All interesting in art and beyond. History of names of different states
Russia is a state with rich history, rich in culture and interesting people. But not all of these people know for certain what their country owes its name to. Although what is there to talk about if not all historians and linguists have a unanimous opinion on this issue. We will try to consider the most reliable theories and find out why Russia has such a name.
A brief excursion into the “evolution” of the name “Russia”
Everyone knows that the history of our country begins in Old Russian state, founded by the well-known Rurikovichs. They called him Kievan Rus, because its capital was the glorious city of Kyiv, and the population was the Russian people.
By the end of the 13th century, the Moscow Principality was formed, which was called “Russia”. And within about a century, the word “Russia” came into use. Researchers suggest that this is due to the peculiarities of the pronunciation of our people, which is why in the word “Russia” the letter “u” gradually turned into “o”. But “Russia” was used much less frequently than “Rus”, “Russian land” and “Muscovy”.
The word “Russia” itself (at that time without the double “s”) originated in Byzantium in the 10th century for the Greek designation for Rus'. “Ρωσία” is what “Rosia” looks like in Greek, and it is in this form that it was supposedly first written. And here is the first mention in Cyrillic, dating back to 1387:
The territory of the Russian state gradually grew, and the population was replenished with peoples of other nationalities - along with this, the word “Russia” was increasingly used. It was officially established in 1547. Then the whole country began to be called the Russian (Russian) kingdom.
Ultimately what we have is Russians call an individual people, and a large multinational state is called Russian.
By the way, Latin name "Russia" already found in Western European sources in the 11th century.
Thus, exactly the word "Rus" became a derivative of "Russia". But scientists have different opinions regarding Rus' and the Russian people.
By the way, the name of Ukraine most likely comes from the consonant Old Russian word “ukraine”, meaning border territory or land near the edge. But with Belarus it’s even simpler - its name comes from the phrase “White Rus'”.
Well, now let’s look at the existing theories about the origin of the word “Rus” and “Russians”.
Norman theory
In this case it is said that Rus' is none other than the Vikings or Normans. The fact is that the Tale of Bygone Years seems to indicate that East Slavic tribes turned to the Varangians, and more precisely, to Rus', who were one of the local tribes.
If we adhere to this theory, we should turn to the Old Icelandic word "Róþsmenn", which means oarsmen or sailors. Therefore, the name of the Norman tribe of Rus may well have such an origin.
Actually, Rurik himself is a Varangian from the Rus people. The Slavic tribes called him to become their ruler, because... at that time they were mired in civil strife.
The Norman theory is supported by many Byzantine and European sources, where Rus' was identified with the Vikings. In the same sources, the names of Russian princes are indicated in a northern manner: Prince Oleg - X-l-g, Princess Olga - Helga, Prince Igor - Inger.
Another interesting argument is the essay of a certain Constantine Porphyrogenitus “On the Administration of the Empire,” written in the mid-10th century. The names of the Dnieper rapids are given there. The funny thing is that two languages are used for this: Slavic and Russian. The last version shows a Scandinavian similarity.
Be that as it may, the Scandinavians definitely visited East Slavic territory. This is evidenced by numerous archaeological finds. Moreover, they date back precisely to the time of the “calling of the Varangians.”
By the way, the spelling of the double “s” was finally established only under Peter I.
Slavic theory
The name of Rus' is often associated with the name of one of the tribes of the Eastern Slavs - the Ros (or Rus). It is believed that they settled along the current Ros River, which is one of the tributaries of the Dnieper. But many researchers consider this theory far-fetched, and the very existence Slavic tribe with such a name, in their opinion, is doubtful. Firstly, in fact, at that time the river had a name with “ъ” at the root, that is, “Ръь”, and secondly, this assumption arose during the Soviet Union, when they tried in every possible way to challenge the Norman theory. Therefore, many of the claims are dubious. These include the fact that the Rus were so nicknamed because of their light brown hair color.
The same river Ros More plausible is the opinion of Lomonosov, who believed that the people of the Rus (or Rosov) have a connection with the Baltic Prussians (also Slavs). And archaeological finds indicate a connection between the Baltic Slavs and the northern population of Ancient Rus'.
Sarmatian (Iranian) theory
The Sarmatians are nomadic Iranian-speaking tribes who occupied the territory of modern Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan in the mid-1st millennium. These guys had such tribes as the Roxolons and Rosomans, whom many eminent scientists consider to be the ancestors of the Rus. This is where the name Rus' came from.
Sarmatians are another possible ancestor of ours. Why not a modern Russian brigade? Swedish theory
From the 6th to the 5th centuries, the Swedes visited those lands and said that they saw Finnish tribes there, whom they called Rotsi.
Military theory
There is also a version that says that “Rus” was a name for a special military class back at the time of the birth of the ancient Russian state. Over time, the name passed on to the entire nation.
Conclusion
Why does Russia have such a name? Because the words “Rus” and “Russian” were derivative, the origin of which is associated with the name of one of the rivers in the territory of the Slavs, and with the Varangian tribe, and even with the Sarmatians and their tribe of Roxolans. Today, the Norman theory seems most plausible, supported by historical facts and archaeological finds. So it is possible that Mother Russia is so called thanks to the legendary Vikings who once came to the lands of our ancestors.
What was meant by “state”?
The acquisition of an official name by a state usually occurs much later than the appearance of this state itself. It was quite enough that the country simply had a historically established generally recognized name. Even the very concept of “state” is later. In Europe, the formation of the modern idea of the state as political machine(English) State, French Etat) occurs only in the 17th century - accordingly, it was then that this word began to be used with this meaning. Previously, the state was not separated from the person of the ruler. In Rus', the word “state” appeared in the 15th century (originally in the form “state”) and meant supreme power monarch. It is no coincidence that the Greek Metropolitan Photius was the first to use it in 1431, who meant by it such a Byzantine concept as Αυτοκρατορία (autocracy, autocracy, sovereignty).
Under Ivan the Terrible, the “state” began to mean the entire state territory with certain boundaries, and to denote the supreme power, along with “state”, the words “kingdom” (“kingdom”) and “power” are used. And during the Time of Troubles, the “state” is also called “the whole earth” - subjects of the sovereign. So, already at the beginning of the 17th century in Russia, “state” had three meanings: power, territory, subjects (the whole country). If in the West these concepts were ultimately separated and received their own separate designations (as, for example, in German: Macht, Reich, Staat), then in Russia this did not happen. Even now in the Russian language, according to Ozhegov’s dictionary, two main meanings of the word “state” are preserved: politic system countries and the whole country as such. This is reflected even in the modern Constitution, the preamble of which speaks of the “historically established state unity” of Russia. This, of course, is not about the unity of the political system, but about the unity of the country.
What was the name of the state?
Since initially the “state” primarily implied the sovereignty of the monarch, the most important state attribute was royal title. An error in its writing was a state crime, belittling it was a reason for war. The title contained an indication of both the actual state territory and that which the ruler sought to possess. Occasional use of the title "all Rus'"has been known since the 11th century, but its final consolidation occurred only in the 14th century with the Moscow Grand Dukes (starting with Ivan Kalita).
However, the Moscow princes who accepted the title of “all Rus'”, of course, did not actually own all of Russia. Therefore, in relation to the territory over which their power actually extended, such unofficial names as “Moscow Land”, “Moscow Lands”, and later also “Moscow Land” were usually used. Novgorod land", "Tver land", "Novgorod state", "Vladimir state", "Kazan state", "Kazan kingdom", "Astrakhan kingdom", "all states of the Russian kingdom", "Moscow state and all cities of the Russian kingdom", " our great Russian states”, etc. Ivan the Terrible in his messages used the concepts of “Moscow State”, “Russian Kingdom”, “Russian Kingdom and many other kingdoms and states”. Thus, the royal title and the ordinary name of the state were related to each other, but did not coincide.
With the beginning of the Russian-Polish War of 1654-1667, the formula “of all Great, Little and White Russia” appeared in the title of the Russian Tsar. From that time on, the name “Moscow State” was no longer used. Later, under Peter I, along with the usual name “Russian Kingdom”, the names “great Russian state” or simply “Russia” were also used.
"State" and "Empire"
In 1721, Peter accepted the new title of “Father of the Fatherland, All-Russian, Great Emperor.” The name “All-Russian” was derived from the former title “all ... Russia”. However, no “renaming” of the state itself (into the Russian Empire) followed after this. As before, its usual name was “Russian State”. In Peter’s legislation, the name “Russian Empire” first appears only a year and a half later - in the instructions to the Kyiv customs lieutenant Zalessky dated March 10, 1723. Under Peter, the concept of “Russian Empire” was used in laws only a few times in March 1723 - January 1724, and in all the meanings in which the concept of “state” was previously used: as royal power, as state territory and as the entire country. Let us note one more fact: the empire was not called All-Russian, as would follow from title of emperor, A Russian, as it was called a country, Russian state. Thus, the use of the new word “empire” and the old word “state” was identical. Later, already in the “Order” of Catherine II (1767), the Russian word “state” translated all three concepts: la Monarchie (monarchy, sovereign power), l`Empire (empire, dominion), l`Etat (country, political system) . This was fully consistent with the old Russian tradition.
Under Empress Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), the legislation, along with the previous state names, mentioned “Russian States and Lands”, “Her Imperial Majesty’s Empire”, and the concept “derived from the imperial title” also appeared. All-Russian empire" (it was used until early XIX century). Under Nicholas I (1825-1855) in the Complete Collection of Laws and the Code of Laws, the names “Russian Empire” and “Russian State” were used as identical names. In the Basic State Laws of 1906, the names “Russian State”, “Russian Empire” and “Russia” were used.
Now what?
In 1917, the monarchy ceased to exist. However, the concepts of “Russian Empire” (“Russian State”), which as such were never legally proclaimed, were not officially abolished. Constituent Assembly in January 1918 “in the name of the peoples, Russian state components”, proclaimed it a “Russian Democratic Federative Republic”. However, even the introduction of a republican form of government in the “Russian state” did not abolish its existence as such, since in accordance with centuries-old tradition it was understood as not just the political system, but the whole country as a whole.
The Bolshevik Constitution of 1918 called only a republic, that is, a “state” political system of the country(“workers’ and peasants’ state”) - in the Western European sense. Since then, this political system has changed its official name quite often, depending on the political tastes of its leaders. But the country with official name The “USSR” remained Russia, no matter what experiments were carried out on its people. Since 1993, the republic (the country's political system) has been officially referred to as the "Russian Federation" and "Russia". However, the country as a whole, “while maintaining historically established state unity, ... honoring the memory of our ancestors who conveyed to us love and respect for the Fatherland" (Constitution of the Russian Federation. Preamble), along with the name "Russia" inherits its historical name "Russian State", as well as its identical "Russian empire"- no one has ever canceled them.
Traditionally, the date of the beginning of Russian statehood is considered to be 862, to which the Tale of Bygone Years refers to the calling of the Varangians-Rus (there are different versions about the origin of this people) to Novgorod the Great by tribal unions of the eastern Baltic and upper Volga region: East Slavic Slovenes and Krivichi and Finno-Ugric Chuds , measure and weigh. In 882, the Rurik dynasty captured Kyiv and also took possession of the lands of the Polyans, Drevlyans, Severians, Radimichi, Ulichs and Tiverts, which together made up the main territory of the Old Russian state.
Old Russian state
During the period of maximum expansion of the borders, the Old Russian state also included the lands of the Dregovichi, Vyatichi, Volynians, White Croats, Yatvingians, Muroms, Meshcheras, possessions at the mouth of the Dnieper (Oleshya), on the lower Don (Sarkel) and on the banks of the Kerch Strait (Tmutarakan Principality) . Gradually, the tribal nobility was ousted by the Rurikovichs, who already at the beginning of the 11th century reigned throughout the territory of Rus'. Tribal names gradually ceased to be mentioned during the 11th-12th centuries (with the exception of tribal names in the territories of the eastern Baltic and the basin dependent on the Russian princes). middle Volga). At the same time, starting from the end of the 10th century, each generation of Rurikovich carried out divisions of Rus' among themselves, but the consequences of the first two sections (and) were gradually overcome through a fierce struggle for power, as well as the suppression of individual lines of Rurikovich (). Section 1054, after which the so-called The “triumvirate of the Yaroslavichs,” despite the long-term concentration of power in the hands of the younger Yaroslavich Vsevolod (-), was never completely overcome. After a struggle for power after his death, complicated by the intervention of the Polovtsians, in 1097, at the Lyubech Congress of Princes, the principle “everyone holds his fatherland” was established.
After the allied actions of the princes moved the fight against the Polovtsians from the southern Russian borders deep into the steppes, the new Kiev prince Vladimir Monomakh and his eldest son Mstislav, after a series of internal wars, managed to achieve recognition of their power by part of the Russian princes, others were deprived of their possessions. At the same time, the Rurikovichs began to enter into intra-dynastic marriages.
Russian principalities
In the 1130s, the principalities began to gradually fall out of control Kyiv princes, although the prince who owned Kiev was still considered the eldest in Rus'. With the beginning of the fragmentation of Russian lands, the names “Rus”, “Russian Land” in most cases are applied to the Principality of Kyiv.
With the collapse of the Old Russian state, the Principality of Volyn, the Principality of Galicia, the Principality of Kiev proper, the Principality of Murom-Ryazan, the Novgorod Land, the Principality of Pereyaslavl, the Principality of Polotsk, the Principality of Rostov-Suzdal, the Principality of Turov-Pinsk, and the Principality of Chernigov were formed. In each of them the process of formation of appanages began.
The strengthening of the positions of the Vladimir Grand Dukes after the Mongol invasion was facilitated by the fact that they did not participate in the large-scale South Russian civil strife before it, that the principality until the turn of the XIV-XV centuries did not have common borders with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was expanding into Russian lands, and also that that the Grand Dukes of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, and then his son Alexander Nevsky were recognized by the Golden Horde as the oldest in Rus'. In fact, all the great princes were directly subordinate to the khans, first of the Mongol Empire, and from 1266 - of the Golden Horde, independently collecting tribute in their possessions and forwarding it to the khan. From the middle of the 13th century, the title of Grand Dukes of Chernigov was almost constantly held by the Bryansk princes. Mikhail Yaroslavich Tverskoy (-) was the first of the great princes of Vladimir to be called “Prince of All Rus'”.
In the 14th century, the great principalities of Tver and Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod were also formed in the northeast of Rus', and the Smolensk princes also began to be titled great. Since 1363, the label for the great reign of Vladimir, which meant seniority within North-Eastern Rus' and Novgorod, was issued only to Moscow princes, who from that time began to be titled great. In 1383, Khan Tokhtamysh recognized the Grand Duchy of Vladimir as the hereditary possession of the Moscow princes, while simultaneously authorizing the independence of the Grand Duchy of Tver. The Grand Duchy of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod was annexed to Moscow in 1392. In 1405, Lithuania captured Smolensk. Finally, all Russian lands were divided between the great principalities of Moscow and Lithuania by the end of the 15th century.
Russian state
Russian kingdom
In the 16th and 17th centuries. Our ancestors called “states” those regions that were once independent political units and then became part of the Moscow state. From this point of view, then there existed the “Novgorod State”, the “Kazan State”, and the “Moscow State” often meant Moscow itself with its district. If they wanted to express the concept of the entire state in our sense, then they said: “all the great states of the Russian kingdom” or simply “the Russian kingdom.”
Russian empire
After a special legal meeting. In fact - after the abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich, brother of Nicholas II from March 3, 1917
Russian Democratic Federative Republic
Formed by the unification of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Trans-SFSR.
Also before acceptance new constitution By 1993, a new coat of arms was in development. De facto, on the territory of the Russian Federation in the first half of the 1990s, forms and seals of institutions with the old coat of arms and the name of the state of the RSFSR were still used, although they were supposed to be replaced during 1992.
Use of the name "Russian Federation" before the collapse of the USSR
- 1918 - in paragraph e) of Article 49 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 (as a variant of the name).
- 1966 - in the title of the book “Chistyakov O.I., Formation Russian Federation(1917-1922), M., 1966."
- 1978 - in the preamble to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978.
In modern Russia, some documents are still in force in which the old name “RSFSR” remains:
- Law of the RSFSR of December 15, 1978 (as amended on June 25, 2002) “On the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments”
- Law of the RSFSR of 07/08/1981 (as amended on 05/07/2009) “On the judicial system of the RSFSR”
- Declaration of the SND of the RSFSR dated 06/12/1990 N 22-1 “On the state sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic”
- Law of the RSFSR dated October 24, 1990 N 263-1 “On the effect of acts of bodies of the USSR on the territory of the RSFSR”
- Law of the RSFSR of October 31, 1990 N 293-1 “On ensuring the economic basis of the sovereignty of the RSFSR”
- Law of the RSFSR dated March 22, 1991 N 948-1 (as amended on July 26, 2006) “On competition and restrictions on monopolistic activities in commodity markets” (only Article 4 applies)
- Law of the RSFSR dated April 26, 1991 N 1107-1 (as amended on July 1, 1993) “On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples”
- Law of the RSFSR dated June 26, 1991 N 1488-1 (as amended on December 30, 2008) “On investment activities in the RSFSR"
- Law of the RSFSR dated June 26, 1991 N 1490-1 (as amended on February 2, 2006) “On priority provision of the agro-industrial complex with material and technical resources”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 15, 1991 N 211 (as amended on June 26, 1992) “On increasing wages employees of budgetary organizations and institutions"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 21, 1991 N 228 “On the organization of the Russian Academy of Sciences”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 25, 1991 N 232 (as amended on October 21, 2002) “On the commercialization of the activities of trading enterprises in the RSFSR”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 28, 1991 N 240 (as amended on October 21, 2002) “On the commercialization of the activities of public service enterprises in the RSFSR”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 3, 1991 N 255 “On priority measures to organize the work of industry in the RSFSR”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 3, 1991 N 256 “On measures to stabilize the work of the industrial complex of the RSFSR in the conditions of economic reform”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 3, 1991 N 297 (as amended on February 28, 1995) “On measures to liberalize prices”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 12, 1991 N 269 (as amended on October 21, 2002) “On the single economic space of the RSFSR”
- Law of the RSFSR dated December 25, 1991 N 2094-1 “On changing the name of the state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic” (renaming the state to the Russian Federation)
- Decree of the Government of the RSFSR dated December 24, 1991 N 62 (as amended on November 13, 2010) “On approval of lists of federal roads in the RSFSR” (valid until January 1, 2018)
see also
Notes
- Ipatiev Chronicle
- Florya B.N. About some features of the development of ethnic self-awareness of the Eastern Slavs in the Middle Ages - early modern times.
- BRE, volume “Russia”, p.278
- Marat Salikov "National federalism of Russia", materials of the round table "The influence of national relations on the development of a federal state structure and on the socio-political realities of the Russian Federation"
- Resolution of the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets “On federal institutions of the Russian Republic”
- The name of Soviet Russia in documents in the first year of its existence:
Decree of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets on land October 26 (November 8), 1917- Russian state
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Republic of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies
- Soviet Russian Republic
- Soviet Workers' and Peasants' Republic
- workers' and peasants' state
- Federation of Soviet Republics of Russia
- socialist republic of Soviets
- Soviet republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Federation of Soviet Republics
- Russian Republic
- Russian Federation of Soviets
- Russian Federative Republic
- Russian Soviet Republic
- "(delegation of) Russian socialist revolution"
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic(occurs 21 times)
- Russian Republic
- (Treaty between the Russian and Finnish Socialist Republics)
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic(3 times)
- Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Soviet Republic
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Soviet Republic(2 times)
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic(1 time)
- Soviet Republic
- Soviet Republic
- Russian Soviet Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic
- Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Russian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Soviet government
- Russian government
- Russian government
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Soviet Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Federative Socialist Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic(2 times)
- Russian Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Federative Republic
- Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
ABOUT THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
“RUSSIAN LANGUAGE” is great and powerful - that’s exactly what we were taught at school.
He is the “first”, and all the other Slavs are “retinue” around him.
However: ABOUT THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
The Russian language appeared only in the 16th - 17th centuries, and its grammatical basis was created later by M. Lomonosov.
M. Lomonosov used textbooks and books of the Russian principalities to create an acceptable grammatical structure of the Russian language.
Lomonosov created the Russian literary language, - step by step: grammar and structure.
Pushkin, at one time, brought his own significant additions to this language.
Pushkin enriched the Russian language with many interesting and new content.
At the same time, today, from the side of Russian linguists, the idea is strongly conveyed that Ukrainian is a “Polished” Russian language, because it supposedly contains a lot of Polish words.
This is just an attempt to explain the difference Ukrainian language- from the Russian language.
This is “pleasant” for the Russian population of Russia, so that it does not overthink and does not generate “extra” thoughts.
In fact, there is a “secret” behind it!
What is the reason for the huge number of borrowings in the Russian language from the Turkic languages: Tatar, Finno-Ugric, Meri, Vesya, Chud?...
The Russian language is a conglomerate of languages of Russified peoples: the Ural, northern zones of modern Russia...
The Ukrainian language is based not on Polish words, but on common Slavic ones.
This is what it is main reason the fact that: Belarusians and Ukrainians understand Polish and Czech, Serbian-Croatian, and even better Slovak.
It is known from history that there was certainly no Slovak occupation of Ukraine.
The vocabulary of the Ukrainian language and the Belarusian language coincides by 70%. This unity shows which peoples have real, and not invented - fictitious, historical and cultural linguistic roots.
These linguistic roots are inherent to the peoples of true Rus', and not to the northeastern “Muscovy”.
Only two peoples: Belarusian and Ukrainian are the heirs and continuers of the true traditions of Rus'.
The famous Russian linguist Dahl tried to use the Slavic languages that he studied to communicate with the peasants of the Moscow region.
They did not understand the language in which he tried to speak to them...
And this is only 100-150 miles from Moscow, so what can we say about the Russian “outback”?
Dahl has repeatedly stated that the language of Rus' is called Russian, and is written with just one “s”.
However, Dahl did not convince anyone.
The priority was the decrees of Peter I.
But it was precisely Russian that old people in Ukraine even in the twentieth century called their language in Rus', contrasting it with the Moscow language, which is a newly invented one: “Russian” with 2 “s”.
The origin of many “original Russian” words, the “Russianness” of which today is beyond doubt even among teachers of the Russian language...
even in Russia, it is covered with “fog”.
However, if you analyze the lexical composition of the Russian language, it turns out that the basic basis of the indigenous Slavic languages has little in common with him.
In the Russian language there are enough words brought into it from Church Slavonic writing, which were used only for writing and church services.
This doesn't surprise anyone.
M.V. Lomonosov took precisely this as a basis - Church Slavonic writing.
Using the textbooks of the learned Russian men of Rus' in the Middle Ages (at that time part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania), Lomonosov created a grammar: a grammar of the well-known Moscow - Russian language.
It is for this reason that the modern Russian language is permeated with many borrowings from Church Slavonic writing, which in Rus' until the end of the 17th century served as a written presentation.
In addition, large arrays of words and concepts entered the Russian language from the northern - Ural peoples and from the Finno-Ugric languages northern zone Russia: Vepsians, Meri, Komi, Vesi, Muromov...
Everything happened “naturally”.
As they conquered these nationalities, settled the territories of these nationalities, the people of the Moscow Principality naturally paid attention to phenomena, names of objects designated in the language of local peoples, adopted this linguistic content and defined it in their own language.
Thus, the “greatness” of the Russian language grew.
So, for example, the “Russian” outskirts comes from Karelian. okollisa, volost from Karelians. volost, Finnish volosti, district(s) from Karelians. okruuka, Komi oukruga, village from Veps. deruun, deron, derevn, churchyard from Veps. pagast and karels. pogostu, village from Karelian posolku, ridge from Karelian. kriadu(a), cabbage from Karelian-Finnish. kapustahuuhta, Niva from Karelian-Finnish. niiva, vegetable garden from Karelians. ogrodu and Komi akgarod, empty, wasteland from the Karelians. puustos and Veps., puust, estate from Karelians. and Komi usat’bu, area from Karl. ucuasku, glade from the Karelians. pluanu, grove from Karelians. roshsu and Komi rossha, roshta, tundra from Baltic-Finnish. tunturi, tuntur, ditch from Karelians. kanoava, konuava, pond from Karelian and middle Finnish. pruttu, pruudu, ford from the Karelians. brodu and Komi brсdu, verst from Komi vers and Karelians. virsta, the path from the Karelians. puwtti and Komi “PUTINA” (origin of the surname Putin), cart, cart from Karelians. telegu and Komi telezhnei, path from the Karelians. troppu and Komi trioppu, hook from Karelian-Finnish. kruwga, kruwkka, portage from Komi vсlek, vсlцk, place from Karelian and Komi mesta, ridge (steep bank) from Veps. krдz, krez, whirlpool from the Komi-Karelians. omutta, baldness from Karelians. plesatti, a spring from Finnish-Karelian. rodniekku, rodikka, hillock from Karelians. buguriccu, etc. etc.
Someone may object: “Everything is not as you say! These words came from Russian to Karelian!..."
But, alas, this statement is false.
It's not like this Karelian language There are almost no cognate words in other Slavic languages.
For a Russian person, it is the above words that sound especially “Russian.”
Russian people have lived with these words for centuries.
At the same time, Belarusian and Ukrainian words and... lexical phrases turn out to be alien to the understanding of Russian people.
Then a version appears about the Polishization of the Ukrainian language.
But it is precisely these peoples: Belarusians and Ukrainians who have always lived in true Rus' and... their descendants are the bearers of its culture.
Later, some words of the northern peoples migrated to the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, but already in the process of Russification - the diffusion of the Russian world into the Slavic World.
With all this, multidirectional and reverse processes occurred.
For example, words such as ticket, station, grave, village, farm... appeared in Komi, Karelian and other languages.
Only linguists have a clear idea of the penetration of many Turkic, Iranian and European words and concepts into the Russian language.
Here are vivid examples: PRODUCT, HORSE, BARN, CARAVAN, WATERMELON, DOG, BREAD, MUG, UMBRELLA, CAT, MONKEY, NOTEBOOK, TIE, COMPOTE, MUSIC, TRACTOR, TANK, HARBOR, SAIL, ICON, CHURCH, SPORTS, MARKET, STATION, CAR, GOL, HUT, GLASS, HERRING, SOUP, CHAIR, TABLE, CUCUMBER, CUTLETE, POTATOES, PAN, PLATE, SUGAR, CHOIR, IDYLL, POETRY, HOSPITAL, FAIR, CHANCE, EXCITATION, TENT, MAYONNAISE, HOUSE, SHAMPOO, PROBLEM, SYSTEM, TOPIC... and many thousands of other words.
This entire array of borrowings is indicated without taking into account Latinisms and early borrowings from the Greek language.
The scientific and technical vocabulary of the Russian language consists almost 100% of Dutch, German, and English borrowings.
The socio-political vocabulary of the Russian language consists almost 100% of Greek, French and English borrowings.
So where, in fact, is the “great and mighty” Russian language itself?
And what kind of “Old Russianness” can we even talk about?
The Russian language, if we define it as a branch of the Slavic, is essentially a multi-component mixture of Church Slavonic writing (artificial, and not used in the spoken language!) with dozens of different languages, borrowed from conquered, enslaved and assimilated peoples.
A natural process occurred: with close contact between the enslavers and the conquered, not only the conqueror implants his own culture, but also absorbs someone else’s culture.
Professors in Russian Empire, and even in the USSR, - Soviet historians, if possible, tried to replace the term “Slavic” with the mythical one - “Old Russian”.
But there was no such people, there never was such a language.
In Kyiv the dialect was different, but in Novgorod it was completely different.
Church Slavonic writing was not the basis of the spoken language.
Nobody ever said that!
“Old Russianness” is a myth!
The Moscow kings really wanted “ANTIQUITY”.
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At the beginning of the 18th century, Peter I founded the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Over the 120 years of its existence, there have been 33 academic historians in the historical department of the Academy of Sciences.
Of these, only three are Russians, including M.V. Lomonosov, the rest are Germans.
The history of Russia until the beginning of the 17th century was written by Germans, and some of them did not even know Russian! This fact is well known to professional historians, but they have made no effort to carefully review what kind of history the Germans wrote.
It is known that M.V. Lomonosov wrote the history of Russia and that he had constant disputes with German academics.
After the death of M. Lomonosov, his archives disappeared without a trace. However, his works were published, but under the editorship of Miller.
Meanwhile, it was Miller who persecuted M. Lomonosov during his lifetime!
The works of M. Lomonosov published by Miller are falsifications, this was shown by computer analysis.
As a result, Russia does not know its history.
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So what? all this information makes you a good man? adds love to your neighbor? makes you honest, noble, decent?
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VIKTOR EROFEEV answered you!
Rings of Russian history. Could I imagine in 1979, when making Metropol, that there would be a war between Moscow and Kyiv?
Thanks to the authorities!
Thanks people!
Holding hands, they organized an unprecedented thing.
Some are shouting, believing that this is the path to the third world war.
Someone shouts loudly: shame!
Wasn’t it clear?
Power was a buffer. She is still a buffer. Give the people free elections, current government will be washed away by a wave of uncompromising people. The authorities will not get away with conquering Crimea! She will report on all the details. Zhirinovsky will seem the lesser of all evils.
After the fall of the USSR, the authorities turned to the West using the masks of Gaidar and Chubais, and took Sakharov as a witness. But these were only masks. The time has come to turn away from the West, to show them our true face, the reflection of our behind.
After World War II, the liberated nations hated their pro-German ideologue propagandists most of all. Many were hanged or shot.
But we have a golden parachute of oblivion. We will very soon forget about the Moscow-Kyiv war, no matter how it ends. Let's forget the same way we forgot the war in Rwanda. We will forget everything.
We once mistakenly thought that a new generation would come and repent for everyone, as in Germany. A new generation has arrived. With a club in his hands.
Thanks to Putin. He arranged a detailed viewing of the Russian soul. Television, like an X-ray, showed the insides of people's passions and desires. The television spoke not in the language of propaganda, but in its native, popular language. Hello, our original racism!
The intelligentsia became a marginal element of society. The fragmented remnants of the intelligentsia gave up their hands, hanging like whips: how to live further?
What a funny question! It's like the first time! It's like little touchy children! Let us recall the post-revolutionary collection “From the Depths,” consisting mainly of Vekhovites. Woke up! They began calling people “pig snouts.” And Rozanov goes there too. But the “pig snouts” were always consistent in their own way. They denied Europe in the person of Minin and Pozharsky. They did not want to free themselves from serfdom thanks to Napoleon; they went to Nicholas II under the banners and banners of the Black Hundred, physically destroying the liberals.
We get used to living as a marginal element, alien, hostile, as after the revolution.
After the revolution, in order not to die of hunger, the intelligentsia went into education. The Enlightener Gorky created plans for the culturalization of Russia. And the government, socially close to the people, embodied the project of complete literacy of the population. Thanks to general literacy, the Russian person was replaced by the Soviet one.
A new stage of enlightenment for many years to come?
Coup d'etat the size of the Kremlin?
Middle class conspiracy?
It is not enough for half the area.
People are delighted with the bans. People dream of remembering their youth and standing in an endless line for the best shitty sausage in the world.
The intelligentsia will fray. No one really cares about her petty opposition media. If they are banned, the “voices” will start buzzing again from behind the cordon. What the heck! Let them expose themselves better. It's never too late to destroy. Great Terror to popular applause. Moral terror is already in action.
Russia signed not a sentence for itself, but a safe-conduct. This letter says that we are able to live in our own way.
We are paying for the childhood complexes and adult grievances of One Man. We are paying for the weaknesses of the modern West. We are paying the price for the fact that the West turned on One Man so that it saw his corruption (Schroeder) and his licentiousness (Berlusconi). This West brought forth only contempt, like vomiting. This West can be killed with snot. Who is to blame for not being shown a different West? Who is to blame for not being a reader? Even if he read it, it wasn’t that.
Divorce in Russian. We are crawling into the longest agony in the world. Let's set another Guinness record. How pleasant it is, in our opinion, for One Man, surrounded by a small group of faithful friends, comrades at the barbecues of his youth, to frighten the whole of Europe, to frighten the whole world!
They are there, in their fucking Europe, worried, calling back, calling him too, this One Man, exhorting him, wagging their tails, melting away... He knows that they don’t love him, but they are afraid of him, and that’s good. AND faithful friends they burst out laughing with healthy laughter, bursting into tears, spitting on idiotic sanctions, seeing how everyone is afraid of him and them along with him.
Hide the corpses! This is our little military trick.
What is a war without corpses? And what do they mean - these corpses?
They won’t say that in Europe! And this is their weakness.
Here is the news from 2014 (as old as the Russian world): we are not Europeans! And we are proud of it! We have never been Europeans.
Who are we?
We are nesting dolls in camouflage.
Russian world without borders. We are all smeared with Russian myrrh.
The nesting dolls will win because the Russian soul fears death less than others, least of all. And therefore she is less afraid of death, because it is assigned not to a person who takes responsibility for life, but to a person who has no idea about any kind of responsibility.
What will happen?
Nothing will happen.
The secret became clear.
For the vast minority.
Yes, over time it will be possible to go to Europe again, although we gave the Poles and Balts a real reason to hate us, even the Bulgarians were embarrassed.
We didn’t get into Europe, we didn’t get through, because in our overwhelming minority we ourselves are half-hearted, we drink vodka and love Ferraris. We love our ugliness. We adore Flaubert and “Moscow - Petushki”.
You can be Russian Europeans or half Europeans, but it doesn’t work!
There are no Polish Europeans or French. We want to be Europeans, but under the condition of our ugliness.
No birth, no rebirth.
We survived in the Soviet Union, although all the conversation around us was gibberish. But the further there was, the more the feeling of disbelief in utopia developed. Autumn flies ruled us. And now the floodgates have just opened. Cleverly done! This way you can hold out for some time. Otherwise, be just an imitator of Europe? Chasing to overtake Portugal! Let her burn with fire!
The floodgates are open.
But in the end, autumn flies will rule again.
Let us respond with a new Silver Age to the Stolypin reaction, to Stolypin's carriages and ties. But where are these talents?
In the long term, a new war between two viruses will begin in the Russian body: imperial and European. But it is extremely difficult to hope that people will ever become infected with the European spirit. We will have to wait for the new Peter the Great with his forced pro-European reforms. He hasn't been seen yet.
