Garbage problem. Ecological problem of garbage

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Introduction

Relevance of the research topic.

“We are all passengers of one ship named Earth, -
it means that there is simply nowhere to change from it. "
Antoine de Saint-Exupery

(Presentation, slide 2)

The snow has melted and the streets of our city are screaming about this problem. Our present is huge garbage dumps around cities, poor environmental conditions, polluted territories. Citywide landfills and landfills are overflowing with mixed waste, up to 80% of which could become high-quality recyclable materials if it is collected separately.

Waste, which accumulates in huge quantities in our homes, waste bins belong to the category of solid household waste. We are directly involved in their education. They affect the quality of the environment, are a source of environmental danger: they spread odors and are a medium for the decomposition of pathogenic bacteria, rodents - carriers of infectious diseases. Therefore, they are a serious danger to public health.

The waste problem has existed for a long time. Even the ancient people who lived in caves arranged garbage dumps outside their homes. Such wastes were easily destroyed by natural processes. The development of civilization has generated an avalanche-like increase in the amount of waste. The better we live, the more we consume various goods, which means we produce more waste. The number of waste processing plants in Russia today is small. The amount of solid household waste is increasing every year.

Purpose of work: trace the path of household waste in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, understand the causes of environmental pollution. (Presentation, slide 3)

Work tasks:

1) Study the literature on the problem of household waste in Russia, in particular in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region;
2) Identify the points of reception and processing of secondary raw materials in the Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg;
3) Research and describe the trash accumulated in the trash can of one family in one week;
4) Research on the aspects of forming a conscious attitude towards the disposal of household waste in adolescents. Questioning students, studying the activities carried out in the environmental direction in the State Budgetary Educational Institution of the Gymnasium No. 196 of the Krasnogvardeisky District.
5) Consider options for reducing household waste.

The object of research: ecology.

Subject of study: household waste, waste disposal problems, the possibility of reuse and recycling.

Research hypothesis: the problem of waste has become one of the most important environmental problems facing humanity today. After the appearance of artificial materials, our waste will remain in landfills for tens and hundreds of years, poisoning the earth, water and air. The issue of separate waste collection and recycling is relevant.

Working methods used in the study: comparative analysis, systematization and generalization of the obtained material, logical presentation of the material, questioning.

Chapter 1. Current state of the problem

In ancient civilizations (Egyptian, Greek and Roman empires), waste disposal was organized very carefully. In Ancient Greece, there was a law that garbage must be removed outside the city limits, the distance must be at least 1 km. As a result, after the publication of this decree, the sanitary condition of cities has improved, the incidence of various infectious diseases has decreased.

With the advent of the Middle Ages, garbage was no longer taken out of the city. Nobody was interested in this issue and did not deal with it. In France, residents of Paris and other large cities threw their household waste out of the window and onto the street. Very rarely, cesspools or ditches were organized to collect and place garbage in some European cities, and often food waste and even waste from the toilet were lying right in the squares in front of houses.

In the old days in Russia, issues with garbage collection were not allowed to take their course. Depending on the area, this garbage was named differently. But not only the garbage, but also the people involved in cleaning - the dirtiest job. All sorts of rubbish was called Bastard (emphasis on the second letter o). Therefore, earlier in Russia, they paid attention to garbage, collected it, in contrast to Medieval Europe. (Presentation slide 4)

The Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy has published The Environmental Performance Index 2016.
The Environmental Performance Study measures the country's achievements in terms of the state of ecology and natural resource management based on 22 indicators in 10 categories that reflect various aspects of the state of the natural environment and the viability of its ecological systems, preservation of biological diversity, counteraction to climate change, health status of the population, practice economic activity and the degree of its load on the environment, as well as the effectiveness of state policy in the field of ecology. In 2016, the study and its accompanying ranking cover 180 countries.
Finland has become the world leader in terms of environmental performance this year. The top ten leaders also included: Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, Slovenia, Spain, Portugal, Estonia, Malta and France. Russia ranks 32nd out of 180. The most disadvantaged countries in terms of environmental efficiency are Madagascar, Eritrea and Somalia.

1.1. Impact of household waste on the environment

There are five degrees of MSW exposure:

• 5th degree of danger. Recyclable solid waste. The environmental impact is very low. Garbage can be recycled without significant impact on the environment. Examples are shards of ceramic tiles and utensils, brick debris, food debris, wood shavings.
• 4th degree of danger. Medium hazardous solid waste. This group includes all wastes with a natural decay period of up to 3 years. Despite the fact that their presence violates the ecological balance in nature, the degree of danger of such solid waste is defined as low. Examples are wood, waste paper, car tires, plastic.
• 3rd degree of danger. Hazardous waste. The impact on nature is strong, resulting in a violation of the ecological system. The period of nature restoration after exposure to such solid waste is about 10 years, and the period is counted after the elimination of the source of exposure. Examples are types of grout, paints, acetone, metal objects.
• 2nd degree of danger. High danger. After the impact on the environment, a complete restoration of the balance is possible in at least 30 years. Examples are batteries with electrolytes and engine oils.
• 1st degree of danger. Extremely high danger. The impact of such solid waste entails the complete destruction of nature without the possibility of its restoration. Examples are thermometers, batteries, fluorescent lamps. (Presentation, slide 5)

1.2. Waste treatment methods

Currently, there are such types of disposal as:

• Natural decomposition in the natural environment.
• Burial at landfills.
• Separation of useful components and secondary processing (recycling). (Presentation, slide 6)

Natural decomposition in the natural environment.

With this method, the decomposition time can vary from several days to several decades. Here are some examples:

1. Food waste - decomposition time 30 days

2. Newsprint - decomposition period 1-4 months

3. Leaves, seeds, twigs - decomposition period 3-4 months

4. Office paper - decomposition period 2 years

5. Iron cans - decomposition period 10 years

6. Old shoes - decomposition period 10 years

7. Fragments of brick and concrete - decomposition time 100 years

8. Foil - decomposition period over 100 years

9. Electric batteries - decomposition period 110 years

10. Rubber tires - decomposition period 120-140 years

11. Plastic bottles - decomposition period 180-200 years

12. Aluminum cans - decomposition period 500 years (almost the most dangerous rubbish) (Presentation, slide 7)

Burial at landfills.

Burial is the most common way. It is only suitable for garbage that is not susceptible to spontaneous combustion. Nowadays, ordinary landfills give way to landfills equipped with a system of engineering structures that prevent the contamination of ground and underground waters, atmospheric air. In developed countries, catchers for gas generated during decomposition are installed at landfills. It is used to generate electricity, space heating and water heating. (Presentation, slide 8)

Recycling.

The term "recycling" ("recycling" - from English) is the bringing of waste raw materials, reagents into working condition. This is the reuse or recycling of industrial waste or garbage. (Presentation, slide 9)

In Russia, in general, and in St. Petersburg in particular, recycling is still a new concept, although the situation has begun to change - the state has paid attention to the economic profit that the return of valuable waste components to circulation can give.

Recycling classes:

• Mechanical recycling
• Incineration
• Recycling by pyrolysis
• Chemical recycling

Mechanical.

This class combines the operations of cutting and shredding waste, and then using them as fillers for new materials. There are technologies that make it possible to obtain high-quality and cheap raw materials.
However, it is not without its drawbacks. The main one is the possibility of spontaneous combustion of materials during grinding.

Incineration.

The simplest class of recycling is waste incineration for the purpose of generating energy. Its main advantage is the reduction of the volume of waste destined for disposal in landfills and landfills.
The main disadvantage of incineration is the release of toxic gases and carcinogens into the atmosphere. In our region incineration is carried out in incinerators.

Pyrolysis.

The waste heating process takes place in an inert atmosphere (oxygen-free combustion). The raw material does not burn, but gradually decomposes into simple elements with the release of a large amount of energy. In terms of calorific value, pyrolysis products are superior to such traditional fuels as gasoline and oil fuel.

Chemical.

Its essence lies in the fact that homogeneous types of waste are treated with chemical reagents, as a result of which raw materials are obtained, which are used for the production of windings for cables, paints and varnishes, road surfaces.

Chapter 2. The problem of waste disposal on the example of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region

Garbage, accumulating every year, is a serious problem for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. The capacity of the latest technologies is sufficient only for processing 5% of regional and 15% of city waste. (Presentation, slide 10) Life in the Leningrad Region annually passes with the formation of 4.3 million m3 of garbage, 95% of which is burned and disposed of. Many landfills are in an unsanitary state, which is discomfort to residents of the adjacent territories. An example is the largest landfill in the Leningrad region in the Lomonosov district - the Yuzhny landfill.

Thanks to the Novy Svet and Krasny Bor landfills, the Leningrad Region ranked 83rd from the bottom out of 85 possible in the rating of ecologists throughout Russia.

The public organization "Green Way" has published its next environmental rating. In it, the Leningrad Region took 83rd place out of 85 regions. Only the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions turned out to be worse than the 47th region, and the Tambov region became the cleanest region, overtaking the Altai Republic.

Note that the authorities of the Leningrad Region have declared 2017 the Year of Ecology.

In St. Petersburg, the environment is not bad: the city got into the top ten ecologically clean regions and took 9th place.
"This place is quite natural for the Leningrad Region in terms of the ecological situation, given that the region has completely failed the waste management policy. This is confirmed by the countless number of unauthorized landfills and the threatening scale of pirate landfills, such as the landfill identified by the All-Russian People's Front on Volkhonskoye Highway, Yaninskaya reclamation, and much more. the other, which turned the suburban areas of the Leningrad Region into zones of ecological disaster, "ecologist Sergei Gribalev told 47news.
According to the expert, many licensed landfills are already on the verge of overflow, and the desire to increase them leads to popular indignation and, as in the case of the Gatchina landfill "Novy Svet", the height of which will soon reach 72 meters.

2.1. Landfills as a way of disposal

Pros:

Garbage rotting occurs under the influence of bacteria. This produces landfill gas - biogas, which is formed as a result of the anaerobic decomposition of organic municipal waste.
Landfill gas is collected to prevent air pollution and used as fuel to generate electricity, heat or steam.

Minuses:

Being in open areas, under the influence of atmospheric air, sun and precipitation, harmful substances are washed out and penetrate into the ground, into the soil and underground water basins, groundwater.
Waste in landfills slowly but constantly burns up - smolders. As you know, smoldering is the combustion phase with the highest production of persistent organic pollutants.
Food waste practically does not harm nature. They are used for feeding on various organisms.
Harm to humans: rotting food waste is a breeding ground for microbes.
Decomposition paths: used in food by various microorganisms.
Landfills and polygons are represented on the map of the region and city (Annex 1)
The "dirtiest" place on the map is the area of ​​the Sertolovo village.
(Presentation, slide 11-12-13)

2.2. Waste incineration

This disposal method is considered effective, provided that the plant is equipped with high-tech equipment. Metals, batteries and plastic are first removed from waste.
(Presentation, slide14 )

Benefits of incineration:

• less unpleasant odors;
• decreases the number of harmful bacteria, emissions;
• the resulting mass does not attract rodents and birds;
• it is possible to obtain energy (heat and electricity) during combustion.

Disadvantages:

• expensive construction and operation of incinerators;
• construction takes at least 5 years;
• when waste is incinerated, harmful substances enter the atmosphere;
• incineration ash is toxic and cannot be stored in conventional landfills.

This requires special storage. Due to the lack of city budgets, inconsistency with waste processing companies and for other reasons in Russia and in St. Petersburg in particular, the production of waste incineration plants has not yet been established.
There are four factories in the city that produce dioxins. These plants burn sludge from sewage, the first of which is located on White Island, the second in Olgino, the third not far from Strelna on the territory of the South-Western Wastewater Treatment Plant. Also, in 2014, in Krasny Bor, a toxic waste incineration plant was launched.

Combustion is a complex physicochemical process in which new chemical compounds are formed. Despite the fact that technologies for the destruction of dioxins are not used, when the gaseous emissions are cooled, they are restored. Sources of dioxins can be food and PVC packaging, as well as other items that are contained in the garbage. Also incinerators are characterized by metal emissions. Their content is noted in non-combustible waste, which can be sorted before incineration, and in combustible waste (such as mercury or copper), which cannot be separated from other waste.

2.3. Waste disposal and recycling
At present, in St. Petersburg and the region there is a huge amount (most) of waste, including household waste, the disposal of which is carried out by the method of disposal.
Waste disposal is an environmental term that implies the disposal and storage of waste for further disposal.

St. Petersburg State Unitary Enterprise "Plant MPBO-2" - a processing plant in Yanino.

The waste processing plant is located in Yanino, but its capacity is very small compared to the total volume of MSW removed. In the future, it is planned to build processing plants for solid waste, which will be used for the disposal of household waste.
The company provides services for the placement and disposal of waste, as well as disposal of waste at the "Plant for mechanized processing of household waste"

Carried out:

• Waste removal.
• Utilization and disposal of waste.
• Environmental design.

Experimental plant for mechanized processing of household waste (Volkhonskoe highway 116, Krasnoselsky district of St. Petersburg) - the largest licensed environmental protection company in the North-West region of Russia. Since November 2010, the plant has been carrying out waste disposal; for this purpose, modern vehicles (garbage trucks) and a container fleet have been purchased. for garbage removal, construction waste removal, waste processing.

The main goal of the activity is to ensure the environmental safety of the residents of St. Petersburg.

Main goals:

• Uninterrupted disposal and disposal of waste from the population.
• Environmentally friendly waste processing as an alternative to landfill.
• Extraction of secondary raw materials from incoming waste and conservation of natural resources. garbage removal, construction waste removal.

List of solid waste landfills in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region ( Appendix 2).

(Presentation, slide 15)

Recycling waste- the most resource-saving way, but not always profitable both economically and ecologically. There are a number of problems here.

The first problem is that the trash must be sorted out before being used. Paper, pieces of iron, broken glass - should be kept separately. Obviously, sorting the garbage that has already entered the landfill is almost impossible - there are no such machines, and people work very slowly, and this is harmful to their health. Therefore, it is necessary to sort the garbage at the moment when it is thrown away. This means that each person should have separate buckets for food waste, paper, plastic, etc. This approach takes root in villages, but in cities such ideas are difficult to implement. Although in some foreign countries, separate containers for different types of garbage have already appeared on the streets.
(Presentation, slide 16)

The second problem is the delivery of waste to the recycling site. If there is a lot of waste and consumers of its processed products, then many factories capable of processing waste of this type can be built. Then, for example, broken glass collected from the surrounding landfills will be recycled in numerous glass factories. What about electric bulbs? Each light bulb contains several tens of milligrams of molybdenum and tungsten, rare and valuable metals. The recycling of these metals requires high temperatures. A large reactor is required to maintain high temperatures. Therefore, in every city, you cannot build a factory that produces light bulbs, and, accordingly, processes molybdenum and tungsten - there will be packaging. Thus, in order to dispose of molybdenum and tungsten, it is necessary to go around all the garbage dumps, collect several discarded light bulbs on each and carry them far away. All this requires gasoline, which is also an expensive and non-renewable raw material that emits toxic substances during combustion. So it turns out that the recycling of light bulbs, for all its apparent attractiveness, is an overhead task. For the same reason, it is not worth organizing a centralized collection of garbage for secondary use in villages and towns.

The most widespread recycling, tertiary, etc. processing on one or another scale of materials such as glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, iron, fabrics and various types of plastics.

The value of recycling.

At first, the resources of many materials on Earth are limited and cannot be replenished in a time frame comparable to the time of existence of human civilization.

Secondly once released into the environment, materials usually become pollutants.

Thirdly, waste and end-of-life products are often a cheaper source of many substances and materials than natural sources.

Conclusions:

• For reuse, all waste must be sorted.
• To do this, it is necessary to create conditions that can arouse interest among citizens in sorting waste.
• The use of secondary raw materials as a new resource base is one of the most dynamically developing areas of materials processing in the world. For Russia, it is relatively new.

Separate waste collection in Krasnogvardeisky district.

In the Krasnogvardeisky district:

1) At the address: st. M. Tukhachevsky, 31, a regular action "Separate Collection" is held among the population to collect waste for recycling. And also familiarization of the population with separate waste collection.

The action is carried out by representatives of the Ecological Movement "Separate Collection".

2) Reception points in Krasnogvardeisky district, addresses (Appendix 3).

List of reception of recyclable materials from the population. The price of waste paper - from 1.00 rubles per kg - up to 2.00 rubles per kg. Glass cullet, from 10 kopecks per piece - up to 20 kopecks per piece.

Glass containers, depending on the name - from 50 kopecks - up to 1.20 rubles per piece.

Working hours of waste paper collection points: From 9:00 to 18:00.

During the study of the vicinity of the Krasnogvardeisky district of special waste bins for separate waste collection in the courtyards was not found.

There is a corresponding processing technology for each type of raw material.

Types of secondary raw materials:

Waste paper, glass, scrap metal, chemicals, petroleum products, electronics, plastics, rubber, biological, timber, construction.

(Presentation, slide 17-18)

2.4. Disposal of used batteries and energy saving lamps

Why can't you just throw batteries in the trash? What to do with used batteries?
(Presentation, slide 19 - 20)

Batteries are dangerous due to their chemical composition. If the question arose of how to store the batteries, the answer is unequivocal - to pack it tightly and take the waste product to the collection point as soon as possible.

To complete the picture, it is necessary to describe in detail the two main ways of poisoning nature that relate to humans:

Over time, the cell's capacity decomposes, which leads to the release of toxic substances into the environment, that is, into the soil and air. And already through it, harmful components enter the groundwater, and then into the reservoirs, from where the liquid goes to our homes.

Yes, in landfills, batteries are incinerated, but the smoke containing dioxins, in this case, does not disappear anywhere, it gets into the air. The entire plant and animal world absorbs this smoke, and through them the poison enters the human body.

Energy saving lamps - what to do with them after working out?

Energy saving lamps (fluorescent compact lamps) are an undeniable breakthrough and improvement in lighting technology. In general, this is true, but there are certain nuances.

They contain free mercury, the vapors of which are released into the atmosphere when the lamp is damaged. Therefore, even the most advanced low-mercury lamp designs should not be disposed of with other household waste at the end of their useful life. Like batteries, energy saving lamps require special disposal. In St. Petersburg installed "Eco boxes", where you can donate hazardous waste - used batteries, mercury thermometers, energy saving light bulbs.

In the Krasnogvardeisky district:

Sredneokhtinsky prospect, 50 Real estate department of Krasnogvardeisky district

Malokhtinsky pr., 64 A Bank Saint Petersburg

NS. Energetikov, 59 Vehicle fleet number 6 Spetstrans

Stakhanovtsev pr., 17 RSHU, hostel number 1

Malokhtinsky pr., 98 RSHU, academic building

NS. Metallistov, 3 RSGMU

NS. Kosygina, 17, bldg. 1 residential building

Chapter 3.The practical part of the research work

People do not at all care about the impact of waste on the health of not only adults, but also directly contribute to the harmful effects on the health of their own children. In Appendix No. 4 there is a photograph showing this; garbage is scattered around the playground (most of them are plastic bags, cans).
(Presentation, slide 21-22)

Poll on the topic“Do you think about the consequences before throwing garbage on the streets of the city?” 8 out of 10 responded that they do not. This suggests that only about 20% of humanity cares about the ecological state of the planet.
To another question "Would you change anything in the ecology of your city?" about 90% answered yes. People expect the ecological state to change, but they themselves do nothing for this.

Sociological research in the family.

Table 2.The amount of waste used by one family in 7 days.

Output: it is better not to collect all the garbage in one pile, if possible, sort it by type, and if possible, take the plastic to special containers.

Ways to solve the problem: separate collection and processing of plastic waste to obtain secondary polymer materials.

Chapter 4. Research results, conclusions and proposals

In the course of the research, we faced the following problem: environmental issues are of concern to everyone, the state of life of a modern person depends on their solution, but few people think that the person himself is most often the culprit of all these problems.
In order not to aggravate this problem today, not only the efforts of the authorities are needed. The garbage truck will not come to the forest or to the meadow to remove an empty plastic bottle or chocolate packaging after you. First of all, each person must maintain cleanliness himself, and then wait for this from others. The implementation of the project will help to attract schoolchildren and the adult population to the problem raised, contributes to the upbringing of environmentally literate young people, will create a basis for the formation of an active life position of children and adolescents, the involvement of students in socially significant activities, the development of the creative abilities of children and interest in scientific activities.
(Presentation, slide 23)

4.1. How can an ordinary person reduce the amount of garbage?

By planning your waste disposal, you can save money and reduce your negative impact on the environment.

Method number 1.Reduced waste

Try not to use or minimize the use of disposable items: plastic bags, aluminum, glass and plastic jars and bottles, packaging, containers, as well as dishes, lighters and the like.

• Use cloth bags instead of plastic bags.
• Buy foods that are less packaged.
• Instead of disposable containers, it is optimal to use reusable containers,
• Don't buy bottled drinks unnecessarily.
• Reduce your use of paper.
• Consider switching to more sustainable home care products.

Many containers used to store cleaning products cannot be recycled. Replace them with natural products and you will create a chemical-free environment for your family.

Method number 2.

Reuse and recycling

Even disposable items can often be used more than once.

• Donate things to charities.
• Reuse packaging.
• Separate waste collection. Visit your city's website for details on recycling arrangements.
• Dispose of trash and hazardous waste properly. Batteries, paints, televisions, computers and other electronics, lighting lamps.

Method number 3.

Compost

• Don't throw away leftovers or cut plants. These things are great for making compost, turning them into a rich, nutritious base to power your garden.
• There are countless alternative solutions. This will become apparent as soon as you start looking, and you will be rewarded by seeing your trash decrease significantly.

4.2. Administrative violations related tounauthorized waste disposal

The main measures to combat unauthorized waste disposal is the imposition of a fine. Authorized persons can draw up protocols and impose a fine on the violator of the ecological safety of the environment.

Table 3 shows the main articles of the "Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and nature management", which impose responsibility for improper waste operation.

Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and nature management "

Table 3. The main articles of the "Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses.

Article	Penalty for citizens	Penalty for officials	Penalty for legal entities
8.2. Failure to comply with environmental and sanitary and epidemiological requirements when handling production and consumption waste or other hazardous substances	from 1 thousand to 2 thousand rubles	from 10 thousand to 30 thousand rubles	from 30 thousand to 50 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 20 days
8.6. Spoilage of land. 2. Destruction of the fertile soil layer, as well as damage to land as a result of violation of the rules for handling pesticides and agrochemicals or other substances and production and consumption wastes hazardous to human health and the environment	from 1.5 thousand to 2 thousand rubles	from 3 thousand to 4 thousand rubles	from 3 thousand to 4 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days
8.8. Use of land plots not for their intended purpose, failure to fulfill obligations to bring lands to a condition suitable for use for their intended purpose	from 2 thousand to 2.5 thousand rubles	from 4 thousand to 5 thousand rubles	from 70 thousand to 100 thousand rubles
8.31. Violation of sanitary safety rules in forests. 2. Pollution of forests by sewage, chemical, radioactive and other harmful substances, production and consumption wastes and (or) other negative impact on forests	from 1 thousand to 2.5 thousand rubles	from 2 thousand to 5 thousand rubles	from 20 thousand to 100 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days.
8.41. Failure to pay in due time for negative impact on the environment		from 3 thousand to 6 thousand rubles	from 15 thousand to 100 thousand rubles

The table shows that the fine imposed on legal entities is almost ten times higher than the fine imposed on citizens, and twice as much as the fine for officials. This indicates that the government has taken some measures to protect the environment from waste pollution. (Presentation slide 24)

4.3. Environmental education and upbringing of students from gymnasium No. 196 of Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg

Solving environmental problems requires the unification of all countries, of all mankind. And above all, everyone's participation is needed.
School is our second home. Younger schoolchildren borrow behavioral motivation from older schoolchildren. The upbringing of the younger generation cannot do without active promotion of social values. An effective solution to problems related to education is impossible without the broad participation of the school students themselves. In this regard, the gymnasium has developed projects aimed at environmental education and upbringing of students, at increasing students' interest in joint creativity. That is why all of the above reasons contributed to the development of a project for cooperation between senior and junior school managers.

Within the framework of environmental education in the 2016-2017 academic year, the following activities were carried out:

1. Monthly collection of waste paper. Action "Save a tree" - collection of waste paper.
2. Events dedicated to energy saving issues. Action "Earth Hour", "Keepers of Water" - All-Russian eco-lesson about water.
3. Regional review - competition "Ecological postcard" DYuT "On Lenskaya".
4. Separate collection of solid waste. Action "Save the Hedgehog", collection of used batteries. Plastic crockery craft contest "Unusual in the Usual". All-Russian eco-lesson "Share with us" for schoolchildren of 7-11 grades. Competition www.beregivodu.rf - "Water of Russia".
5. From the Year of Cinema to the Year of Ecology. Open City Film Competition "In the Lens - the Environment".
6. Cleaning the territory of the gymnasium and the forest park as part of the citywide cleanup.
7. Photo exhibition "My favorite pet".
8. Planned event - from 21.04 to 26.04.2017 the project "Mobile technologies for the environment" within the framework of the "Green Schools" program of the All-Russian movement ECA.

(Presentation, slide 25 - 29)

Conclusion

Working on the theme of the project, we made sure that production and consumption waste poses a serious environmental hazard, as on a national scale.

Conclusion: our country, and in particular the city of St. Petersburg, is so far poorly coping with the global garbage problem.
This is primarily due to the fact that people do not understand the scale of the problem. Nobody thinks that we use a plastic bag for 20 minutes, and it rots for 200 years.

Unfortunately, our state does not actively propagandize on this issue and does not support waste recycling organizations and does not contribute to the separate collection of waste in the yards. No one will go with a garbage bag to the next block to throw it into a special container.

Currently, household waste is used not only as recyclable materials for the production of new products. They are also used for aesthetic purposes. Various exhibitions are periodically opened around the world, competitions are held for the manufacture of all kinds of objects, sculptures, interior items from household waste. People started using trash (cans, bottles, old videotapes, pipes, and more) to make them. Such events are aimed at drawing the attention of the whole world to the problem of disposal and recycling of all types of waste.
(Presentation, slide 30)

Bibliography

1.Voskonyan V.G. Ways to reduce environmental pollution with solid waste // Successes of modern natural science. - 2006. - № 9 - pp. 30-34 Scientific journal.
2. All about solid household waste. Solid waste technologies. Actual reviews. MSW magazine! S. 42-45.
3. Rating of countries in the world in terms of environmental efficiency in 2016. [Electronic resource] // Center for Humanitarian Technologies. - 01/29/2016. 12:55 pm. URL: http://gtmarket.ru/news/2016/01/29/7292
4. Electronic resource - Greenpeace Russia - URL: http://www.greenpeace.org
The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and nature management ".
6. Chizhevsky AE I know the world. Ecology. Encyclopedia Astrel - 2005
7. Federal information portal "Water of Russia", URL: http://voda.org.ru.
8. All-Russian eco-lesson "Share with us" organizer ERA, URL: http: //www.separate.rf.

Description of the presentation for individual slides:

1 slide

Slide Description:

Environmental problems of industrial and domestic waste in the city. Solid household waste and methods of their disposal. Modern methods of processing industrial and household waste.

2 slide

Slide Description:

Industrial and household waste, waste is a global environmental problem of our time, which poses a threat to human health and also pollutes the environment. Rotting waste particles are a source of microbial growth that causes infection and disease. Previously, the presence of human waste was not an acute problem, since garbage and various substances were processed naturally in natural conditions. But now mankind has invented materials that have a long decomposition period and are naturally processed for several hundred years. But it's not only that. The amount of waste has become incredibly huge over the past decades. The average metropolitan resident produces from 500 to 1000 kilograms of garbage and waste per year.

3 slide

Slide Description:

household - human waste; or municipal - a huge variety of liquid and solid waste emitted by humans, as well as generated as a result of human activity. These can be spoiled or expired food, medicines, household items and other waste. Waste can be liquid or solid. Depending on their origin, they have a different level of environmental hazard. Today humanity generates the following types of waste:

4 slide

Slide Description:

construction - the remains of building materials, garbage; appear as a result of the production of building and finishing materials (paints and varnishes, thermal insulation, etc.), during the construction of buildings and structures, as well as during installation, finishing, facing and repair work. Construction waste (both solid and liquid) can be expired, unusable, defective, excess, broken and defective goods and materials: metal profiles, metal and nylon pipes, plasterboard, gypsum fiber, cement-bonded and other sheets. In addition, various construction chemicals (varnishes, paints, adhesives, solvents, antifreeze, antifungal and protective additives and agents).

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industrial - residues of raw materials and harmful substances that were formed as a result of the production of any product, production work and lost their properties in whole or in part. Industrial waste can be liquid or solid. Solid industrial waste: metals and alloys, wood, plastics, dust, polyurethane foam, polystyrene foam, polyethylene and other waste. Liquid industrial waste: waste water of various degrees of pollution and their sediments.

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agricultural - fertilizers, feed, spoiled food; - any waste generated as a result of agricultural activities: manure, rotten or unusable straw, hay, remains of silos, spoiled or unusable feed and liquid feed.

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To reduce the amount of waste, you can recycle waste and generate recyclable materials suitable for subsequent industrial use. There is a whole industry of waste recycling and incineration plants that recycle and dispose of garbage and waste from the urban population. People from different countries are inventing all kinds of uses for recycled raw materials. For example, from 10 kilograms of plastic waste, you can get 5 liters of fuel. It is very efficient to collect used paper products and hand over waste paper. This will reduce the number of trees cut down. The successful use of recycled paper is the manufacture of heat-insulating material, which is used as insulation in a home. Proper collection and transport of waste will significantly improve the environment. Industrial waste must be disposed of and disposed of in special places by the enterprises themselves. Household waste is collected in chambers and boxes, and then taken out by garbage trucks outside the settlements in specially designated places for waste. Only an effective strategy for solving waste problems, which is controlled by the state, will help preserve the environment. Solving the waste problem

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If you think that a fleetingly discarded piece of paper, plastic bag or plastic cup will not cause any harm to our planet, you are deeply mistaken. In order not to bore you with arguments, we will simply give figures - the decomposition time of specific materials: newsprint and cardboard - 3 months; paper for documents - 3 years; wooden boards, shoes and tin cans - 10 years; iron parts - 20 years; gum - 30 years; batteries for cars - 100 years; polyethylene bags - 100-200 years; batteries - 110 years; auto tires - 140 years; plastic bottles - 200 years; disposable diapers for children - 300-500 years old; aluminum cans - 500 years; glass products - over 1000 years. Plastics are dangerous in their own way. They do not deteriorate over an extended period of time. Plastics can lie in the ground for tens, and some species for hundreds of years. More than a million tons of polyethylene is spent on single-use packaging. Every year in Europe, millions of tons of plastic waste end up in the trash. The timing of the decomposition of garbage and waste

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The above numbers give you a lot to think about. For example, that by applying innovative technologies, it is possible to use recyclable materials both in production and in everyday life. Not all enterprises send waste for recycling due to the fact that equipment is needed for their transportation, and this is an additional cost. However, this problem cannot be left open. Experts believe that enterprises should be subject to high taxes and heavy fines for improper disposal or arbitrary disposal of garbage and waste. Recycling materials

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paper; glass; plastic; metal. As in the city, and in production, you need to sort waste:

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Solid household waste (MSW) in the Russian Federation is a rough mechanical mixture of a wide variety of materials and rotting products that differ in physical, chemical and mechanical properties and sizes. Before processing, the collected solid waste must be subjected to separation into groups, if it makes sense, and after separation each group of solid waste should be processed. MSW can be divided into several compositions: According to the qualitative composition, MSW is divided into: paper (cardboard); food waste; wood; black metal; non-ferrous metal; textile; bones; glass; leather and rubber; stones; polymeric materials; other components; screening (small fragments passing through a 1.5 cm grid); Hazardous solid waste includes: batteries and accumulators in waste, electrical appliances, varnishes, paints and cosmetics, fertilizers and pesticides, household chemicals, medical waste, mercury-containing thermometers, barometers, tonometers, lamps. Some waste (for example, medical waste, pesticides, residues of paints, varnishes, adhesives, cosmetics, anticorrosive agents, household chemicals) pose a threat to the environment if they enter water bodies through sewage drains or as soon as they are washed out of a landfill and fall into ground or surface water. Batteries and mercury-containing devices will be safe until the case is damaged: the glass cases of the instruments break easily on their way to the dump, and corrosion will corrode the battery case after a while. Then mercury, alkali, lead, zinc will become elements of secondary pollution of atmospheric air, ground and surface waters. Household waste is characterized by multicomponent and heterogeneous composition, low density and instability (the ability to decay). Classification of solid waste

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Industrial waste, consisting of inert materials, the disposal of which is currently economically unjustified; - recyclable materials (secondary raw materials); - wastes of the 3rd hazard class; - waste of hazard class 2; - waste of the 1st hazard class. Of the total amount of waste generated annually at enterprises, the cities are mostly inert solid waste, and a small part is industrial toxic solid waste. By the nature and degree of impact on the natural environment, they are divided into:

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Waste collection is often the most expensive component of the entire MSW utilization and destruction process. Therefore, the correct organization of waste collection can save a lot of money. The existing MSW collection system in Russia should remain standardized in terms of cost effectiveness. Sometimes the means to address these new problems can be found by introducing differentiated waste collection fees. In densely populated areas, it is often necessary to transport waste over long distances. The solution in this case may be a temporary waste storage station, from which garbage can be removed by large vehicles or by rail. It should be noted that intermediate storage stations are objects of increased environmental hazard and, if they are improperly located and operated, can cause no less criticism from local residents and public organizations than landfills and waste incineration plants. In many cities, unitary municipal enterprises for the collection and storage of solid waste have been created on the basis of solid waste landfills and special motor transport facilities. In a number of cases, landfills are placed under the direct control of environmental organizations, and their activities are partially financed from ecological funds (Voronezh, Kirov, etc.). The autonomy of the landfill, as well as the transport, created conditions for many abuses, in which solid waste ended up in suburban forests, and coupons were sold at the landfill to everyone. At the same time, there has not yet been a clear delineation of powers between city organizations in the field of solid waste. These organizations include the department of housing and communal services, the city center of sanitary and epidemiological supervision, the city committee for nature, foresters and water managers. In theory, they are responsible for residential and industrial zones, suburban forests, and water and sanitary protection zones. In several cities of Russia (Arzamas, Vladimir, Kirovo-Chepetsk, Krasnogorsk, Pushchino, Moscow, etc.), attempts are being made to establish selective waste collection. An alternative to landfills and incineration plants is the gradual creation of a primary waste sorting system, starting with the collection of highly hazardous components (mercury lamps, batteries, etc.) and ending with the abandonment of the operation of garbage chutes - the main source of unsorted waste. Collection and temporary storage of waste

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In recent years, in world and domestic practice, there has been a tendency to replace the direct removal of solid waste with a two-stage one using waste transfer stations. This technology is especially actively implemented in large cities, where solid waste landfills are located at a considerable distance from the city. The two-stage solid waste removal with the use of high-capacity transport garbage trucks and removable press containers is being further developed. The two-stage system includes the following technological processes: collection of solid waste in places of accumulation; their removal by collecting garbage trucks to the waste transfer station (MPS); reloading into heavy vehicles; transportation of solid waste to the places of their burial or utilization; unloading of solid waste. A number of MPS uses a system for extracting waste items from solid waste. The use of the Ministry of Railways allows: to reduce the cost of transporting solid waste to disposal sites; reduce the number of collecting trucks; to reduce the total emissions into the atmosphere from garbage transport; improve the technological process of storage of solid waste. From the point of view of environmental protection, the use of the Ministry of Railways reduces the number of landfills for storing solid waste, reduces the intensity of traffic on highways, etc. The advantages that the use of the Ministry of Railways gives depends on the solution of a number of technical and organizational issues. These include the choice of the type of railroad station and the equipment used on it, including heavy-duty garbage trucks, the location of the railroad station, its capacity and determining the number of such stations for the city. Garbage transfer stations and solid waste collection

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Quite a few components of solid waste can be processed into useful products. Glass is usually recycled by grinding and remelting (preferably the original glass is the same color). Glass broken of poor quality after grinding is used as a filler for building materials (for example, the so-called "glassfalt"). There are glassware laundering and reuse facilities in many Russian cities. The same, of course, positive practice exists, for example, in Denmark. Steel and aluminum cans are remelted to obtain the appropriate metal. At the same time, smelting aluminum from cans for soft drinks requires only 5% of the energy required to produce the same amount of aluminum from ore, and is one of the most profitable types of "recycling". For many decades, paper waste of various types has been used along with ordinary cellulose for the manufacture of pulp, a raw material for paper. Mixed or low-grade waste paper can be used to make toilet paper, wrapping paper and cardboard. Unfortunately, in Russia only on a small scale there is a technology for the production of high-quality paper from high-quality waste (scraps of printing houses, used paper for copiers and laser printers, etc.). Waste paper can also be used in construction for the production of thermal insulation materials and in agriculture - instead of straw on farms. Plastic - Recycling of plastic in general is more expensive and more complex. Some types of plastics can be used to produce high-quality plastics of the same properties, while others (for example, PVC), after processing, can only be used as building materials. There is no plastic processing in Russia. Recycling:

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Composting is a waste recycling technology based on their natural biodegradation. Composting is most widely used for the processing of organic waste - primarily plant - origin, such as leaves, twigs and cut grass. There are technologies for composting food waste, as well as an undivided solid waste stream. In Russia, composting using compost pits is often used by the population in individual houses or in garden plots. At the same time, the composting process can be centralized and carried out on special sites. There are several composting technologies that vary in cost and complexity. Simpler and cheaper technologies require more space and the composting process takes longer, as follows from the classification of composting technologies given. The end product of composting is compost, which has various uses in urban and agricultural applications. Composting used in Russia on the so-called mechanized waste processing plants, for example, in St. Petersburg, is a process of fermentation in bioreactors of the entire volume of solid waste, and not just its organic component. Although the characteristics of the final product can be significantly improved by recovering metal, plastics, etc. from waste, it is still a rather hazardous product and has very limited use. Solid waste disposal methods

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Minimum technology: Compost heaps are 4 meters high and 6 meters wide. Turn over once a year. The composting process takes one to three years, depending on the climate. A relatively large sanitary area is required. Low-end technology: Compost piles are 2 meters high and 3-4 meters wide. For the first time, the heaps are turned over after a month. The next turning over and the formation of a new heap is in 10-11 months. Composting takes 16-18 months. Medium technology: Heaps are turned daily. The compost is ready in 4-6 months. Capital and operating costs are higher. High level technology Special aeration of the compost heaps is required. The compost is ready in 2-10 weeks. Composting technologies:

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Waste incineration is the most complex and "high-tech" option for waste management. Incineration requires preliminary treatment of solid waste (with the production of so-called fuel extracted from waste). When separating from MSW, they try to remove large objects, metals and additionally grind it. In order to reduce harmful emissions from waste, batteries and accumulators, plastic, leaves are also removed. Incineration of an undivided waste stream is currently considered extremely hazardous. Thus, incineration can only be one of the components of a comprehensive recycling program. Incineration allows to reduce the weight of waste by about 3 times, eliminate some unpleasant properties: odor, release of toxic liquids, bacteria, attractiveness to birds and rodents, as well as obtain additional energy that can be used to generate electricity or heating.

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Burial of solid waste: still remains, unfortunately, the main way of its disposal. Due to the fact that many enterprises were built decades ago and use outdated technology, waste accumulates in the city, in terms of quantity and harmfulness, which poses a significant danger to the population, both nearby areas and the city as a whole. The accumulation of waste in large quantities and the inability to remove it for burial or use leads to the fact that enterprises often resort to unauthorized disposal. It is very important that before the solid waste is immersed in the ground, at specially built landfills, they must be compressed. This not only reduces the volume of the material, but also removes water, for a while, stabilizing the state of the waste, because the moisture contained in the compressed material is insufficient for the vigorous activity of microorganisms. The access of oxygen to the dense mass is also difficult, and if at the same time conditions are created for the "non-entry" of moisture from the outside, the stabilization of the landfill can be significantly extended. Naturally, hazardous waste must be sorted and disposed of in a dedicated toxic waste landfill. Landfills and landfills are the same enterprises that are subject to environmental legislation. In relation to them, the values ​​of maximum permissible emissions and other production and economic standards should be developed, fees for environmental pollution should be collected, sanctions should be applied for non-compliance with environmental requirements, up to the termination of environmentally harmful activities. And the public may well control whether this is actually being done. And make a claim if something is not met. A similar impact, provided by the bodies of public and environmental control, especially if they intensively interact with state regulatory authorities, will undoubtedly serve as an incentive to bring waste disposal sites into proper form or to build waste processing plants. Burial of solid waste

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Solid waste briquetting is a relatively new method in solving the problem of their disposal. Briquettes, widely used for many years in industry and agriculture, represent one of the simplest and most economical forms of packaging. The inherent compaction of this process helps to reduce the volume occupied, and as a result, leads to savings in storage and transportation. Mainly in industry and agriculture, briquetting is used for pressing and packaging homogeneous materials, for example: cotton, hay, paper raw materials and rags. When working with such materials, the technology is quite standard and simple, since these materials are homogeneous in composition, size and shape. When working with them, complications rarely arise. Their potential combustion is known with sufficient accuracy. A significant advantage of the briquetting method is the way to reduce the amount of waste to be briquetted by preliminary (up to 50%) sorting of solid household waste. Useful fractions, secondary raw materials (paper, cardboard, textiles, cullet, ferrous and non-ferrous metals) are sorted out. Thus, additional resources are supplied to the national economy. The main difficulties arise in the process of briquetting municipal waste due to the fact that these wastes are not homogeneous and their composition cannot be predicted. The average characteristics and properties of these wastes may not be the same not only in different regions of the country, but also in different parts of the same city. The composition of the waste also changes depending on the season of the year. Additional complications in the operation of mechanisms for pressing solid waste are introduced by: high abrasiveness of the constituent components (sand, stone, glass), as well as high aggressiveness of the environment, due to the presence of organic matter, acids, solvents, varnishes, etc. Solid waste briquetting

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In Russia, the processing industry has been forgotten, a system for collecting secondary resources is not organized, places for collecting secondary resources (metal) are not equipped in settlements, a system for removing the resulting waste is not established everywhere, and there is weak control over their formation. This entails a deterioration in the state of the environment, a negative impact on human health. Obviously, no technology alone will solve the MSW problem. Both incinerators and landfills are sources of emissions of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and other hazardous substances. The efficiency of technologies can be considered only in the general chain of the life cycle of consumer goods - waste. Projects incineration plant, on the fight against which public environmental organizations have spent a lot of effort, in the current economic situation can remain projects for a long time. Landfills for a long time will remain in Russia the main method of disposal (recycling) of solid waste. The main task is to equip the existing landfills, extend their life, and reduce their harmful effects. Only in large and largest cities is the construction of incinerators (or waste processing plants with preliminary sorting of solid waste) effective. The operation of small incinerators for the incineration of specific waste, hospital waste, for example, is feasible. This implies diversification of both waste processing technologies and their collection and transportation. Different parts of the city can and should use their own methods of solid waste disposal. This is due to the type of development, the level of income of the population, and other socio-economic factors.

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The problem of waste disposal has been relevant at all times, but today this question has become so acute that it raises the Shakespearean theme to a global scale: in fact, to be or not to be our planet?

There are only two possible answers: either people turn to face the problem, or our beautiful Earth will perish under a pile of stinking garbage.

Today in the world there are a huge number of industrial enterprises. And only a few of them can boast of waste-free production, while the rest cope with waste as they can or do not cope at all.

About a third of all waste is recycled, that is, disposed of. The rest are forced to lie dead and pollute our atmosphere. And the longer we live with this garbage next to it, the less chances of survival for future generations. This question has already ripened so clearly that it is time for everyone to think and sound anxiously in the bells.

Waste disposal is a complex measure. In order to qualitatively approach the solution of this problem, it is necessary to take into account the presence of different types of waste and the processing of each of them should be approached individually.

How much is processed in Russia

In particular, Russian enterprises generate 3.5 billion tons of waste annually.

Of these, 2.6 billion are industrial, 700 million tons are liquid waste generated by poultry and livestock farms, 42 million tons are, and 30 million tons are sludge from sewage treatment plants.

Waste classification by type

Waste is divided into different types and classes depending on the origin. Let's name the most common, although this is a rather arbitrary division, in fact there are many more species and subspecies.

Household waste

This type includes garbage generated in the process of human life. These are various food, paper, plastic and other waste that citizens throw out of their homes and institutions. Common, familiar to everyone, garbage, found everywhere and everywhere, belongs to the fourth or fifth hazard class.

Biological waste

Animals and humans are biological species. Their waste is great. These include public catering, sanitary and hygienic institutions, veterinary clinics and the like. The main method for their disposal is. Liquid fractions are transported on special vehicles.

Industrial waste

These include wastes arising from production and technological work. This type can also include construction waste, which appears as a result of the production of building and finishing materials (paints and varnishes, thermal insulation, etc.), during the construction of houses and structures, as well as during installation, finishing, facing and repair work.

Radioactive waste

These are unsuitable gases, solutions, various materials and products, biological objects that contain radioactive substances in excess of the permissible norm.

Depending on this indicator, the degree of their danger is determined.

This group includes waste generated by medical institutions. Of these, about 80% is ordinary household waste, the remaining 20% ​​pose a threat to humans to one degree or another.

Division by hazard class

Waste is also classified according to its state of aggregation, that is, it can be liquid, solid and gaseous. According to the degree of hazard, waste is divided into classes, there are four of them.

The lower the waste class, the greater the threat they pose to humans and the entire planet as a whole.

• The first class includes extremely hazardous waste that can disrupt the ecosystem on a catastrophic scale. The consequences of such an impact are irreversible.
• The second class is represented by very hazardous wastes that pose a threat to the environment for a long period (about 30 years).
• The third class includes moderately hazardous waste. The ecosystem has been disrupted, but its restoration is possible only after 10 years, provided that the harmful source is eliminated.
• Low-hazard waste is the fourth class. Their detrimental impact on the environment continues for 3 years.
• Waste of the fifth class does not pose a threat to the environment.

What danger does each species pose to the environment and humans?

Waste is one of the leading environmental problems in the world today. Alas, in some countries it is still not clear what danger nature and man are in. The planet is literally littered with debris.

Solid household waste is diverse: cardboard and wood, metal and ordinary paper, textiles and leather, rubber, stones, glass. Particularly dangerous is plastic waste, which does not decompose for a long period and can lie in the ground for tens or even hundreds of years. Rotting household waste is a breeding ground for many pathogens.

The number of industrial enterprises is growing from year to year, respectively, the amount of waste is increasing, which leads to pollution and littering of nature.

As a result, the quality of the environment is constantly deteriorating, and natural landscapes are increasingly subject to an irreversible process of destruction. Hundreds of thousands of hectares of agricultural land are dying under heaps of rotting waste.

Industrial waste negatively affects not only the atmosphere, but also the water resources of the planet. Discharge of industrial waste into wastewater leads to pollution of the waters of the World Ocean, which, in turn, reduces biological productivity and negatively affects the Earth's climate as a whole.

Debris from wood, drywall, metal, concrete, etc. can damage the balance of an ecosystem. The decomposition time for such waste is rather long. For example, brick fragments can lie in the soil for up to 100 years.

Radiochemical plants, nuclear power plants, research centers throw into the environment the most dangerous waste - radioactive. They are not only dangerous, they can lead our Earth to environmental disaster. The last sad experience at Chernobyl showed firsthand the global nature of the threat of this type of pollution.

Despite the fact that Russia has accumulated enough of its own nuclear waste, radioactive waste from other countries is being brought into the country for processing and further storage.

The danger of medical waste is great. They can contain highly dangerous, self-propagating pathogenic microorganisms, and if they are simply thrown into landfills, then there is a risk of the spread of bacteria, which will lead to outbreaks of various epidemics.

A person, being part of the ecosystem, is also susceptible to the harmful effects of industrial waste. In recent years, a number of diseases have appeared - allergic, endocrine, toxic, - caused by the action of chemicals released by humans into the natural environment.

Waste disposal methods in the RF

The problem of waste disposal is relevant today all over the world, including in Russia. There are three main methods that are used for waste disposal in our country:

• storage of garbage in specially designated landfills;
• burning;
• processing into secondary raw materials.

In order to engage in this type of activity, you must have a license and conclude an agreement. Moreover, each type of waste has its own rules.

Solid household waste and their disposal

The nature of Russia is beautiful and varied. However, today, in the vastness of our vast Motherland, there is not a single natural corner untouched by a human hand. Traces of human carelessness can be found everywhere: lying around bottles, bags, cans, cigarette packs, etc.

80% of all household waste in Russia is simply disposed of in landfills. The cost of this method is the lowest. The official landfills of the Russian Federation, in which about 82 billion tons of waste are buried, are about 11 thousand. Their number is constantly increasing, thereby causing enormous damage to nature.

Partially the garbage is incinerated with subsequent burial. However, this method also has a number of disadvantages, since the harmful substances formed during the combustion process are very toxic, their release into the environment adversely affects human health.

Food waste is placed in storage bins, where, under the influence of a certain temperature, it decomposes and composts.

Only 3% of household waste is processed industrially. This method of disposal is the least dangerous today, but the whole problem lies in the construction of such enterprises, or, more precisely, in the need to invest in this industry.

Recycling of industrial waste

Industrial waste is generated literally at every stage of production. Recently, state authorities have seriously thought about making fundamental changes in the field of environmental management, when the correct processing and disposal of industrial waste generated by enterprises will be subject to the strictest accounting.

Plants for the processing of industrial waste into secondary raw materials are already operating on the territory of the Russian Federation. So far, this industry has just begun its development, so today only 35% of this type of waste undergoes high-quality processing. The rest is still dumped into landfills or, even worse, into wastewater, thereby causing irreparable damage to the planet. Unfortunately, this problem is global, and it must be addressed at the global level.

Disposal of radioactive and medical residues

In Russia, numerous bans have been introduced on the conditions of treatment, disposal, and also on the import of these types of waste. However, today burial and incineration are the main methods of their disposal. There are special burial grounds in which solid and liquid radioactive substances are buried.

Medical waste is first collected in special bags, and then mostly incinerated, which is also unsafe. At this stage, special furnaces equipped with gas cleaning equipment have already begun to operate, and alternative combustion methods (autoclaving, microwave and steam heat treatment) have also appeared.

Is the problem of waste disposal solvable?

Despite its enormous scale, the problem of waste disposal is solvable. Of course, every inhabitant of the planet must start a struggle with himself. But still, the consciousness of people must be supported by measures taken at the state level. It is necessary to create a comprehensive system dealing with the issues of responsible management of natural resources and waste disposal. Only an integrated approach to the problem on the part of the state, local authorities, as well as each individual inhabitant of the planet can minimize the risks of the destructive impact of waste on the ecosystem.

The ecological problem of garbage and waste is acute all over the world. Waste growth is getting higher due to human activity. Some of them require special processing and disposal.

The harm that garbage does to the environment

Residues of industrial and domestic waste contain chemical elements. Such substances have a negative impact on the ecosystem.

Among all the garbage, the fourth part is toxic substances. 30 percent of them go through the recycling process. The rest penetrate into water and soil, and this is a threat to the environment.

The problem of our time lies in the plastic that is often found in human life, since it is dangerous for the ecosystem. This material takes about three hundred years to decompose. Recycle and dispose of plastic residues. Advanced waste recycling plants use technologies to eliminate waste without harming the ecosystem.

Pollution of the water spaces of the planet

Garbage problems exist not only on land but also in the world's oceans. Remnants of plastic products fill the expanses of water. A large ocean dump spotted off the coast of California. The total weight of all waste is 100,000 tons. Among the waste are tiny fragments such as toothpicks and large fragments of sunken frigates.

Landfills are formed by currents that carry debris. In 1997, the first water accumulation of debris in the Pacific Spiral was discovered. The consequences of pollution are the death of one hundred thousand birds a year. When plastic reacts with other materials, it releases toxins that infect fish. And through the fish, the infection enters the human body.

Elimination of pollution of water sources is associated with the observance of sanitary standards by the population while they are at these facilities.

Harm to animals and people

The global problem of garbage pollution of the ecological system is reflected in human health. Among the remains there are sharp parts from glass, plastic or wood, which can be the subject of injury to both humans and animals.

Dangerous microorganisms multiply rapidly on landfills. Bacteria enter the human body, and these are the causes of various diseases. Carriers can also be stray animals living in landfills.

To stop the littering of the planet, it is necessary to prevent the growth of landfills on a huge scale.

Greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect occurs when heat accumulates in the lower atmosphere and the temperature rises. To stop this process, it is necessary to comply with waste management regulations.

If we ignore the problem, then poisonous substances will continue to penetrate into the air and spread for thousands of kilometers, and it will be difficult to get rid of toxic contamination, and the ecology will deteriorate every year. The main way to help prevent contamination of the planet is sorting. Hazardous substances should be disposed of in a special way, with preliminary neutralization.

The timing of the decomposition of garbage and waste

The problem of humanity is that the garbage thrown out in the city or on the street can be recycled for several months or years, releasing toxic substances.

Waste decomposition time:

1. Newspaper paper and cardboard products - 3 months.
2. The paper used for printing is 3 years.
3. Tin items, wood, shoes - 10 years.
4. Iron materials - 20 years.
5. Chewing gum - 30 years old.
6. Car batteries - 100 years old.
7. Plastic bags - 200 years.
8. Batteries - over 100 years old.
9. Car tires - 200 years old.
10. Baby diapers - 400-500 years old.
11. Aluminum cans - 500 years old.
12. Glass - over 1000 years old.

Where to start solving the problem?

To start solving the situation of garbage growth in landfills, you should start redistributing residues. Then some waste can be used for recycling, while others can be used as fertilizer.

This method is well suited for countries where the industry is developed at a high level. Some types of waste are burned in ovens and energy is generated. Using recycled paper for paper production requires less procedural costs than if the product was manufactured from the initial stage.

Such methods of disposal and solve the situation of air pollution and help to reduce the amount of garbage on the ground.

Where to dispose of waste?

All types of waste, both household and chemical, should be disposed of. If the processing methods are carried out incorrectly, then the toxins contained in the waste penetrate into the air, soil, and water.

Industrial wastes fill the territories of settlements. There are cities in Europe where rubbish is simply burned in central squares because the government cannot cope with the environmental situation.

If waste disposal is not carried out at specialized waste processing plants, then it will be difficult to stop environmental pollution.

Waste management methods

The main way to deal with polluting raw materials is recycling. A large amount of industrial waste, about 70 percent, can be reused. This saves resources and reduces production costs.

Some shops have found the minimum solutions to the problem, allowing to reduce the pollution of the planet. Instead of plastic bags, employees use paper bags, which are easy to dispose of. But biodegradable products do not solve the problem of environmental pollution in the modern world.

There is a problem of recycling, which is the lack of specialized enterprises for processing.

Waste recycling

Wastes that have been sorted are recycled. The methods of struggle are as follows.

1. Waste paper and plastic is completely recyclable and reused.
2. Rubber is crushed and turned into crumb, and then they are used. Car tires are recycled and interior mats are made.
3. Organic raw materials are used in agriculture.
4. Household and mobile appliances are disassembled into parts, from which plastic and buttons are recycled, and the metal is remelted.

During the decomposition of some wastes, methane is released. It is used as an alternative energy for space heating.

The problem of recycling also exists, since not all cities have operating waste recycling enterprises.

Waste sorting

The urban population throws food and household waste into one bucket. But this method allows you to deal with garbage only in a residential area. To solve the global problem, sorting methods should be introduced. It is this process that allows you to select the waste that is recyclable.

The essence of the problem lies in the installation in cities of containers for different types of waste. And the population should be informed about the innovations. In some European countries, they understood the problem of environmental pollution, and sorting waste collection has been practiced there for a long time.

Solving problems through rational sorting helps to reduce the time before the disposal phase.

Waste disposal in Russia

In the Russian Federation, the waste problem is gaining alarming proportions. Waste collection sites are overflowing with garbage and emit into the atmosphere a huge amount of not only an unpleasant odor, but also toxic substances. But in addition to specialized sites for collecting waste, pollution of streets with various wastes also has a negative impact on the ecosystem.

In 2020, measures were taken to tackle the pollution problem. A reform has come into force in the country. The document states that they are beginning to use new methods of sorting, processing and disposal. Municipal authorities are expanding their powers, and this allows you to find ways to solve the problem of waste disposal and nature conservation. The reform involves the beginning of informing the population about the rules for collecting raw materials. Particular attention is focused on the waste of housing and communal services. It is if this structure begins to properly process waste, then the issue of garbage will begin to take on a positive side.

Waste sorting alone will not solve the ecological situation. It is necessary to rationally distribute water resources, and monitor large landfills in settlements.

Recycling experience abroad

Western countries have already realized that the problem of humanity is huge accumulations of garbage in places not intended for this. And in the city dumps, stale waste becomes a problem for the ecological system. There are many plastic products in use in the United States. Therefore, the government organized the collection of plastic containers and sending them for recycling and use.

To organize such actions, the population should be informed and notify where the collection of products will be carried out. A country like Sweden has provided for a deposit at the legislative level. It consists in the fact that a person hands over used tin, plastic or glass raw materials to specialized collection points, and a part of the money spent on the purchase of the product is returned to him.

Waste disposal is most severe in Japan. Here, the authorities took the problem seriously and erected waste processing plants. The enterprises have installed sensors that monitor the release of hazardous elements into the atmosphere.

For non-compliance with the rules of collection or disposal, the population faces a fine.

Conclusion

Waste accumulation, unauthorized disposal and lack of recycling is a major environmental problem. The first step in tackling the issue of contamination of the Earth is the correct methods of sorting raw materials and recycling.

Back forward

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Introduction

Relevance of the research topic.

“We are all passengers of one ship named Earth, -
it means that there is simply nowhere to change from it. "
Antoine de Saint-Exupery

(Presentation, slide 2)

The snow has melted and the streets of our city are screaming about this problem. Our present is huge garbage dumps around cities, poor environmental conditions, polluted territories. Citywide landfills and landfills are overflowing with mixed waste, up to 80% of which could become high-quality recyclable materials if it is collected separately.

Waste, which accumulates in huge quantities in our homes, waste bins belong to the category of solid household waste. We are directly involved in their education. They affect the quality of the environment, are a source of environmental danger: they spread odors and are a medium for the decomposition of pathogenic bacteria, rodents - carriers of infectious diseases. Therefore, they are a serious danger to public health.

The waste problem has existed for a long time. Even the ancient people who lived in caves arranged garbage dumps outside their homes. Such wastes were easily destroyed by natural processes. The development of civilization has generated an avalanche-like increase in the amount of waste. The better we live, the more we consume various goods, which means we produce more waste. The number of waste processing plants in Russia today is small. The amount of solid household waste is increasing every year.

Purpose of work: trace the path of household waste in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, understand the causes of environmental pollution. (Presentation, slide 3)

Work tasks:

1) Study the literature on the problem of household waste in Russia, in particular in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region;
2) Identify the points of reception and processing of secondary raw materials in the Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg;
3) Research and describe the trash accumulated in the trash can of one family in one week;
4) Research on the aspects of forming a conscious attitude towards the disposal of household waste in adolescents. Questioning students, studying the activities carried out in the environmental direction in the State Budgetary Educational Institution of the Gymnasium No. 196 of the Krasnogvardeisky District.
5) Consider options for reducing household waste.

The object of research: ecology.

Subject of study: household waste, waste disposal problems, the possibility of reuse and recycling.

Research hypothesis: the problem of waste has become one of the most important environmental problems facing humanity today. After the appearance of artificial materials, our waste will remain in landfills for tens and hundreds of years, poisoning the earth, water and air. The issue of separate waste collection and recycling is relevant.

Working methods used in the study: comparative analysis, systematization and generalization of the obtained material, logical presentation of the material, questioning.

Chapter 1. Current state of the problem

In ancient civilizations (Egyptian, Greek and Roman empires), waste disposal was organized very carefully. In Ancient Greece, there was a law that garbage must be removed outside the city limits, the distance must be at least 1 km. As a result, after the publication of this decree, the sanitary condition of cities has improved, the incidence of various infectious diseases has decreased.

With the advent of the Middle Ages, garbage was no longer taken out of the city. Nobody was interested in this issue and did not deal with it. In France, residents of Paris and other large cities threw their household waste out of the window and onto the street. Very rarely, cesspools or ditches were organized to collect and place garbage in some European cities, and often food waste and even waste from the toilet were lying right in the squares in front of houses.

In the old days in Russia, issues with garbage collection were not allowed to take their course. Depending on the area, this garbage was named differently. But not only the garbage, but also the people involved in cleaning - the dirtiest job. All sorts of rubbish was called Bastard (emphasis on the second letter o). Therefore, earlier in Russia, they paid attention to garbage, collected it, in contrast to Medieval Europe. (Presentation slide 4)

The Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy has published The Environmental Performance Index 2016.
The Environmental Performance Study measures the country's achievements in terms of the state of ecology and natural resource management based on 22 indicators in 10 categories that reflect various aspects of the state of the natural environment and the viability of its ecological systems, preservation of biological diversity, counteraction to climate change, health status of the population, practice economic activity and the degree of its load on the environment, as well as the effectiveness of state policy in the field of ecology. In 2016, the study and its accompanying ranking cover 180 countries.
Finland has become the world leader in terms of environmental performance this year. The top ten leaders also included: Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, Slovenia, Spain, Portugal, Estonia, Malta and France. Russia ranks 32nd out of 180. The most disadvantaged countries in terms of environmental efficiency are Madagascar, Eritrea and Somalia.

1.1. Impact of household waste on the environment

There are five degrees of MSW exposure:

• 5th degree of danger. Recyclable solid waste. The environmental impact is very low. Garbage can be recycled without significant impact on the environment. Examples are shards of ceramic tiles and utensils, brick debris, food debris, wood shavings.
• 4th degree of danger. Medium hazardous solid waste. This group includes all wastes with a natural decay period of up to 3 years. Despite the fact that their presence violates the ecological balance in nature, the degree of danger of such solid waste is defined as low. Examples are wood, waste paper, car tires, plastic.
• 3rd degree of danger. Hazardous waste. The impact on nature is strong, resulting in a violation of the ecological system. The period of nature restoration after exposure to such solid waste is about 10 years, and the period is counted after the elimination of the source of exposure. Examples are types of grout, paints, acetone, metal objects.
• 2nd degree of danger. High danger. After the impact on the environment, a complete restoration of the balance is possible in at least 30 years. Examples are batteries with electrolytes and engine oils.
• 1st degree of danger. Extremely high danger. The impact of such solid waste entails the complete destruction of nature without the possibility of its restoration. Examples are thermometers, batteries, fluorescent lamps. (Presentation, slide 5)

1.2. Waste treatment methods

Currently, there are such types of disposal as:

• Natural decomposition in the natural environment.
• Burial at landfills.
• Separation of useful components and secondary processing (recycling). (Presentation, slide 6)

Natural decomposition in the natural environment.

With this method, the decomposition time can vary from several days to several decades. Here are some examples:

1. Food waste - decomposition time 30 days

2. Newsprint - decomposition period 1-4 months

3. Leaves, seeds, twigs - decomposition period 3-4 months

4. Office paper - decomposition period 2 years

5. Iron cans - decomposition period 10 years

6. Old shoes - decomposition period 10 years

7. Fragments of brick and concrete - decomposition time 100 years

8. Foil - decomposition period over 100 years

9. Electric batteries - decomposition period 110 years

10. Rubber tires - decomposition period 120-140 years

11. Plastic bottles - decomposition period 180-200 years

12. Aluminum cans - decomposition period 500 years (almost the most dangerous rubbish) (Presentation, slide 7)

Burial at landfills.

Burial is the most common way. It is only suitable for garbage that is not susceptible to spontaneous combustion. Nowadays, ordinary landfills give way to landfills equipped with a system of engineering structures that prevent the contamination of ground and underground waters, atmospheric air. In developed countries, catchers for gas generated during decomposition are installed at landfills. It is used to generate electricity, space heating and water heating. (Presentation, slide 8)

Recycling.

The term "recycling" ("recycling" - from English) is the bringing of waste raw materials, reagents into working condition. This is the reuse or recycling of industrial waste or garbage. (Presentation, slide 9)

In Russia, in general, and in St. Petersburg in particular, recycling is still a new concept, although the situation has begun to change - the state has paid attention to the economic profit that the return of valuable waste components to circulation can give.

Recycling classes:

• Mechanical recycling
• Incineration
• Recycling by pyrolysis
• Chemical recycling

Mechanical.

This class combines the operations of cutting and shredding waste, and then using them as fillers for new materials. There are technologies that make it possible to obtain high-quality and cheap raw materials.
However, it is not without its drawbacks. The main one is the possibility of spontaneous combustion of materials during grinding.

Incineration.

The simplest class of recycling is waste incineration for the purpose of generating energy. Its main advantage is the reduction of the volume of waste destined for disposal in landfills and landfills.
The main disadvantage of incineration is the release of toxic gases and carcinogens into the atmosphere. In our region incineration is carried out in incinerators.

Pyrolysis.

The waste heating process takes place in an inert atmosphere (oxygen-free combustion). The raw material does not burn, but gradually decomposes into simple elements with the release of a large amount of energy. In terms of calorific value, pyrolysis products are superior to such traditional fuels as gasoline and oil fuel.

Chemical.

Its essence lies in the fact that homogeneous types of waste are treated with chemical reagents, as a result of which raw materials are obtained, which are used for the production of windings for cables, paints and varnishes, road surfaces.

Chapter 2. The problem of waste disposal on the example of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region

Garbage, accumulating every year, is a serious problem for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. The capacity of the latest technologies is sufficient only for processing 5% of regional and 15% of city waste. (Presentation, slide 10) Life in the Leningrad Region annually passes with the formation of 4.3 million m3 of garbage, 95% of which is burned and disposed of. Many landfills are in an unsanitary state, which is discomfort to residents of the adjacent territories. An example is the largest landfill in the Leningrad region in the Lomonosov district - the Yuzhny landfill.

Thanks to the Novy Svet and Krasny Bor landfills, the Leningrad Region ranked 83rd from the bottom out of 85 possible in the rating of ecologists throughout Russia.

The public organization "Green Way" has published its next environmental rating. In it, the Leningrad Region took 83rd place out of 85 regions. Only the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions turned out to be worse than the 47th region, and the Tambov region became the cleanest region, overtaking the Altai Republic.

Note that the authorities of the Leningrad Region have declared 2017 the Year of Ecology.

In St. Petersburg, the environment is not bad: the city got into the top ten ecologically clean regions and took 9th place.
"This place is quite natural for the Leningrad Region in terms of the ecological situation, given that the region has completely failed the waste management policy. This is confirmed by the countless number of unauthorized landfills and the threatening scale of pirate landfills, such as the landfill identified by the All-Russian People's Front on Volkhonskoye Highway, Yaninskaya reclamation, and much more. the other, which turned the suburban areas of the Leningrad Region into zones of ecological disaster, "ecologist Sergei Gribalev told 47news.
According to the expert, many licensed landfills are already on the verge of overflow, and the desire to increase them leads to popular indignation and, as in the case of the Gatchina landfill "Novy Svet", the height of which will soon reach 72 meters.

2.1. Landfills as a way of disposal

Pros:

Garbage rotting occurs under the influence of bacteria. This produces landfill gas - biogas, which is formed as a result of the anaerobic decomposition of organic municipal waste.
Landfill gas is collected to prevent air pollution and used as fuel to generate electricity, heat or steam.

Minuses:

Being in open areas, under the influence of atmospheric air, sun and precipitation, harmful substances are washed out and penetrate into the ground, into the soil and underground water basins, groundwater.
Waste in landfills slowly but constantly burns up - smolders. As you know, smoldering is the combustion phase with the highest production of persistent organic pollutants.
Food waste practically does not harm nature. They are used for feeding on various organisms.
Harm to humans: rotting food waste is a breeding ground for microbes.
Decomposition paths: used in food by various microorganisms.
Landfills and polygons are represented on the map of the region and city (Annex 1)
The "dirtiest" place on the map is the area of ​​the Sertolovo village.
(Presentation, slide 11-12-13)

2.2. Waste incineration

This disposal method is considered effective, provided that the plant is equipped with high-tech equipment. Metals, batteries and plastic are first removed from waste.
(Presentation, slide14 )

Benefits of incineration:

• less unpleasant odors;
• decreases the number of harmful bacteria, emissions;
• the resulting mass does not attract rodents and birds;
• it is possible to obtain energy (heat and electricity) during combustion.

Disadvantages:

• expensive construction and operation of incinerators;
• construction takes at least 5 years;
• when waste is incinerated, harmful substances enter the atmosphere;
• incineration ash is toxic and cannot be stored in conventional landfills.

This requires special storage. Due to the lack of city budgets, inconsistency with waste processing companies and for other reasons in Russia and in St. Petersburg in particular, the production of waste incineration plants has not yet been established.
There are four factories in the city that produce dioxins. These plants burn sludge from sewage, the first of which is located on White Island, the second in Olgino, the third not far from Strelna on the territory of the South-Western Wastewater Treatment Plant. Also, in 2014, in Krasny Bor, a toxic waste incineration plant was launched.

Combustion is a complex physicochemical process in which new chemical compounds are formed. Despite the fact that technologies for the destruction of dioxins are not used, when the gaseous emissions are cooled, they are restored. Sources of dioxins can be food and PVC packaging, as well as other items that are contained in the garbage. Also incinerators are characterized by metal emissions. Their content is noted in non-combustible waste, which can be sorted before incineration, and in combustible waste (such as mercury or copper), which cannot be separated from other waste.

2.3. Waste disposal and recycling
At present, in St. Petersburg and the region there is a huge amount (most) of waste, including household waste, the disposal of which is carried out by the method of disposal.
Waste disposal is an environmental term that implies the disposal and storage of waste for further disposal.

St. Petersburg State Unitary Enterprise "Plant MPBO-2" - a processing plant in Yanino.

The waste processing plant is located in Yanino, but its capacity is very small compared to the total volume of MSW removed. In the future, it is planned to build processing plants for solid waste, which will be used for the disposal of household waste.
The company provides services for the placement and disposal of waste, as well as disposal of waste at the "Plant for mechanized processing of household waste"

Carried out:

• Waste removal.
• Utilization and disposal of waste.
• Environmental design.

Experimental plant for mechanized processing of household waste (Volkhonskoe highway 116, Krasnoselsky district of St. Petersburg) - the largest licensed environmental protection company in the North-West region of Russia. Since November 2010, the plant has been carrying out waste disposal; for this purpose, modern vehicles (garbage trucks) and a container fleet have been purchased. for garbage removal, construction waste removal, waste processing.

The main goal of the activity is to ensure the environmental safety of the residents of St. Petersburg.

Main goals:

• Uninterrupted disposal and disposal of waste from the population.
• Environmentally friendly waste processing as an alternative to landfill.
• Extraction of secondary raw materials from incoming waste and conservation of natural resources. garbage removal, construction waste removal.

List of solid waste landfills in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region ( Appendix 2).

(Presentation, slide 15)

Recycling waste- the most resource-saving way, but not always profitable both economically and ecologically. There are a number of problems here.

The first problem is that the trash must be sorted out before being used. Paper, pieces of iron, broken glass - should be kept separately. Obviously, sorting the garbage that has already entered the landfill is almost impossible - there are no such machines, and people work very slowly, and this is harmful to their health. Therefore, it is necessary to sort the garbage at the moment when it is thrown away. This means that each person should have separate buckets for food waste, paper, plastic, etc. This approach takes root in villages, but in cities such ideas are difficult to implement. Although in some foreign countries, separate containers for different types of garbage have already appeared on the streets.
(Presentation, slide 16)

The second problem is the delivery of waste to the recycling site. If there is a lot of waste and consumers of its processed products, then many factories capable of processing waste of this type can be built. Then, for example, broken glass collected from the surrounding landfills will be recycled in numerous glass factories. What about electric bulbs? Each light bulb contains several tens of milligrams of molybdenum and tungsten, rare and valuable metals. The recycling of these metals requires high temperatures. A large reactor is required to maintain high temperatures. Therefore, in every city, you cannot build a factory that produces light bulbs, and, accordingly, processes molybdenum and tungsten - there will be packaging. Thus, in order to dispose of molybdenum and tungsten, it is necessary to go around all the garbage dumps, collect several discarded light bulbs on each and carry them far away. All this requires gasoline, which is also an expensive and non-renewable raw material that emits toxic substances during combustion. So it turns out that the recycling of light bulbs, for all its apparent attractiveness, is an overhead task. For the same reason, it is not worth organizing a centralized collection of garbage for secondary use in villages and towns.

The most widespread recycling, tertiary, etc. processing on one or another scale of materials such as glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, iron, fabrics and various types of plastics.

The value of recycling.

At first, the resources of many materials on Earth are limited and cannot be replenished in a time frame comparable to the time of existence of human civilization.

Secondly once released into the environment, materials usually become pollutants.

Thirdly, waste and end-of-life products are often a cheaper source of many substances and materials than natural sources.

Conclusions:

• For reuse, all waste must be sorted.
• To do this, it is necessary to create conditions that can arouse interest among citizens in sorting waste.
• The use of secondary raw materials as a new resource base is one of the most dynamically developing areas of materials processing in the world. For Russia, it is relatively new.

Separate waste collection in Krasnogvardeisky district.

In the Krasnogvardeisky district:

1) At the address: st. M. Tukhachevsky, 31, a regular action "Separate Collection" is held among the population to collect waste for recycling. And also familiarization of the population with separate waste collection.

The action is carried out by representatives of the Ecological Movement "Separate Collection".

2) Reception points in Krasnogvardeisky district, addresses (Appendix 3).

List of reception of recyclable materials from the population. The price of waste paper - from 1.00 rubles per kg - up to 2.00 rubles per kg. Glass cullet, from 10 kopecks per piece - up to 20 kopecks per piece.

Glass containers, depending on the name - from 50 kopecks - up to 1.20 rubles per piece.

Working hours of waste paper collection points: From 9:00 to 18:00.

During the study of the vicinity of the Krasnogvardeisky district of special waste bins for separate waste collection in the courtyards was not found.

There is a corresponding processing technology for each type of raw material.

Types of secondary raw materials:

Waste paper, glass, scrap metal, chemicals, petroleum products, electronics, plastics, rubber, biological, timber, construction.

(Presentation, slide 17-18)

2.4. Disposal of used batteries and energy saving lamps

Why can't you just throw batteries in the trash? What to do with used batteries?
(Presentation, slide 19 - 20)

Batteries are dangerous due to their chemical composition. If the question arose of how to store the batteries, the answer is unequivocal - to pack it tightly and take the waste product to the collection point as soon as possible.

To complete the picture, it is necessary to describe in detail the two main ways of poisoning nature that relate to humans:

Over time, the cell's capacity decomposes, which leads to the release of toxic substances into the environment, that is, into the soil and air. And already through it, harmful components enter the groundwater, and then into the reservoirs, from where the liquid goes to our homes.

Yes, in landfills, batteries are incinerated, but the smoke containing dioxins, in this case, does not disappear anywhere, it gets into the air. The entire plant and animal world absorbs this smoke, and through them the poison enters the human body.

Energy saving lamps - what to do with them after working out?

Energy saving lamps (fluorescent compact lamps) are an undeniable breakthrough and improvement in lighting technology. In general, this is true, but there are certain nuances.

They contain free mercury, the vapors of which are released into the atmosphere when the lamp is damaged. Therefore, even the most advanced low-mercury lamp designs should not be disposed of with other household waste at the end of their useful life. Like batteries, energy saving lamps require special disposal. In St. Petersburg installed "Eco boxes", where you can donate hazardous waste - used batteries, mercury thermometers, energy saving light bulbs.

In the Krasnogvardeisky district:

Sredneokhtinsky prospect, 50 Real estate department of Krasnogvardeisky district

Malokhtinsky pr., 64 A Bank Saint Petersburg

NS. Energetikov, 59 Vehicle fleet number 6 Spetstrans

Stakhanovtsev pr., 17 RSHU, hostel number 1

Malokhtinsky pr., 98 RSHU, academic building

NS. Metallistov, 3 RSGMU

NS. Kosygina, 17, bldg. 1 residential building

Chapter 3.The practical part of the research work

People do not at all care about the impact of waste on the health of not only adults, but also directly contribute to the harmful effects on the health of their own children. In Appendix No. 4 there is a photograph showing this; garbage is scattered around the playground (most of them are plastic bags, cans).
(Presentation, slide 21-22)

Poll on the topic“Do you think about the consequences before throwing garbage on the streets of the city?” 8 out of 10 responded that they do not. This suggests that only about 20% of humanity cares about the ecological state of the planet.
To another question "Would you change anything in the ecology of your city?" about 90% answered yes. People expect the ecological state to change, but they themselves do nothing for this.

Sociological research in the family.

Table 2.The amount of waste used by one family in 7 days.

Output: it is better not to collect all the garbage in one pile, if possible, sort it by type, and if possible, take the plastic to special containers.

Ways to solve the problem: separate collection and processing of plastic waste to obtain secondary polymer materials.

Chapter 4. Research results, conclusions and proposals

In the course of the research, we faced the following problem: environmental issues are of concern to everyone, the state of life of a modern person depends on their solution, but few people think that the person himself is most often the culprit of all these problems.
In order not to aggravate this problem today, not only the efforts of the authorities are needed. The garbage truck will not come to the forest or to the meadow to remove an empty plastic bottle or chocolate packaging after you. First of all, each person must maintain cleanliness himself, and then wait for this from others. The implementation of the project will help to attract schoolchildren and the adult population to the problem raised, contributes to the upbringing of environmentally literate young people, will create a basis for the formation of an active life position of children and adolescents, the involvement of students in socially significant activities, the development of the creative abilities of children and interest in scientific activities.
(Presentation, slide 23)

4.1. How can an ordinary person reduce the amount of garbage?

By planning your waste disposal, you can save money and reduce your negative impact on the environment.

Method number 1.Reduced waste

Try not to use or minimize the use of disposable items: plastic bags, aluminum, glass and plastic jars and bottles, packaging, containers, as well as dishes, lighters and the like.

• Use cloth bags instead of plastic bags.
• Buy foods that are less packaged.
• Instead of disposable containers, it is optimal to use reusable containers,
• Don't buy bottled drinks unnecessarily.
• Reduce your use of paper.
• Consider switching to more sustainable home care products.

Many containers used to store cleaning products cannot be recycled. Replace them with natural products and you will create a chemical-free environment for your family.

Method number 2.

Reuse and recycling

Even disposable items can often be used more than once.

• Donate things to charities.
• Reuse packaging.
• Separate waste collection. Visit your city's website for details on recycling arrangements.
• Dispose of trash and hazardous waste properly. Batteries, paints, televisions, computers and other electronics, lighting lamps.

Method number 3.

Compost

• Don't throw away leftovers or cut plants. These things are great for making compost, turning them into a rich, nutritious base to power your garden.
• There are countless alternative solutions. This will become apparent as soon as you start looking, and you will be rewarded by seeing your trash decrease significantly.

4.2. Administrative violations related tounauthorized waste disposal

The main measures to combat unauthorized waste disposal is the imposition of a fine. Authorized persons can draw up protocols and impose a fine on the violator of the ecological safety of the environment.

Table 3 shows the main articles of the "Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and nature management", which impose responsibility for improper waste operation.

Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and nature management "

Table 3. The main articles of the "Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses.

Article	Penalty for citizens	Penalty for officials	Penalty for legal entities
8.2. Failure to comply with environmental and sanitary and epidemiological requirements when handling production and consumption waste or other hazardous substances	from 1 thousand to 2 thousand rubles	from 10 thousand to 30 thousand rubles	from 30 thousand to 50 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 20 days
8.6. Spoilage of land. 2. Destruction of the fertile soil layer, as well as damage to land as a result of violation of the rules for handling pesticides and agrochemicals or other substances and production and consumption wastes hazardous to human health and the environment	from 1.5 thousand to 2 thousand rubles	from 3 thousand to 4 thousand rubles	from 3 thousand to 4 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days
8.8. Use of land plots not for their intended purpose, failure to fulfill obligations to bring lands to a condition suitable for use for their intended purpose	from 2 thousand to 2.5 thousand rubles	from 4 thousand to 5 thousand rubles	from 70 thousand to 100 thousand rubles
8.31. Violation of sanitary safety rules in forests. 2. Pollution of forests by sewage, chemical, radioactive and other harmful substances, production and consumption wastes and (or) other negative impact on forests	from 1 thousand to 2.5 thousand rubles	from 2 thousand to 5 thousand rubles	from 20 thousand to 100 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days.
8.41. Failure to pay in due time for negative impact on the environment		from 3 thousand to 6 thousand rubles	from 15 thousand to 100 thousand rubles

The table shows that the fine imposed on legal entities is almost ten times higher than the fine imposed on citizens, and twice as much as the fine for officials. This indicates that the government has taken some measures to protect the environment from waste pollution. (Presentation slide 24)

4.3. Environmental education and upbringing of students from gymnasium No. 196 of Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg

Solving environmental problems requires the unification of all countries, of all mankind. And above all, everyone's participation is needed.
School is our second home. Younger schoolchildren borrow behavioral motivation from older schoolchildren. The upbringing of the younger generation cannot do without active promotion of social values. An effective solution to problems related to education is impossible without the broad participation of the school students themselves. In this regard, the gymnasium has developed projects aimed at environmental education and upbringing of students, at increasing students' interest in joint creativity. That is why all of the above reasons contributed to the development of a project for cooperation between senior and junior school managers.

Within the framework of environmental education in the 2016-2017 academic year, the following activities were carried out:

1. Monthly collection of waste paper. Action "Save a tree" - collection of waste paper.
2. Events dedicated to energy saving issues. Action "Earth Hour", "Keepers of Water" - All-Russian eco-lesson about water.
3. Regional review - competition "Ecological postcard" DYuT "On Lenskaya".
4. Separate collection of solid waste. Action "Save the Hedgehog", collection of used batteries. Plastic crockery craft contest "Unusual in the Usual". All-Russian eco-lesson "Share with us" for schoolchildren of 7-11 grades. Competition www.beregivodu.rf - "Water of Russia".
5. From the Year of Cinema to the Year of Ecology. Open City Film Competition "In the Lens - the Environment".
6. Cleaning the territory of the gymnasium and the forest park as part of the citywide cleanup.
7. Photo exhibition "My favorite pet".
8. Planned event - from 21.04 to 26.04.2017 the project "Mobile technologies for the environment" within the framework of the "Green Schools" program of the All-Russian movement ECA.

(Presentation, slide 25 - 29)

Conclusion

Working on the theme of the project, we made sure that production and consumption waste poses a serious environmental hazard, as on a national scale.

Conclusion: our country, and in particular the city of St. Petersburg, is so far poorly coping with the global garbage problem.
This is primarily due to the fact that people do not understand the scale of the problem. Nobody thinks that we use a plastic bag for 20 minutes, and it rots for 200 years.

Unfortunately, our state does not actively propagandize on this issue and does not support waste recycling organizations and does not contribute to the separate collection of waste in the yards. No one will go with a garbage bag to the next block to throw it into a special container.

Currently, household waste is used not only as recyclable materials for the production of new products. They are also used for aesthetic purposes. Various exhibitions are periodically opened around the world, competitions are held for the manufacture of all kinds of objects, sculptures, interior items from household waste. People started using trash (cans, bottles, old videotapes, pipes, and more) to make them. Such events are aimed at drawing the attention of the whole world to the problem of disposal and recycling of all types of waste.
(Presentation, slide 30)

Bibliography

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2. All about solid household waste. Solid waste technologies. Actual reviews. MSW magazine! S. 42-45.
3. Rating of countries in the world in terms of environmental efficiency in 2016. [Electronic resource] // Center for Humanitarian Technologies. - 01/29/2016. 12:55 pm. URL: http://gtmarket.ru/news/2016/01/29/7292
4. Electronic resource - Greenpeace Russia - URL: http://www.greenpeace.org
The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and nature management ".
6. Chizhevsky AE I know the world. Ecology. Encyclopedia Astrel - 2005
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