.245 Answer: 0.245

Geography teacher:

The degree of provision of individual countries and entire parts of the world with communication routes can be characterized by the density of the transport network. Most often, two indicators are used: network density relative to the territory (length of communication routes in km per 100 km² of territory) and population (length of communication routes in km per 10 thousand inhabitants). Along with these simple indicators of the density of the transport network, complex ones are used: the Engel – Yuzuru Kato and Uspensky coefficients. These indicators make it possible to obtain a more accurate description of the level when comparing the provision of communication routes different countries and regions, as well as, to a certain extent, compliance of the existing network with the needs for communication routes.

Simple arithmetic summation of the length of communication paths different types transport does not give a correct idea of ​​the comparative provision of transport in the compared territories, since the routes of communication between different types of transport are by no means equivalent. But you can do it differently, namely, recalculate the length of communication routes of each type of transport using conditional coefficients into an equivalent (equal in throughput and carrying capacity) length of railways. Based on the carrying capacity of communication routes of different modes of transport and the actual work performed (world average), as well as their value, we can conditionally assume that waterways are on average equivalent to railways; 1 km. paved roads correspond to 0.15, 1 km. motorways - 0.45 and 1 km. dirt roads – only 0.01 km. railways; 1 km. trunk pipelines for oil and petroleum products with an average diameter for the global network (12.7 inches) can be equated to 1 km., and 1 km. gas pipelines - to 0.3 km. railways.

III. Consolidation

Geography teacher: The fuel and energy balance of the Republic of Tatarstan consists of oil production, associated gas production, and electricity. Oil is mainly exported outside the republic in crude form. 20% of electricity is exported to neighbors. In turn, natural gas comes to the republic from Western Siberia and the Orenburg region. Coal is imported from Kuzbass. Now your classmates will present their research work to you, and you must do practical work. You will enter the data into a table (the table is given in advance):

Practical work No. 5 Compilation of characteristics of one basin using maps and statistical materials.

Purpose of the work: to compile a description of the pool; check and evaluate the ability to compose various shapes presented material (test cards, textbook text, Additional Information, statistical materials), choose the main thing, make generalizations, conclusions).

Sequence of work:

Speech by students who conducted research work on the topic: “Economic and geographical characteristics of the enterprise: OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT “JALILNEFT” and the use of mathematics to assess the territorial structure of the NGDU “Jalilneft” economy.”

Milyausha. (1 slide – view of the village) An economic crisis began a year and a half ago. From September 2008 to March 2009, the dollar rose from 23 rubles to 36 rubles. Why did we remember this, because the cost of 1 barrel of “black gold” last summer was 150 dollars. The country breathed calmly, as petrodollars increased budget revenues. But due to the crisis, the need for oil decreased, and the price of oil began to fall. There were predictions that the cost of 1 barrel of oil would be $8. The fall in oil prices is not only a problem for oil magnates, it is a problem at the level of the country's economy, since the basis of our country's income is made up of income from the sale of oil in foreign countries. Today the cost of 1 barrel of oil is $70. That is why we began to study our oil and gas production enterprise in detail.

Milyausha. (2 slide - map diagram of the production areas of the NGDU) The territory of the NGDU "Jalilneft" is the northernmost of the structural divisions of OAO Tatneft, developing the areas of the Romashkinskoye oil field: East Suleevskaya, Alkeevskaya, Chishminskaya, Tashliyarskaya, Sarmanovskaya, as well as 2 large deposits of the Bobrikovsky horizon. The territory of its activities covers four administrative districts of the Republic of Tatarstan: Sarmanovsky, Almetyevsky, Aznakaevsky and Zainsky. At the same time, 2 horizons are being developed: 1st - high-sulfur oil at a depth in the range of 700 -1000 meters; 2nd - Devonian oil 1200 -1600 meters depth.

Gulnaz. (3 slide - drop of oil) Oil is a flammable oily liquid with a specific odor, black or dark brown, common in the sedimentary shell of the Earth. There are light, medium and heavy oils. The quality of oil is determined by its sulfur content and viscosity, which affects the quality of petroleum products obtained from it. By distillation ( primary processing) petroleum is used to produce gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oil. main reason rapid development of the oil industry - high profitability of this industry. And for us this is also a village-forming enterprise.

Slide 4: The production process of oil production is a complex of the following heterogeneous processes:

1. installation and dismantling of mechanical and power equipment;
2. exploration of wells and formations;
3. injection of working agent into the formation
4. oil production;
5. comprehensive oil preparation and transportation

Gulnaz. (5 slide – functional structure of production) Today in organizational structure NGDU "Jalilneft" includes 27 departments, 16 workshops, including 7 fields. In connection with the restructuring at Tatneft, some workshops were separated from NGDU as service companies servicing oil production: such as electric and heat power plants, a production automation workshop, transport workers, and a well overhaul workshop.

Gulnaz. (6 slide – view of the well) The total drilled well stock is 6685 units, of which 3404 are producing, 1645 are injection. Over half a century, Jalilneft Oil and Gas Production Department has produced 540 million tons of “black gold”.

Milyausha. (Slide 7 - production and transportation diagram: photo - surroundings of the village) Oil from the well is supplied through an oil pipeline to a group metering unit, where the produced oil liquid is measured along the well. Then the oil liquid enters the booster pump station, in some of which water is initially discharged. Next, the petroleum liquid enters the workshop for complex preparation and pumping of oil, which includes sedimentation from mechanical impurities, dehydration, desalting and stabilization. From there, commercial oil goes through oil pipelines to buyers. Treated oil is transported through product pipelines to the city of Almetyevsk for the construction of an oil pipeline department and further to the cities of Tatarstan (Nizhnekamsk), Russia (Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow region), Ukraine (Kremenchug) depending on contracts for the supply of raw materials. Due to the difficulties of transporting and drawing up profitable contracts for high-sulfur oil in the city of Nizhnekamsk, Tatneft began construction of its plant for processing high-sulfur oil.

Milyausha. (8 slide – photo - pipelines, tasks on them: density of the oil pipeline network)

We calculated the density of the oil pipeline network in the territory of NGDU operation. The Engel–Yuzuru Kato coefficient is 1.145. This is more than the railway density of Canada and Australia, but less than that of the USA and Japan.

Gulnaz. (Slide 9 - graph of increase and decrease in oil production: photo - large tanks)

In 1977, the maximum level of production of “black gold” was reached - 21.9 million tons, which amounted to more than 20% of all Tatarstan oil. In 2008, annual oil production amounted to 4 million 485 thousand tons (5 times less)

Gulnaz. (Slide 10 - technologies that increase oil recovery: photo) Today the team faces a difficult task - to maintain production at the achieved level, in conditions of working with a low-yield and high-water-cut well stock.

Geological-hydrodynamic models allow geologists to study the patterns of distribution of residual oil reserves in reservoirs and the peculiarities of the process of developing objects at a late stage. Every year about 50 technologies are introduced into production. Some of them are aimed at increasing oil production, and some at reducing operating costs.

Milyausha. (Slide 11 - work team: photo of people working) The NGDU team at the beginning of 2002 consisted of 4,868 people. The number of the team by the end of 2008 was 2125 people, i.e. twice smaller. The average Jalil oil worker is just over 38 years old. Exactly a third of the team is 33 years old. Every fifth of the young people has a higher education. This is required by the production features.

Milyausha. (12 slide – Beautiful places the village of Jalil and the surrounding area) “Black Gold” turned what was once a remote area into a developed industrial-agrarian region, which today is known for the beautiful village of Jalil and comfortable villages. Development social sphere throughout the history of management has been among the priority areas. Thanks to oil workers, the Sarmanovsky district has become one of the most beautiful corners Tatarstan.

Gulnaz. (Slide 13 - beautiful places) Large-scale environmental program. There are 363 springs and three big rivers Menzel, Mellya, Zai with 26 tributaries, the condition of which is carefully monitored by the Jalili people. To prevent oil products from entering water bodies, 105 oil collection facilities operate. 67 springs were put in order and 20 villages were provided with clean spring water.

There are 7 installations for capturing light fractions of hydrocarbons; they are located in commodity parks.

Studying NGDU, we came to the following CONCLUSIONS (14 slide – conclusions):

1. We learned to consider the object under study from different angles and at the same time identify relationships and interdependencies; we learned to do economic analysis;
2. We found out the situation of our village-forming enterprise and are aimed at receiving such an education that will bring greatest benefit native land;
3. Our project may be useful as a manual for a geography teacher. And for us this project is important, because we can improve our skills in project activities, and because it is related to our future profession.
4. We learned that beautiful houses, cozy schools, sports facilities and other social facilities are created such profitable enterprises like our NGDU.
5. We are convinced that our territory is no less developed than some developed countries in the world. And this is the greatest joy and pride for us!
6. Our childhood ideas about the ease of oil production have dissipated. It turned out that the work of an oil worker is very labor-intensive, responsible and creative.
7. The development project is drawn up until 2050, and the recoverable oil reserves are approximately 100 million tons and will last for 40 years.

Students ask questions to the researchers.

Lesson summary:

Geography teacher :

What industries are part of the fuel and energy complex?

What type of fuel comes first in the structure of primary energy resources? (Gas.)

What is the fuel and energy balance?

Name the methods of oil production. Which method is cheaper? (Fountain and pump. Cheaper fountain.)

Name the main oil bases in Russia. (West Siberian, Volga-Ural.)

Why are refineries built not in areas of oil production, but in areas of consumption? (To transport oil, you need to build one oil pipeline, and to transport its refined products, several: a gasoline pipeline, a kerosene pipeline, etc.)

Why did oil production decline in the 90s? (Depletion of oil reserves, worn-out well equipment, low rates of exploration and development of new fields.)

In what direction are oil and gas transported through pipelines? (West in European part Russia, to the western border and to sea oil exporting ports.)

Grading.

Homework: According to the textbook by V.P. Dronov, V.Ya. Rom: §18 - 19, questions on p. 100 (1-5).

LIST OF REFERENCES USED:

1. V. P. Dronov, V. Ya. Rom. Geography. Russia. Population and economy. 9th grade: M.: Bustard, 2008. – 320 p.
2. Zhizhina E. A. Universal lesson developments in geography: 9th grade. – M.: VAKO, 2007. – 288 p.
3. Annual and semi-annual reports of NGDU Jalilneft.
4. Annual geological report of NGDU Jalilneft.
5. 45 is the age of maturity. Affairs and people of NGDU "Jalilneft". Literary and artistic publication, 2004
6. 500 million tons in half a century. Anniversary album. 2001
7. Jalil character. 50th anniversary of NGDU "Jalilneft". 2009. Editorial Board: Kayumov M. Sh., Akhmetshin R. A., Yamaleev F. G., Khuzina I. I., Lukashova S. V., Potemkin A. S., Burganov A. M. – p.g.t. Jalil, 2009, 248 p.
8. A. S. Taisin. Geography of the Republic of Tatarstan. 8-9 grades. Kazan, “Magarif”, 2004, p. 231.
9. Geography of Tatarstan: Trial tutorial For high school. / Ed. G. P. Butakova. – Kazan: Magarif, 1994. -143 p.
10. M. R. Mustafin, R. G. Khuzeev. All about Tatarstan. (Economic and Geographical Directory). - Kazan: Tatar Book Publishing House, 1994. 164 p.
11. Kaplan L.S., Razhetdinov U.Z. “Introduction to technology and equipment of oil production.” Ufa, 1995