Hyperexcitability in adults. Diseases with similar symptoms

ADHD is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Previously, it was generally accepted that these psychological deviations are characteristic only of children, especially teenagers. Today, it has already been scientifically proven that adults also suffer from ADHD. This is due to the fact that a child characterized by hyperactivity does not outgrow this condition and signs of disorders appear in him even later. mature age. This, of course, does not apply to all children, but only to more than half of them, who have a predisposition to further development of the disease. According to statistics, every twentieth person on the planet suffers from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, but is not even aware of the presence of deviations of this nature. People tend to attribute absent-mindedness, forgetfulness, impulsiveness and other symptoms to overwork, stress and other reasons. However, if such factors are present and appear repeatedly, then you should think about visiting a specialist. What signs indicate disorders and what to look for in order to identify the disease in yourself or in your loved ones?

ADHD symptoms

When a person regularly forgets about plans and important meetings, strives to be on time always and everywhere, puzzles himself with a lot of unnecessary things and tries to cope with everything, cannot calmly stand in line at the store - all this indicates the presence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Many will say that life in the hustle and bustle is characteristic of most people, just as they do not want to stand in long lines, in traffic jams, and so on. But there are also more clear signs of psychological disorders, which, together with forgetfulness, absent-mindedness and fussiness, will definitely confirm the diagnosis of ADHD. So, the symptoms of this disease include:

1. Lack of composure(inattention). For every sane person some life situations are associated with chaos, when it is impossible to cope with accumulated cases and find solutions to suddenly arisen issues. People with ADHD are constantly in a chaotic state. It is difficult for them to fulfill all their household and professional responsibilities, to come to work, to a meeting, to a doctor’s appointment on time, etc. They try to postpone the accumulated tasks for later. At the same time, ADHD patients cannot assess the importance of this or that matter, that is, they cannot correctly set priorities. There are situations when patients with such deviations exhibit the opposite reactions and are characterized by “hyperconcentration”. This phenomenon is expressed in increased attention to some matter. A person concentrates so much on an activity that interests him that he disconnects from the surrounding reality.
2. Forgetfulness. Healthy people can periodically forget something important or, on the contrary, unimportant, but this happens only sometimes and does not cause any special problems. With hyperactivity, the ability to forget everything becomes a natural companion in life. Patients constantly forget names, addresses, dates important events, location of things in the house and other facts. Everything would be fine, but such phenomena can have a very adverse effect on both personal life and professional activities.
3. Impulsiveness. This factor implies inappropriate behavior. Hyperactivity in adults in this case is manifested in the ability to interrupt the interlocutor, to act spontaneously even in difficult situations without thinking about the consequences, make hasty decisions, under the influence of ordinary desires. Impulsiveness is especially pronounced in matters of shopping. People with ADHD can buy up half the store, purchasing a lot of expensive, but at the same time useless things.
4. Emotional instability. Hyperactivity in adults is accompanied by problems of an emotional nature. A normal occurrence with this disease is abrupt change moods. The transition from tears to laughter, from hysteria to calm, occurs in a matter of minutes and the patient does not notice anything unusual behind him. Finding himself in a boring environment, a person with ADHD immediately begins to look for a reason to cheer himself up. But often emotional arousal does not cause positivity, but, on the contrary, depression and oppression. Patients with this diagnosis are also characterized by unreasonable rage, anger, and anger.
5. Low self-esteem. Hyperactivity in adults causes self-doubt and self-doubt, constant doubts and torment of conscience. This is due to increased self-criticism towards oneself. It is confirmed by poor success at school, in the field of activity, and also in personal relationships. Such people consider all failures in life to be a consequence of their inferiority, which further aggravates the situation.
6. Lack of motivation. Adults with ADHD often do not want to perform certain actions due to a lack of understanding of their need. IN childhood This factor can be traced by the fact that the child does not want to learn lessons and attend school, since he does not have significant motives. In adulthood, the desire to go to work, do household chores, and the like also disappears. Again, influenced by the lack of strong motivation.
7. Increased anxiety. Due to the fact that hyperactivity in adults constantly encourages active actions that do not bear fruit, patients begin to be bothered by a feeling of anxiety. They do not understand why, despite all their efforts and efforts, the result remains ineffective. It seems to people that they are working tirelessly, while grasping at everything, they do not have time to do anything. A characteristic feature ADHD is a mental replay of all experienced events, especially those that cause anxiety and restlessness.
8. Deterioration of health. Problems of an emotional nature, mental imbalance, and forgetfulness lead to the fact that patients with hyperactivity cease to be attentive to their health. They may forget about visiting a doctor or taking prescribed medications. They have little interest in the correctness of their lifestyle, balance and benefits diet. Regular overeating can also become a common occurrence. All these factors contribute to deterioration of health and the appearance of disorders in various body systems.

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in adults is also characterized by indirect symptoms, such as:

• frequent change of field of activity or workplace;
• financial distress;
• increased risk of accidents;
• alcohol and drug addiction.

It is believed that ADHD is transmitted along a hereditary line, since many of the patients who applied had family members with similar disorders.

Increased activity, unbalanced behavior, inability to concentrate are signs that are often found in people of different age categories. These symptoms indicate the presence of a serious disease called attention deficit disorder. It is important to understand the problems of the course of the disease and identify the optimal method of treatment, both for an adult patient and a child.

Characteristics of the problem

Children aged 2-3 years and older are more likely to develop the disease. Adults can also develop the disease, but these people are less susceptible to it. negative impact, control themselves more. Children, on the contrary, experience an acute lack of relationships with other people.

The occurrence of the disease in adulthood is due to genetic predisposition. But the symptoms that appear practically do not develop. This is due to the fact that family and work are in the foreground for an adult, so emotions are relegated to the background.

The disease often occurs in boys. In almost every class there is a bright representative of the symptoms of attention deficit disorder.

When the development of ADHD in children is recorded, it is characterized by the inability to maintain one’s attention on a specific object or event. The patient is extremely active, trying to be in several places at once.

If during a lesson a child makes a mistake in a task, he does not concentrate on it, does not listen to explanations of his mistake, and does not listen to instructive words. In some situations, the child’s behavior goes beyond all limits, he cannot control himself, constantly spins, jumps up in his place. It is these reactions that are very noticeable against the background of other children who are calmly absorbed in educational activities or joint role-playing games.

In most cases, teachers notice developmental deviations and try to label the child as “ADHD.” To confirm the symptoms, it is necessary to undergo a diagnosis from a psychologist.

The following types of attention deficit in a child are distinguished:

1. Inattention is the only symptom that predetermines the disease that appears in a patient with ADHD. In this case, the likelihood of hyperactivity is almost completely eliminated;
2. Impulsivity and hyperactivity - the clinical picture is accompanied not only by increased activity compared to other children, but also by hot temper, imbalance, impulsiveness and nervousness;
3. Mixed type – occurs in patients more often than other types. It includes both signs of the syndrome. It can develop not only in young patients, but also in adults.

If you omit human factor and listen to the language of psychology, attention deficit disorder is a dysfunction nervous system, characterized by disruption of the normal functioning of the brain. Such problems associated with the most important human organ are the most dangerous and unpredictable.

To prevent the consequences of the development of the disease, it is necessary to monitor the child’s behavior and promptly pay attention to possible problems in the formation of the individual. Timely detected symptoms are subject to therapeutic intervention. Therefore, there is no need to panic without reason and get upset when a diagnosis is made.

Causes of hyperactivity

Medicine cannot accurately determine the causes of hyperactivity and attention disorders in patients of different age categories. Development factors can be various situations, negatively affecting the patient, as well as the totality of ongoing processes. All influences negatively affect the human nervous system.

There are certain reasons that stimulate the formation of attention deficit in children:

1. The development of a child inside the womb, during which negative changes occur in the formation of the baby’s central nervous system, which leads to oxygen starvation or hemorrhage in the brain;
2. A pregnant woman taking medications in uncontrolled dosages;
3. The negative impact of addictions during pregnancy on the developing fetus (alcohol addiction, nicotine and drug addiction);
4. Threat of miscarriage or interruption of blood supply through the umbilical cord to the fetus;
5. Difficult childbirth, complications or, conversely, rapid labor, which can lead to a head injury to the baby or the development of problems with the spine;
6. Conflict on the Rh factor of the blood, which leads to immunological incompatibility between the mother and the developing child;
7. At the age of one year and earlier, the presence of diseases that provoke an increase in the baby’s body temperature to critical levels (up to 39-40 degrees);
8. Inflammation of the lungs or the progression of a minor illness into bronchial asthma;
9. Kidney diseases characterized by severe severity;
10. Introducing into the body of a small patient, up to 1-2 years old, drugs with neurotoxic effects;
11. Congenital defect of the heart muscle or detection of its failure;
12. Genetic predisposition.

Heredity manifested in a child can be seen directly from the parents, and transmitted from distant relatives. Premature babies have a greater 80% chance of developing attention deficit disorder early in their lives than newborns born at the right time.

The cause of the onset of the disease in adolescence is familiarity with the computer and other gadgets. When a child comes into contact with technology, cortisol (stress hormone) is produced, which makes the brain unable to concentrate.

The manifestation of the process of disturbances in the development of a child should not be confused with spoilage. A diagnosis of ADHD is treatable, but bad manners young man impossible to eradicate.

Clinical picture

A vivid picture of the course of symptoms is revealed in children. In adulthood, signs of the disorder are carefully hidden and hushed up, so it is quite problematic for a stranger to identify the disease at a conscious age. In most cases, children are referred to the hospital by educators who notice deviations and lack of attention in children.

Vivid symptoms begin to appear in children when they reach 5-12 years of age. The first signs can be replaced even earlier; they are revealed in the following:

1. The baby begins to hold his head up early and for a long time, sit down, roll over and crawl;
2. The newborn sleeps little and is more awake;
3. Before falling asleep, the child gets tired, but he is not able to fall asleep on his own; hysteria is always present;
4. Children with this diagnosis are very sensitive to foreign objects, people, bright lights and loud sounds;
5. Toys or any objects are thrown away before the child has fully examined them.

These signs may indicate attention deficit in children in early period life, and are present in some children with a restless character, up to 3 years of age. Often problems with activity leave a peculiar imprint on the functioning of all internal organs.

Children in this situation are often susceptible to digestive disorders. The presence of frequent diarrhea is a clear symptom of constant stimulation small intestine baby's nervous system. In addition, patients with an established diagnosis have allergic reactions and various skin rashes are present more often than among peers.

With attention deficit in children, the main signs of disruption in the normal development of the body are insufficient attention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. Each specific symptom has its own characteristics.

Lack of attention is manifested in the following:

1. Concentrating on one subject or situation quickly becomes a burden. The patient loses interest in details and does not try to distinguish the main from the secondary or additional. At this moment the baby begins to do several things at the same time. He tries to paint all areas the same color, but cannot finish the job he has started. When reading, he skips over a word or even a line. This manifestation means that the child does not know how to make plans. To treat a symptom, you need to teach your child to plan: “First you need to do this item, and then move on to the next one.”
2. The patient, under any pretext, tries not to resort to performing daily tasks, homework, or helping around the house. In such a situation, the disease manifests itself either as a quiet protest, or an angry scandal or hysteria.
3. Cyclicity of attention. In this situation, a preschooler concentrates his attention on a specific subject or activity for up to 5 minutes, while a schoolchild is able to study for up to 10 minutes. Afterwards, the same period of time is needed to restore strength and concentration. In patients during the rest period, a peculiarity is revealed: the person simply does not hear the interlocutor, does not react to what is happening, he is busy with his own thoughts and affairs.
4. Attention is shown only if the patient is alone with a teacher or parent. At this moment, concentration is completely improved, the baby becomes obedient and diligent.

Children with attention deficit disorder have a specific characteristic. Their brain improves the moment the little patient runs, sorts out toys or plays. Such motor activity forces the brain structures responsible for self-control and thinking to work.

Symptoms of impulsivity are expressed in certain ways:

• The child listens and is guided only by his own problems and desires. All actions are based on the first impulse received in the brain. In most cases, the consequences of actions taken are never thought through or planned. There are no situations in which the baby should be completely calm.
• The patient cannot follow the instructions, especially if it includes several components. By doing given action, the patient finds a new task for himself, abandoning the previous process.
• There is no way to wait or endure. The patient demands that he be immediately presented with what he wants. If his requirements are not met, then the child begins to make trouble, throw tantrums, abandon previously started tasks, or perform aimless actions. This manifestation of increased motor activity is very noticeable when waiting in line;
• Every few minutes there is a sudden change in mood. There are noticeable transitions from heartbreaking laughter to hysterical crying. If the child is not satisfied with something in his interlocutor, he throws things and may break or damage another child’s personal item. All actions performed do not carry specific revenge, they are performed under impulse.
• There is no sense of danger - actions are committed that are dangerous to the life of not only this child, but also his peers around him.

All these symptoms appear due to the fact that the patient’s nervous system is in early age quite vulnerable. It is difficult for her to accept and process the entire volume of incoming information. Lack of attention and activity is an opportunity to protect yourself from excessive stress on the central nervous system.

With hyperactivity, the baby produces a large number of unnecessary movements. In this case, the child does not even notice his own actions. He can jerk his legs, move his arms, describing circles or other shapes. All this comes together into one hallmark– aimlessness.

Such a child is not in the mood to speak quietly; he pronounces everything with a certain speed and in a raised voice. He doesn’t bother to wait for the end of the question, he shouts down and interrupts. In most cases, his words are not thoughtful and are offensive to strangers.

Hyperactivity is also expressed in the facial expressions of such a baby. On his face a short time the whole spectrum of emotions jumps through - from anger to happiness.

In some cases, some additional symptoms are present:

1. Impaired communication, both with peers and with adults. The patient tries to be on time everywhere and everywhere, sometimes he is abrupt and even aggressive. These signs in some cases prevent other people from making contact and create a barrier to friendships.
2. Difficulties in mastering the school curriculum are identified, despite the fact that intellectual development the patient is sufficiently high level;
3. The patient lags behind in the development of the emotional plane - whims or tearfulness often appear. An already grown-up child does not accept criticism, does not accept an unsuccessful outcome, and often behaves like a child. Medicine has established that with ADHD, developmental delays at the emotional level occur on average by 30%. So a 10-year-old individual behaves like a 7-year-old preschooler.
4. The self-esteem of such a person falls. This is due to the fact that during the day the baby hears a significant amount of criticism and comments addressed to him, he is compared with more obedient and successful peers. This condition reduces one’s own importance and lowers the child in one’s own eyes, which leads to aggressiveness, imbalance and disobedience, and stimulates various disorders.

But along with everyone negative aspects presence of the syndrome, such children are distinguished by specific positive traits. They are mobile, easy-going, and effective. When contacting a person, they quickly perceive his condition and try to help with action or advice. Often such people are selfless, ready to drop everything they are doing and rush to help a friend. A person does not have the ability to harbor a grudge or take revenge; he quickly forgets any troubles and treats others “with all his soul.”

If the symptoms clearly make themselves known, you should not neglect them and delay going to the doctor. Early detection of such a disease helps to quickly get rid of the problem through medication or restraining the child’s urges and impulses.

Diagnosis of pathology

If any syndrome is detected, you should consult a doctor. Medicine advises contacting any of the specialists: psychiatrists, neurologists, social workers or psychologists. To start, you can consult your family doctor or pediatrician.

But social workers, therapists and psychologists often do not have the right to prescribe treatment; they establish a diagnosis and refer for further consultation to a specialist such as a neurologist or psychiatrist.

In order to prescribe treatment for ADHD in children, the doctor will conduct the necessary examination. The latter is carried out in several stages, according to a specific algorithm.

Initially, the doctor will ask the patient to tell him about himself. If a minor patient is undergoing therapy, then you should draw him psychological picture. It is imperative to include the child’s behavior and living environment in the narrative.

The second stage for the patient will be passing a certain test that reveals the degree of absent-mindedness of the baby.

The next stage of the diagnostic algorithm is to carry out the required laboratory tests. Such a test is considered classic in establishing the correct diagnosis.

It is necessary to undergo a brain tomography and an ultrasound examination of the head. The course of the disease is clearly visible in the resulting images. In such a situation, the functioning of the brain is subject to change.

In addition to the basic diagnostic methods, you can resort to a full examination:

1. Genetic research of both parents to establish the reasons that gave rise to the development of the problem;
2. A neurological examination is carried out, which requires the NESS technique;
3. Conducting neuropsychological testing for children, preschoolers and school-age adolescents.

Based on the results of tests and examinations, the doctor makes a diagnosis. As a result of the testing, the presence of hyperactivity and excitability in the patient or its complete absence will be accurately identified. After confirming the diagnosis, effective treatment is prescribed.

Treatment of the disease

In Russia, attention deficit in children is common; its treatment consists of a set of measures and is monitored at all stages. The main influence on the patient is considered to be psychotherapy, as well as behavior correction through pedagogical control and neuropsychological influence.

First of all, the doctor conducts a conversation with the parents and immediate environment of the patient, explains to them the features of interaction with the patient. Parents are given tasks that must be completed:

1. Education must be strict. You shouldn’t babysit, feel sorry for the child, or allow him everything. Otherwise, excessive care and love will intensify the ongoing symptoms of the disease.
2. Do not demand from the child to perform actions that he cannot cope with. The inability to complete assigned tasks leads to increased moodiness, nervousness, dissatisfaction with oneself and an even greater drop in the patient's self-esteem.

For drug treatment, complex therapy is prescribed. Drugs are selected based on the identified symptoms on an individual basis. The following medications are used to treat attention deficit disorder:

1. For the central nervous system of an autonomic nature, its stimulation, Pemoline, Dextroamphetamine or Methylphenidate are prescribed;
2. The use of tricyclic antidepressants such as Amitriptyline, Imipramine, Thioridazine is recommended;
3. You should take nootropic tablets: Semax, Nootropil, Phenibut, Cerebrolysin;
4. Psychostimulants: Dexmethylphenidate, Dexamphetamine or Levamphetamine.

Additionally, vitamins are prescribed to stimulate brain activity. Therapy is carried out in low dosages so as not to provoke the development of side effects in minors.

Monitoring the course of a disease of this type records that all drugs act only when taken. After cancellation, their influence completely ceases, and the symptoms return.

In addition to medication, physiotherapy and therapeutic massage can be used. The procedures of this complex are aimed at eliminating injuries received during the birth of a baby. This has a positive effect on cerebral circulation and pressure inside the skull.

The list of exercises used:

1. Therapeutic gymnastics is carried out daily, stimulates the strengthening of the muscle tissue of the shoulder girdle and neck;
2. Massage of the collar area - should be carried out up to 3 times a year, 10 procedures daily for 10-15 minutes;
3. Physiotherapy is carried out using infrared radiation, which helps warm up a certain area. 10-15 sessions are carried out no more than 2 times a year.

Only the attending physician should prescribe a set of physiological measures. Contacting an unqualified specialist can cost the patient’s health.

Hyperactivity can be eliminated without complex drug treatment. You can use folk remedies, drink soothing herbs such as sage, chamomile or calendula.

In addition, you should be patient and pay more attention to the little person, following the following recommendations:

1. Find time to communicate with your child;
2. Send your child to developmental clubs;
3. You should study lessons together with the student, study more, cultivate his perseverance and attention;
4. In case of hyperactivity, it is necessary to find a use for his restlessness and energy: give it to dancing, running or other active sports activities;
5. Do not show aggression, do not scold the patient, demonstrate more calm and restraint;
6. Support all your child’s endeavors and hobbies. In this situation, it is important not to confuse permissiveness and acceptance. little man as an independent individual.

If you follow these rules, your child’s treatment will gradually bring results. You shouldn't expect immediate progress, but you shouldn't give up on your studies. You can use tablets, physiotherapy and exercises in combination, and also independently influence a small patient. The main thing is not to lose hope and follow the recommendations of your doctor.

In this article, we will understand what characterizes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults, as well as the causes of its occurrence and methods of treatment.

When we talk about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, we often imply that this problem only affects children. This is due to stereotypical thinking that children are always restless and inattentive. But this problem is very common in adults. They live their whole lives and do not understand why they are so different from others. It is this diagnosis that explains their difference from others.

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People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can be seen and heard from afar. They talk loudly, try to touch everyone, and quickly switch from one person to another. At the same time, they don’t listen to anyone to the end and quickly switch to another interlocutor.

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder negatively affects all aspects of their lives. This is how problems arise in the family, at work, and in society. At work, they cannot concentrate on the task at hand and constantly forget about important meetings. They constantly do not have enough time to complete at least one task to the end.

IN family relationships It is very difficult with them, as they have constant mood swings and plans change every second. Small housework cannot be completed. Once they start cooking, they forget about dinner, which is already on fire. Because they started ironing and cleaning.

At the end of the day they feel tired and unsatisfied. It seems like I worked all day “like a squirrel in a wheel,” but never did anything useful. People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder often do not understand what is the reason and what is happening to them.

This diagnosis affects both men and women equally. The reason for this is that many children have this syndrome for life. Some people outgrow it.

According to statistics from the University of Amsterdam Psychology, more than 3% of Dutch people over 50 have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This is more than 160,000 people. Some are trying to fight this problem, and many are perplexed why they are not succeeding in life. And other people do the same with such ease. They just think they are unlucky.

Psychiatrist Sandra Kooich has been studying attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults for many years. She says: "An older person with ADHD more problems with life changes or unexpected events, they find it harder to concentrate and become more forgetful. Therefore, they sometimes begin to suspect the onset of dementia, although this is not the case at all.”

She says that in such people the brain does not work normally, they have no brakes. In medical terms, this means that they have a deficiency in the production of dopamine, which ensures communication between brain cells. For this reason, a person feels constant anxiety. This is expressed in his gestures and facial expressions. He constantly fidgets in his chair, taps his fingers, and twirls something in his hands.

What is the characteristics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults?

People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are characterized by frequent mood swings and irritability. They act first and think later. They do not know how to distinguish the main thing from the secondary, so they grab onto everything at once and do not have time to do anything. They are either full of energy or exhausted. This is why they often have problems in relationships with other people.

They suffer from a constant stream of thoughts in their head, which leads to chronic fatigue and depression. It disrupts sleep, causing nervous disorders and addictions.

Constant failures, dissatisfaction and problems with communication very often lead to alcohol and drug addiction.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can only be identified after a conversation with a psychiatrist. In our country, few people turn to a psychotherapist, so it is difficult to help a person in this case. Often, this syndrome is detected in an adult when he brings his child or grandchild for a consultation with a psychiatrist. Since attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is often genetically determined.

After diagnosis, the doctor recommends treatment. Not everyone wants to take medications that affect the brain. But don't be afraid of it. After all, these pills just help the brain produce enough dopamine. This is a brake that helps cope with this condition.

After treatment, patients feel relief. But sometimes treatment results in a person feeling the pain of loss or bereavement. Sometimes patients realize that if they had known about their problem earlier, they would not have lost their job or would have been able to save their marriage.

Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in an adult

• A person is constantly distracted by external factors and constantly thinks about something that has nothing to do with the matter;
• Makes decisions impulsively, thoughtlessly;
• It is difficult for him to stop the activity he started and do something more important;
• Begins to act without fully listening or reading the instructions or rules;
• Does not fulfill his promises and his responsibilities;
• Unable to sequence his actions or plan anything;
• Drive a car at high speed. Has no quiet hobbies;
• Does not maintain attention on completing the task;
• Cannot organize its activities;
• He is late everywhere and forgets about everything.

Causes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Many doctors and educators doubt the existence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Many people believe that such a disease does not exist. When other psychiatrists claim that there are genetic and physiological reasons of this disease.

The cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is unknown, but there are several theories:

1. Ecological situation;
2. Infections during pregnancy. As well as alcohol, drug use and maternal smoking;
3. Rhesus – conflict;
4. Risk of miscarriage;
5. Chronic diseases of parents;
6. Stimulation of labor;
7. Rapid or prolonged labor, anesthesia, caesarean section;
8. Umbilical cord entanglement or malpresentation of the fetus leads to spinal injuries and cerebral hemorrhages;
9. Infant diseases accompanied by high temperature and taking strong medications;
10. Diseases that cause disruption of brain function (asthma, diabetes, kidney and heart diseases);
11. Genetics.

Many adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder suffer throughout their lives simply because they were not diagnosed with it in childhood. Lack of concentration, lack of attention, difficulties in learning, communication, at work and in the family accompany them throughout their lives.

Harvard University conducted a study that found the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder to be 4.5%. This syndrome is most common among men who have lost their jobs and families.

The prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder also greatly depends on the person’s concomitant psychological disorders. So, according to the results Mexican research It was found that among patients psychiatric clinics Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder occurs in 16.8%. Among the general population - only 5%.

What methods are used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults?

Treatment of this problem should be comprehensive, as well as individually selected for each specific case. They use not only drug treatment, but also methods of psychotherapy, pedagogical and neuropsychological correction.

Drug treatment is prescribed only in cases where the doctor understands that the patient cannot cope without it.

Considering that today, there are debates and discussions among doctors about whether there is such a disease as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, there is no adequate treatment.

Many scientists doubt the correctness of the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Since unambiguous criteria have not yet been established by which one can judge whether a patient suffers from this particular syndrome. Many scientists oppose treating patients with psychotropic medications because they believe they are prescribed by doctors who receive a cut from pharmaceutical companies.

This problem is controversial and requires further research. But in any case, when a person suffers and cannot live full life, he needs to see a specialist.

No one has the right to force you to take medications against your wishes. But it is simply necessary to try the methods of cognitive psychology and psychotherapy. This will help you improve your life and organize it. Many patients, after diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (or whatever this disorder is called), feel much better and improve their lives. As for medications, the doctor recommends taking them for a month to check whether there are positive changes in the person’s condition.

How to cope with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on your own?

If you don’t trust doctors, but have found several symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in yourself, you can try to alleviate your condition a little yourself.

• Watch yourself and control your movements;
• Force yourself to focus on a book, music or movie until the end;
• Talk less to the point. Try to be silent more.
• Take a break from excessive amounts of information via the Internet or TV;
• Start playing sports;
• Take quiet, long walks alone in the evenings;
• Learn to tolerate the wait. Reassure yourself when standing in line;
• Meditate. This helps stop the endless stream of thoughts.

Be healthy and don't neglect your health. The sooner you take care of yourself, the faster you can improve your life.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common behavioral disorder diagnosed in 11% of school-aged children in the United States. 30-70% of children with ADHD will suffer from ADHD symptoms in the future and adult life. In adults, this syndrome can cause problems in areas such as school, work, self-care, relationships, friendships, and hobbies. However, there are many ways you can use to improve the situation.

Steps

Where to begin

Get an accurate diagnosis. Adults with ADHD have many symptoms similar to those of childhood ADHD. The main difference is that these behavioral tendencies begin to influence daily life adult. If you can't concentrate on a task at work, are always late for work or important events, are impulsive, or were diagnosed with ADHD as a child, you may have ADHD as an adult.

Find out everything you can about this disorder. The more you understand your illness and notice how it affects all areas of your life, the better you will be able to change your behavior and cope with the syndrome. Read every book you can get your hands on, research online, ask your doctor, or go to ADHD seminars in your area.

Try meditation. Attention deficit disorder is a disorder chemical reactions in the brain. This disorder interferes with your ability to study, complete assignments, perform well at work, take care of yourself, fully enjoy leisure time, care for your family, manage your budget, and maintain important relationships. Carefully work with your doctor to develop a medication therapy that will be effective for you. It may take time to find the dosage that works for you, but your doctor will search with you until he finds the right method.

Change the direction of your activities

1. Give yourself time to think. ADHD can sometimes cause you to impulsively say or do the wrong thing. You don't think enough before you speak or act. For example, you tell your boss that his sales forecasts are completely wrong. Or you can buy yourself new clothes, simply because you suddenly want it, although this purchase does not fit into your budget.

   Think about the past - it will help you in the future. Adults with ADHD have trouble using nonverbal working memory, meaning they have trouble drawing conclusions from the past to move into the future. This means that adults with ADHD often find it difficult to change the outcome of an event, even if they have been in similar circumstances before, because their reactions do not change. To change the situation, take your time and think about the decision you are about to make, remember if you have been in the same situation before.

   Visualize the end goal. Many adults with ADHD find it difficult to complete something because they don't see the benefits of successfully completing a project and the consequences of failing. This is especially true for small matters that are unimportant to others. When working on a project, spend time thinking, “How will I feel at the end of this project?” Focus on positive feelings, such as joy at achieving a goal, pride, self-esteem, or happiness. When you think about these feelings, try to feel them right now. Then you will have a desire to finish the project and feel the fullness of it. positive emotions In fact.

   Admit your mistakes. Your condition may be a serious problem, but you don't always have to take it seriously and hide it. When you do something caused by ADHD, just admit it, but don't lose your sense of humor. Learn to tell people with a smile: “The ADHD button is stuck again. Sorry, it’s my fault. Next time I’ll try to fix it.” This would be suitable for work, school or personal situations and relationships. You don't need to blame others or place responsibility on someone else.

   Complete tasks as early as possible. Sometimes it's hard to remember an important task if you put it off until later. Instead of postponing the task until indefinite time, complete it immediately after receiving it. Put papers in folders as soon as you're done working on them, call back as soon as you receive a message, and clean up any clutter right away.

   Find yourself an ADHD coach. There are specialists who are trainers for people with hyperactivity syndrome. They help people in their daily activities and show them how to cope with tasks more effectively. These trainers help with work and home life. Usually a coach will help identify difficulties and develop strengths both in person and via telephone consultation several times a month.

   Play sports. This will help your brain produce more of the chemicals you are lacking. Dedicate sports exercises at least 30 minutes a day. People with ADHD find it very difficult to go to the gym or exercise on their own. Find a form of exercise that works for you and that you can do. Dopamine, which is released during exercise, will help you concentrate better for several hours after exercise.

   Eat better. Your diet will help you cope with the problems caused by your disease. Avoid eating processed and refined sugars, high fats, or fatty foods in general. They slow down your brain activity. Eat more protein in the morning to increase dopamine levels. Eat more foods with omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon and oatmeal, to improve brain function.

   Let's give your brain a rest. For people with attention deficit disorder, the brain is constantly working. To help it, you need to provide your brain with maximum rest. Several times a day, take a short break from any irritating factors, turning off any types of electronic equipment. Find a quiet place where you can sit for about five minutes, away from the noise. Try active meditation as a brain break. This way your brain will stop a little and understand what was happening to it.

Strategies for managing your condition

Keep external stimuli to a minimum. At work you need to reduce them. If you don't have a personal office, this can be a challenging task. If this is a problem, look for available conference rooms where you can work, especially if you are working on a large project. If you can't, then change your workspace to make it more comfortable. Turn your desk to face the wall, leaving the bustle somewhere behind along with your talkative colleagues.

Divide the work into parts. ADHD can make large projects seem difficult and overwhelming. This forces adults with ADHD to find an escape route. Instead of panicking, divide the task into several simple and manageable parts. If your boss or professor gives you an assignment that is due in a month, divide it into small tasks that need to be completed daily. Write down what you need to do each day and underline the parts big task when you're done.

Become more responsible. You may find it easier to work on projects and manage your schedule if you feel accountable to other people. At work, find a trusted colleague, supervisor, and leader who will help you stay on track. the right path. If you use any psychological adaptation techniques, then tell him about it, then he will be able to ask you about your successes. At home, ask your spouse, relative, or trusted neighbor for help.

Problems with concentration are a real scourge of modern society: everything more people complain of fatigue, distractibility and inability to concentrate on an important task. This can be either a consequence of multitasking and information overload, or a manifestation of a specific mental disorder - attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. “Theories and Practices” tried to figure out what ADHD is and how to cope with it.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder reveals everything weak spots psychiatry as a science: it is difficult to find a more controversial, vague and mysterious disorder. Firstly, there is a high risk of misdiagnosis, and secondly, scientists are still arguing whether it is a disease at all or a variant of the norm - and if it is a disease, then can ADHD be considered a full-fledged diagnosis or is it just a set of symptoms, perhaps , not united by one reason.

The history of research into attention deficit disorder (which received its current name only in the second half of the twentieth century) began in 1902, when pediatrician George Frederick Still described a group of impulsive, poor learning children and hypothesized that such behavior was not associated with developmental delays. The hypothesis was subsequently confirmed - although the doctor was unable to explain the reasons for this phenomenon. Twenty-five years later, another doctor, Charles Bradley, began prescribing benzedrine, an amphetamine-derived psychostimulant, to hyperactive children. The stimulants turned out to be very effective, although again, for a long time doctors could not understand the mechanism of their effect on patients. In 1970, American psychiatrist Conan Kornetsky first hypothesized that the disease may be associated with decreased levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain and that such drugs help increase them. The American Psychiatric Association proposed the first methods for diagnosing the syndrome only in 1968, and in Russia they started talking about it only in the second half of the 1990s - and then without much enthusiasm.

A wary attitude towards this topic is understandable: the study of ADHD and the development of diagnostic criteria have been accompanied by scandals since the 1970s - the creators of the American reference book DSM-4 were accused that their descriptions of the disorder caused an entire epidemic of overdiagnosis in children and adolescents. Some doctors and parents chose medications as the path of least resistance: it was easier to stuff difficult children with medications than to cope with their characteristics using pedagogical methods. In addition, amphetamine-type drugs prescribed to active and uncontrollable children sometimes migrated into the arsenal of their housewife mothers: stimulants gave strength and helped them cope with housework (the most effective horror story on the topic of what the domestic abuse of such drugs leads to is the story of a mother main character in "Requiem for a Dream"). In addition, the criteria for diagnosing the disorder changed several times, which also caused a flurry of criticism. As a result, attention deficit disorder was greatly discredited and for some time fell into the list of “non-existent diseases”.

However, the experience of psychiatrists has shown that the problem, no matter how you classify it, still exists: a certain percentage of the population experiences difficulties associated with poor concentration, inability to self-organize, impulsiveness and hyperactivity. Often these characteristics persist into adulthood, and manifest themselves strongly enough to create serious problems for a person (especially an ambitious one) in school, at work and in his personal life. But usually the disorder is perceived by others and the patient himself not as serious illness, but as a manifestation of personal shortcomings. Therefore, most adults with such a set of symptoms do not go to doctors, preferring to fight their “weak character” through strong-willed efforts.

Attention deficit disorder causes difficulties for patients even at school: a teenager with this diagnosis, even if he has a high IQ, finds it difficult to learn material and communicate with peers and teachers. A person with ADHD can immerse himself in a topic that is subjectively interesting to him (however, as a rule, not for long - such people are prone to frequent changes of priorities and hobbies) and show bright abilities, but it is difficult for him to perform even simple routine work. At the same time, he is poorly able to plan, and with a high level of impulsiveness, to foresee even the immediate consequences of his actions. If all this is also combined with hyperactivity, such a teenager turns into horrible dream school teacher - he will get bad grades in "boring" subjects, surprise others with impulsive antics, disrupt order and sometimes ignore social conventions (since it will be difficult for him to focus on the expectations and demands of others).

It was previously believed that the disorder would “dissolve” on its own with age - but according to recent data, approximately 60% of children suffering from ADHD continue to exhibit symptoms of the disease into adulthood. An employee who is unable to sit through the end of a meeting and ignores important instructions, a talented specialist who misses important deadlines by suddenly getting distracted by some personal project, an “irresponsible” partner who is unable to organize his home life or suddenly blows a lot of money on some strange whim. - all of them may not just be weak-willed slobs, but people suffering from a mental disorder.

Diagnostic problems

According to various estimates, 7-10% of children and 4-6% of adults suffer from this disease. At the same time, the popular idea of ​​a patient with ADHD as exclusively an impulsive fidget is already outdated - modern science distinguishes three types of disorder:

With an emphasis on attention deficit (when a person does not have signs of hyperactivity, but it is difficult for him to concentrate, work on the same task for a long time and organize his actions, he is forgetful and gets tired easily)

With an emphasis on hyperactivity (a person is overly active and impulsive, but does not experience significant difficulties with concentration)

Mixed option

According to the American classification of mental disorders DSM-5, the diagnosis of “attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder” can be established no earlier than 12 years. In this case, the symptoms must be presented in different situations and settings and manifest themselves strongly enough to significantly affect a person’s life.

ADHD or bipolar disorder? One of the problems in diagnosing the syndrome is that, according to some signs, the syndrome overlaps with other mental illnesses - in particular, with cyclothymia and: hyperactivity can be confused with hypomania, and fatigue and problems with concentration can be confused with signs of dysthymia and depression. In addition, these disorders are comorbid - that is, the probability of getting both at the same time is quite high. In addition, suspicious symptoms may be due to non-mental illnesses (eg, severe head trauma or poisoning). Therefore, experts often recommend that those who suspect they have attention deficit disorder undergo a routine medical examination before contacting psychiatrists.

Gender nuances. Last year, The Atlantic magazine published an article about how ADHD manifests itself differently in women than in men. According to the studies described in the article, women with this disorder are less likely to show impulsivity and hyperactivity and more often show disorganization, forgetfulness, anxiety and introversion.

The editors of T&P remind you that you should not rely entirely on self-diagnosis - if you suspect you have ADHD, it makes sense to consult a specialist.

Losing control

The genetic factor plays a large role in the development of ADHD - if your close relative suffers from this syndrome, the likelihood that you will be given the same diagnosis is 30%. Modern theories associate ADHD with functional disorders in the neurotransmitter systems of the brain - in particular, with the balance of dopamine and norepinephrine. Dopamine and norepinephrine pathways are directly responsible for the executive functions of the brain - that is, for the ability to plan, switch between different stimuli with volition, flexibly change one's behavior depending on changing environmental conditions, and suppress automatic reactions in favor of conscious decisions (this is what Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman calls). All this helps us control our behavior. Another function of dopamine is to maintain the “reward system,” which controls behavior by responding to “correct” (from a survival point of view) actions with pleasant sensations. Disturbances in the functioning of this system affect motivation. In addition, people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder may also have abnormalities in serotonin balance. This can cause additional problems with organization, timing, concentration, and emotional control.

Disorder or personality trait?

The concept of neurodiversity, an approach that views different neurological features as a result of normal variations in the human genome, is gaining popularity. In the area of ​​interest of neurodiversity adherents - how sexual orientation and gender self-identification, as well as some genetically determined mental illnesses, including autism, bipolar disorder and attention deficit disorder. Some scientists believe that many of the behaviors that lead to a diagnosis of ADHD are natural personality traits and do not indicate the presence of unhealthy abnormalities. But since such traits make it difficult for a person to function in modern society, they are labeled as “disorders.”

Psychotherapist Tom Hartman developed the spectacular “hunter and farmer” theory, which posits that people with ADHD retain the genes of primitive people responsible for behavior optimal for hunters. Over time, humanity switched to agriculture, which required more patience, and “hunting” qualities - quick reaction, impulsiveness, receptivity - began to be considered undesirable. According to this hypothesis, the problem lies only in setting tasks, and the ability of people with the syndrome to “hyperfocus” - strong concentration on a task that is subjectively interesting to them to the detriment of all others - can also be considered as an evolutionary advantage. True, it is difficult to consider Hartman an objective researcher - his son was diagnosed with ADHD.

But in any case, there is a sound grain in this theory: since one of the most important criteria mental health- the ability to successfully cope with everyday tasks; many problems can be smoothed out by choosing a suitable field of activity. That is, one where routine processes and patience play a lesser role and the “sprint” temperament, the ability to improvise, curiosity and the ability to easily switch between various types activities. For example, it is believed that with ADHD you can make a good career in sales or entertainment, in the arts, and in “adrenaline” professions (say, a firefighter, a doctor, or the military). You can also become an entrepreneur.

How to be treated

Medicines. For ADHD treatment psychostimulants containing amphetamine (Aderall or Dexedrine) or methylphenidate (Ritalin) are still used. Drugs from other groups are also prescribed, for example, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (atomoxetine), antihypertensives (clonidine and guanfacine) and tricyclic antidepressants. The choice depends on the specific manifestations of ADHD, additional risks (propensity to drug addiction or related mental disorders) and the desire to avoid certain side effects(you can see an approximate list of “side effects” from different drugs)

Since in Russia psychostimulants are firmly entrenched in the list of dangerous drugs that are not available even by prescription, domestic psychiatrists use atomoxetine, guanfacine or tricyclics.

Psychotherapy. It is believed that cognitive behavioral therapy helps with ADHD, which, unlike many other schools of psychotherapy, places an emphasis on working with the conscious mind rather than the subconscious. For a long time this method has been successfully used in the fight against depression and anxiety disorders - and now there are special programs for the treatment of attention deficit disorder. The essence of such therapy is to develop awareness and not allow irrational patterns of behavior to take over a person’s life. Classes help control impulses and emotions, deal with stress, plan and systematize your actions and bring things to completion.

Nutrition and dietary supplements. You can try to adjust your diet in accordance with the advice of foreign medicine. The most common recommendations are to take fish fat and avoid sudden spikes in blood glucose levels (i.e., saying “no” to simple carbohydrates). There is also evidence showing a relationship between low levels of iron, iodine, magnesium and zinc and increased symptoms. Some studies suggest that small amounts of caffeine may help you concentrate, but most experts still advise against drinking too much coffee. In any case, adjusting the diet is more of a “maintenance” measure than a full-fledged way to combat the disorder.

Schedule. People with ADHD, more than anyone else, need planning and a clear routine. An external “backbone” helps to compensate for internal problems with systematization and time management: timers, organizers and to-do lists. Any large projects should be divided into small tasks and rest periods and possible deviations from the schedule should be included in the plan in advance.