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Stylistically colored vocabulary and vocabulary of limited use. Functional styles of the Russian language

The stylistic characteristics of a word are determined by how it is perceived by speakers: as assigned to a certain functional style or as appropriate in any style, commonly used.

The stylistic consolidation of a word is facilitated by its thematic relevance. We feel the connection of words-terms with scientific language ( quantum theory, assonance, attributive ); We classify words related to political topics as journalistic style ( world, congress, summit, international, law and order, personnel policy ); we highlight as official business words used in office work ( following, proper, victim, residence, notify, order, forwarded ).

In the most general outline The functional-style stratification of vocabulary can be depicted as follows:

The most clearly contrasted are book and spoken words(compare: to invade - to interfere, to meddle; get rid of - get rid of, get rid of; criminal - gangster ).

As part of book vocabulary, one can single out words characteristic of book speech in general ( subsequent, confidential, equivalent, prestige, erudition, premise ), and words assigned to specific functional styles (for example, syntax, phoneme, litotes, emission, denomination tend towards the scientific style; election campaign, image, populism, investments - to the journalistic; promotion, consumer, employer, prescribed, above, client, prohibited - to official business).

The functional consolidation of vocabulary is most definitely revealed in speech.

Book words are not suitable for casual conversation.

For example: The first leaves appeared on the green spaces.

Scientific terms should not be used in conversation with a child.

For example: It is very likely that dad will enter eye contact with Uncle Petya during the coming day.

Colloquial and colloquial words are inappropriate in an official business style.

For example: On the night of September 30, racketeers attacked Petrov and took his son hostage, demanding a ransom of 10 thousand dollars.

The ability to use a word in any style of speech indicates its common use.

So, the word house is appropriate in different styles: House No. 7 on Lomonosov Street is subject to demolition; The house was built according to the design of a talented Russian architect and is one of the most valuable monuments of national architecture; Pavlov's house in Volgograd became a symbol of the courage of our soldiers, who selflessly fought the fascists on the streets of the city; Tili-bom, tili-bom, the cat's house caught fire(March.).

In functional styles, special vocabulary is used against the backdrop of commonly used vocabulary.

Emotionally expressive coloring of words

Many words not only name concepts, but also reflect the speaker’s attitude towards them.

For example , admiring the beauty white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These adjectives are emotionally charged: the positive evaluation contained in them distinguishes them from a stylistically neutral word white. The emotional connotation of a word can also express a negative assessment of the named concept ( blond ).

That's why emotional vocabulary is called evaluative (emotional-evaluative).

A feature of emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is “superimposed” on lexical meaning words, but is not reduced to it; the purely nominative function is complicated here by evaluativeness, the attitude of the speaker to the named phenomenon.

The following three varieties are distinguished as part of emotional vocabulary.

1. Words with a clear evaluative meaning, as a rule, unambiguous; “the assessment contained in their meaning is so clearly and definitely expressed that it does not allow the word to be used in other meanings.” These include the words “characteristics” ( forerunner, herald, grumbler, idle talker, sycophant, slob etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action ( purpose, destiny, businessmanship, fraud, marvelous, miraculous, irresponsible, antediluvian, dare, inspire, defame, mischief ).

2. Ambiguous words, usually neutral in basic meaning, but receiving a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically.

Thus, they say about a person: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow ; V figurative meaning verbs used: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink and under general

3. Words with subjective evaluation suffixes, conveying various shades of feeling: containing positive emotions - son, sunshine, granny, neat, close, and negative ones - beards, kids, officialdom and so on.

Since the emotional connotation of these words is created by affixes, the evaluative meanings in such cases are determined not by the nominative properties of the word, but by word formation.

Depicting feelings in speech requires special expressive colors.

Expressiveness (from Latin expressio - expression) - means expressiveness, expressive - containing special expression.

At the lexical level, this linguistic category is embodied in the “increment” of special stylistic shades and special expression to the nominative meaning of the word.

For example, instead of the word good We are speaking wonderful, wonderful, delightful, wonderful ; one might say I do not like, but you can find stronger words: I hate, I despise, I disgust .

In all these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression.

Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in degree. emotional stress(compare: misfortune - grief - calamity - catastrophe, violent - unrestrained - indomitable - frantic - furious ).

Vivid expression highlights solemn words ( unforgettable, herald, accomplishments ), rhetorical ( sacred, aspirations, proclaim ), poetic ( azure, invisible, chant, incessant ).

Particular expression distinguishes humorous words ( blessed, newly minted ), ironic ( deign, Don Juan, vaunted ), familiar ( good-looking, cute, poke around, whisper ).

Expressive shades differentiate words disapproving (pretentious, mannered, ambitious, pedant ), dismissive (paint, petty ), contemptuous (gossip, servility, sycophant ), derogatory (skirt, wimp ), vulgar (grabber, lucky ), abusive (boor, fool ).

The expressive coloring in a word is layered on its emotional-evaluative meaning, and in some words expression predominates, in others - emotional coloring. Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive vocabulary. The situation is complicated by the fact that “unfortunately, there is no typology of expressiveness yet.” This is associated with difficulties in developing a unified terminology.

Combining words that are similar in expression into lexical groups, we can highlight:

1) words expressing a positive assessment called concepts,

2) words expressing their negative assessment .

The first group will include words that are lofty, affectionate, and partly humorous; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc.

The emotional and expressive coloring of words is clearly manifested when comparing synonyms:

stylistically neutral:	reduced:	high:
face	muzzle	face
let	interference	block
cry	roar	sob
afraid	be a coward	fear
drive away	expose	expel

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. Sharp negative rating we received words like fascism, separatism, corruption, assassin, mafia .

Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, publicity and so on. is fixed positive color .

Even different meanings of the same word can differ noticeably in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of the word can be solemn ( Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech not of the boy, but of the husband.- P.), in another - the same word receives an ironic connotation ( G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the reputation of a learned man, so to speak, on his word of honor. - P.).

The development of emotionally expressive shades in a word is facilitated by its metaphorization.

Thus, stylistically neutral words used as tropes receive vivid expression.

For example: burn (at work), fall (from fatigue), suffocate (at unfavorable conditions), flaming (gaze), blue (dream), flying (gait) etc.

The context ultimately determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; High vocabulary in other conditions takes on a mockingly ironic tone; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and an affectionate word can sound contemptuous.

The appearance of additional expressive shades in a word, depending on the context, significantly expands the visual possibilities of vocabulary.

The emotional and expressive coloring of the word, layered on the functional, complements its stylistic characteristics. Words that are neutral in an emotionally expressive relation usually belong to commonly used vocabulary (although this is not necessary: terms, for example, in an emotionally expressive relation, as a rule, are neutral, but have a clear functional definition). Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

Divisions of expressively colored vocabulary

D.E. Rosenthal identifies 3 groups of vocabulary:

1) Neutral (interstyle)

2) Spoken

3) Prostorechnaya

1. Neutral(interstyle) is vocabulary that has application in all styles of language; it represents a category of words that are not expressively colored, emotionally neutral.

Interstyle vocabulary is the basis for the vocabulary of both oral and written speech.

You can compare the common word lie and words compose, flood, which belong to colloquial vocabulary and are colloquial and humorous in nature.

2. TO colloquial vocabulary These include words that give speech a touch of informality, ease, but do not go beyond the boundaries of the literary language. This is vocabulary oral speech. It is characterized by informality and emotionally expressive coloring. Gestures, facial expressions, posture, and intonation play an important role in oral communication.

The group of colloquial vocabulary includes words that are different in the way of expression, stylistic coloring and those whose semantics already contain evaluativeness ( troublemaker, bedlam posers etc.), as well as those whose evaluation is created by affixes, the addition of stems ( old man, boot, poor thing and so on.). Words with suffixes of subjective assessment also have a colloquial character ( healthy, small, son, dominatrix and so on.). This vocabulary also includes familiar words ( grandma, grandpa, auntie, son and so on.).

3. Colloquial vocabulary is on the verge or beyond the boundaries of strictly standardized lexical literary speech and is distinguished by a greater stylistic decline compared to colloquial vocabulary, although the boundaries between them are unsteady and fluid and are not always clearly defined.

There are three groups colloquial vocabulary:
Rough expressive vocabulary grammatically represented by nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs (bore, idiot, scoundrel, etc.). The expressiveness of these words shows the attitude towards any object, person, phenomenon.
Rough colloquial vocabulary but is distinguished by a greater degree of rudeness: (snout, bulldozer, mug, etc.). These words have stronger expression and a negative attitude towards certain phenomena.
Some colloquial vocabulary includes words are actually colloquial, non-literary , they are not recommended in the speech of cultured people ( just now, I suppose, maybe, once born and so on.)

Using stylistically colored vocabulary in speech

To tasks practical style includes the study of the use of vocabulary of various functional styles in speech - both as one of the style-forming elements, and as a foreign style means that stands out in its expression against the background of other linguistic means.

The use of terminological vocabulary that has the most specific functional and stylistic significance deserves special attention.

Terms- words or phrases naming special concepts of any sphere of production, science, art.

For example: deposit(money or securities deposited with a credit institution for storage); express loan (term loan, lending of valuables); business(entrepreneurial activity that generates income, profit); mortgage(pledge of real estate for the purpose of obtaining a long-term loan); percent(fee received by the lender from the borrower for using a cash loan).

Each term is necessarily based on a definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent a capacious and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each branch of science operates with certain terms that make up the terminological system of this branch of knowledge.

The term is usually used in only one area.

For example: phoneme, subject - in linguistics, cupola- in metallurgy. But the same term can be used in different areas. Moreover, in each case the term has its own special meaning.

For example: Term operation used in medicine, military and banking. Term assimilation used in linguistics, biology, ethnography; iris– in medicine and biology (botany); reversion– in biology, technology, law.

Becoming a term, the word loses its emotionality and expressiveness. This is especially noticeable if we compare commonly used words in the diminutive form and the corresponding terms.

For example: cam in the child and cam in car, front sight- a small fly and front sight meaning “a small protrusion on the front of the barrel of a firearm used for aiming” cheeks child and cheeks at a machine gun, etc.

The diminutive form of a common word very often becomes a term. tooth from the word tooth meaning “bone formation, organ in the mouth for grasping, biting and chewing food” and the term clove- cutting tooth of a machine or tool. Tongue from the word language in the meaning of “movable muscular organ in the oral cavity” and the term tongue- a small process at the base of the leaf blade of cereals and some other plants. Hammer from the word hammer in the meaning of “a tool for hammering, striking” and the term hammer– one of the auditory ossicles of the middle ear and the name of various impact devices in mechanisms.

Terminological vocabulary contains more information than any other, therefore the use of terms in a scientific style is a necessary condition for brevity, conciseness, and accuracy of presentation.

Scientific and technological progress has led to the intensive development of the scientific style and its active influence on other functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. The use of terms outside the scientific style has become a kind of sign of the times.

Studying the process of terminology of speech not bound by the norms of scientific style, researchers point to distinctive features use of terms in this case. Many words that have a precise terminological meaning have become widespread and are used without any stylistic restrictions.

For example: radio, television, oxygen, heart attack, psychic, privatization .

Another group combines words that have a dual nature: they can be used both as terms and as stylistic neutral vocabulary. In the first case, they are distinguished by special shades of meaning, giving them special accuracy and unambiguity.

Yes, word mountain, meaning in its broad, cross-style usage “ a significant hill rising above the surrounding area", and having a number of figurative meanings, does not imply an accurate quantitative measurement of height. In geographical terminology, where the distinction between concepts is essential mountain - Hill, clarification is given: elevation more than 200 m in height.

Thus, the use of such words outside the scientific style is associated with their partial determinologization.

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Introduction

Modern Russian is one of the richest languages in the world.

The high advantages of the Russian language are created by its enormous vocabulary, a wide polysemy of words, a wealth of synonyms, an inexhaustible treasury of word formation, a multiplicity of word forms, peculiarities of sounds, mobility of stress, clear and harmonious syntax, a variety of stylistic resources.

The Russian language is a broad, comprehensive concept. Laws are written in this language scientific works, novels and poems, newspaper articles and court records. Our language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing a wide variety of thoughts, developing a variety of topics, and creating works of any genre. However, language resources must be used skillfully, taking into account the speech situation, the goals and content of the utterance, and its targeting.

When thinking about the richness of the Russian language, one should not lose sight of stylistics. Its skillful use opens up wide possibilities for enhancing the emotionality and brightness of speech.

1. What is stylistics

There are ancient sciences, the age of which is measured not even in centuries, but in millennia. Medicine, astronomy, geometry. They have a wealth of experience, research methods developed over centuries, traditions that are often continued in our time.

There are also young sciences - cybernetics, ecology, astrobotany. They were born in the 20th century. This is the brainchild of rapid scientific and technological progress.

But there are also sciences without age, or more precisely, with a difficult to determine age. This is the style. Stylistics is very young, as it became a science and was formed as an independent branch of knowledge only at the beginning of the twentieth century, although people have been interested for a very long time not only in what he says, but also in how he says it. And this is what stylistics does. Stylistics comes from the word style (stylus) - this is what the ancients called a pointed stick, a rod for writing on wax tablets.

In this meaning (pen, writing instrument) in the Russian language the now outdated cognate word stylo was used.

But the history of the term stylistics does not end there. The word style then acquired the meaning of handwriting, and later expanded even more and began to mean manner, method, features of speech.

Any developed language, be it Russian or Chinese, Spanish or Mongolian, English, French or German, is extremely beautiful and rich. Many people know the inspired lines of M. Lomonosov about the Russian language: “Charles the Fifth, the Roman Emperor, used to say that it is decent to speak Spanish with God, French with friends, German with enemies, Italian with the female sex. But if he were skilled in the Russian language, then, of course, he would have added that it is decent for them to speak with all of them. For I would find in it the splendor of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the tenderness of Italian, and, moreover, the richness and strong depiction of the brevity of the Greek and Latin languages.”

Each language is beautiful in its own way. But the native language is especially dear.

What is the wealth, beauty, strength, expressiveness of language?

The artist conveys the beauty of material and spiritual world through paints, lines of color; musician, composer express the harmony of the world in sounds, sculptor uses stone, clay, plaster. Words and language have access to color, sounds, volumes, and psychological depth. Its possibilities are endless. A. Akhmatova wrote:

Gold rusts and steel decays,

Marble is crumbling. Everything is ready for death.

The most lasting thing on earth is sadness

And more durable is the royal word.

With what respect the poet speaks about the word - royal! It is more durable than gold, marble, steel. Everything passes. The Word remains.

How does this happen? How does a word become royal? How are the magical lines “I remember a wonderful moment...” born from the most ordinary words, consisting of sounds or letters?

Stylistics tries to answer this question. He strives to solve this riddle, to explain the miracle of transforming words into poetry and harmony. One possible explanation is the existence of particularly expressive words and expressions that make up the richness of the language. These are the words that stylistics is interested in.

How can a text attract us? First of all, of course, the brightness and richness of colors, that is, figurative expressions.

Here are two suggestions:

1. Below was Kazbek, covered with never-melting snow.

2. Under him, Kazbek, like the face of a diamond, shone with eternal snow. (M. Lermontov).

Both sentences contain the same idea, but the difference between them is enormous. If in the first phrase we are given information, information, then in the second we see a picturesque picture painted with words.

Just a few words - and before us is an amazing picture. This is the beauty of poetry and fiction in general - to paint with words. And there are words, figures of speech, special techniques, as if intended for depiction in words.

stylistics vocabulary language

2. Stylistic coloring of linguistic units

For stylistics studying the language of fiction, it is very important to see the possibilities contained in the language, in the word, to distinguish the subtlest shades of the meaning of a particular expression.

All educated people can write and speak correctly as taught by grammar. However, this is not enough for the art of words. Artistic speech must not only be correct, but also expressive, figurative, and accurate.

There are many amazing words in the Russian language that stop your attention. At first glance, there is nothing unusual - the word is just a word. But you need to listen to its sound, and then the miracle contained in this word will be revealed.

Everyone is familiar, for example, with the word sunflowers, or sunflowers. Indeed, the most common word. But let's listen to its sounds: under the sunflower - under the sun. It means growing under the sun. The sounds not only name the plant, but also draw it. You hear a sunflower, and immediately these beautiful, slender plants appear before your eyes, bearing round golden shaggy hats on tall stems. And these same hats are always turned towards the sun, absorbing its rays, energy, and strength. Sunflower - reaching towards the sun. Not a word, but a picture. In its name, people highlighted the most important feature of the plant.

In order to discover the beauty of the sound of a word, you must be able to listen, you must love language.

The wonderful Russian writer K. Paustovsky was a subtle connoisseur and observer of the beauty of the folk word. In his book “Golden Rose”, which talks about how a writer works, there is a chapter dedicated to the writer’s work on the word, it is called “Diamond Language”. It is preceded by an epigraph from N. Gogol: “You marvel at the preciousness of our language: every sound is a gift; everything is grainy, large, like the pearl itself, and, truly, another name is even more precious than the thing itself.” And further K. Paustovsky writes: “Many Russian words themselves radiate poetry, just as gems emit a mysterious shine.<…>

It is relatively easy to explain the origin of the “poetic radiation” of many of our words. Obviously, a word seems poetic to us when it conveys a concept that is filled with poetic content for us.

But the effect of the word itself (and not the concept that it expresses) on our imagination, at least, for example, such simple word, like lightning, is much more difficult to explain. The very sound of this word seems to convey the slow night brilliance of distant lightning.

Of course, this feeling of words is very subjective. You can’t insist on it and do it general rule. This is how I perceive and hear this word. But I am far from the idea of imposing this perception on others.< …>

These simple words revealed to me the deepest roots of our language.

The entire centuries-old experience of the people, the entire poetic side of their character was contained in these words.”

So, many Russian words radiate poetry. In the dry and precise language of science, stylistics, this means that they have a stylistic coloring, that is, they not only name, but also evaluate the named object, express the emotions (feelings) associated with it, expression (strengthen the meaning), evaluation - approval (cute ), disapproval (chattering, slob), affection, familiarity (trouble, showing off), condemnation, joke, etc. In explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, such words are accompanied by stylistic marks, that is, a characteristic of the evaluation or feeling expressed by the word: humorous, ironic, familiar, contemptuous, disapproving, abusive, etc.

These are stylistically colored words, that is, words that have a stylistic coloring - an emotional, expressive meaning, which, as it were, is added to the main meaning that names, defines the object. In the meaning of a word, in addition to the subject information and the conceptual and logical component, connotations are distinguished - additional meanings, i.e. by definition O.S. Akhmanova in the Dictionary linguistic terms", "associated semantic or stylistic shades... to express various kinds expressive-emotional-evaluative overtones.”

For example, a brother is a son in relation to other children of the same parents. Brother is the same as brother plus the affection and diminutive expressed by this word (about a child). This tenderness that sounds in a word is connotation, or stylistic coloring. It seems to be superimposed on the main meaning, added to it.

So, the stylistic connotation of a linguistic unit is those additional to the expression of the subject-logical and grammatical meanings expressive or functional properties (components of meaning) that limit the possibilities of using this unit to certain areas and conditions of communication and thereby carry stylistic information.

The stylistic norm is associated with expressive phenomena in the language system, which are usually called expressive. Expression in a broad sense is the expressive and figurative qualities of speech that distinguish it from ordinary (or stylistically neutral) speech and give it imagery and stylistic coloring. Expressiveness is those semantic features of a word, grammatical form or sentence that allow them to be used as a means of expressing not only the subject content (for example, a table is a piece of furniture in the form of a wide horizontal plate on supports, change - make it different, nasty - very unpleasant), but also the speaker’s relationship either to what is being said or to the situation. For example, when using the words communal or electric train, we mean ease of communication and an informal interlocutor, and by writing the words residence, the above, we mean a purely official situation related to the administrative and clerical sphere of life; in book and literary speech the forms inspectors, instructors are used, and in casual conversational speech - inspectors, instructors; the use of the word bastard means not only that it means mean, dishonest, dishonest, but also that the speaker evaluates this person sharply negatively.

Expressiveness differs from emotionality and evaluativeness, since expressiveness is a broader concept than emotionality. After all, expressiveness can be associated not only with feelings, but also with a clear awareness of the sphere of use of the word: for example, the words vote, land use, memorandum, citizenship are expressive, since they are clearly recognized as related to the sphere of purely official communication. Evaluation can be expressive, as, for example, in the word bastard, but is not necessarily associated with expression: good, bad, interesting, kind - words are evaluative, but not at all expressive.

The expressive, neutral components of the meaning of a linguistic unit can be called its stylistic meaning(stylistic coloring).

There are two main types of stylistic coloring. The first is functional, which is also called functional-stylistic, or social-functional. The second is emotional and evaluative.

3. Functionally and stylistically colored vocabulary

Functionally-stylistically colored vocabulary includes, first of all, words that are most or exclusively used in a particular speech area corresponding to one of the functional styles. The tradition of use, attachment to a specific situation and the purpose of communication lead to the appearance of functional and stylistic coloring in these words. From a functional-stylistic point of view, such types of stylistic coloring as bookish and colloquial can be distinguished, which stand out against the background of neutral, stylistically uncolored units.

In each type of speech, words characteristic of it are used, which have a corresponding stylistic coloring. And only neutral words are used everywhere, in all its varieties, since they have zero stylistic coloring. And they form the basis, the background of any speech. If we take neutral words as a starting point, then bookish words will be higher than neutral ones, since they elevate the style of presentation, give it a bookish and even high coloring, and colloquial (and colloquial) words will be lower than neutral ones - they lower the style, give speech a lower and often rough color:

(high color)

Neutral words

(zero color)

Conversational

(reduced color)

For example, girl is a word that can be used in any speech, it is neutral; maiden - bookish, high, characteristic of book contexts, and maiden has a clearly reduced coloring - colloquial and even colloquial.

Book words, in contrast to neutral and colloquial ones, have a stylistic connotation that elevates the style of presentation. These are words that are used exclusively in the written and book sphere; introducing them into colloquial speech gives it a touch of bookishness. In the book vocabulary there is a layer of words with the coloring “bookish” and layers of words with a double coloring: “bookish and official business”, “bookish and scientific”, “bookish and journalistic”, “bookish and poetic”. At the same time, book vocabulary can also have various types expressive and emotional coloring. Book words are associated with the sphere of intellectual communication (dissent, immanent, nihilism, level). A significant part of them are borrowed words (sarcasm, phenomenon, extreme, dominant, skepticism), as well as words of Church Slavonic origin (reverent, beneficence, reward, exalt, power-lover, overthrow, clergyman).

Examples of book vocabulary: analogy, anomalous, antipode, apologist, apotheosis, aspect, association, vandalism, vassal, variation, persecution, statehood, disorientation, declarative, unanimity, for, isolation, impulse, etc. In part, this category of words is close to general scientific vocabulary, and partly - commonly used.

Colloquial vocabulary is words that, being literary, give speech a colloquial character. These are words used by people who speak a literary language in a relaxed atmosphere, in the sphere of informal communication. Being introduced into book and written speech, they violate the unity of style. Examples: gasp, joke, balam, chase, to smithereens, fidgety, grunt, waddle, cry, dress up, inventor, reveler, flu, cheap, malicious, greedy, hitch, sucker, mischief, snapped up, tender, slap, get sick, push through, get sick, cartoon, calm down, physiognomy, etc.

The difference in stylistic coloring between book and colloquial vocabulary is more noticeable when comparing synonyms (where they exist) against the background of neutral vocabulary.

The vocabulary of conversational style coloring (at the same time characteristic of the predominantly oral form of the everyday sphere of communication) is correlated with the colloquial everyday functional style and has its coloring.

Book words are inappropriate in a casual conversation: “The first leaves appeared on the green spaces,” “We walked in forest area and sunbathed by the pond.” Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, but trees, bushes; not a forest, but a forest; not a reservoir, but a lake).

Colloquial, and even more so colloquial, that is, located outside literary norm, words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we have an official relationship, or in an official setting.

The use of stylistically colored words must be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.

High vocabulary is necessary when talking about something important and significant. This vocabulary is used in the speeches of speakers, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you to turn to your friend with a tirade on such an occasion: “Oh, my unforgettable comrade-in-arms and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!”

If words with one stylistic connotation or another are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound.

4. Emotional-evaluative vocabulary

Emotional-evaluative words include words in the meaning of which one can distinguish a component associated with the expression of a feeling, attitude towards the listener (reader), assessment of the subject of speech, or the communication situation. From this point of view, such points of variety of stylistic coloring are distinguished as affectionate (granny, honey), approving (pretty guy, brainy), and disapproving (hakhanki, cackle, hole - in the meaning of “dead place”), dismissive (trinket, buffoon, fruit - about a person), contemptuous (grabber, hamye), ironic (home-grown), abusive (boob, bastard, grimza). Most often, colloquial words have an emotional and evaluative connotation, although this is not necessary: the words intriguer and ambition are neutral from a functional and stylistic point of view, but have a disapproving connotation.

Not only words and phraseological units can be stylistically colored (zero without a stick - colloquial, rest in God - bookish), but also word-forming elements, morphological forms, syntactic constructions. A developed literary language includes a whole system of correlated means of expression with similar meanings, but different stylistic colors, i.e. stylistic synonyms. For example, the endings are synonymous plural- more colloquial -а(я) and neutral bookish -ы(и) in the words heaps - heaps, sweaters - sweaters, stamps - stamps, stacks - stacks. But stylistic synonymy is most clearly reflected in the vocabulary. So, often there are not one, but two words denoting one or almost the same concept, for example: localize - limit, preventive - precautionary, indifferent - indifferent, utilitarian - practical, incident - case, loose - loose, glorify - glorify . Stylistic synonyms may differ somewhat in meaning, since in a language, as a rule, there are no absolute synonyms, but their main difference is in stylistic coloring.

Emotionally and expressively colored words are distinguished as part of the evaluative vocabulary. Words that convey the speaker's attitude to their meaning belong to emotional vocabulary (emotional means based on feeling, caused by emotions). Emotional vocabulary expresses various feelings.

There are many words in the Russian language that have a strong emotional connotation. This is easy to verify by comparing words that are similar in meaning: blond, blond, whitish, white, white, lily; cute, charming, delightful, cute; eloquent, talkative; proclaim, blurt out, blurt out, etc. By comparing them, we try to choose the most expressive ones, which can convey our thoughts stronger and more convincingly. For example, you can say I don’t like, but you can also find stronger words: I hate, I despise, I disgust. In these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by special expression.

Expression means expressiveness (from the Latin expressio - expression). Expressive vocabulary includes words that enhance the expressiveness of speech. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress: misfortune, grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent, unrestrained, indomitable, furious, furious. Often synonyms with directly opposite connotations gravitate towards the same neutral word: ask - beg, beg; cry - sob, roar.

Expressively colored words can acquire a variety of stylistic shades, as indicated by marks in dictionaries: solemn (unforgettable, accomplishments), lofty (forerunner), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations), poetic (azure, invisible). All these words are sharply distinguished from the reduced ones, which are marked with marks: playful (blessed, newly minted), ironic (deign, vaunted), familiar (not bad, whisper), disapproving (pedant), dismissive (paint), contemptuous (sycophant), humiliating ( wimp), vulgar (grabber), abusive (fool).

Evaluative vocabulary requires careful attention. Inappropriate use of emotionally and expressively charged words can give speech a comical sound.

Conclusion

So, the words of the Russian language contain not only a huge amount of knowledge, but also a lot of colors, shades - emotional, expressive, functional, which scientists define under the name-term “stylistic coloring”.

Different stylistic colors of linguistic units allow the best way express the content of the speech, show how the interlocutors assess the situation and the purpose of communication, and how they relate to each other. The very use of words in speech grammatical forms and syntactic constructions of a certain color can demonstrate that the interlocutor has chosen a certain social role.

The stylistic coloring of a word must certainly be taken into account, since the same word can appear differently in different speech situations. Stylistic coloring, speech situation, individual characteristics of the speaker and the recipient create the specificity of the meaning of the word.

The diversity and abundance of stylistic colors gives grounds for poets and writers to say that words emit poetry, have color, and smell. This is the true richness of the language. And perfect knowledge of it presupposes a developed sense of language, the ability to capture and feel these shades.

Literature

1. Golub I.B. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook M.: Logos, 2002. - 432 p.

2. Dunev A.I., Dysharsky M.Ya., Kozhevnikov A.Yu. and etc.; Ed. Chernyak V.D. Russian language and culture of speech. Textbook for universities. M.: graduate School; S. - PB.: Publishing house of the Russian State University for the Humanities named after. Herzen A.I., 2002. - 509 p.

3. Solganik G.Ya. Stylistics of the Russian language. 10-11 grades: Textbook for general education educational institutions. M.: Bustard, 2001. - 304 p.

4. Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language: A textbook for students of pedagogy. institutions. M.: Education, 1993. - 224 p.

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The stylistic coloring of a word depends on how it is perceived by us: as assigned to a particular style or as appropriate in any speech situation, that is, in common use.

We feel the connection between words and terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture); highlight journalistic vocabulary (worldwide, law and order, congress, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign); we recognize the words by the clerical coloring formal business style (victim, accommodation, prohibited, prescribe).

Bookish words are inappropriate in casual conversation: "On green spaces the first leaves appeared"; "We were walking in the forest array and sunbathed by the pond." Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, A trees, bushes; Not Forest, A forest; Not water, A lake).

Colloquial, and even more so colloquial, that is, words that are outside the literary norm, cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we have official relations, or in an official setting.

The use of stylistically colored words must be motivated. Taking into account the dependence on the content of speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.

High vocabulary is necessary when talking about something important and significant. This vocabulary is used in the speeches of speakers, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if you, for example, were thirsty, it wouldn’t occur to you to turn to a friend with a tirade on such a trivial matter: “ O my unforgettable comrade and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!»

If words with one stylistic connotation or another are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound.

Even in ancient manuals on eloquence, for example in Aristotle’s Rhetoric, much attention was paid to style. According to Aristotle, it “must be appropriate to the subject of speech”; important things should be spoken seriously, choosing expressions that will give the speech a sublime sound. Trifles are not spoken about solemnly; in this case, humorous, contemptuous words are used, that is, reduced vocabulary. M.V. Lomonosov also pointed out the opposition of “high” and “low” words in the theory of “three calms”. Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are degraded, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, abusive.

Of course, when talking, we cannot look into the dictionary every time, clarifying the stylistic markings for this or that word, but we feel which word needs to be used in a certain situation. The choice of stylistically colored vocabulary depends on our attitude to what we are talking about. Let's give a simple example.

The two were arguing:

I can't take seriously what this guy says blond youth,- said one.

And in vain,” the other objected, “the arguments for this blond boy very convincing.

These contradictory remarks express different attitudes towards the young blond: one of the debaters chose offensive words for him, emphasizing his disdain; the other, on the contrary, tried to find words that expressed sympathy. The synonymous riches of the Russian language provide ample opportunities for the stylistic choice of evaluative vocabulary. Some words contain a positive assessment, others - a negative one.

There are many words in the Russian language that have a strong emotional connotation. This is easy to verify by comparing words with similar meanings: blond, blond, whitish, white, white, lily; handsome, charming, charming, delightful, cute; eloquent, talkative; proclaim, blurt out, blurt out etc. By comparing them, we try to choose the most expressive ones, which can convey our thoughts stronger and more convincingly. For example, one could say I do not like, but you can find stronger words: I hate, I despise, I disgust. In these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by special expression.

Expression means expressiveness (from lat. expressio- expression). Expressive vocabulary includes words that enhance the expressiveness of speech. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress: misfortune, grief, calamity, catastrophe; violent, unrestrained, indomitable, furious, furious. Often synonyms with directly opposite connotations gravitate towards the same neutral word: ask- beg, beg; cry- sob, roar.

Expressively colored words can acquire a variety of stylistic shades, as indicated by the marks in dictionaries: solemn (unforgettable, accomplishments), high (forerunner), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations), poetic (azure, invisible). All these words differ sharply from the reduced ones, which are marked with marks: humorous (blessed, newly minted), ironic (deign, vaunted), familiar (not bad, whisper), disapproving (pedant), dismissive (daub), contemptuous (sycophant) derogatory (squishy), vulgar (grabber), expletive (fool).

Evaluative vocabulary requires careful attention. Inappropriate use of emotionally and expressively charged words can give speech a comical sound. This often happens in student essays. Eg: “Nozdryov was an inveterate bully.” “All Gogol’s landowners are fools, parasites, slackers and dystrophics.”

Many words not only name concepts, but also reflect the speaker’s attitude towards them. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These adjectives are emotionally charged: the positive evaluation contained in them distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral word white. The emotional connotation of a word can also express a negative assessment of the called concept (blond). Therefore, emotional vocabulary is called evaluative (emotional-evaluative). However, it should be noted that the concepts of emotional words (for example, interjections) do not contain evaluation; at the same time, words in which the assessment constitutes their very lexical meaning (and the assessment is not emotional, but intellectual) do not belong to emotional vocabulary (bad, good, anger, joy, love, approve).

A feature of emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is “superimposed” on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it; the purely nominative function is complicated here by evaluativeness, the speaker’s attitude to the named phenomenon.

The following three varieties can be distinguished as part of emotional vocabulary. 1. Words with a clear evaluative meaning are usually unambiguous; “the assessment contained in their meaning is so clearly and definitely expressed that it does not allow the word to be used in other meanings.” These include words that are “characteristics” (forerunner, herald, grumbler, idle talker, sycophant, slob, etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action (purpose, destiny, businessmanship, fraud, wondrous, miraculous , irresponsible, antediluvian, dare, inspire, defame, mischief). 2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in their basic meaning, but acquiring a strong emotional connotation when used metaphorically. Thus, they say about a person: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow; in a figurative sense they use verbs: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, etc. 3. Words with suffixes of subjective assessment, conveying various shades of feeling: containing positive emotions - son, sunshine, granny, neat, close, and negative - beard, fellow, bureaucratic, etc. Since the emotional connotation of these words is created by affixes, the evaluative meanings in such cases are determined not by the nominative properties of the word, but by word formation.

Depicting feelings in speech requires special expressive colors. Expressiveness (from the Latin expressio - expression) means expressiveness, expressive - containing a special expression. At the lexical level, this linguistic category is embodied in the “increment” of special stylistic shades and special expression to the nominative meaning of the word. For example, instead of the word good, we say beautiful, wonderful, delightful, wonderful; you can say I don’t like, but you can find stronger words: I hate, I despise, I am disgusted. In all these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms, differing in the degree of emotional stress (cf.: misfortune - grief - disaster - catastrophe, violent - unrestrained - indomitable - frantic - furious). Vivid expression highlights solemn words (unforgettable, herald, accomplishments), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations, herald), poetic (azure, invisible, chant, incessant). Special expression distinguishes humorous words (blessed, newly minted), ironic (deign, Don Juan, vaunted), familiar (good-looking, cute, poking around, whispering). Expressive shades delineate words that are disapproving (pretentious, mannered, ambitious, pedant), dismissive (painting, penny-pinching), contemptuous (insulting, servile, sycophantic), derogatory (skirt, wimp), vulgar (grabber, lucky), abusive (boor, fool ).

By combining words that are similar in expression into lexical groups, we can distinguish: 1) words expressing a positive assessment of the named concepts, 2) words expressing their negative assessment. The first group will include words that are lofty, affectionate, and partly humorous; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc. The emotional and expressive coloring of words is clearly manifested when comparing synonyms:

stylistically neutral - low - high:

face - muzzle - face

obstacle - hindrance - obstacle

cry - roar - sob

to be afraid - to be afraid - to be afraid

expel - expel - expel

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. We received sharply negative assessments of such words as fascism, separatism, corruption, hired killer, mafia. Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, openness, etc. positive coloring is fixed. Even different meanings of the same word can noticeably diverge in stylistic coloring: in one case the use of the word can be solemn (Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech not of a boy, but of a husband. - P.), in another - the same word receives an ironic connotation (G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the fame of a learned man, so to speak, on his word of honor. - P.).

The development of emotionally expressive shades in a word is facilitated by its metaphorization. Thus, stylistically neutral words used as tropes receive vivid expression: burn (at work), fall (from fatigue), suffocate (in unfavorable conditions), flaming (gaze), blue (dream), flying (gait), etc. d. The context ultimately determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; High vocabulary in other conditions takes on a mockingly ironic tone; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and an affectionate word can sound contemptuous. The appearance of additional expressive shades in a word, depending on the context, significantly expands the figurative capabilities of the vocabulary

Expressive coloring of words in works of art differs from the expression of the same words in non-figurative speech. In an artistic context, vocabulary receives additional, secondary semantic shades that enrich its expressive coloring. Modern science gives great importance expansion of the semantic scope of words in artistic speech, linking with this the appearance of words with a new expressive coloring.

The study of emotional-evaluative and expressive vocabulary turns us to highlighting various types speech depending on the nature of the speaker’s impact on the listeners, the situation of their communication, attitude towards each other and a number of other factors.” It’s enough to imagine, wrote A.N. Gvozdev, “that the speaker wants to make people laugh or touch, to arouse the listeners’ affection or their negative attitude towards the subject of speech, so that it becomes clear how different linguistic means will be selected, mainly creating different expressive colors.” With this approach to the selection of linguistic means, several types of speech can be outlined: solemn (rhetorical), official (cold), intimate-affectionate, playful. They are contrasted with neutral speech, using linguistic means devoid of any stylistic coloring. This classification of speech types, dating back to the “poeticists” of ancient antiquity, is not rejected by modern stylists.

The doctrine of functional styles does not exclude the possibility of using a variety of emotionally expressive means in them at the discretion of the author of the work. In such cases, “the methods of selecting speech means... are not universal, they are of a particular nature.” For example, journalistic speech can take on a solemn tone; “one or another speech in the sphere of everyday communication (anniversary speeches, ceremonial speeches associated with the act of one or another ritual, etc.) can be rhetorical, expressively rich and impressive.”

At the same time, it should be noted that expressive types of speech have been insufficiently studied and there is a lack of clarity in their classification. In this regard, certain difficulties arise in determining the relationship between the functional-style emotional-expressive coloring of vocabulary. Let's dwell on this issue.

Book vocabulary includes lofty words that add solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive words that express both positive and negative assessments of the named concepts. In book styles, the vocabulary used is ironic (loveliness, words, quixoticism), disapproving (pedantic, mannerism), contemptuous (mask, corrupt).

Colloquial vocabulary includes words of endearment (daughter, darling), humorous (butuz, laugh), as well as words expressing a negative assessment of the named concepts (small fry, zealous, giggle, boast).

In common parlance, words are used that are outside literary vocabulary. Among them there may be words containing a positive assessment of the named concept (hard worker, brainy, awesome), and words expressing the speaker’s negative attitude towards the concepts they designate (crazy, flimsy, stupid).

A word can intersect functional, emotionally expressive and other stylistic shades. For example, the words satellite, epigonic, apotheosis are perceived primarily as bookish. But at the same time, we associate the word satellite, used in a figurative meaning, with journalistic style, in the word epigonic we note a negative assessment, and in the word apotheosis - a positive one. In addition, the use of these words in speech is influenced by their foreign language origin. Such affectionately ironic words as zaznoba, motanya, zaletka, drolya, combine colloquial and dialect coloring, folk-poetic sound. The richness of stylistic shades of Russian vocabulary requires a particularly attentive attitude to the word.

Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language - M., 1997

Functional styles of the Russian language

The word “style” goes back to the Greek noun “stylo” - this was the name of the stick that was used to write on a board covered with wax. Over time, style began to be called handwriting, writing style, and a set of techniques for using linguistic means. Functional language styles received this name because they perform the most important functions, being a means of communication, conveying certain information and influencing the listener or reader.

Functional styles are understood as historically established and socially conscious systems of speech means used in one or another sphere of communication and correlated with one or another area of professional activity.

In the modern Russian literary language, book functional styles are distinguished: scientific, journalistic, official business, which appear mainly in writing speech, and colloquial, which is characterized mainly by the oral form of speech.

Some scientists also identify artistic (fictional) style, that is, the language of fiction, as a functional style. However, this point of view raises fair objections. Writers use a variety of linguistic means in their works, so artistic speech does not represent a system of homogeneous linguistic phenomena. On the contrary, artistic speech is devoid of any stylistic closure; its specificity depends on the characteristics of the individual author’s styles. V.V. Vinogradov wrote: “The concept of style when applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than, for example, in relation to business or clerical styles and even journalistic and scientific styles. The language of national fiction is not entirely correlated with other styles, types or varieties of bookish, literary and colloquial speech. He uses them, includes them, but in unique combinations and in a functionally transformed form.”

Each functional style is a complex system that covers all language levels: pronunciation of words, lexical and phraseological composition of speech, morphological means and syntactic structures. All these linguistic features of functional styles will be described in detail when characterizing each of them. Now we will focus only on the most visual means of distinguishing between functional styles - their vocabulary.

Stylistic coloring of words

The stylistic coloring of a word depends on how it is perceived by us: as assigned to a particular style or as appropriate in any speech situation, that is, in common use.

We feel the connection between words and terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture); highlight journalistic vocabulary (worldwide, law and order, congress, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign); We recognize words in official business style by the clerical coloring (victim, accommodation, prohibited, prescribe).

High vocabulary is necessary when talking about something important and significant. This vocabulary is used in the speeches of speakers, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you to turn to a friend with a tirade on such a trivial matter: “ O my unforgettable comrade and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!»

If words with one stylistic connotation or another are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound.

Even in ancient manuals on eloquence, for example in Aristotle's Rhetoric, much attention was paid to style. According to Aristotle, it “must be appropriate to the subject of speech”; important things should be spoken seriously, choosing expressions that will give the speech a sublime sound. Trifles are not spoken about solemnly; in this case, humorous, contemptuous words are used, that is, reduced vocabulary. M.V. Lomonosov also pointed out the opposition of “high” and “low” words in the theory of “three calms”. Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are degraded, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, abusive.

The two were arguing:

I can't take seriously what this guy says blond youth,- said one.

And in vain,” the other objected, “the arguments for this blond boy very convincing.

There are many words in the Russian language that have a strong emotional connotation. This is easy to verify by comparing words with similar meanings: blond, fair-haired, whitish, little white, white-haired, lily-haired; handsome, charming, charming, delightful, cute; eloquent, talkative; proclaim, blurt out, blurt out etc. By comparing them, we try to choose the most expressive ones, which can convey our thoughts stronger and more convincingly. For example, you can say I do not like, but you can find stronger words: I hate, I despise, I disgust. In these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by special expression.

Evaluative vocabulary requires careful attention. Inappropriate use of emotionally and expressively charged words can give speech a comical sound. This often happens in student essays. For example: “Nozdryov was an inveterate bully.” “All Gogol’s landowners are fools, parasites, slackers and dystrophics.”

Expressive styles

Modern science of language distinguishes, along with functional styles, expressive styles, which are classified depending on the expression contained in linguistic elements. For these styles, the most important function is the impact.

Expressive styles include solemn (high, rhetorical), official, familiar (low), as well as intimate-affectionate, playful (ironic), mocking (satirical). These styles are contrasted with neutral, that is, devoid of expression.

The main means of achieving the desired expressive coloring of speech is evaluative vocabulary. Three varieties can be distinguished in its composition. 1. Words with a clear evaluative meaning. These include the words “characteristics” (forerunner, herald, pioneer; grumbler, windbag, sycophant, slob etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action (destination, destiny, businessmanship, fraud; wondrous, miraculous, irresponsible, antediluvian; dare, inspire, discredit, mischief). 2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in their basic meaning, but acquiring a strong emotional connotation when used metaphorically. Thus, they say about a person: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow; Verbs are used in a figurative meaning: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink and so on. 3. Words with suffixes of subjective assessment, conveying various shades of feeling: positive emotions - son, sunshine, granny, neat, close and negative - beard, fellow, bureaucrat and so on.

The Russian language is rich in lexical synonyms, which contrast in their expressive coloring. For example:

stylistically lowered high

neutral

face muzzle face

obstacle obstacle obstacle

cry roar sob

to be afraid to be afraid to be afraid

expel expel expel

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. We received sharply negative assessments of words such as fascism, separatism, corruption, hired killer, mafia. Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, publicity and so on. positive coloring is fixed. Even different meanings of the same word can differ noticeably in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of the word can be solemn (Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech not of the boy, but husband. - P.), in another - the same word receives an ironic connotation (G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the reputation of a scientist husband, so to speak, honestly.- P.).

The development of emotionally expressive shades in a word is facilitated by its metaphorization. Thus, stylistically neutral words used as tropes receive vivid expression: burn(At work), fall(from fatigue) choke(in unfavorable conditions), flaming(look), blue(dream), flying(gait), etc. The context ultimately determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; High vocabulary in other conditions takes on a mockingly ironic tone; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and an affectionate word can sound contemptuous.

Emotionally expressive coloring is layered on top of the functional one, complementing its stylistic characteristics. Words that are neutral in terms of emotional expression usually belong to commonly used vocabulary. Emotionally expressive words are distributed between books, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

Book vocabulary includes lofty words that add solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive words that express both positive and negative assessments of the named concepts. Ironic vocabulary is used in book styles (beautifulness, words, quixoticism), disapproving (pedantic, mannerism), contemptuous (disguise, corrupt).

Colloquial vocabulary includes affectionate words (daughter, darling), humorous (butuz, laugh), as well as words expressing a negative assessment of the named concepts (small fry, zealous, giggle, boast).

In common parlance, reduced words are used that are outside the limits of literary vocabulary. Among them there may be words expressing a positive assessment of the named concept (hard worker, brainy, awesome), and words expressing the speaker’s negative attitude towards the concepts they denote (crazy, flimsy, stupid and so on.).

Expressive styles widely use and syntactic means, enhancing the emotionality of speech. Russian syntax has enormous expressive capabilities. This and different types one-piece and incomplete sentences, and a special word order, and inserted and introductory constructions, and words that are grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence. Among them, appeals stand out especially; they are capable of conveying great intensity of passions, and in other cases - emphasizing the official nature of the speech. Compare Pushkin's lines:

Pets of windy Fate,

Tyrants of the world! tremble!

And you, take courage and listen,

Arise, fallen slaves! -

and an appeal from V. Mayakovsky:

Citizen financial inspector!

I'm sorry to trouble you...

Bright stylistic colors are hidden in direct and improperly direct speech, exclamatory and interrogative sentences, especially rhetorical questions.

The rhetorical question is one of the most common stylistic figures, characterized by remarkable brightness and a variety of emotionally expressive shades. Rhetorical questions contain a statement (or denial) framed as a question that does not require an answer: Wasn’t it you who at first so viciously persecuted His free, bold gift And for fun fanned the Slightly hidden fire?..(L . ).

Coinciding in external grammatical design with ordinary interrogative sentences, rhetorical questions are distinguished by a bright exclamatory intonation, expressing amazement and extreme tension of feelings. It is no coincidence that authors sometimes put at the end of rhetorical questions Exclamation point or two marks - a question mark and an exclamation mark: Shouldn't a woman's mind, brought up in seclusion, doomed to alienation from real life, know how dangerous such aspirations are and how they end?!(White); And how come you still don’t understand and don’t know that love, like friendship, like a salary, like fame, like everything in the world, must be deserved and supported?!(Good)

The emotional intensity of speech is also conveyed by connecting constructions, that is, those in which phrases do not immediately fit into one semantic plane, but form an associative chain of connection. For example: Every city has an age and a voice. I have my own clothes. And a special smell. And the face. And not immediately understandable pride (Birth.). I recognize the role of the individual in history. Especially if it's the president. Moreover, the President of Russia (Chernomyrdin V. // Izvestia. - 1997. - January 29).

Punctuation allows the author to convey the intermittency of speech, unexpected pauses, reflecting the emotional excitement of the speaker. Let us remember the words of Anna Snegina in S. Yesenin’s poem: - Look... It's already dawn. Dawn is like a fire in the snow... It reminds me of something... But what?.. I can’t understand... Ah!.. Yes... It was in childhood... Different... Not an autumn dawn ... You and I were sitting together... We are sixteen years old...

Paths give special expressiveness to speech (gr. tropos- turn, turnover, image) - words used in a figurative meaning: metaphors ( Earth- ship. But someone suddenly... He majestically directed her into the thick of storms and blizzards.- EU); comparisons (I was like a horse driven into the mud, spurred by a brave rider.- EU); epithets (The golden grove dissuaded Birch, with a cheerful language.- EU); metonymy (Even though the pencil clumsily whispered to the paper about many things.- EU); allegories (My white linden tree has blossomed, the nightingale dawn has sounded.- EU) and other figurative expressions.

The lexical riches of the Russian language, tropes and emotional syntax create inexhaustible possibilities for expressive styles.

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