Morphological norms for the use of certain forms of the verb. Norms for the formation and use of verb forms
1. Some verbs in the Russian language do not have the 1st person singular form, since they are difficult to pronounce, that is, due to their cacophony: WIN, CONVINCE, CONVERSION, DISCONVINCE, FEEL, FEEL, eclipse, DARE, VACUUM CLEAN, PROTECT, TEAR YOURSELF, etc.
In cases where it nevertheless turns out to be necessary to use the 1st person singular form of these verbs, they resort to a descriptive method of expression - they form a phrase in which the verb is in the indefinite form, and the personal form is formed by another, auxiliary verb:
I WANT (CAN, HOPE) TO CONVINCE;
I WILL TRY TO FEEL;
I MUST WIN;
I CAN FEEL AWAY;
I HOPE TO PROTECT.
2. The following formation of imperative forms of a number of verbs is normative
| Verb initial form | Imperative form (singular) | Imperative form (plural) |
| LIE DOWN | YOU LYE (wrong LYE) | YOU WILL LIE (wrong LIE) |
| DRIVE | YOU GO (wrong GO, GO, GO) | YOU GO (wrong GO, GO, GO) |
| SEPARATE | YOU LEAVE UP (incorrectly LEAVE, GO AWAY, GO AWAY) | YOU ARE SEPARATED (incorrect: SEPARATE, SEPARATE) |
| RIDE | YOU DRIVE (wrong DRIVE, DRIVE) | YOU DRIVE (wrong DRIVE, DRIVE) |
| PUT | YOU put (wrong PUT) | YOU PUT (PUT WRONG) |
| LOOK | YOU LOOK (wrong LOOK) | YOU LOOK (wrong LOOK) |
| TOUCH | DON'T YOU TOUCH (incorrect DON'T TOUCH) | DO NOT TOUCH (wrong DO NOT TOUCH) |
| WAVE | YOU DON'T WAVE (incorrectly DON'T WAVE) | YOU DON'T WAVE (incorrectly DON'T WAVE) |
| PLACE | YOU LIE (wrong LIE) | YOU LIE (incorrectly LIE) |
| RUN | YOU RUN (wrong RUN) | YOU ARE RUN (wrong RUN) |
| GET SLEEP OUT | YOU GOT RAVE (incorrect RAVE) | YOU WILL GET SLEEP WRONG (GET SLEEP WRONG) |
| RINSE | YOU RINSE (RINSE incorrectly) | YOU RINSE (RINSE incorrectly) |
3. The following formation of personal forms of verbs of the present and future tense is normative:
DRIVE - I DRIVE, HE DRIVES (wrong I DRIVE, HE DRIVES)
CLIMB - I CLIMB, HE CLIMB (wrong I CLIMB, HE CLIMB)
WAVE - I WAVE, YOU WAVE, HE WAVES, WE WAVE, YOU WAVE, THEY WAVE.
BURN (LIGHT, BURN, BURN) - I BURN, YOU BURN, HE BURN, WE BURN, YOU BURN, THEY BURN.
OVEN (BAKE, BAKE) - I BAKE, YOU BAKE, HE BAKES, WE BAKE, YOU BAKE, THEY BAKE
TAKE CARE (SAVE) - I TAKE CARE, YOU TAKE CARE, HE TAKE CARE, WE TAKE CARE, YOU TAKE CARE, THEY TAKE CARE.
WATCH - I WATCH, YOU WATCH, HE WATCH, WE WATCH, YOU WATCH, THEY WATCH.
The following verb forms are characteristic of the literary language, he waves (waving incorrectly), he splashes (he splashes incorrectly), he swaying (swaying incorrectly), he clutches (hesitates incorrectly), he purrs (he purifies incorrectly), he meow (incorrectly meow), he WILL TRY (wrong TRY.),
When forming reflexive forms of a verb AFTER VOWELS, you should use the suffix -Сь, not -СЯ.
For example: they met (incorrect “they met”), I wanted (incorrect “I wanted”), we returned to this topic (incorrect “we returned to this topic”), you dress warmer (incorrect “you dress warmer”).
6. The verbs WEAR and DRESS should not be confused:
THE WORD "CLOTH" means "to cover someone's body with clothing." You can DRESS SOMEONE ELSE, BUT NOT YOURSELF: for example, DRESS A CHILD, DRESS A DOLL.
THE WORD “WEAR” means “to cover oneself with clothes.” You can PUT SOMETHING ON YOURSELF: for example, PUT ON A COAT, DRESS, HAT.
YOU CAN PUT SOMETHING ON ANOTHER PERSON: PUT ON WHOM? WHAT? - PUT A COAT ON THE CHILD.
The following poetic rule helps to remember the correct use of the above verbs in speech:
You can't put on Hope,
You can't wear clothes.
You can wear clothes.
You can dress Nadezhda.
7. Standard use of the verbs EAT and EAT:
The verb “EAT” is cloyingly polite and is used only to invite guests to eat (EAT IS SERVED) or when addressing a child (VOVOCHKA, WILL YOU EAT?).
In other cases, the verb “IS” is used. Therefore, it is not recommended to say about yourself “I EAT”; it would be more correct to say: “I EAT”. For example: “In the morning I usually EAT yogurt.”
It’s better not to ask: “Have you eaten today?” It is more correct to ask: “Have you already eaten today?”
8. Should NOT be used in speech the following construction: “I AM SORRY” (this can be understood as: “I excuse myself”; this is the meaning that the suffix -СЯ gives to the reflexive verb). In this case, it would be correct to say: “EXCUSE ME.”
9. Standard use of verbs FINISH - FINISH:
REMEMBER: FINISH THE JOB, BUSINESS; but FINISH SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY. The expression “finish school” should NOT be used.
10. Standard use of verbs PAY - PAY:
The verb “PAY” is used without a preposition.
REMEMBER: PAY THE TRAVEL, PAY FOR THE MOBILE PHONE, but PAY FOR THE TRAVEL.
11. Standard use of verbs SIT DOWN - SIT DOWN:
When inviting your interlocutor to sit down, you should NOT say: “SIT DOWN, PLEASE” (due to the ambiguity of the verb “SIT DOWN,” this phrase can be understood ambiguously: you recommend that your interlocutor not sit on a chair or sofa, but “take a pose with bent knees,” that is, “sit down” squatting").
The following usage is normative: “PLEASE SIT DOWN.”
12. The words “LIE” in Russian literary language NO, that’s why you can’t say like that: “DO NOT PLACE YOUR HAT ON THE TABLE.” The verbs “PUT”, “ADDED”, “POSTPONE” are not used without prefixes. The correct thing to say is: “DO NOT PLACE YOUR HAT ON THE TABLE.”
13. Standard use of the verbs “EXIT/EXIT” and “GET OUT/GET OUT”:
A verb with the prefix C (СО) + preposition C means “to walk along the surface from top to bottom” (for example, to go down a mountain). Therefore, you CANNOT say: GET OFF THE BUS; this would mean that you are walking from the roof of the bus on its surface.
The verb with the prefix YOU + the preposition IZ means “to leave the room,” that is, from the inside to the outside. Therefore, the normative usage is recognized as: GET OFF THE BUS.
14. Standard use of verbs PRESENT - PROVIDE:
The verb INTRODUCE means “1) to introduce someone to someone; 2) present (documents, evidence).”
The verb PROVIDE means: “to give at the disposal, use of someone; give your word."
15. Remember the normative use of the following verbs:
GET A HAIRCUT (this word does not have the prefix UNDER)
University: Subject: File:17. Morphological norms for the use of verbs and verb forms.
Errors in the use of verbs are associated with the existence of a group of so-called insufficient verbs and with the possible confusion of the use of parallel forms.
Insufficient verbs are verbs that are limited in the formation of personal forms: they do not have the first person form of the present and future simple tense. This group includes verbs: to dream, to dare, to win, to convince, to wonder, to find oneself, to feel, to have mercy.
You can't say: I'll run, I'll feel it(I'll feel it) - This blunder. If necessary, use descriptive forms:I can win, I’ll try to convince, I hope to find myself.
Maybe parallel use of two forms verbs with the same meaning: get well - get well; moves – moves; measures - measures. The first form in each pair is bookish (normative), the second is colloquial. IN business speech the former should be given preference. In the case of the verb move Each of the forms has its own meaning: moves - moves something, moves - encourages (it is driven by direct calculation).
Pairs form and species forms verb - perfect and imperfect form. During the formation of nes. type of verb using suffixes – yva-, -iva-in some cases, the root vowel o changes to a. For example, work out - work out, freeze - freeze. In some cases, in verbs there are no meanings. It would not be a mistake to use two options in pairs: condition – condition, sum up – sum up. The second forms (with root A) are colloquial in nature, so in business speech it is more natural to use the book version (with root O).
Verbs want, crave, see, hear, go, be able have no imperative mood. You cannot say “want” or “could”. Here the imperative forms are formed from synonymous verbs: look, listen. For verb drive The literary form of the imperative mood would be: go, go(go, go, go - colloquial forms that are unacceptable in speech). If the action refers to a third person, then the forms of the imperative mood are formed using particles let and let in combination with verb forms 3 l.: let him go, let them see. It must be remembered that these particles give speech a conversational tone.
Speech errors arise during formation constructions with words that are similar in meaning or have the same root, but require different controls. To warn them it is important to ask the question correctly, which predetermines the case form of the noun in similar constructions:
!– pay attention (to what?) to facts – pay attention to (what?) personnel selection;
!– consult (who?) client – consult (with whom?) with a professor, with a professor;
!– demand (what?) an explanation – demand (what?) a pass;
!– be based (on what?) on facts – justify (with what?) factual data;
When using verbs in speech, the greatest difficulties usually arise the relationship of some verbs by aspect and the formation of some forms.
When forming imperfective verbs in a literary language, in a number of cases it is observed alternation of vowels o–a at the base: morning O it - morning A ive, confirm O read - confirm A chit, od O lie – od A lie.
When forming imperfect verbs from verbs determine, concentrate forms are acceptable condition, concentrate, however, the main normative option remains the form without alternation - condition, concentrate.
When forming forms of the 2nd and 3rd person singular and forms of the 1st and 2nd person plural present and simple future tense from verbs of I conjugation with a stem on g, k observed alternation these consonants with sibilants w, h: those h b – those To y – those h yot – those To ut, le h b – la G Ulya and et - la G ut, take h b - take G y – take and yot - take G ut.
Some verbs do not have a number of present and future forms.
1) The 1st person singular form is not used for verbs:
eclipse, appear, defeat, convince, be convinced, moan, be born.
2) The verbs do not have 1st and 2nd person singular and plural forms: boil, boil, boil away (about water), roll down (about a round object, about a celestial body), come (about time), surround, come true, turn out, happen, give out, be born, create, take place, flow, succeed, etc.
3) Forms such as I will win, I will run, etc. are unacceptable in literary language. If it is necessary to express this meaning, descriptive constructions must be used: I am confident that I can win; I will be able to win.
When forming past tense forms, in some cases it is observed loss of the suffix -well-: arose Well th - arose, dried up Well th - dried up, disappeared Well t - disappeared, died Well t - died.
When forming the imperative mood, a number of verbs exhibit alternation of consonants and vowels in the stem:run - run (!), run; take care - take care; take - take; drive - drive; burn – burn (!); call - call; seek - seek; put – put (!), put (!), etc.
A number of verbs are characterized by the absence or infrequency of forms of the imperative mood: weigh, see, move, be able, hate, undergo, happen, hear, mature, cost, flow, see, become obsolete, want, etc.
Participle.
From verbs go, fade and various verbs with given roots ( enter, exit, wither) active past participles are formed from the past tense stem: enter - log inѐ l - entered, find - ourѐ l - found, fade - withered - faded.
From the verb move(I conjugation) the present passive participle is formed with the suffix -them- --movable: driven by a feeling of compassion.
!!! Some imperfective transitive verbs do not form passive present participles: hold, beat, revenge, write, cut, sew, etc.
!!! Some verbs do not form passive past participles.: drive (but expel - expelled), know (but recognize - recognized), take (but choose - chosen), live (but live - lived).
Some verbs in - sti (-st)form different shapes active past participles: A) from the present tense and b) from the past tense stem, For example: invent - invented (and inventedѐ acquired), acquired - acquired (and acquiredѐ left), sweep - sweepѐ the darkest (and the sweeping one). The forms of such participles with d and t are fundamentally characteristic only of book speech. Forms without d and t are characteristic of colloquial and colloquial speech.
Suffix - Xiamust be preserved during education from reflexive verbs active participles of present and past tenses, For example: to form - being formed; rise - rising. If the suffix -sya is omitted in participles formed from reflexive verbs, this is a violation of the norms of the literary language: (for example) peals of thunder bound us and kept us in a state unceasing fear.
!!! Present participles are not formed from perfect verbs, otherwise the norms of literary language will be violated, for example: We envy the audience who gets to see the performance.
Participle.
Depending on the type of verb, the form of which is a gerund, gerunds differ imperfect form(prescribe - prescribing, operate - operating) and perfect form(delete - by deleting, consider - by considering). IN participles, arr. from reflexive verbs,the suffix -sya is retained(-съ) (to rise - having risen; to return - having returned).
Some verbs do not form imperfective participles: A) from verbs whose roots consist of only consonants: pour - pour, sew - sew, beat - beat, tear - tear, burn - burn, wait - wait, lie - lie. Exception: rush - rush - rushing; b) from most verbs with a sibilant stem in the present tense: write - write, whip - whip; V) from verbs with stems g, k, x: protect - cherish, guard - guard; flow - flow; G) from verbs with the suffix -well-: get wet - get wet, go out - go out.
Most participles with a suffix - lice, -yuchiare either outdated in nature, or are stylistically colored to resemble folk or ancient speech. No.: Having given your word, be strong; having taken off the head, they do not cry over the hair; or - live happily ever after.
1. The following verbs do not have the form of 1 person unit. numbers(insufficient verbs): hang, dare, blow, overshadow, convince, convince, win, weird, fawn, appear, buzz, tease. You can express 1st person descriptively using other words: will win b - I will win, I will overcome, I will cope, I will overcome, I will be able to win, I will try to win, victory will be mine and so on.
Verbs kill, murmur have in the 1st person singular. numbers form I will kill, I will murmur.
Verbs recover, get sick of, get sick of form personal forms in -ЭУ, -ЭЭШ, -ЭУТ (according to the 1st conjugation): I will get well, you will get well, they will get well...; I'll get sick of you, you'll get sick of me, they'll get sick of you and under.
Forms of these verbs I'll get well, I'll get well, I'll get well use is not recommended.
2. Verbs ending in -ch (save, burn, lie down, bake, cut, cut, flow etc.) have alternation of consonants in the root(identify the pattern in the alternation of consonants):
bake(k/h) cut(g/f)
units plural number number of units plural number number
1. I bake 1 we bake 1 I cut 1 we cut
2 you bake 2 you bake 2 you cut 2 you cut
3 he bakes 3 they bake 3 he shears 3 they shear
Verb want has the following forms with alternating consonants:
units plural number number
1 I want 1 we want
2 do you want 2 do you want
3. he wants 3 they want
Verb to pay has alternating consonants h/t and does not have alternating vowels, i.e. it is pronounced and written with the vowel a at the root (conjugate in the present tense).
3. It is necessary to remember the correct forms and combinability of the following verbs:
RIGHT WRONG
hang(linen, curtains, criminal) to weight
hang out, hang out(linen, curtains, advertisement) hang out
hang(linen, curtains, advertisement, criminal) hanged
hang up, hang up, hang up(pictures in different places)
4. Forms need to be memorized imperative mood:
run- run, run don't touch - don't touch, don't touch
weigh - weigh, weigh cork - cork, cork
meet - meet, meet uncork - uncork, uncork
get out- come out, come out and enjoy yourself- feast on, feast on
drive- go, go lie down, lie down, lie down
get off- get off, get off, put - put, put
get off- get off, get off, put it down, put it down, put it down
5. Returnable particle -СЯ denotes an action directed at oneself, cf.: wash (wash yourself), comb your hair (comb your hair) and under. Therefore, the use of the particle -СЯ in following cases: wash, clean, play(colloquial forms). Right: wash (linen), clean (in the apartment), play (with dolls).
The particle -СЯ can also express the passive voice, so sometimes ambiguity arises when using verbs with -СЯ: Students are being sent to the factory for internship(it is unclear whether they are being referred or are being referred). Right: Students are sent to the plant for internship.
6. Mixing forms of time and type verbs leads to a grammatical error: After graduating from school Frolov arrives (present, time, non-present) to a vocational lyceum, where a short time I bought (past tense, owl view) turner qualification. Right: After graduating from school, Frolov entered a vocational lyceum, where in a short time he acquired the qualifications of a turner.
EXERCISE 25. Express descriptively the form of the 1st person singular. numbers of the following verbs: hang, hold(in present time); vacuum, convince, find yourself(during weekdays).
EXERCISE 26. Conjugate verbs in the present tense burn, whip, cut, ride, wave, hang; in the future tense - verbs pay, get carried away, hang. For information, please refer to the Dictionary of Russian Language Difficulties.
EXERCISE 27. Correct mistakes (orally).1. Run faster! 2. Lie straight! 3. Where did you go? Let's get crazy! 4. Drive slower! 5. Put it back! 6. Don’t touch what’s not yours! 7. Sunflower seeds are crushed, kneaded and washed with cold water to remove impurities. 8. If this continues, I will find myself in a difficult situation. 9. We must help young people grow and demonstrate their abilities. 10. After chemical treatment, the part is thrown into the bath. 11. Go alone, I’ll come later. 12. When will I convince you? 13. For some reason she didn’t want to formalize their relationship. 14. I’ve been driving around the city for an hour now. 15. My abstract looked cumbersome, and so I was forced to shorten it. 16. What motivates these political forces? 17. The baby involuntarily moves his arms and legs. 18. Hold me tight. 19. Go to the Volga! 20. Look at this beauty! 21. After college, graduates are sent to the Military Academy. M.V. Frunze.
Formation and use of verbs and verb forms in speech must be normative, but in case of violation of norms, gross grammatical errors occur. The verb is a rather complex part of speech in terms of form use . Errors when using the verb and its forms connected with:
· incorrect education;
· ignorance of the stylistic differences of individual verb forms;
· non-compliance with alternations at the base of the verb;
· non-normative formation of imperative forms;
· incorrect education species pairs verbs.
Among Russian verbs there is a group of words called insufficient verbs. Usually these verbs do not have the 1st (sometimes 2nd) person singular present and future tense. Thus, it is impossible in language (unless this is done for a special stylistic purpose) to say : I calve or bud, flow or rust , since these actions indicate processes occurring in inanimate nature or in an animal and flora, these also include actions related to the peculiarities of the functioning of the human body (dissolve, stick together) and abstract meanings (read, conclude).
Absent in the language system and 1st person forms of verbs win, convince, find yourself, feel, wonder, dare, blow, buzz, immortalize, nonsense, mischief, since, formed theoretically, these forms are not very pleasant to the ear. If you need to use them in speech, you should use a descriptive form: I can convince, I want to appear, etc.
Another group of words forms the so-called abundant verbs:rinse, cluck, purr, drip, move, splash, prowl, sway, splash– which assume two forms of the present tense: e.g. cackling and clucking . It should be noted that the second form is colloquial. And in other verbs, doublet forms express semantic differentiation: so , splash (sprinkles) - “sprinkle, sprinkle”, and splash (sprinkles) - “scatter in drops, scatter drops.”
Failure to observe alternations at the base of the verb is due to the influence of vernacular: you cannot say zhget, saves, guards - you should burn, saves, guards. The use of forms such as condition - stipulate, summarize - summarize, concentrate - concentrate with vowel alternation fundamentally refers to the dispositive norm of use, but forms with - O are the property of book speech. For this reason, the following phrases should be considered true: The development of science determines technical progress. At the end of the lesson, you should summarize everything that was said. Of the past tense forms such as dry - dried, wet - wet, preference is given to the shorter one. You should not use colloquial forms in speech: we run, we want, (we should run, we want) because these verbs have a special conjugation system and are called heterogeneously conjugated.
Difficulties arise when forming imperative forms from the verbs to go, to go. Forms go (those) and go (those) have a colloquial connotation and should not be used in literary language. The form should be used as a replacement - go (those), although the verb itself no longer exists in the language system.
Speech errors in the formation of aspect pairs of a verb arise when replacing different-root aspect pairs with single-root ones ( put - put, put - put) and in the formation of a verb that does not exist in the language system ( divide – divide). The norm assumes the use of a pair lay and lay, divide and divide, lay and lay.
You need to be careful with bi-aspect verbs type wound, execute, order, marry. In their use, an error in understanding entails an error in speaking and writing, when a native speaker perceives a two-aspect verb as one-aspect: he married her.
Species diversity(or temporary inconsistency) can arise from the unmotivated use of both imperfect and perfect verbs in one sentence: As soon as you get into the forest, you will immediately see the golden autumn dress. (Follows: as soon as you get there...) A similar error also occurs with the incorrect use of the participle - good with the meaning of the future tense from perfective verbs: The book describes events taking place in the 15th century ( You should: took place in the 15th century) Errors on collateral inconsistency may be associated with the wrong choice of verb voice, including participle voice: The toys produced by the Zagogrsk factory are known all over the world. Or: Incessant applause. ( You should: released... non-stop.)
At When forming participles, you need to remember that participles formed from prefixless verbs with the suffix -well- usually retain it ( get wet - wet, stick - stuck, stall - stalled), and those formed from prefixed verbs are usually used without it ( get wet – wet, stick - stuck, deaf - deaf.) In some cases, forms with the suffix ( stuck, disappeared) or parallel forms - with and without suffix ( withered - withered, withered - withered, dried up - dried up, etc.)
A speech error can occur when the same forms of the verb are abused (in particular, forms of participle, gerund, infinitive.): Should not be allowed in winter leaving water to freeze in pipes . (Follows: Water should not be left in the pipes in winter, as it may freeze). Birds arriving from the south and occupying empty nests hatch their chicks. (Follows: Birds that fly from the south and occupy empty nests...)
Errors associated with the use of verbs and verb forms in - Xia Verbs starting with - Xia cannot be used if they have the same two meanings - passive and reflexive: Cucumbers are washed under running water cold water. Citizens walking along the boulevard. (Follows: Wash cucumbers under running cold water. Townspeople walking along the boulevard.) However, if we're talking about about automatic action, form on –xia cannot be replaced by a personal verb: The door opens automatically. Form for –xia preferred in scientific texts when it is important to focus attention not on the subject, but on the object of the action: The report addresses the following issues.
When using participles we must remember that they are formed from transitional and intransitive verbs perfect and imperfect form, from verbs of each of the three voices: active, passive and neuter: walk - walking, stop - stopping, discuss - discussing. However, a number of imperfective verbs do not form participles: bake, sleep, protect, stab and etc. You cannot form participles from most verbs with a suffix -Well-:sour, smell, wither, look, also from part of verbs of 1st conjugation, forming the basis of an indefinite form with the help of a suffix -A, and the basis of the present (or future simple) without this suffix: knit - knit, plow - plow, dance - dance. Participle with suffix -teach, -yuchi except being are usually used in folk poetic speech: looking, playing, thinking
Perfect participles with a vowel stem can be used in two forms - With suffixes -V And - lice: having written - having written, having closed - having closed, bending - bending. In modern literary language, forms with the suffix are used -V. Forms on – lice inherently archaic, colloquial or colloquial in nature: He sat with his eyes closed. ( You should: He sat with his eyes closed.) Possible options frozen - frozen, wiped - wiped, erased - erased(the second form in each pair is conversational in nature). In this case, you should only pronounce bringing out(without bringing it out),sweeping (not sweeping), finding (not having found), taking (not having taken), making a mistake (not making a mistake), carrying (not having carried), etc.
In pairs putting - putting (putting your hand on your heart), gaping - gaping (listen to the gaping mouth), fastening - reluctantly (agree reluctantly), breaking - breakneck (rush headlong), letting down - later (work carelessly) and so on. the second forms are outdated and are preserved only in phraseological expressions. An outdated shade is also observed in the forms remembering, meeting, bored, discovering, turning, leaving, forgiving, falling out of love, placing, seeing, hearing, grasping and etc.
Not common in modern language forms running, burning, searching, carrying, writing, stabbing, dancing, walking, laughing, scratching, etc.
1. Verbs ending in -xia, cannot be used in speech if the text does not clearly distinguish two meanings: a) passive, indicating that someone is experiencing someone else’s influence; b) reflexive, indicating that someone directs the action towards himself. The coincidence of these meanings in speech sometimes creates ambiguity of meaning: I did my laundry yesterday- Did you wash yourself? The guys were throwing cones– did you throw them at yourself? In these cases, it is necessary to replace the form with –xia another verb.
Such editing is not needed only in scientific texts in which it is necessary to emphasize the significance of the action or process itself, and not its producer, and also if it is necessary to pay attention to the object of the action, and not to the subject: The book explores..., the facts are... etc.
2. The literary language does not use 1st person singular forms. h. present or future tense from verbs win, convince, find yourself, wonder, hang etc. Instead of these combinations, it is better to use a descriptive phrase ( I will win).
3. In Russian, when forming imperfective verbs ( what to do?) using suffixes -yva- , -willow- from perfective verbs ( what to do?) there is an alternation of root vowels O / A.
For example: touch - touch, master - master, challenge - challenge, assimilate - assimilate, double - double, honor - honor and etc.
Today, in imperfective verbs, the norm recognizes the priority root A.
List of exceptions: disgrace, condition(and additional condition), summarize, legitimize, denigrate, time, empower, preoccupy, disturb, vulgarize, enlarge, scatter, wrinkle, anesthetize, accelerate, delay, concentrate(and additional . concentrate).
4. Forms are recommended rinses, splashes, waves, sways, cackles, purrs, meows, sprinkles, nibbles(but not: rinses, splashes, waves, sways, clicks, clucks, purrs, meows, pours, pinches– colloquial and colloquial forms).
5. The following forms of the imperative mood are considered literary: stick out, put out, straighten, pour out, clean, don't spoil, don't writhe, notify, cork, feast on, uncork, look, come out, don't steal, put down.
6. It is necessary to correctly form the active present participle (suffixes –ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -box-) to prevent words like looking for. To prevent errors, it is necessary to consistently show the formation of the participle: look for - they are looking for - looking for(verb ending –ut replaced by the participle suffix – ushch).
7. The forms of participles in -šiy from perfective verbs with the meaning of the future tense, which they normally do not have, are incorrect (incorrect: to do - doing, to think - thinking etc.). The forms of participles with the particle are also erroneous would, since verbs in the conditional mood do not form participles (incorrect: communication that would depend on the situation).
8. Form verbs with suffixes correctly -Well- the following participles:
keep the suffix -Well- in participles formed from verbs without prefixes ( wet, blind);
eliminate the suffix in participles formed from verbs with prefixes ( wet, stuck, blind).
9. Observe the temporal correlation of verbs and participles with other parts of the sentence (Wrong: An experienced psychiatrist provides consultations, conducts treatment at home or comes to the patient on call. Right: An experienced psychiatrist provides consultations, conducts treatment at home or comes to the patient on call.).
