The essence of the technology of self-organization and effective interaction. Technologies of self-organization and effective interaction
Technologies of self-organization and effective interaction.
Non-verbal communication.
Nonverbal communication is a non-verbal form of communication that includes gestures, facial expressions, postures, visual contact, timbre of voice, touch and conveys figurative and emotional content. Language of non-verbal components of communication: primary languages of the non-verbal system: a system of gestures, which differs from the language of the deaf and dumb, pantomime, facial expressions, etc.; secondary languages of the nonverbal system: Morse code, music, programming languages. Nonverbal language is a type of communication when words are not used: facial expressions, gestures, intonations are the most important part of communication. At times, much more can be said through these means than through words. A specialist in “body language” A. Pease claims that 7% of information is transmitted through words, sound means (including tone of voice, intonation, etc.) - 38%, facial expressions, gestures, postures (non-verbal communication) - 55% 3. In other words, we can say that it is not what is said that is important, but how it is said. It plays a big role in the exchange of emotions both between people and between animals, including between a person and his trained pets. Observations show that in communication processes 60% - 95% of information is transmitted precisely through the nonverbal system 4. It consists of: tone of voice, timbre, pitch, speed, intonation and other various non-verbal characteristics, song, your appearance, your clothes, your posture, your facial expression, your smile or lack thereof, your gaze, your movements, your dancing, your gait, the depth and speed of your breathing, your gestures during a conversation, nodding and shaking your head, the direction of your arms and legs, applause, touching during a conversation, handshakes and hugs, behavior. As well as actions: confidence during a conversation, absence of aggressiveness or its presence. Facial expressions are imitation of the behavior of your interlocutor. Preserving the personal space of the interlocutor. On the one hand, during communication, conversations, negotiations, you must be able to control your own movements, behavior and facial expressions, on the other hand, be able to read the information of non-verbal means of communication of your conversation partners, therefore everyone needs to learn the language of non-verbal communication, who is interested in positive and productive negotiations and conversations. However, “reading information” from gestures, postures and other means of non-verbal communication is not always unambiguous; each specific situation requires a specific approach to this process. Nonverbal means communication is studied by the following sciences 5:
a) kinesics (gestures, facial expressions, gait, posture, visual contact);
b) prosody and extralinguistics (intonation, volume, timbre, pauses, sigh, laughter, crying, i.e. intonation characteristics of the voice);
c) tokesics (tactile interactions);
d) proxemics (orientation, distance, i.e. spatial organization of communication).
Most researchers share the view that the verbal channel is used to convey information, while the non-verbal channel is used to “discuss” interpersonal relationships, and in some cases is used instead of verbal messages. Nonverbal communication is valuable because it manifests itself, as a rule, unconsciously and spontaneously and is determined by the impulses of our subconscious; that is, the lack of ability to fake these impulses allows us to trust this language more than the verbal channel of communication. In the process of communication, it is necessary to take into account the general atmosphere of the conversation, its content, general mood and atmosphere. The components of nonverbal communication are also very significant in the very first seconds of acquaintance. At the moment of acquaintance, not a single word has yet been spoken, and the first assessment of the interlocutor has already been obtained by “reading information” of components of non-verbal communication, such as your gait, your general form, facial expressions, and subsequently changing this assessment of nonverbal communication will be very problematic. Researchers believe that the first four minutes of a meeting are important, during which a general portrait of the interlocutor is formed, and it is during this short period of time that you should make a positive impression on your interlocutor, and the basis for this will be non-verbal 6. First, it is necessary to show interest in the conversation ahead of you, your willingness to cooperate, your openness to new ideas and proposals. When communicating, you should pay attention to posture, gaze, gestures - since these are the most obvious methods of non-verbal communication. Your behavior should be natural, not tense, and should not force your interlocutor to tense up and wait for a trick. When communicating with your interlocutor, you should not take a pose that shows your closedness to communication and aggressiveness: these are frowning eyebrows, elbows widely spaced on the table, clenched fists or fingers clasped together, crossed legs and arms. Do not wear glasses with tinted lenses, especially when meeting for the first time, unless this is urgently necessary - bright sun, strong wind, because without seeing the eyes of your communication partner, your interlocutor may feel awkward, since a significant portion of the information is for him closed, and the person begins to involuntarily tense up. As a result of all this, the atmosphere of direct communication may be disrupted.
4. Three types of handshake.
There is an opinion that the handshake appeared in ancient times as a way to show that there is no weapon in the hand. The Japanese have a saying: “He has his whole soul in the palm of his hand.” They usually greet with both hands, which means a greeting from the bottom of their hearts.
In the field business communications Three main meanings can be conveyed through a handshake: superiority, humility (compliance) or equality (Table 2).
5. Table 2
Types of handshake
| Image | Handshake type | Description |
 Imperious - owner of a black sleeve Neutralization of an attempt at an imperious handshake: option 1;  option 2. “Glove”;  option 3   A B C | Imperious | Promotes submission. It is typical for people who strive to lead and subordinate. At the same time, the palm is directed downward, and therefore the partner is simply forced to turn the palm up. Should not be used when introducing A. The person on the right is offered an authoritative, dominant type of handshake B. He accepts the hand and steps forward with his left foot C. Then he takes a step with his right foot and moves into the intimate area of the other person and turns his hand to a vertical position |
6. End of table 2
| Image | Handshake type | Description |
| The inferior one is the owner of the white sleeve | inferior | The palm is directed upward. Demonstrates a subordinate position and willingness to give in. This is necessary in situations where you want to give the initiative to another person, or allow him to feel like he is in charge of the situation. |
 | Equal | When two powerful people shake hands, there is a symbolic struggle between them, during which each tries to subjugate the other's hand. The result is a handshake in which both hands remain in vertical position, and both people feel a sense of respect and mutual understanding for each other |
A strong handshake is one that can cause pain. It is usually preferred serious people, whose main character trait is the desire for conquest.
A weak handshake is only the touching of hands. It leaves the partner with the feeling that the person who makes such a gesture has a weak will.
7. Handshake and zonal spaces
1.Intimate area(from 15 to 46 cm). Of all the zones, this is the most important, since it is this that a person protects as if it were his property. Only those persons who are in close emotional contact with him are allowed to enter this area. These are children, parents, spouses, lovers, close friends and relatives. In this zone there is also a subzone with a radius of 15 cm, which can only be entered through physical contact. This is over intimate area.
2. Personal zone(from 46 cm to 1.2 m). This is the distance that usually separates us when we are at cocktail parties and official receptions.
3. Social zone ( from 1.2 to 3.6 m). We keep this distance from strangers, such as a plumber or a carpenter who comes to do repairs in our house; the postman, the new employee at work and from people we don’t know very well.
4. Public area(more than 3.6 meters). When we address a large group of people, it is most convenient to stand exactly at this distance from the audience (Table 3).
8. Table 3
 Shaking with an unbent, straight hand. Restrictive handshake | Sign aggressive person. Its main purpose is to maintain distance and prevent a person from entering your intimate area. This handshake is also used to protect their personal territory by people who grew up in rural areas and have a wider intimate area. Villagers, however, will lean forward or even balance on one leg. |
 Squeezing fingertips | It is reminiscent of a shake with a straight, unbent hand, not completed completely: instead of a hand, only the fingers are placed in the palm. Even if the initiator of the greeting is friendly towards the recipient, in fact he is not confident in himself. As in the previous case, the purpose of this handshake is to keep your partner at a comfortable distance |
9. End of table 3
Handshakes that suggest an invasion of personal space:
Such handshakes can lead to the contact of bodies. These gestures are possible only between fairly close people who, at the moment of greeting, want to express the full depth of feelings.
10. Who is the first to extend his hand?
The famous Soviet writer Ilya Ehrenburg reasoned: “Why are Europeans amazed by the customs of Asia? Europeans, when greeting, extend their hand, and a Chinese, Japanese or Indian is forced to shake the limb of a stranger. If a visitor stuck his bare foot into Parisians or Muscovites, it would hardly cause delight.” The outstanding Russian scientist and traveler Miklouho-Maclay wrote about Papuans’ greetings: “Papuans shake hands with each other, but do not shake them. They squat before the guest of honor as a sign of greeting.” In India, the custom is still preserved when meeting acquaintances, placing your palms on your heart. Residents of Kenya, as a sign of high respect, spit on the person they meet, and when meeting a representative of the Maasai tribe, he first spits, then spits on his own hand, and only after that allows him to shake his hand. The Zambezi people clap their hands and curtsy.” V. Ovchinnikov writes about the Japanese greeting ritual in his book “Sakura Branch”: “Having noticed an acquaintance, the Japanese consider it his duty first of all to freeze in place, even if it happens in the middle of the street and a tram is heading straight towards him. Then he seems to break in the lower back, so that the palms of his outstretched arms slide down over his knees, and, frozen for a few more seconds in a bent position, he carefully lifts up only his eyes. It is impolite to be the first to straighten up, and those bowing have to keep a watchful eye on each other.”
5. Human zones and territories.
Scientists have discovered that humans, like animals, have their own spatial security zones and territories. Territory is understood as the space that a person considers his own, as if this space is a continuation of his physical body. Each person has his own personal territory, which includes the space surrounding his property, for example, his house surrounded by a fence, his car in the yard, his own bedroom, his own chair; he has a clearly defined air space around his body. The dimensions of the personal spatial territory of a person of an average social level are in principle the same regardless of where he lives - in North America or in Australia. It can be divided into 4 clear spatial zones:
1. intimate I(from 15 to 46 cm). Of all the zones, this is the most important, since a person protects this zone as if it were his property. Only those persons who are in close emotional contact with him are allowed to enter this area. These are children, parents, spouses, close friends, relatives. This zone also has a subzone with a radius of 15 cm, which can only be entered through physical contact. It's called the hyper-intimate zone.
2. Personal zone (from 46 cm to 1.2 meters). This is the distance that usually separates people at official receptions and friendly parties.
3. Social zone (from 1.2 to 3.6 meters) This distance is kept from strangers, for example, from a plumber, a carpenter, an insurance agent, a new employee at work, that is, from people whom they do not know very well.
4. Public area (more than 3.6 meters). Separates a person from a large group of people, for example, an audience, demonstration, rally, i.e. crowd (large crowd of people).
A person’s intimate zone can be violated for 2 reasons: 1) if it is a close person; 2) if it is a stranger - an “intruder” who tries to show hostile tendencies and is inclined to attack.
If the intrusion of strangers into the social zone is perceived as tolerable, then the intrusion into the intimate zone causes various physiological reactions and changes in the body. The heart beats faster, adrenaline is pumped into the blood, blood rushes to the brain and muscles as a sign of the body’s physical readiness for battle. If you want people to feel comfortable in your company, follow the golden rule: “Keep your distance.” Crowding of people at concerts, in cinemas, in transport leads to the inevitable invasion of people into each other's intimate areas. There are a number of rules of behavior that must be followed:
1) in large crowds of people it is not allowed to talk to anyone, even with friends;
3) the person must be completely impartial - no display of emotions is allowed;
4) the more crowded it is in transport, the more restrained your movements should be.
It is necessary to conscientiously follow the rules of behavior in conditions of inevitable foreign intrusion into the intimate area of another person, because As the crowd increases, its density increases, the personal space of each individual becomes less and less, and he takes a hostile stance, therefore, as the crowd increases, its hostility and aggressiveness increases, which can lead to violence and cruelty.
Sociocultural and national characteristics of the perception of personal space.
For many European peoples, the intimate zone is 23-25 cm, for Americans - 45-46 cm, for the Japanese - 25 cm. This is due to population density in densely populated regions of the planet, or vice versa, with sparse population and getting used to vast spaces. For example, for urban residents the intimate zone is often 46 cm, for rural residents it is up to 1.2 meters or more, and in sparsely populated areas it is up to 9 meters.
In conclusion, other people will welcome you or avoid you depending on how respectful you are of their personal spatial zone.
6. Facial expressions during communication.
Gestures, postures, facial expressions - all this plays important role in people's lives. Not a single person can live without them, and therefore, if you learn to recognize them correctly, life will become easier and more interesting. Facial expressions and gestures in communication are used everywhere and automatically; not everyone is able to control them. Thanks to this, more observant and attentive individuals have the opportunity to study people.
Fingers
This refers, of course, to the fingers.
First, let's learn to determine the shapes of fingers.
a - square.
b - conical.
c - pointed tip.
g - spade-shaped.
d - "droplet".
Length of fingers on hand.
The length of his fingers tells a lot about a person’s character.
Short fingers indicate a person’s emotionality and impulsiveness. He very quickly lights up with new ideas, but also quickly goes out. Here is an active, energetic person who loves teamwork.
Fingers middle length indicate a conscientious and patient person. If he gets irritated by something, it won't be for long. It is important for him that his work brings him pleasure, otherwise he will work carelessly.
Long fingers are a sign of a person’s balance. He does not make rash decisions and is highly responsible and diligent. In any business, his first priority is not quantity, but quality.
What does the shape of your fingers tell you?
The shape of your fingertips can also provide important information.
Square form is a sign of materialism and earthiness. A person with such fingers is more responsible and stubborn. He is a conservative and does not like surprises. Sometimes he may seem boring.
Conical the form reveals a sensual and emotionally rich nature, an idealist. In order to do some quality work, such a person needs a pleasant environment, a warm atmosphere. He loves to read, visit museums, travel and constantly strives for self-improvement.
Pointed fingertips indicate that the owner of the palm is an emotional, impressionable, even nervous person. Inspiration often comes to him, but disappointment can also quickly befall him. Pointed fingers indicate selfishness and the desire to dominate. Such a person is a stern boss and a leader in everything. It is vital for him to be the center of attention.
Shovel-shaped the form indicates that a person is distinguished by increased efficiency, eccentricity, skepticism and self-will. He cannot live without new ideas and vivid impressions. The owner of spade-shaped fingers needs permanent shift situation and environment, otherwise he becomes depressed. Monotony and routine are not for him.
Droplet fingers- a sign of sensuality, emotionality and kindness. Their owner is distinguished by altruism - he strives to help others, no matter how close these people are to him. He loves animals and nature. Has a very developed intuition.
8. Human postures during communication.
During a business conversation, you need to pay attention to the postures of your interlocutor, because they, like gestures, are almost not recorded by consciousness and therefore much more better than words convey his true thoughts and moods. Typically, a person raises their shoulders when they are tense and lowers them when they are relaxed. A person standing in front of a large group of people and intending to make some kind of message or report can obtain significant information about the mood of the audience by observing the position of the shoulders and heads of the listeners. The more negative and tense the audience, or the more negative and hostile the queue or other group of people, the more raised shoulders and downturned mouths there are. A raised head and lowered shoulders can mean openness, interest, a mindset for success, a sense of control over the situation. A lowered head and raised shoulders can express isolation, a feeling of defeat, contempt, dissatisfaction, fear, and uncertainty.
The posture that the interlocutor takes when sitting down also speaks volumes. So, sitting on a chair behind the back means aggressiveness and sometimes superiority. If the interlocutor sits with his legs crossed, then he is already “seething” internally, and if his arms are also crossed, then his hostility has reached the limit. It is almost impossible to take all these positions in a chair, therefore, in order to somehow “cool down” the interlocutor, it is better to move him from the chair. The possibility of physical relaxation should immediately lead to psychological relaxation, and therefore a decrease in the severity of the confrontation. The interlocutor, sitting in a position “rooted to the spot”, with a tensely straightened body and legs “grown” to the floor, without looking away from his partner, in fact As a rule, he does not listen to him and is busy with his own thoughts. Interested What, I listener usually sits on the edge of an armchair or chair, leaning forward, tilting his head to the side and leaning on his hand. In general, tilting the head to the side is evidence of interest, careful monitoring of the interlocutor’s train of thought. If the thread of the story is lost, the listener straightens, raises himself, and then lowers his shoulders. His gaze begins to wander over the walls, ceiling, or faces of those present. Usually he makes a body movement towards the exit. All this indicates that it’s time to end the conversation. When negotiating with a partner, you should not take a pose that characterizes closedness in communication and aggressiveness: frowning eyebrows, head slightly tilted forward, elbows widely spaced on the table, fingers clasped and especially clenched into fists. You should not wear glasses with tinted lenses, especially when meeting for the first time. Without seeing the interlocutor's eyes, the partner may feel awkward, since a significant portion of the information read from the eyes is inaccessible to him. As a result, the atmosphere of communication will be disrupted.
The postures of the conversation participants always reflect their subordination. Psychological subordination is very important - the desire to dominate or, on the contrary, to submit, which may not coincide with status.
Sometimes the interlocutors occupy an equal position, but one of them seeks to show his superiority. Let's look at this with an example. Two people are talking. One of them sat on the edge of a chair with his hands on his knees, the other lounged, casually crossing his legs. The relationship between these interlocutors is easily understood, even if you can’t hear what they’re talking about we're talking about: the second considers himself to be the master of the position, and the first - subordinate (the true relationship between the positions they occupy is unimportant). The desire for dominance is evidenced by the following poses: both hands on the hips, legs slightly apart; one hand on the hip, the other leaning on the door frame or wall; the head is slightly raised, the arms are thrown at the waist.
When wanting to emphasize agreement with a partner, the interlocutor often copies his postures and gestures. So, if during a friendly conversation one of the interlocutors sits with his head in his hand, then the other almost automatically does the same, as if saying: “I’m the same too, and I think so.”
When seating participants at official receptions, it is also necessary to take into account the poses they take. In offices, desks are usually arranged in a “T” shape. The higher the position of the leader, the larger this letter. The visitor is invited to sit at a table, headed by the owner of the office. An attitude of dominance is immediately felt. Sometimes they try to specifically emphasize it.
If the owner of the office wants to show himself on the same level as the interlocutor, he accepts him by sitting at a separate table, which can also be used for meetings with subordinates, if the manager wants to be “on an equal footing” with them.
The shape of such a table also has psychological significance. It is no coincidence that the expression “round table discussion” exists. Round table implies equality of participants, informal nature of the meeting, free exchange of opinions. A coffee table conversation will be even more informal. If there is only one “T”-shaped table in the office, and the owner of the office does not want to demonstrate dominance, then he leaves his chair and sits opposite, and in less formal conversations - diagonally from the interlocutor.
Poses that record only the position of the body are very expressive, by which one can also judge the internal state of the interlocutor. If a person says what he thinks, his body sends signals that we call unambiguous. In such cases, the posture is usually straight, without much bending, and can be described by a straight line connecting the head to the feet. When the correspondence between thoughts and words is broken, the body begins to send double signals, and the line connecting the head and feet becomes broken. Here are some examples of unambiguous signals.
This could be a speaker, a head waiter, a steward, a hotel manager or a merchant; he controls the situation, knows the business, enjoys his work and does not have any hidden intentions. A person who seeks to achieve compliance from others wants to give instructions like: “Okay, that's enough, stop!” and is not going to hide his intentions, he will gravitate towards the pose shown in Fig. "B". This could be a manager trying to implement his decision, or a service worker who is asking clients (passengers) for something in a decisive tone.
This body position also expresses a clear correspondence between thoughts and words.
In cases where there is a clear discrepancy between thoughts and words, the body sends effective signals, as can be seen in the poses presented above.
The “G” pose can be taken by a confused and insecure person. The meaning of the message here is in the subtext, between the lines.
The “D” pose is characteristic of a person trying to show exaggerated respect. It is typical of students and employees standing politely in the doorway of the boss's room and respectfully reporting their work.
Teenagers also slouch a lot. Because of this, others sometimes consider them lazy and slow, which is not always true. It’s just that during adolescence, so many changes occur in a person’s brain and body that it is very difficult for him to cope with them.
They seem to pout, wanting to say: “Here I am, you see what an important person I am!” This pose is often adopted by lower-level managers who admire themselves and want to convince the world with all their might how important their position is.
Gestures as indicators of the internal state of interlocutors
In a business conversation, you should pay especially close attention to the gestures of speakers. With a gesture you can greet and say goodbye to your interlocutor, you can address him, convey information, show your mental condition. With a gesture you can offend and insult him, or you can bring him joy. Each of us knows well the difference between a solemn and cheeky gesture, official and friendly. That is why a gesture can tell those talking so much about each other.
In the practice of business interaction, there are several basic gestures and postures that reflect the different internal states of the interlocutors.
Gestures of OPENNESS indicate the sincerity of the interlocutor, his good-natured mood and desire to speak frankly. This group includes the “open arms” and “unbuttoning the jacket” gestures.
The “open hands” gesture consists of the interlocutor extending his hands towards you, palms up. This gesture is especially often observed in children. When they are proud of their achievements, they openly show their hands. When they feel guilty, they hide their hands either behind their backs or in their pockets.
The “open hands” gesture demonstrates the desire to meet halfway and establish contact. It is best to start this gesture as if from the depths, from the level of the stomach, pointing your hands slightly upward towards the interlocutor.
The gesture of “unbuttoning your jacket” is also a sign of openness. People who are open and friendly towards you often unbutton and even take off their jacket in your presence. Experience shows that agreement is achieved more often between interlocutors in unbuttoned jackets than between those who remained in buttoned jackets. Anyone who changes his decision in a favorable direction usually unclenches his hands and automatically unbuttons his jacket.
When it becomes clear that an agreement or a positive solution to the issue under discussion is possible, as well as in the case when a positive impression is created from working together, those sitting unbutton their jackets, straighten their legs and move to the edge of the chair, closer to the table, which separates them from the interlocutors sitting opposite them. (most often negotiation partners).
Gestures of SUSPICIOUSNESS AND SECRECY indicate distrust of you, doubt that you are right, a desire to conceal something and hide something from you. In these cases, the interlocutor mechanically rubs his forehead, temples, chin, and tries to cover his face with his hands. But most often he tries not to look at you, looking away to the side. Another indicator of secrecy is inconsistency of gestures. If a hostile or defensive person smiles, this means that he is artificially trying to hide his insincerity.
DEFENSE gestures and postures are signs that the interlocutor feels danger or threat. The most common gesture of this group is arms crossed over the chest. They can occupy three characteristic positions:
1. Simple crossing of arms is a universal gesture indicating a defensive or negative state of the interlocutor. In this case, you should reconsider what you are doing or saying, because the interlocutor will begin to move away from the discussion. It is also necessary to take into account the fact that this gesture affects the behavior of other people. If you cross your arms in a defensive posture in a group of four or more people, you can soon expect other group members to follow suit. True, this gesture may simply mean calm and confidence, but this happens when the conversation is not of a conflictual nature.
2. If, in addition to crossing his arms on his chest, the interlocutor also clenches his fingers into a fist, this indicates his hostility or offensive position. In this case, you need to slow down your speech and movements, as if inviting your interlocutor to follow your example. If this does not help, then you should try to change the topic of conversation.
3. The gesture when the hands of crossed arms clasp the shoulders (sometimes the hands dig into the shoulders or biceps so tightly that the fingers turn white) means restraining the negative reaction of the interlocutor to your position on the issue under discussion. He is ready to rush into battle and can hardly restrain himself so as not to interrupt you. This technique is used when interlocutors argue, trying at all costs to convince each other of the correctness of their position. The crossed arms pose is often accompanied by a cold, slightly narrowed gaze and an artificial smile. This facial expression means that your interlocutor is “on edge.” And if prompt measures are not taken to reduce tension, a breakdown may occur.
Let us point out another gesture popular among business people - the same arms crossed on the chest, but with the thumbs extended vertically. This gesture conveys a double signal: the first (crossed arms) is about a negative attitude, the second is about a feeling of superiority expressed by the thumbs. The interlocutor using this gesture usually plays with one or both fingers, and the standing position is characterized by swaying on his heels. The gesture using the thumb also expresses ridicule or disrespect towards the person at whom the thumb is pointed as if over the shoulder.
Gestures of REFLECTION AND EVALUATION reflect a state of thoughtfulness and the desire to find a solution to a problem. A thoughtful (reflective) facial expression is accompanied by a “hand on the cheek” gesture, when the interlocutor takes the pose of Rodin’s “The Thinker”, resting his hand on his cheek. This gesture indicates that he is interested in something. It remains to be seen what prompted him to focus on the problem.
The gesture of pinching the bridge of the nose, which is usually combined with eyes closed, speaks of deep concentration and intense thinking.
When the interlocutor is engaged in the decision-making process, he scratches his chin. Once the decision is made, he stops doing it. This gesture is usually accompanied by squinting of the eyes - the interlocutor seems to be looking at something in the distance, looking for an answer to his question there.
When the interlocutor brings his hand to his face, resting his chin on his palm, and forefinger stretches along his cheek (the remaining fingers are below the mouth), this is eloquent evidence that he critically perceives your arguments.
Gestures of DOUBT AND UNCERTAINTY are most often associated with scratching with the index finger of the right hand the place under the earlobe or the side of the neck (usually five scratching movements are made). Touching your nose or lightly rubbing it is also a sign of doubt. When your interlocutor finds it difficult to answer your question, he often begins to touch or rub his nose with his index finger. However, a caveat must be made here: sometimes people rub their nose because it itches. However, those who scratch their nose usually do so vigorously, while those for whom it is a gesture only rub it lightly.
The posture of OFFENSE is adopted by the interlocutor when he is offended or offended by your words. In this case, he raises his shoulders and lowers his head (“heaves”). This pose is often accompanied by drawing (arrows, circles, etc.) on a piece of paper. You should switch the conversation to another (preferably neutral) topic. When you see that your interlocutor has calmed down, carefully find out the reason for his complaint against you.
Gestures and postures that indicate a REluctance to LISTEN AND A DESIRE TO END THE CONVERSATION are quite eloquent. So, if during a conversation your interlocutor lowers his eyelids, this signals that you have become uninteresting to him, or are simply tired, or he feels superior to you. If you notice this look from your interlocutor, keep in mind that something needs to be changed in order for the conversation to end successfully.
The “ear scratching” gesture indicates the interlocutor’s desire to isolate himself from the words he hears. Another gesture associated with touching the ear - pulling the earlobe - indicates that the interlocutor has heard enough and wants to speak out himself.
If the interlocutor clearly wants to end the conversation faster, he imperceptibly (and sometimes unconsciously) moves or turns towards the door, while his legs also turn towards the exit. Body rotation and leg position
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Personal organization becomes an essential skill for survival in the modern world, where only those who know how to effectively organize themselves and their environment succeed. When we are organized, our home and work/school schedule reflect our personality and help us achieve our goals. Anyone who remains disorganized feels exhausted and disoriented in the flow of events and information. Being organized isn't about how your environment looks, it's about how efficiently it functions. If in his space a person easily achieves his goals and is happy, then he is well organized .
Self-organization is the process by which we create an environment that allows us to live, work and play exactly the way we want. personal self-organization psychological conflict
Barriers- psychological factors blocking progress towards the goal
Barriers are internal psychological obstacles on the path to a goal that arise at a time when further progress towards a goal comes into conflict with other conscious or unconscious goals, attitudes, preferences, etc. One of the barriers is the "inner voice" trying to preserve a state that has not yet gone away.
The old state tries to maintain its balance, which manifests itself in the form of thoughts that attempts to transition to a new state are almost unnatural and should be abandoned. Barriers of this kind are always encountered on the path to action. If you don’t argue with such thoughts, then the process of transition to a new state goes faster, and the way of thinking changes on its own.
Internal barriers: laziness, lack of concentration, absent-mindedness, inability to force oneself to work.
External barriers: environment, all kinds of distractions.
The time self-organization skills of university students can be the subject of targeted development and self-development in the process of their vocational training. The identification and development of these skills in students, their development must be carried out in the context of studying the situational factors of their life at the university.
1. The development of time self-organization skills is a contradictory, natural process of quantitative and qualitative changes in a person’s time self-organization skills under the influence of internal and external factors: upbringing, training, social environment, and the individual’s own activity.
2. The development of a student’s time self-organization skills ensures his successful implementation of motivational and reflective functions, planning functions, organization in relation to personal and educational time, increases self-organization, life activity and the quality of professional training at the university, and ultimately, the socialization and competitiveness of the graduate.
3. Effective development of self-organization skills is possible in simulated learning situations and during independent work. The development of students’ time self-organization skills occurs through self-knowledge of their characteristics in the process of pedagogical diagnostics, through the use of special exercises, game, reflexive methods, consolidating the behavior of an organized person in educational and simulated situations of professional activity.
4. In an individual who is purposefully engaged in self-knowledge, planning and organizing his time, the knowledge, skills and abilities required for this are formed and consolidated, motivation for self-organization increases, correct value orientations for time and self-development appear, the image of an organized person is formed in the eyes of others, which is subsequently transferred to real life and professional situations.
5. The development of students’ time self-organization skills increases their competitiveness, activates their personal and creative development, helps to consolidate the experience of self-organized behavior in subsequent professional activities.
If you learn to separate unimportant matters from important ones, correctly set goals and distribute priorities, work with incoming information and tasks. The main thing is clarity of consciousness and orderliness of thoughts.
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Lecture notes
By academic discipline“Technologies of self-organization and effective interaction.”
Section 4 "Design"
1.2 Self-actualization as highest form and the result of self-organization.
INTRODUCTION
1.1. SELF-ORGANIZATION AS THE BASIS OF PERSONAL SELF-DEVELOPMENT……..
1.1.2. The essence of self-development and its main characteristics
1.1.3. Self-knowledge as the most important element of self-development
1.1.4. Self-knowledge as a process and barriers to self-knowledge……………
1.2. SELF-DEVELOPMENT AND SELF-DETERMINATION OF PERSONALITY
1.2.1. Consciousness and self-awareness. The structure of self-awareness
1.2.2. Self-determination of personality …………………………
Forms of self-determination: self-affirmation, self-improvement, self-realization, self-actualization
TECHNOLOGIES OF SELF-DEVELOPMENT AND SELF-MANAGEMENT
1.3.1. Personal project management as the basis for self-development management...
1.3.2. Means of self-development: self-education and self-training……
1.3.3. Ways of self-development. Function and methods of self-development management.……
1.3.4. Attention structuring technology
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
The topic of the section is “Design”
Three lectures will be given in this section:
Self-organization as the basis for personal self-development.
1.2 Self-development and self-determination of the individual.
1.3 Technologies of self-development and self-government.
Self-organization as the basis for personal self-development
1.1.1. What is self-organization of personality and self-organized personality?
SELF-ORGANIZATION is an integral set of natural and socially acquired properties, embodied in the perceived characteristics of will and intellect, motives of behavior and realized in the orderliness of activity and behavior. This is an indicator of personal maturity. Self-organization can be expressed to varying degrees, it is not characteristic of infantile subjects, i.e. those people who are in the process of individual development did not have the conditions for the full development of self-regulation mechanisms. Self-organization They have not acquired clear focus, awareness, or control. The first sign of high self-organization should be considered active self-awareness yourself as an individual. And if the process of self-education is primarily aimed at the future, then self-organization assumes that this process is taking place in the present. One of the indicators of the development of self-organization is the correspondence of life choices (profession, friends, etc.) to the individual characteristics of the individual, his interests and aspirations.
A. Maslow, in conversations with his students, always repeated one phrase: “You shouldn’t strive to do things well that no one needs.” Each person initially has a certain energy potential. And if this potential is aimed at achieving correctly chosen goals in life, then there is a chance to reach the upper level of self-actualization. “It’s like a ball being thrown up……..”
Thus, Self-organization of personality - the activity of the individual according to the clear orderliness of his life activity; ability and ability to organize oneself. Self-organization is manifested in determination, introspection and strict self-control, self-esteem, self-restraint in everything.
A self-organizing person knows how to plan time and work, quickly make decisions and implement them, and spend energy and money economically. A self-organized person works on himself, his character, especially the emotional-volitional sphere. This is a person with a high sense of duty, with highly developed personal dignity.
Practice shows that young people starting to study at a university strive not only to master a profession, but also to develop and improve, while, unfortunately, often not knowing how to do this and where to start, how to self-organize themselves. In this regard, there was a need this course lectures designed for students to acquire systematically organized knowledge in this area.
The study of this course of lectures is aimed at developing in the student an appropriate conscious attitude towards self-organization at a high level, overcoming difficulties, correctly assessing one’s capabilities and understanding one’s own goals, needs and interests; in general - on the desire for further professional and personal self-development, implying a personally active attitude towards the upcoming activity and oneself as its participant.
In psychology, there are quite a few different concepts of personality development. For a long time, psychology was dominated by the theory of preformationism, according to which development was understood as growth, maturation with predetermined stages. So, up until the 17th and 18th centuries, childhood was considered as preparation for life, and a child was considered as an adult, only of a small size, immature and unreasonable. Gradually, personality development began to be approached as an irreversible process of quantitative and qualitative states, expressed in their significant transformations.
Currently, there are many different theories of development: psychosexual (S. Freud), social learning theory (A. Bandura, C. Miller), Genstalt theory (K. Levin), genetic (J. Piaget), humanistic (C. Rogers, A. Maslow), the activities of L.S. Vygotsky and others. According to the latest theory, it is believed that the development of the cognitive sphere of the individual proceeds in line with various leading activities, successively replacing each other in ontogenesis.
Task 1. Make a table of existing theories of personality development and reveal them summary
In a word, the development of personality as a whole occurs through a variety of activities and interaction with other people. Joint activity determines the development of personality. By choosing various social positions, in the course of joint activity, the personality is transformed from an object into a subject of development, becoming an increasingly active creator, complementing the development process with targeted self-development.
It is thanks to self-development that a person realizes his abilities, improves, as a result of which he becomes the initiator of the development of the community in which he is located, thereby contributing his character to the cultural and historical development of society, i.e. individual self-organization determines the process of social self-organization.
At the same time, the basis of the ability to self-development consists of:
The ability of an individual to see their shortcomings and limitations;
Analyze their causes in your own activities;
Critically evaluate the results of your work, not only successes, but also failures.
Assignment: Analyze your shortcomings and limitations that may hinder your further self-development. Check the objectivity of self-assessment through a group survey
1.1.2. The essence of self-development and its main characteristics
Self-development is the fundamental ability of a person to become and be a true subject of his life, to transform his own life activity into a subject of practical transformation.
“Everything that has already passed is the past.” Life is what happens now, in the present, and this present cannot be missed..."
For the analysis of self-development, the most general concept is vital activity as a continuous process of goal setting, activities and human behavior. Within the framework of life activity, the process of self-development is also carried out. As soon as a person begins to isolate his Self from the world around him, he becomes subject of his life activity, because he begins to set goals, obey own desires and aspirations taking into account the requirements of others. But subject of self-development a person becomes only when he more or less consciously begins to set goals for self-affirmation, self-improvement, self-realization, i.e. determine the prospects of what he is moving towards, what he is achieving, what he wants or, on the contrary, does not want to change in himself.
Another characteristic is personality activity. The ability to manifest activity gradually determines the ability of personal choices, i.e. develops a tendency towards subjective freedom. When a person makes his own choices, he learns to take responsibility before others and himself.
Important characteristic self-development is level of development of self-awareness, ability to self-knowledge. The developed ability for self-knowledge is organically included in the process of self-construction of the individual, determining prospects, methods and means of self-development.
Self-construction– a process equal to human life, defined through actions in specific situations. During this process, a person builds a model of the Self-real (what I was, what I achieved, how I experienced, what I am now, how I would like to see myself), and this work does not always take place on a conscious level. As a result, a person chooses a strategy of self-construction: he recreates himself in the same or new quality.
Task 3. Build your own model of the ideal “I”
So, the essential characteristics of self-development are:
The processes of goal setting, activity and behavior of a person realized in active life,
The level of self-awareness and the ability to self-knowledge, as well as self-construction.
Personal self-development is a fundamental component of a person’s entire life journey, a continuous process that always takes place within the framework of purely personal experience.
The uniqueness of the life path is determined by many factors: gender, age, environment, lifestyle, historical events, psychological characteristics, etc.
The unit of psychological analysis of the life path is biographical events: restructuring of character, changes in the directions and pace of development and self-development of the individual. Events can be random or natural. In the life of every person, events occurred that radically influenced his life: a meeting with an outstanding person, work or study, etc.
N. A. Loginova identifies the following types of events:
Wednesday events(what most often does not depend on the individual: war, natural disasters, death or birth loved one, appointment to office),
behavior events person in environment(the position of the individual that the person takes in relation to what is happening, actions associated with self-change and self-formation),
events inner life - refer to inner world a person and reveal the positive value of himself (new thoughts, discovery of new features of his own personality, discovery of new abilities in himself, etc.).
Table. Types of events according to Longvinova
| names | content |
| Wednesday events | what most often does not depend on the individual: war, natural disasters, death or birth of a loved one, appointment to a position |
| behavior events | Relate to human behavior in the environment (the position of the individual that the individual takes in relation to what is happening, actions associated with self-change and self-formation), |
| events of inner life | relate to the inner world of a person and reveal the positive value of oneself (new thoughts, discovery of new features of one’s own personality, discovery of new abilities in oneself, etc.) |
All three groups of events are closely intertwined and form a complex that determines the uniqueness of a person’s life path. A person’s attitude towards these events determines the extent to which he is the author of his life activity, the subject of self-development.
Much depends on how much and when a person becomes a subject own life and a subject of his own self-development: if he is not one, then the path of life is subject to accidents, coincidences, a person seems to “float with the flow” of the events of his life, although, in fairness, it should be noted that such “swimming” is not always unsuccessful.
Circumstances may also develop in such a way that luck, despite the lack of desire for self-development, comes into your hands. The opposite situations are also possible, when a person clearly knows what he needs, knows how to manage himself and build himself in a positive direction.
A person who strives for self-development based on a deep knowledge of his personality builds his life path more purposefully and realizes himself to a greater extent and, as a rule, achieves greater results than a person whose self-development is subject to external reasons
Self-development motivation. Human development occurs when the next progressive step brings sensations of a new quality, joy and inner satisfaction. Thus, specific experiences, characterized by positive emotions from the expectation of achievement or negative ones associated with the incompleteness of the present situation, contribute to the formation of appropriate motivation. For example, a person can be encouraged to self-development by the following motives:
Self-affirmation motive– the desire to establish oneself in society; associated with self-esteem, ambition, self-love. A person tries to prove to others that he is worth something, strives to obtain a certain status in society, wants to be respected and appreciated.
Identification motive with another person - the desire to be like a hero, an idol, an authoritative person. This motive encourages you to work and develop. It is especially relevant for teenagers who try to copy the behavior of other people.
Procedural-substantive motives– encouragement to activity by the process and content of activity, and not external factors. A person likes to perform this activity, to demonstrate his intellectual or physical activity. He is interested in the content of what he is doing.
External motives– such a group of motives when the motivating factors lie outside the activity. It is not the content or the process that motivates activity, but factors not directly related to it, for example, motives of duty and responsibility, motives of self-determination and self-improvement, motive of achievement, etc.
The motivation for self-development, according to Abraham Maslow, is the desire to fully realize one’s abilities and the desire to feel one’s competence. A person’s motivation for self-development indicates that he is ready to make efforts to realize his inner potential and achieve corresponding success.
Ι 
First - the formation of qualities and abilities that a person does not have, but which he needs .
Second - development of existing positive qualities that can be strengthened if they are purposefully improved .
Third - elimination of shortcomings and limitations that interfere with successful life.
Theoretically, the most effective path of self-development is when a person works on himself in three directions at once.
Thus, awareness of the need for self-development should be accompanied by the formation in a person of appropriate motivation, including a set of motives that encourage the choice of the appropriate direction of self-development.
Task 3. What motives determine the need for personal self-development?
Related information.
Technologies of self-organization and effective interaction (Social work)
Questions for the test/exam
1. Synergetic approach to the process of self-organization.
2. Views on the evolution of society in the theories of early positivism
3. Views on social development in the concepts of G. Simmel, F. Tönnies, M. Weber.
6. Reveal the content of self-organization technologies and features of their application
Synergetic approach to the process of self-organization.
The synergetic concept of self-organization in the form of the following provisions:
The objects of research are open systems in a nonequilibrium state, characterized by intensive exchange of matter and energy between subsystems, as well as between the system and its environment.
There are differences between the processes of organization and self-organization. Their common feature- an increase in order due to the occurrence of processes opposite to the establishment of thermodynamic equilibrium, regardless of the influence of interacting elements of the external environment. Organization, in contrast to self-organization, can be characterized, for example, by the formation of homogeneous, stable static structures.
The result of self-organization is the emergence, interaction, and interaction (for example, cooperation) that are more complex in the information sense than the elements of the external environment from which they arise. The system and its components are dynamic entities.
The direction of self-organization processes is determined by the internal properties of subsystems in their individual and collective manifestations, as well as influences from the environment in which the system is “immersed.”
The behavior of subsystems and the system as a whole is essentially characterized by spontaneity - acts of behavior are not strictly determined.
Processes of self-organization occur in the environment along with other processes, in particular, those that have the opposite direction and are capable, in certain phases of the system’s existence, both of prevailing over the processes of self-organization and of giving way to them. In this case, the system as a whole can be characterized by a stable tendency, undergo fluctuations towards evolution or towards degradation and disintegration.
The term “self-organization” was originally introduced into scientific language by W. Ashby. Self-organization as the possibility of the emergence of biological macromolecules from a chaotic mixture of small molecules was presented by M. Eigen. Interpreted self-organization as “a practical principle of a subject’s life activity, which involves the actualization and use of mechanisms of spontaneous development” by Yu. Reznik. The term “Synergetics” was introduced into scientific language by G. Haken.
Synergetics is based on the ideas of the integrity of the world and scientific knowledge about it, the commonality of patterns of development of objects at all levels of material and spiritual organization, nonlinearity (multivariance and irreversibility), the deep relationship between chaos and order (randomness and necessity). Synergetics gives a new image of the world, which is complexly organized and open, that is, it is not something that has become, but is becoming, not just existing, but continuously emerging and evolving according to nonlinear laws. The latter means that this world is full of unexpected turns associated with the choice of paths for further development.
Three types of self-organization processes can be distinguished:
processes of the emergence of a qualitatively new integral formation from a certain set of objects of a certain level;
processes that support a certain level of organization while taking into account external and internal conditions its functioning;
processes for improving organizations that are able to accumulate and use past experience.
The main characteristic of the self-organization of any system and its evolution is irreversibility, expressed in a certain direction of its changes. Indeed, since an organization as a set of activities cannot be closed, its development is directed not only inside the system, but also outside the system, where it encounters other sets of activities, overcomes their resistance and moves on. The irreversibility, or uniqueness, of the process means the impossibility of changing the direction of the processes of self-education at any given moment. According to N. Kondratiev, by evolutionary, or irreversible, processes we understand those changes that, in the absence of sharp extraneous perturbation influences, proceed in a certain and same direction.
In other words, self-organization is a process of system development, which is characterized by two principles:
the principle of negative feedback, which shows how spontaneously emerging order is maintained;
the principle of positive feedback, according to which progressive changes that occur in the system are not suppressed, but accumulate and intensify.
Views on the evolution of society in the theories of early positivism
Spencer identifies special mechanisms that explain the evolution of " natural selection", "struggle for existence" and "survival of the fittest". Durkheim identifies special mechanisms that explain evolution as internal solidarity.
Positivism considers the relationship between philosophy and science as its main problem. The main thesis of positivism is that genuine (positive) knowledge about reality should be obtained only by specific, special sciences. The first historical form of positivism arose in the 30-40s. XIX century as the antithesis of traditional metaphysics in the sense of the philosophical doctrine of the beginnings of all things, about everything general principles existence, knowledge of which should not be given in direct sensory experience. The founder of positivist philosophy is Auguste Comte (1798-1857), a French philosopher and sociologist who continued some traditions of the Enlightenment, expressed his belief in the ability of science to endlessly develop, and adhered to the classification of sciences developed by encyclopedists.
Kant argued that any attempts to adapt “metaphysical” problematics to science are doomed to failure, because science does not need any philosophy, but must rely on itself. ʼʼNew philosophy, which must decisively break with the old, metaphysical one, should consider the generalization of scientific data obtained in private, special sciences as its main task.
The second historical form of positivism (the turn of the 19th-20th centuries) is associated with the names of the German philosopher Richard Avenarius (1843-1896) and the Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach (1838-1916). The main currents are Machism and empirio-criticism. The Machians refused to study the external source of knowledge as opposed to the Kantian idea of the thing in itself and thereby revived the traditions of Berkeley and Hume. The main task of philosophy was seen not in generalizing the data of particular sciences (Comte), but in creating a theory of scientific knowledge. We considered scientific concepts as a sign (the theory of hieroglyphs) for an economical description of the elements of experience - sensations. According to Marx's theory, the self-transformation of society occurs due to the complex mutual influence of human actions and structural conditions (class divisions and socio-economic formations).
In 10-20 years. In the 20th century, a third form of positivism appeared - neopositivism or analytical philosophy, which has several directions.
Logical positivism or logical empiricism is represented by the names of Moritz Schlick (1882-1936), Rudolf Carnap (1891-1970) and others. The focus is on the problem of the empirical meaningfulness of scientific statements. Philosophy, say logical positivists, is neither a theory of knowledge nor a meaningful science about any reality. Philosophy is a type of activity in the analysis of natural and artificial languages. Logical positivism is based on the principle of verification, which means empirical confirmation of the theoretical provisions of science by comparing them with observable objects, sensory data, and experiment. Scientific statements that are not confirmed by experience have no cognitive value and are incorrect. A judgment about a fact is usually called a protocol or a protocol sentence. The limitations of verification were subsequently revealed in the fact that the universal laws of science are not reducible to a set of protocol proposals. The very principle of verifiability also could not be exhausted by a simple sum of any experience. For this reason, supporters of linguistic analysis, another influential trend of neo-positivism, George Edward Moore (1873-1958) and Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), fundamentally abandoned the verification theory of meaning and some other theses.
The fourth form of positivism, post-positivism, is characterized by a departure from many of the fundamental provisions of positivism. A similar evolution is characteristic of the work of Karl Popper (1902-1988), who came to the conclusion that philosophical problems cannot be reduced to the analysis of language. He saw the main task of philosophy in the problem of demarcation - the distinction between scientific knowledge and non-scientific knowledge. The demarcation method is based on the principle of falsification, ᴛ.ᴇ. the fundamental refutability of any statement related to science. If a statement, concept or theory cannot be refuted, then it does not belong to science, but to religion. The growth of scientific knowledge consists of putting forward bold hypotheses and refuting them.
Views on social development in the concepts of G. Simmel, F. Tönnies, M. Weber.
At the same time, another prominent theorist of sociological thought lived with Durkheim - M. Weber (1864–1920). However, his views on society differed significantly from the French thinker.
While the latter gave undivided priority to society, Weber believed that only the individual has motives, goals, interests and consciousness; the term “collective consciousness” is more of a metaphor than a precise concept. Society consists of a collection of acting individuals, each of whom strives to achieve their own, rather than social, goals, since achieving a specific goal is always faster and requires less costs. To achieve individual goals, people unite in groups.
For Weber, the tool of sociological knowledge is the ideal type. Ideal type is a mental logical construction created by the researcher.
They serve as the basis for understanding human actions and historical events. Society is precisely such an ideal type. It is intended to denote in one term a vast totality social institutions and connections. Another method of research for Weber is the search for the motives of human behavior.
It was he who first introduced this method into the category of sociological ones and clearly developed the mechanism for its application. Thus, to understand the motivation of a person's action, the researcher needs to put himself in the shoes of that person. Knowledge of the entire chain of events and how most people act in certain cases allows the researcher to determine exactly what motives guided a person when he performed a specific social action.
Only in conjunction with it can social statistics become the core of the methodological base of sociology. It was the method of studying the motives of human activity that formed the basis of the theory of social action.
Weber also paid considerable attention to the study of issues of the sociology of power. In his opinion, organized behavior of people, the creation and functioning of any social institutions is impossible without effective social control and management. He considered the ideal mechanism for implementing power relations to be bureaucracy - a specially created management apparatus.
Weber developed theories of ideal bureaucracy, which, according to the thinker, should have the following characteristics:
1) division of labor and specialization;
2) a clearly defined hierarchy of power;
3) high formalization;
4) extrapersonal character;
5) career planning;
6) separation of the organizational and personal lives of members of the organization;
7) discipline.
The first representative of the “formal” school of sociology is considered G. Simmel (1858–1918). The name of this school was given precisely from the works of this German researcher, who proposed studying the “pure form”, which captures social phenomena the most stable, universal features, and not empirically diverse, transient ones. The definition of the concept of “pure form,” which is closely related to the concept of “content,” is possible through the disclosure of the tasks that, according to Simmel, it should perform.
There are three of them:
1) correlates several contents with each other in such a way that these contents form a unity;
2) taking form, these contents are separated from other contents;
3) the form structures the contents, which it mutually correlates with each other.
Thus, it is easy to see that Simmel’s “pure form” is closely related to Weber’s ideal type - both are tools for understanding society and a method of sociology.
Another connection between the theories of Simmel and Weber is that they prioritize the human factor, but they use different methods for this.
Simmel's formal geometric method made it possible to identify society in general, institutions in general and build a system in which sociological variables are freed from moralistic value judgments.
Based on this, it can be stated that pure form- These are relationships between individuals, considered separately from psychological aspects.
Social type- this is a set of essential qualities of a person that become characteristic of him due to his inclusion in a certain kind relationship.
Another German sociologist also proposed his typology of sociality F. Tennis (1855–1936).
According to this typology, two types of human connections can be distinguished: community(community), where direct personal and family relationships dominate, and society, where they predominate formal institutions.
According to the sociologist, every social organization combines the qualities of both community and society, therefore it is these categories that become the criteria for the classification of social forms.
Tennis identified three such social forms:
1) social relations– social forms that are determined by the possibility of the emergence on their basis of mutual rights and obligations of participants and are objective in nature;
2) social groups– social forms that arise on the basis of social relations and are characterized by the conscious association of individuals to achieve a specific goal;
3) corporations– a social form with a clear internal organization.
Another major component of the sociological concept of Tennis was the doctrine of social norms. The sociologist also classified them into three categories:
1) norms of social order– norms based on general agreement or convention;
2) legal norms– norms determined by the normative force of facts;
3) moral standards- norms established by religion or public opinion.
4. Self-organization in the context of the current stage of social development.
Modern scientific and practical research indicate that one of the most important properties society as social system is its property of self-organization. It is through self-organization that the formation and transformation of social institutions occurs and their evolution is ensured in accordance with the dynamics of the development of society and its external relations with the world. Social history is a continuous process of self-organization of people into various social groups, both relatively stable and temporary, aimed at achieving certain development results in a short historical period. The state itself is the result of the implementation of society’s internal property of self-organization. At the present stage of scientific knowledge of the processes of self-organization of social systems, there is no consensus on the validity of one or another scientific approach to their knowledge. At the same time, the methodology of synergetics and the theory of self-organization, as evidenced by the history of development Russian society is the most promising in conditions open society, which is in the process of reforming its basic institutions and transforming social values. The dynamics of the processes of social self-organization determines the relevance of addressing questions of the methodology of their knowledge and the need to use an integrated approach, not limited to the methodology of synergetics and the theory of self-organization. Currently, the prevailing understanding of civil society is as a set of social relations that are independent of the state and capable of influencing it. According to A. Yu. Sungurov, civil society is a set of free associations of citizens, with diverse relationships between them, who respect the laws of the state, are able and willing to influence these laws and do not allow government officials to interfere in their daily activities. Philipp Schmitter believes that civil society is a system of self-organizing mediator (intermediary) groups, which, firstly, are relatively independent from both state and non-state units of production and reproduction, and secondly, are able to carry out collective actions to achieve and protect their interests, thirdly, they do not seek to replace either state or private structures and, finally, they act exclusively within the framework of legal norms. B. Citizens see civil society as a system of non-state social self-government of organized groups, i.e. By its very nature and social essence, civil society acts as a constructive opposition to any state power.
5. Reveal the sources and conditions of controllability of self-organization
Society, which arose on a natural basis, is a self-organizing system, in relation to which it is more appropriate to talk not so much about management as about the regulation of social processes (K. Popper calls this “social engineering”). Self-regulation processes proceed on the basis of objective laws of development of nature and society and, in essence, do not depend on the mind and will of a person. However, the very emergence of the control mechanism can be considered as a further development of self-organization processes, which, simultaneously with the emergence of the property of highly organized matter - consciousness - acquired a specific character. Management, therefore, can be understood as regulation carried out by a person consciously and purposefully.
Whatever strict determinants are introduced into the social system, spontaneous activity and self-organization are a natural process inherent in any social system. We can only talk about regulating this process, since self-organization can have both a negative and a positive direction. The functional program of a social system must provide for certain “voids” in its structure, allowing “various degrees of freedom” for the development of self-organizational processes. In other words, self-organization can be a link in the chain “Disorganization - Self-organization - Organization,” but under certain conditions, self-organization can also be considered as self-disorganization: “Disorganization - Self-organization - Disorganization of the second, etc. orders.”
The statement that the activity of the subordinate subject is negative, it works against the goal belongs to R. Ackoff and F. Emery. Sources of self-organization include: the desire for interaction, social support or reinforcement, and public infrastructure. Launch technologies are used in the absence of any legal norms regulating the process of self-organization and the formation of civil society institutions. Development technologies are implemented through sociocultural procedures that ensure the effective development of social space. Support technologies are expressed in a balanced combination of legal, economic, social and organizational norms that regulate the activities of public associations and ensure the effective functioning of civil society institutions.
7. Describe the technological model of self-organization of the population of municipalities
IN Federal law“On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” of 1995, as in the subsequent law of 2003, instead of the concept of “society” the concept of “municipal entity” is used - a settlement or territory endowed with “self-governing” attributes (elected bodies, administration, budget, etc.)
The main elements of the technological model include:
System of subject-object (-subject) relations;
A system of direct and feedback connections that actually exist and are designed when subsystems implement their functions;
A system of factors and conditions that determine the behavior of subjects of self-organization.
The structural aspect includes subjects of interaction, as well as subject-object (-subject) relationships that develop in the process, represented by system agents and mechanisms through which the process of self-organization is launched and maintained. The implementation aspect is the practice of forming a system of social relations and conditions that maintain a balance between self-organizational and organizational ones.
8. Describe the forms of self-organization in municipalities
In addition to the municipality itself, all kinds of local government bodies are also participants in civil legal relations. Along with this, their legal status depends to a greater extent on the approaches that have been formed on the ground, and not on acts federal authorities. As a result, there are cases of confusion of the legal personality of municipalities themselves, local self-government bodies, entities and local administration, as well as its divisions. We can conclude that all this leads to difficulty in fulfilling duties, instability of turnover and, in general, significantly reduces the authority of the municipal government. To some extent, the problem is complicated by the fact that local self-government in Russia is only about ten years old, and the very concept of “municipal entity” arose only at the end of 1994. But the experience of other countries can rarely be applied due to too different approaches to the status of communities.
Based on the legislation of the Russian Federation on local self-government, the population directly exercises their rights when deciding the most important issues of local importance: 1) formation of local government bodies; 2) implementation of control functions and responsibility of local government officials to the population; 3) making decisions on issues of current activities of local government. This allows us to conclude that the forms of direct implementation of local self-government by the population have a significant impact on all other components of the local government system and largely determine the content and directions of their activities.
To the forms of direct implementation by the population of local self-government and participation of the population in the implementation of local self-government in accordance with the Federal Law “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” dated October 6, 2003. Chapter 5 includes:
local referendum;
municipal elections;
gathering of citizens;
law-making initiative of citizens:
territorial public self-government;
public hearings;
citizens' meeting
citizens' conference (meeting of delegates);
citizen survey;
citizens' appeals to local government bodies;
other forms of direct implementation by the population of local self-government and participation in its implementation.
Associations with a relatively rigid structure and a small social base are classified as professional associations. Associations that focus primarily on interested supporters, i.e. those who are vitally interested in the realization of their goals. Such associations, as a rule, have a broad social base of the classical type. A public association based on membership and created to protect common interests is called: a public organization. Self-organization of citizens at their place of residence in part of the territory of the settlement for independent and under their own responsibility implementation of their own initiatives on issues of local importance is called territorial public self-government.
9. Why is it important to understand body language?
Not only verbal, but also non-verbal communications in communication are of great importance . This is an external reflection of a person’s emotional state. Every gesture or movement is a key to the feelings that a person is experiencing at the moment.
The most informative thing about a person’s internal state during communication is the face. When observing etiquette, the body is the most informative about a person’s internal state during communication. A person experiencing a flash of energy walks with his arms akimbo, intending to reach the goal by the shortest route.
It is very important to understand body language, because in some situations this same language can say much more, and, no less important, even the exact opposite of what a person will tell you in words. But it is very important in interpreting this language not to understand everything literally and unambiguously. Remember how in “The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes” - Sherlock recalls that once they even began to suspect one lady of lying and involvement in a crime only because during the conversation she was desperately spinning in her chair and her “eyes were running”, and the whole point turned out to be that she was worried that she didn’t have time to simply powder her nose before the conversation? It’s not that simple, and you also need to take into account that your interlocutor may also not be a fool and may quite consciously and in sign language present you with deliberately false information. We are all a bit of actors.
10. Why is body language ambiguous?
The answer is very simple - Each person is individual. because something or another effect is not always generated by the same cause. Such cases are usually cited as examples. One seller, based on the client’s behavior, reduced the price too much, and the client had problems with his wife and he was thinking about this now, but he would have bought the item at the starting price. Or an example, as I said earlier, from Conandolle, in one of the stories Sherlock strongly suspected one lady, she fidgeted and worried too much - the reason was simple, she was worried because her face was not powdered.
Nonverbal language can tell a lot about the internal state of even stranger, not to mention business partners, regular interlocutors and colleagues. So, you touched the hand of your interlocutor, moved away or moved towards him, your facial expression, play of intonation, raising or lowering your voice, pause, movement of your whole hand or just your hand - everything has its own meaning. But, like any language, each nation has its own nonverbal language; the same expressive gesture can have completely different meanings among different peoples. Even your suit and its color can convey ambiguous messages in different parts of the world. The gesture with which a Russian person sadly demonstrates loss or failure, for a Croatian means a sign of success and pleasure.
If in Holland you point your index finger at your temple, implying some kind of stupidity, then they will not understand you. There this gesture means; that someone said a very witty phrase. When talking about himself, a European points to his chest, and a Japanese points to his nose. In some African countries, laughter is an indicator of amazement and even confusion, and not at all a manifestation of fun.
Different gestures have different meanings in different countries. As an example, I will give the most common “OK” gesture. Italians and French are known for relying on their hands when it comes to emphatically confirming words or making conversations more casual. The danger is that hand gestures are perceived differently depending on what country we are in at the moment. Yes, in the USA, yes. in many other countries, the "zero" formed by the thumb and forefinger "indicates" that "everything is fine," "excellent," or simply "OK." The meaning of "OK" is well known in all English-speaking countries, as well as in Europe and Asia, but in some countries this gesture has a different meaning and origin. For example, in France it means “zero” or “nothing”, in Japan it means “money”, and in some Mediterranean countries this gesture is used to indicate a man’s homosexuality.
Therefore, when traveling to different countries, you should remember the proverb “You don’t go to someone else’s monastery with your own charter.” This will help avoid possible awkward situations. This is why body language is ambiguous.
11. How can you try to relieve your partner’s tense state using appropriate gestures and posture?
Other gestures that accompany communication include:
illustrative gestures, which depict the content and course of our thoughts, for example: “so huge”, “on the other hand”, etc., the abundance of such gestures does not indicate a person’s high linguistic culture;
gestures that regulate behavior
: “stand up”, “come here”, “please come through”, etc.;
conducting gestures- accompany the speech of bad speakers who are forced to help themselves with their hands (“sawing”, “cutting wood”, “screwing in a light bulb”). This amuses or lulls the audience;
oratorical gestures- are aimed at arousing certain feelings of the audience, for example: “understand me”, “I appeal to you”, etc. Such gestures were common in pathetic speeches;
affective gestures- express a person’s emotional state, his attitude to what is happening (gestures of joy, openness, sincerity or confusion, anxiety, mistrust). Gestures that express a person’s internal state are, as a rule, not controlled.
To relieve tension on the ground, it is best to use gestures from the level of the stomach, pointing your hands slightly towards the interlocutor. It is believed that open palms are one of the best proofs of the frankness of the interlocutor.
12. List gestures that indicate confident and uncertain behavior.
A head tilted to the side and hands near the face indicates some interest. If your fist rests on your cheek, they are listening to you very carefully. If the partner is also evaluating the information, his index finger will be extended and rests on his temple, if at the same time his thumb supports his chin, the partner has a negative attitude towards your information, and perhaps towards you.
A straight, slightly forward position of the head and a sideways glance indicate some aggressiveness. When a person tells a lie or believes that he hears it, he involuntarily points his hand to his mouth. This also happens with extreme shyness. The mouth is most often closed with one finger or fist; the finger may rub the area under the nose. In any case, a hand to the mouth is a gesture that a partner can regard as an expression of embarrassment or distrust of his information.
Open palms indicate your partner's openness and trust in you. Hands pressed to the chest - about the desire to be sincere.
Restless movements of the hands and rotation of the thumb indicate nervousness and discomfort of the partner. Sometimes in this state the hands are calm, and the leg “dances”.
The intertwined fingers of the hands lying on the table indicate that the interlocutor is tense, he is collected or irritated, but is trying not to show it.
Crossed arms may just be a comfortable posture. But in most cases they indicate a certain wariness of the partner. If at the same time the fingers squeeze the forearm, the partner is in a tense state; if his fingers dig into his hands, he can barely restrain himself.
People sit cross-legged when it is comfortable for them; in other cases, this position reflects a tense state of a person
“The interlocutor, sitting on a chair, lounging, casually, crossing his legs,” considers himself the master of the situation. The one who sits on the edge of a chair, with his hands folded on his knees, on the contrary, is inclined to obey.
A person who feels superior puts his hands behind his back, clasping his wrists. But the hands clasped behind his back indicate that the person is trying to calm down or at least hide his excitement.
“Putting your hands behind your head” is another gesture that expresses superiority.
Rubbing the eyelid is also associated with the desire to avoid looking into the eyes of the interlocutor who is being lied to,
Rubbing your forehead, temples, or chin can indicate a lie, or at least a desire to hide something.
Scratching your ear can be the equivalent of saying, “I don’t want to hear that.”
The earlobe is pulled in a state of excitement, frustration, and it is pulled when a person is tired of listening and wants to speak out himself.
A handshake with your palm up indicates that your partner allows you to feel like you are in control of the situation.
Gestures of openness include the open arms gesture and the unbuttoning jacket gesture. Gestures of self-confident people include the “putting your hands behind your head” gesture.
1. 1 The concept of “self-organization” in the system of sociological knowledge. 1. 2 Technologies social self-organization as an object of management technologies. 1. 3 Psychological features of effective interaction. 2
Bondaletov V.V. Evolution of ideas of self-organization. Sociological research. 2015. No. 3. P. 132 -13 Vasilkova V.V. Order and chaos in the development of social systems: synergetics and the theory of social self-organization. St. Petersburg , 1999. Krutikov N. A. Psychology and sociology of management. Tutorial-M. : GUU, Book World. 2010. Skazhenik E. N. Workshop on business communication. – Taganrog: TRTU Publishing House, 2005. – 99 p.
Self-organization [Ashby, 1966: 314 – 343]. ". . . Each isolated, deterministic, dynamic system, subject to laws, creates "organisms" adapted to their environment. . . ". AND - ". . . this process of transition to particularly stable forms. . . "and there is his answer to the question, what is self-organization
Self-organization [Haken, 1980: 226]. “the process of ordering (spatial, temporal or spatio-temporal) in open system, due to the coordinated interaction of many elements of its components"
Self-organization [Moiseev, 2001: 36]. “a process of changing its state (or characteristics) that occurs without a purposeful beginning, whatever the sources of goal setting. We can also talk about the element of self-organization - we will not make mistakes here. The reasons that stimulate the process of self-organization can be both external and internal"
Self-organization [Bondaletov, 2015: 314 – 343]. a set of rational, stable interactions aimed at “structuring” social processes or streamlining the social system as a whole.
Types of self-organization 1. Depending on the subjects of interaction, social self-organization (self-organization of the 2nd level: social groups, organizations, institutions, systems). u social self-organization (self-organization of the 1st level: self-organization of individuals). 2. Depending on the spheres of public life - self-organization in the economic, political, social and spiritual spheres. 3. Depending on the role self-organization plays for the system: destructive (protest) and constructive (positive) self-organization.
The nature of protest self-organization The protest approach explains the process of self-organization as a result of the protest of a subject (collective or individual) who seeks to change the existing order. Representatives of the theory of relative deprivation take these positions: T. Garr. , D. Davis, L. Killian, N. Smelser, et al. They focus on destructive self-organization and associate it with subjective and objective deprivations of the individual. In other words, the feeling of dissatisfaction, the discrepancy between needs and the possibilities of satisfying them, are the most important sources of protest self-organization, that is, protest orientations are considered as the most important prerequisites for the process of self-organization.
Theories of group formation 1. Theory of relative deprivation 2. Theory of mobilization resources 3. Theory of exchange 4. Theory of equilibrium 5. Theory of proximity © RGSU 2014 10
The nature of constructive (positive) self-organization A more successful explanation of the reasons for self-organization and the emergence of self-organizing structures is the so-called mobilization approach. Representatives of this approach: K. Wilson, K. Jenix, M. Zalit, J. McCartney, Maxim, A. Obershol, etc., focus on the resources and mobilization capabilities of self-organizing structures (groups, organizations, etc.), as decisive factors in their occurrence.
Mysin N.V., 2000. P. 476. “An object is called controllable if among all the influences on it there is one with the help of which the goal can be achieved. An uncontrollable object is uncontrollable and does not allow achieving the goal."
Ackoff R., Emery F., 1974. P. 54. “the activity of the subordinate subject is negative, it works against the goal. Being suppressed, the submissive subject goes into a passive state. Perhaps he no longer offers resistance, but the goal of the dominant subject is achieved only under coercion. Weakening of coercion immediately leads to evasion of the goal."
launch technologies, this type of technology is used in the absence of any legal norms regulating the process of self-organization and the formation of civil society institutions.
support technologies are expressed in a balanced combination of legal, economic, social and organizational norms that regulate the activities of public associations and ensure the effective functioning of civil society institutions.
development technologies are implemented through sociocultural procedures (expansion and dissemination of humanitarian knowledge, civic education; development of public participation and public activity; development of civil society and public partnership; and other educational and educational technologies), ensuring the effective development of social space, the assimilation of collective values and behavior patterns , formation of citizenship, development of motivation, opportunities and methods of public participation of citizens, as well as representatives of the public in taking power management decisions and the establishment of public control by civil society.
The political subsystem (block I) plays a leading role in the orderliness of interactions; it includes a complex system of formal norms and accepted rules of political behavior, as well as various structures and institutions that implement these norms and rules through direct connections. The norms and rules adopted by the political subsystem are closely intertwined with stable norms and rules of political behavior of individuals and groups (organizations)
The economic subsystem provides the material basis for self-organization. Any subsystem has its own social aspect, due to the structural division of society into statuses. The diversity of economic statuses, their material essence, is determined by the diversity in the degree of ownership of free capital, property and attitude towards it; it determines the behavior and interaction of bearers of the same and different statuses.
Subsystem culture of society (block V). Culture of society: values, norms that determine the spiritual needs of a territorial community, their life orientations and interests. Cultural factors- this is an essential part of the external environment in which self-organizing communities function. They constitute that part of the environment that is “responsible” for assimilation of positive experience and liberation from unjustified values, norms and behavior patterns. “...culture, - if it... is not consciously directed... leaves behind a desert...” Marx K., Engels F. Soch., T. 32, P. 45.
The social subsystem (Block IV) is a set of general social conditions and sources of self-organization. The most important components of general social conditions include socio-economic, socio-political and socio-cultural conditions.
GAIT Confident person. He walks quickly, swinging his arms, has a clear goal and is ready to realize it. A critical and secretive person who suppresses others. Keeps hands in pockets even in warm weather. A person who is in a depressed state. Hands are moving or in pockets, feet are dragging and, as a rule, looking at their feet. A person experiencing a burst of energy. He walks with his hands akimbo, intending to reach his goal by the shortest route. Concerned man. He walks in a “thinker” pose, his head is lowered, his hands are clasped behind his back. Arrogant man. The chin is raised high, the arms move with emphatic energy, the legs are like wood, the style is the pacing of a leader. 23
Rules for using your hands 1. About 90% of gestures must be made above the waist. Gestures made with hands below the waist often mean uncertainty, failure, and confusion. 2. Elbows should not be closer than 3 cm from the body. A smaller distance will symbolize the insignificance and weakness of your authority. 3. Gesture with both hands. The hardest thing is to use gestures that you consider acceptable. start 25
A handshake - a hand that grasps the other person's hand so that it is facing downwards with its palm is a power handshake. when you extend your hand with your palm facing up, this is a submissive handshake in which your partner's hands remain in the same position - a handshake of equals. 26
What do gestures and postures say? Firstly, they reveal the state of the body and immediate emotional reactions. Secondly, body postures and movements express social status a person and many of his character traits, the degree of his self-confidence, tightness or looseness, caution or impetuosity. Thirdly, posture and gestures reveal the cultural norms a person has internalized. Fourthly, purely conventional symbolic meanings are attributed to gestures and posture. 27
Gestures of openness indicate sincerity and a desire to speak frankly. This group of signs includes the “open arms” and “unbuttoning jacket” gestures. 28
Gestures of suspicion and secrecy indicate distrust of you, doubt that you are right, a desire to conceal something and hide something from you. the interlocutor mechanically rubs his forehead, temples, chin, and tries to cover his face with his hands. But more often than not, he tries not to look at you, looking away to the side. inconsistency of gestures. If a person who is hostile or defensive towards you smiles, this means that he is deliberately trying to hide his insincerity behind an artificial smile. 29
Defensive Gestures The typical, standard crossing of the arms is a universal gesture, almost indicating a defensive or negative state of the person making this gesture. everywhere 30
Gestures of doubt Scientists have established that this gesture is used when a person wants to hide his disappointment or negative attitude towards something. Like touching the mouth, touching the ear and nose can be used both by the speaker to disguise his own deception, and by the listener who doubts the sincerity of the speaker’s words 32
Gestures of boredom, not wanting to listen This gesture indicates that the person has heard enough and perhaps wants to speak out. 33
Gestures of insincerity If this gesture is used by a person at the time of speech, this indicates that he is telling a lie. However, if he covers his mouth with his hand while you are speaking and he is listening, this means that he feels that you are lying. These gestures can also indicate doubt, uncertainty, lying or exaggerating the real fact. 37
Facial codes of emotional states Parts of the face and facial expressions Mouth position Emotional condition Anger Contempt Mouth open Lips Eye shape Eye brightness Suffering Mouth closed Fear Surprise Mouth open Corners of lips downcast Eyes open or narrowed Eyes shining Joy Mouth usually closed Corners of lips raised Eyes narrowed Eyes dull Eyes wide open Eyes squinted or open Eyes squinted or open The shine of the eyes is not expressed Eyes shine Position eyebrows Eyebrows are shifted towards the bridge of the nose Eyebrows are raised up Corners of the eyebrows Outer corners of the eyebrows are raised up Inner corners of the eyebrows are raised up Forehead Vertical folds on the forehead and bridge of the nose Horizontal folds on the forehead Mobility of the face and its parts Dynamic face Frozen face Dynamic face 38
Communication distances Type of distance Norm intimate distance personal distance social distance 15 -50 cm Communication of the closest 50 -120 cm Communication of the closest public distance Type of communication 120 -400 cm Discussions between colleagues, communication with people who are not well known, official communication Above 400 Impersonal and formal conversations, see speeches to various audiences 39
Rules of behavior in a confined space 1) you are not allowed to talk to anyone, even with friends; 2) it is not recommended to look directly at others; 3) the person must be completely impartial - no display of emotions is allowed; 4) if you have a book or newspaper in your hands, then you should be completely immersed in reading; 5) the more crowded the transport, the more restrained your movements should be; 6) in the elevator you should only look at the floor indicator above your head. 40
Positions of the communicating parties and their significance for communication a) b) c) d) a) corner position, characteristic of people engaged in a friendly, casual conversation; b) competing - defensive position; c) independent position - diagonal location; d) communication during business interaction. 41
Thumb up and down gesture If the thumb is raised up, then this gesture can be deciphered: “Super!” , “Oh, I approve of this!” , "Cool idea!" . And the finger is located down, back side situations: “I’m not happy with you”, “I’m unpleasant”, “Ugh”, etc. Also used: Ø Ø as voting and the desire for a long trip, hitchhiking. An Australian or Englishman will understand a sharply raised finger up as a sexual insult. Ø In Greece, this quick gesture means: “Fuck you!” . Ø Arabs associate the raised thumb with a phallic symbol. When counting, the thumb is used in different ways: Italians count the thumb as a unit, while Australians, English, Russians and others use the index finger for one, and the thumb would be the fifth. The thumb can be used in different positions of the body and signify power and dominance. Gesture of superiority and power 43
Index finger gesture The index finger speaks for itself, it points to something or someone. The index finger gesture has many meanings and depends on words, movements and body position. An index finger placed on the lips means “quiet.” If it is raised vertically, it means “stop!” , "attention!" . If you shake your finger to the side at the same time, this gesture will mean refusal. A finger tilted slightly forward and swinging up and down means a threat or a lesson. If you twist your index finger at your temple, it means they consider you a fool. A hand raised up with an index finger says: “Attention, I want to say something!” . There is one hidden position of the index finger: if a person speaks and his gaze is directed in one direction, and the index finger in the other, while it is slightly bent, then the person is telling a lie. 44
Two-finger gesture or "V" sign The two-finger gesture or "V" sign is common in English-speaking countries. So in the UK, Australia and New Zealand, this finger gesture will mean a sexual insult. In most European countries, as well as in Russia, this gesture means Victory. Winston Churchill first used the "V" gesture in World War II, but his palm was turned toward himself and meant victory. This is how a division into the negative and positive significance of this gesture appeared. However, in European countries, the meaning of victory is determined with an open palm. And the palm turned towards you will mean the number 2. Using the two-finger gesture, you need to remember the culture and traditions existing in the country. An Englishman, deciding to insult a Russian, will put him at a loss. 45
Three-finger gesture Three fingers can be used in different combinations, most often the number is three. IN different countries The number three is shown in different ways. For example: The Germans, since they start counting with the thumb, show the thumb, index and middle fingers. Russians and Americans will show three fingers, starting with the index finger. In some countries, especially during the Second World War, the Germans raised three fingers up during the oath, greeting their commander-in-chief. The history of this gesture goes back to ancient times, when warriors swore an oath by greeting a friend with this gesture. Today in some countries this gesture is used as a symbol of victory. 46
"Goat" gesture and tongue between fingers This gesture is very popular and is used as protection against evil, even in mystical rituals. But we know this gesture better as the “rocker goat”. Some rockers began to stick their tongues out between their fingers, showing their culture even more crazy. In Russia, this gesture has become stronger as a gesture of superiority over someone. It is also used to show horns and insult a person. If the “horns” begin to move closer to a person, they want to show that they are about to attack. In the dactyl alphabet these are the letters Y and Y. 47
Thumb and little finger gesture or "shaka" gesture If the thumb moves towards the mouth and the head is tilted, then this gesture means to drink. Without head movements in drug addicts, it means smoking. In Asian countries, this gesture shows the number six. And the welcome sign will be in Hawaii or among skydivers and surfers. The thumb and little finger gesture is very common today as a phone call gesture: “Call me, I’m waiting.” In this case, fingers are applied to the ear. In the dactyl alphabet this gesture means the letter U. 48
OK gesture or ring fingers This gesture is also used as zeroing or meaning “nothing”. in Japan this gesture means money. In Mediterranean countries, if you show a man your fingers with a ring, you will offend him by making it clear that he is a homosexual. Fingers folded into a ring mean the letter O. The OK gesture appeared in America and was used in different situations, but the most common is “OK”, that is, “everything is in order.” 49
Rubbing the thumb on the tips of others If a person stretches his hand forward and rubs his thumb on the tips of other fingers, then he is talking about money. Money is usually mentioned in conversation, so it will be easy for you to decipher this gesture. But the rubbing gesture can be in a situation where a person is trying to convey something to you. In this case, the hand moves forward and upward with the addition of the words: “so!” . It feels like some important secret is about to be revealed. 50
Interlocked Fingers Gesture The gesture of crossed or interlocked fingers is used for protection. For example, when they are deceiving or want to avoid being jinxed, for good luck. Moreover, the fingers are intertwined on both hands and hidden from the interlocutor, so such a gesture is difficult to see. 51
Gesture of closed thumb and index finger This gesture is used when they want to focus attention on something. The closed thumb and index finger gesture often complements speech. The person who makes such a gesture wants the listeners to understand the very essence of what was said. 52
