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Rational and integrated use of minerals and energy resources. Rational use of minerals

The upper part of the lithosphere is subject to intense technogenic impact as a result of human economic activity, including during geological exploration and development of mineral deposits. The negative consequences arising in connection with this often lead to its restructuring and the manifestation of dangerous and environmentally irreversible processes and phenomena. Changes occurring in the upper part of the lithosphere have a significant impact on environmental situation in specific areas, since through its upper layers there is an exchange of substances and energy with the atmosphere and hydrosphere, which ultimately leads to a noticeable impact on the biosphere as a whole.

The upper layers of the lithosphere are experiencing increased impact due to active engineering-geological research and geological exploration for various types of minerals. At the same time, agricultural and forest lands are alienated, the thermal balance of the subsoil changes, and pollution environment petroleum products, drilling fluid, acids and other toxic components used in drilling wells. Carrying out seismic research using drilling and blasting operations, the density of which is especially high within the Pripyat trough, causes a violation of the physical and chemical properties of the soil and upper layers of the lithosphere, pollution groundwater, technogenic changes in the mineral composition of sediments.

Mining has a major negative impact on the lithosphere. Due to the activities of mining enterprises that move large volumes of rocks, the regimes of surface, ground and groundwater, soil productivity structures are disrupted, chemical and geochemical processes are activated.

Accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant led to radioactive contamination of a significant part of the country's mineral resources. These are mainly deposits of clay, sand and sand-gravel mixtures, cement and lime raw materials, building and facing stones. The Pripyat oil and gas basin and the Zhitkovichi deposit of brown coal and oil shale also fell into the contamination zone.

Subsoil protection is considered as a system of measures that ensures the preservation of existing diversity and rational use of the geological environment, the formation of specially protected geological objects that have special scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic and recreational value.

Subsoil protection and rational use mineral resources are directly related to the prospects for the development of extractive industries, geological exploration, and the implementation of environmental protection measures throughout the country. Production programs (business plans) of mining and exploration enterprises, on the one hand, and environmental protection plans, on the other, must be developed in a single block. The extraction and consumption of mineral resources is preceded by geological exploration. It is at the stage of prospecting and exploration of mineral resources that the most rational ways of using them should be identified.

The state program of geological exploration for the development of the mineral resource base for 2006-2010 and for the period until 2020 identified the following areas as priorities: search and exploration of oil and gas fields; search and preparation for industrial development of brown coal deposits; assessment of diamond potential prospects; exploration of iron ore reserves; preparation for the industrial development of mineralized brines in one of the promising areas; search and exploration of new mineral deposits. The program includes tasks for increasing mineral reserves and other final indicators of geological exploration production, including tasks for the technical re-equipment of the industry.

It can be concluded that the integrated use and careful consumption of mineral raw materials during their extraction, transportation and processing is inextricably linked with the protection of the natural environment. Transforming small-purpose mining enterprises and processing plants into multi-purpose ones, abandoning the sectoral approach to the development of mineral resources, is at the same time saving mineral raw materials and resources. There is a need for constant and strict control over compliance with the operating regime of deposits, the organization and conduct of monitoring by the developer, and the reclamation and rehabilitation of landscapes. mineral resource geological exploration

For the protection of subsoil, it is essential to use minerals strictly for their intended purpose. Also D.I. Mendeleev said: “Oil is not a fuel; you can heat it with banknotes.” The reserve for saving mineral resources is: more complete use of secondary raw materials and by-product energy, replacement of scarce metals with less scarce materials.

Another savings reserve, the use of which will preserve the subsoil, is the use of artificial substitutes for scarce mineral raw materials. Metal can be successfully replaced with plastics, wood and even stone. Judging by the rate of plastic production, polymers will soon surpass metals. Mineral fuels can be replaced by geothermal energy from thermal underground waters. For example, in Hungary, greenhouses, livestock farms and even some residential premises are heated using geothermal groundwater.

The rapid development of scientific and technological progress is accompanied by the intensive use of non-renewable resources, which include most minerals:

- fuel and energy - oil, gas, coal, oil shale, peat, uranium ores;
- ore resources - iron and manganese ore, bauxite, chromite, copper, lead-zinc, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, tin ore, precious metal ores;
- natural building materials and non-metallic minerals - limestone, dolomite, clay, sand, marble, granite, jasper, agate, diamonds;
- mining chemical raw materials - apatites, phosphorites, table salts, potassium salt, sulfur, barite, bromine and iodine-containing solutions;
- hydromineral resources - underground fresh and mineralized waters;
- mineral resources located in the depths under the seas and oceans.

Since 1992, the increase in proven mineral reserves has not covered their production. The resource saturation of Russia, measured by the amount of resources consumed per capita, is 1.5-3 times lower than in other industrial countries. A similar situation is developing in a number of other countries, and in many countries there are no mineral resources most necessary for life. The primary objectives are: protection and rational use of natural resources, widespread involvement of renewable energy sources (water, wind and solar energy) in the resource cycle, and integrated use of natural resources.

Basic provisions of rational environmental management

Improving resource cycles is based on a number of general principles on which environmental management is based in any industry.

These include the principle systematic approach, which provides for a comprehensive comprehensive assessment of the impact of production on the environment and its responses.

From the perspective of a systems approach, not a single natural resource can be used or protected independently of each other. For example, increasing soil fertility through irrigation using irrigation systems can lead to depletion water resources, which must be anticipated and prevented.

Discharges of waste into a river should be assessed not only by their impact on fish, but also on the biochemistry of a given water body and on the entire water supply system of the area where this river flows, including the reservoir or watercourse into which this river flows.

The principle of optimizing environmental management is to make the most appropriate decisions in the use of natural resources and natural systems based on a simultaneous environmental and economic approach, forecasting the development of various industries and geographic regions. In accordance with this principle, it is advisable to move some timber processing enterprises to the eastern regions of the country, closer to raw material reserves, which reduces the burden on depleted timber reserves in the European part of the Russian Federation. Open-pit mining methods have a number of advantages over mine mining in terms of maximum use of raw materials, but lead to the loss of fertile soils. The optimal solution is to combine open-pit mining with land reclamation and restoration of their fertility.

The principle of outstripping the rate of procurement and extraction of raw materials by the rate of yield of useful products is based on reducing the amount of waste generated during the production process, i.e. on more complete use of the same amount of raw materials. It assumes an increase in production not due to the involvement of new masses of natural resources in the use, but due to their more complete use through resource conservation and improvement of technological processes.

The principle of harmonization of relations between nature and production is decided on the creation and operation of natural-technical, geotechnical or ecological-economic systems, which are a set of any production and elements of the natural environment interacting with it, and ensuring, on the one hand, high production indicators, and on the other hand the other is maintaining a favorable environmental situation in its zone of influence, the maximum possible conservation and reproduction of natural resources. Such systems provide for the prediction of unwanted and dangerous situations, as well as the implementation of measures to prevent them. The system has a management service, whose task is to timely identify possible harmful effects and make the necessary adjustments to one or another component of the system (production or environment). If a deterioration in the state of the natural environment surrounding the enterprise is detected, the management service makes a decision on the need to stop the production process, while reducing the volume of emissions and discharges.

The principle of integrated use of natural resources and concentration of production is that on the basis of the raw materials and energy resources available in a given economic region, territorial production complexes are created that make it possible to more fully use these resources and thereby reduce the harmful load on the environment. Such territorial production complexes have specialization, are concentrated in a certain territory, have a unified production and social infrastructure (communications, flows of matter and energy, health care system, cultural sphere) and jointly ensure environmental protection. An example is the Kansk-Achinsk Thermal Power Complex (KATEK), based on large coal deposits. Such territorial production complexes create the prerequisites for the development of integrated energy- and resource-saving industries, for the maximum possible recycling of waste and the use of secondary products. Naturally, complexes also have bad influence on the environment, but due to the integrated use of its resources based on the concentration of production, optimization of environmental management, as well as harmonization of the interaction of technology with the environment, this impact is significantly reduced. At the same time, investments in compensation measures are increasing in order to ensure environmental quality and reduce damage to nature.

The upper part of the lithosphere is subject to intense technogenic impact as a result of human economic activity, including during geological exploration and development of mineral deposits. The negative changes that arise in connection with this often lead to its continuous restructuring and the manifestation of dangerous and environmentally irreversible processes and phenomena. Changes occurring in the upper part of the lithosphere have a significant impact on the ecological situation in specific areas, since through its upper layers there is an exchange of substances and energy with the atmosphere and hydrosphere, which ultimately leads to a noticeable impact on the biosphere as a whole.

The upper layers of the lithosphere within the territory of Belarus are subject to intense impact as a result of geotechnical research and geological exploration for various types of minerals. It should be noted that only from the beginning of the 50s of the XX century. about 1,400 prospecting, exploration and production wells were drilled for oil (up to 2.5-5.2 km deep), more than 900 wells for rock and potassium salts (600-1,500 m deep), more than 1,000 wells of specially protected geological objects with a special scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic and recreational value.

The Code of the Republic of Belarus on Subsoil (1997) defines the basic requirements for the rational use and protection of subsoil, among them:

♦ compliance with the procedure established by the legislation of the country for providing subsoil for use and preventing unauthorized use of subsoil;

♦ complete and comprehensive geological study of the subsoil, providing a reliable assessment of mineral reserves;

♦ preventing damage to developed and nearby mineral deposits as a result of subsoil use, as well as reserves of these minerals conserved in the subsoil;

♦ ensuring the most complete extraction from reserves of the main and co-occurring minerals and associated components;

♦ rational use of overburden rocks;

♦ protection of mineral deposits from flooding, watering, fires and other disasters that reduce the quality and industrial value of minerals.

The protection of subsoil and the rational use of mineral resources are directly related to the prospects for the development of extractive industries, geological exploration, and the implementation of environmental protection measures throughout the country. Production programs (business plans) of mining and exploration enterprises, on the one hand, and environmental protection plans, on the other, must be developed in a single block. However, the extraction and consumption of mineral resources is preceded by geological exploration. It is at the stage of searching and exploration of mineral resources that the most rational ways of using them are identified.

In the Program for Accelerating Geological Exploration Works for the Development of the Mineral Resources Base of the Republic of Belarus for 1996-2000. The following areas were identified as priorities:

Search and exploration of oil and gas fields;

Search and preparation for industrial development of brown coals;

Assessment of diamond potential prospects;

Exploration of iron ore reserves;

Preparation for industrial development of mineralized brines in one of the promising areas;

Search and exploration of new mineral deposits.

Tasks were provided for the increase in reserves of mineral raw materials and other final indicators of geological exploration, including tasks for technical re-equipment.

Long-term plans and forecasts include the development of environmentally friendly and economically effective technologies extraction, processing and use of mineral raw materials, increasing the extraction rate of minerals in exploited deposits. This is especially true in relation to oil production, the extraction of which in Belarus does not exceed 40%, while the latest technologies make it possible to increase this figure to 60%. The introduction of advanced technologies in the development of potassium salts will ensure a more rational use of reserves of the Starobinskoye deposit, reducing potash production waste by up to 10% and reducing sedimentation earth's surface by 15-20%. Increasing the efficiency of using mineral resources for the production of building materials is associated with reducing losses of raw materials during extraction and production, the use of low-grade raw materials, secondary resources. The development of scientific and technological progress ensures the involvement in the exploitation of mineral deposits with more low content useful substances, a higher content of harmful impurities and less favorable mining and geological conditions and, as a result, an expansion of the mineral resource base.

At the same time, agricultural and forest lands are alienated, the thermal balance of the subsoil changes, and the environment is polluted with petroleum products, drilling fluid, acids and other toxic components used in drilling wells. Carrying out seismic research using drilling and blasting operations, the density of which is especially high within the Pripyat trough, causes a violation of the physical and chemical properties of the soil and upper layers of the lithosphere, contamination of groundwater, and technogenic changes in the mineral composition of sediments.

Mining has a great negative impact on the nature of changes in the lithosphere. As a result of the activities of mining enterprises, large volumes of rocks are moved, changes in the regimes of surface, ground and underground waters within vast territories, disruption of the structure and productivity of soils, and activation of chemical and geochemical processes.

A special feature of mineral extraction is its temporary nature: when mineral reserves are depleted, mining operations at the deposit are stopped. In this regard, it is advisable to develop deposits in such a way that the resulting new landscapes, excavations, dumps, and engineering structures can subsequently be used with maximum effect for other economic purposes. This will ensure a reduction negative impact mining operations on the environment and will reduce the costs of its restoration.

The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant led to radioactive contamination of a significant part of the country's mineral resources that were in the zone of its negative impact. According to research conducted by the Belarusian Scientific Research Geological Prospecting Institute, 132 deposits of mineral resources, including 59 being developed, were in the zone of radioactive contamination. These are mainly deposits of clay, sand and sand-gravel mixtures, cement and lime raw materials, building and facing stones. The Pripyat oil and gas basin and the Zhitkovichi place, the birthplace of brown coal and oil shale, also fell into the contamination zone.

Subsoil protection is considered as a system of measures that ensures the preservation of existing diversity and rational use of the geological environment.

COURSE WORK

ON THE TOPIC OF:RATIONAL USE OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Perm 2007

INTRODUCTION

1. Classification of minerals
2. Distribution and reserves of mineral raw materials in the world and Russia
3. Human use of subsoil
4. Review of oil and gas production for 2005
MINERAL RESOURCES PROTECTION
1. Main directions for rational use and protection of subsoil
2. Legal basis for protection and rational use subsoil
3. State monitoring of the geological environment

CONCLUSION

LIST OF SOURCES USED

INTRODUCTION

Subsoil in the narrow sense of the word is top part the earth's crust, in which, at the current level of technological development, minerals are mined. The bowels of the earth are rich in minerals, which have long been used by humans and form the basis of the leading sectors of the world economy. The totality of minerals contained in the subsoil constitutes the concept of “mineral resources”, which are the basis for the development of the most important industries (energy, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, construction). Several thousand deposits of the fuel and energy complex, non-metallic raw materials and groundwater are known on the territory of Russia. At the same time, after the collapse of the USSR, the problem arose of creating our own raw material base of manganese, chromite, phosphorite ores, large deposits which are practically absent in the country. If there is a raw material base, titanium and mercury are not mined. The predicted resources of almost all types of mineral raw materials in the country as a whole are very significant, but their implementation requires systematic investments in the geological study of the subsoil.

Most mineral deposits contain a number of components, the extraction of which represents considerable economic benefit for the national economy. Sometimes accompanying substances have independent significance, and their total economic value often exceeds the value of the main component. The integrated use of mineral resources significantly reduces the loss of minerals and expands the raw material base, representing great economic benefits.

On the territory of Russia, mineral reserves constitute the Unified State Fund. Currently, relations with the use of the State Subsoil Fund are regulated by the Law of the Russian Federation “On Subsoil” and “On Environmental Protection”. Continuous growth in mineral consumption in national economy causes an urgent need for careful and economic use of the resources of our subsoil. The successful development of the economy, the growth of material well-being and the cultural standard of living of the population largely depend on how these resources are used. Improving the use of mineral raw materials is one of the the most important conditions reduction material costs in the national economy. It helps improve the structure of production and increases the return on fixed assets.

The course work consists of two main parts, as well as an introduction and conclusion, the second part of the work contains 3 tables. Target course work- analyze mineral reserves and their rational use, how subsoil is protected in our country. Objectives of this work:

Identify how minerals are distributed;

Determine the main directions for subsoil protection.

Review oil and gas production for 2005.

When writing the work, various sources were used, in particular: law Russian Federation, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, teaching aids, scientific literature, articles from periodicals.

MINERAL RESOURCES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION

Classification of minerals

Minerals - rock, directly used in the national economy, and natural mineral formations, from which minerals valuable for various industries can be extracted. Natural resources for the main types of products of mining enterprises are minerals, which are divided into metallic, non-metallic and combustible. Classification of minerals:

Fuel and energy (oil, gas, coal, oil shale, peat, uranium ores, etc.);

Ore resources (iron and manganese ore, bauxite, chromite, copper, lead-zinc, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, antimony ores, precious metal ores);

Natural building materials and non-metallic minerals (limestone, dolomite, clay, sand, marble, granite, jasper, agate, rock crystal, garnet, corundum, diamonds);

Mining chemical raw materials (apatite, phosphorite, table and potassium salt, sulfur, barite, bromine, iodine-containing solutions);

Hydromineral resources (groundwater, fresh and mineralized water);

Mineral resources of the ocean (ore-bearing veins, layers continental shelf and ferromanganese nodules at depths of 3-6 km);

Mineral resources sea water(iron, lead, uranium, gold, sodium, chlorine, bromine, magnesium, salt, manganese).

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, subsoil resources are state property and are provided for use by organizations for the purposes of geological exploration, mining, construction of underground structures for various purposes with a special permit in the form of a license and are issued on the basis of an act certifying the mining allotment and determining the size of the allocated subsoil plot. Consumers of mineral resources are the iron ore industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, coal industry, mining chemical raw materials and building materials industry. The product of mines and quarries is a natural mineral raw material called ore. Ore is a rock containing metals and their compounds or non-metallic materials (asbestos, barite, sulfur, diamonds, mica, etc.) in a quantity and form suitable for their extraction at current state technology. The product of coal mines is coal, which, according to its chemical and technological properties, is divided into brown, stone, anthracite, and oil shale. In addition, coal is divided into ten more classes - grades. The main products of mining enterprises in the non-metallic materials industry are: crushed stone, gravel, sand, sand-gravel mixture, rubble stone.

Currently, most mined minerals in their natural form do not meet the quality requirements of consumers. The products of mining enterprises are of appropriate quality and in sufficient quantity after beneficiation. The country maintains state cadastres of natural resources as a specific set of data: land, mineral deposits, forest, wildlife, water.

1.2 Distribution and reserves of mineral raw materials in the world and Russia

Mineral resources involved in the sphere of social production are currently called mineral and fuel and energy raw materials. Mineral resources are divided into combustible, metallic and non-metallic. Mineral resources are classified as non-renewable natural resources. Fossil fuels are sometimes considered renewable resources because they can be renewed over long geological periods. However, the speed of their restoration is disproportionately small compared to the speed of their extraction from the subsoil and the intensity of human use.

Large reserves of major minerals are distributed as follows: oil - Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq; natural gas - Russia, Iran, United United Arab Emirates; hard coal - China, USA, Russia; iron ore - Brazil, Russia, China; bauxite - Guinea, Brazil, Australia; copper ores - Chile, USA, Zaire; Manganese ores - South Africa, Australia, Gabon (9; p.50). The explored reserves of iron on Earth are estimated at 100 billion tons. The main iron reserves are concentrated in America (47.8%), Africa (15.9%), Australia and Oceania (15.7%). Explored reserves of phosphorites, estimated at 40-50 billion tons, are located in Africa (62%), America (29.1%), and Asia (5.9%). Aluminum reserves are estimated at 20-25 billion tons, they are located in Africa (59.4%), America (19%), Australia and Oceania (11.6%). World oil and gas reserves are 136,094 million tons and 141,026 billion m³, respectively (18; p. 39). The main oil reserves are concentrated in the Middle East (65.7%), America (16.2%, including 3.3% in the USA) and Africa (6.1%); gas reserves are in Eastern Europe (40.2%, including 39.2% in Russia), America (10%) and Africa (6.9%).

The mineral resource base of the domestic industry (energy, fuel, chemical, construction, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy) consists of deposits with identified reserves and estimated with sufficient accuracy. About 20 thousand mineral deposits have been discovered and developed in Russia, of which approximately 37% have been put into industrial development. Russian deposits contain over 10% of the world's proven oil reserves, approximately one third of the world's gas reserves, 12% of coal, 28% of iron ores, and a significant part of the proven reserves of non-ferrous and rare metals. In terms of the number of explored reserves of gold, platinum group metals and platinum, Russia ranks second in the world, diamonds and silver - first (16; p.93).

The distribution of deposits on the territory of Russia is very uneven. The greatest gross mineral resource potential has Far East and Primorye (deposits of non-ferrous, rare, precious metals, boron). Despite the relatively low share of explored reserves of the total potential of mineral resources (3%), almost everything is mined in the region: tin, antimony, diamonds, boron, more than half of gold, lead, fluorspar, and a third of tungsten from all production in Russia. Important role The iron ore deposits of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, Volga region oil, tungsten and molybdenum of the North Caucasus play a role in the all-Russian production balance. The Central and Volgo-Vyatsky regions are poor in mineral resources. The most important coal deposits: Tunguska, Lensky, Kansko-Achinsky, Kuznetsky, Pechora coal basins.

Mineral raw materials and mineral raw materials products obtained as a result of mining and subsequent processing constitute the main item Russian exports. The most critical situation arose in Russia at the end of the 90s, when the reproduction of the mineral resource base seriously deteriorated. Firstly, production volumes decreased (especially for oil and gas); secondly, there was no increase in reserves, and the previously created prospecting and exploration reserve was constantly melting away. Russia's natural resource potential was used ineffectively. The main reasons were:

Unbalanced microeconomic and investment policies in the field of environmental management, leading to intensive use of natural resources, imbalances between extractive infrastructure complexes;

Imperfect legislation that gives rise to contradictions in the field of environmental management;

Underdevelopment of market mechanisms and government regulation in the field of environmental management in new conditions;

Underestimation of the assimilation potential of the natural environment as an economic value when determining alternatives for the development of the country and regions.

1.3 Human use of subsoil

Man uses the subsoil by extracting minerals. Recently, the subsoil has become a temporary habitat for humans (metro, bomb shelters, mines, adits). In old mine workings, underground food storage facilities are installed. Mined out spaces in deposits rock salt used to treat asthma, allergies and some other diseases. Perhaps in the future they will build residential premises in the depths; already now they are building a subway, multi-story underground garages, shopping centers, etc. A person receives 36% of energy from burning oil, 24% each from burning gas and coal, 6% from nuclear power plants (NPP), 5% from hydro resources, 5% from burning wood and peat (3; c .186). Sources of energy are constantly changing depending on changes in resources, scientific and technological progress, and economic costs.

The intensity of mining is constantly increasing. If over the past 25 years the world's population has increased by 50%, then coal consumption has increased by 2 times, iron ore by 3 times, oil and gas by almost 6 times. Human activity is becoming a powerful geological factor. It is estimated that in six recent years In the 20th century, 8.3 billion tons of ores and fossil fuels were extracted from the bowels of the Earth (5; p.95). The volumes of mined ores are comparable to the volume of annual river flow. It is known that about 15 billion tons of solid particles are carried into the World Ocean annually.

The growth rate of production and consumption of mineral resources for the period from 1980 to 2005. amounted to 650-1100% in developed countries and 310% in developing ones. There is a sharp increase in energy consumption: over this period it increased from 4-5 to 8-9 million tons of standard fuel per year. According to experts, by the end of 2010, energy consumption will increase to 13-14 million tons of standard fuel per year (14; p. 22). Now in the mining industry the volume of processed rock mass is about 30-32 billion m³ per year. The largest volume of production comes from iron ore.

Thus, the prospect of a shortage of raw materials is a real danger for humanity, and energy hunger is not an invention of skeptics: some countries are already experiencing a shortage of energy resources. Therefore, subsoil protection becomes the most important problem of all humanity.

1.4 Review of oil and gas production for 2005

In 2005, oil production in Russia increased by 2.5% compared to 2004. and amounted to 9.4 million barrels/day (470.2 million tons). At the same time, the growth rate turned out to be the lowest in the last 5 years (15; p.24). This caused some experts to fear that oil production in Russia had reached peak values. However, this point of view is controversial. The main reason for the distortion of the 2005 results was the reduction in production volumes by former and current Yukos subsidiaries, including Yuganskneftegaz, after a change of ownership at the end of 2004. Without taking into account the data of these companies, oil production in Russia could have increased by 6% compared to 2004, which seems to be a very significant result. There was also an acceleration in production growth in the second half of 2005, with production reaching a record high of 9.4 million barrels per day in December (3.6% above the average for the first half of 2005), creating a good basis for further growth production in 2006. This can be clearly seen from Table 1.

Table 1. Oil production in 2004-2006, thousand barrels/day

Company	Change, %	(forecast)	Change, %


Rosneft
Surgutneftegaz
Gazprom+Sibneft+50% Slavneft
Sibneft
Tatneft

Slavneft

Russneft
Bashneft

YUKOS and Yuganskneftegaz
Total, excluding Yukos and Yuganskneftegaz

Thus, the projected growth in oil production for 2006 is 4.4%. Therefore, the Russian oil industry is still far from the point of development when the depletion of the reserve base will limit production growth. Among the largest Russian oil companies, the highest production growth rates were demonstrated by TNK-BP, which, having increased production by 7.53% compared to 2004, managed to get ahead of Surgutneftegaz, which was the leader in this indicator during the first 11 months of 2005. This underlines the high efficiency of TNK-BP and confirms the theory that Western oil extraction technologies and reserve restoration methods can be successfully used in Russia, especially in the most depleted fields. However, the possibilities modern technologies improving production performance at relatively low cost is limited. Surgutneftegas also achieved high production growth rates, primarily due to large-scale development of new fields. However, the company, unlike most other oil producers, has a more conservative approach to production and is currently experiencing slow rates due to natural depletion of reserves compared to companies taking a more aggressive approach to oil extraction. Oil production from Yukos and Sibneft will most likely continue to decline due to the use of more aggressive methods by these companies to restore reserves over previous years, as well as due to the “pre-bankruptcy” state of Yukos and the change in ownership of Sibneft. LUKOIL's capital investment of $4 billion in 2005 and planned investment of $4.5 billion in 2006 will allow the company to maintain high growth rates. It can be assumed that in 2006 LUKOIL will demonstrate an increase in production by 4-5%.

Gas production in Russia in 2005 increased by 1% compared to the previous year - up to 640 billion cubic meters (15; p. 26). The largest contribution to the increase in the total indicator was made by Rosneft, which increased gas production by 39% compared to 2004 - up to 13 billion cubic meters (Table 2). Rosneft's production growth is partly due to the acquisition of Yugansneftegaz, which produced 1.3 billion cubic meters of gas in 2005. However, most of these volumes (3.6 billion cubic meters) represent organic growth as a result of increased use associated gas. The volume of natural gas production by Gazprom increased by only 0.5% compared to 2004. - up to 547 billion cubic meters It should be noted here that if it were not for the acquisition of Pugazdobycha from NOVATEK at the end of 2004, Gazprom's production volume would have decreased by 1.9%. This once again proves that the monopoly has a systemic problem due to the significant depletion of existing reserves. As for NOVATEK, its natural gas production in 2005 amounted to 25.3 billion cubic meters, an increase of 23% compared to 2004 (assuming that the company fully owned the three largest fields in 2004).

Table 2. Gas production in Russia in 2005, billion cubic meters.

Company		Change, %

	No information	No information
Surgutneftegaz
Rosneft



Sibneft
Total, oil companies
Total, Russia

2. PROTECTION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

2.1 Main directions for rational use and protection of subsoil

Subsoil protection means the scientifically based, rational and careful use of minerals, the most complete, technically accessible and economically feasible extraction, waste disposal, and elimination of damage caused to natural landscapes. The main measures for the protection of subsoil are based on resource conservation: preventing losses during the extraction and transportation of minerals, during their enrichment and processing, and the use of finished products.

Significant losses of minerals and damage to the environment occur during underground mining. At the same time, losses of coal (remains in the ground) amount to 20-45%, ores of non-ferrous and ferrous metals 15-25%, mining chemical raw materials 20-60%, with open-pit mining, losses are reduced to 12% (8; p. 167). Construction materials (sand, clay, crushed stone, gravel) and placer minerals are extracted exclusively by open-pit mining. However, the downside open method Mining developments are disturbances of natural landscapes. For example, when extracting 1 million tons of coal using the mine method, the dumps occupy 8 hectares, and when open, the disturbed lands occupy 30 hectares or more. Losses of minerals are extremely high due to imperfect extraction technologies. Now the share of extracted oil in relation to proven reserves is 50-60%, while the loss of associated gas - 20 billion tons per year (it is burned in flares) is simply amazing.

Measures for the protection of subsoil include the integrated use of resources, which provides for a more complete extraction of associated components during the extraction of one mineral resource. Elimination of the bulk mining system, timely separation of ores, and their sorting during mining make it possible to preserve valuable components of raw materials, which provides a great economic effect. Thus, the main measures for the protection of subsoil at the stage of extraction of mineral raw materials come down to improving the technology of its exploration, calculation of reserves, and production using a number of legal and economic regulatory mechanisms.

Significant losses of minerals occur during their transportation to places of processing and use. For example, in Russia in 2005, 378 thousand km of field pipelines were operated, on which more than 40 thousand breakthroughs occurred during the year. IN Western Siberia over 100 thousand km of field pipelines with 35 years of service experience need to be replaced. As a result, in 2005, 2,650 tons of oil from main pipes and 1,438 tons of oil products were spilled (19; p. 36).

Comprehensive, most complete extraction and use chemical elements allows you to preserve the deposit, without spending additional funds on processing waste gases, dust and industrial waste. The dust retained by the filters is a high-quality raw material; oil and oils collected in settling tanks of oil refineries, repair, transport and other enterprises are refined and used in the national economy. It can be concluded that the integrated use and careful consumption of mineral raw materials during their extraction, transportation and processing is inextricably linked with the protection of the natural environment. Transforming small-purpose mining enterprises and processing plants into multi-purpose ones, abandoning the sectoral approach to the development of mineral resources, is at the same time saving mineral raw materials and resources. There is a need for constant and strict monitoring of licensing agreements over compliance with the operating regime of deposits, organization and monitoring by the developer, and over reclamation and rehabilitation of landscapes.

For the protection of subsoil, it is essential to use minerals strictly for their intended purpose. Also D.I. Mendeleev said: “Oil is not a fuel; you can heat it with banknotes” (9; p. 108). And if oil or coking coals are used as fuel, this is a waste of mineral resources. The reserve for saving mineral resources is: more complete use of secondary raw materials and by-product energy, replacement of scarce metals with less scarce materials. Thus, the modern metallurgical industry can operate on 40% or more recycled materials. This raw material can provide almost half of the volume of steel produced. Recycling of scrap non-ferrous metals can potentially produce annually 1/5 of the world's copper production, more than 1/3 of aluminum, and about 1/5 of zinc (17; p.5). Of course, the growth in fuel extraction and energy production is associated with a significant increase in capital investment, which goes not only to production and exploration, but also to environmental protection measures. However, ignoring them for the sake of short-term profit usually results in negative consequences, the elimination of which costs much more money than on their prevention.

Another savings reserve, the use of which will preserve the subsoil. Is the use of artificial substitutes for scarce mineral raw materials. Metal can be successfully replaced with plastics, wood and even stone. Judging by the rate of plastic production, polymers will soon surpass metals. Mineral fuels can be replaced by geothermal energy from thermal underground waters. For example, in Hungary, greenhouses, livestock farms and even some residential premises are heated using geothermal groundwater.

2.2 Legal basis for the protection and rational use of subsoil

The legal basis for the protection and rational use of Russian subsoil is state laws, government regulations, departmental regulations that determine the procedure and nature of mining and geological work, exploitation of mineral deposits, reclamation and rehabilitation of natural territorial complexes. Important for careful use and protection of subsoil, there are international treaties and agreements of our country with other countries, compliance of Russian law enforcement requirements with international ones.

International legal protection Subsoil currently operates on the following principles: subsoil has state borders and is the common property of mankind. Freedom of research and measures to preserve subsoil and its components must be respected, and national appropriation of subsoil and its components is prohibited. Priority is given to international cooperation and implementation of international agreements (conventions) and obligations, compliance with the international responsibility of all states for the conservation of subsoil.

The legal basis for the protection and rational use of subsoil is environmental legislation. It is a set of regulatory legal acts that determine the procedure and conditions for the protection and use of subsoil, the activities of state and public organizations, rights and obligations of subsoil users and their responsibility for the protection of subsoil. The Law “On Subsoil” regulates relations arising in the process of studying, using and protecting the subsoil of the territory of the Russian Federation, its continental shelf and maritime exclusive economic zone, as well as waste from mining and related processing industries, peat and other specific mineral resources. The law contains the legal and economic foundations for the integrated rational use and protection of subsoil, ensures the protection of the interests of the state and citizens of the Russian Federation, as well as the rights of subsoil users. The main requirements for the rational use and protection of subsoil are:

Compliance with the procedure established by law for providing subsoil for use and preventing unauthorized use of subsoil;

Ensuring the completeness of the geological study of the rational integrated use and protection of subsoil;

Conducting state examination and state accounting of mineral reserves, as well as subsoil areas used for purposes not related to mining;

Ensuring the most complete extraction from the subsoil of reserves of the main and co-occurring minerals and associated components;

Protection of mineral deposits from flooding, watering, fires and other factors that reduce the quality of minerals and the industrial value of deposits or complicate their development;

Prevention of subsoil pollution during work related to the use of subsoil;

Compliance with the established procedure for conservation and liquidation of mining enterprises and underground structures not related to mining;

Reliable accounting of the reserves extracted and formed in the subsoil of the main and co-occurring minerals and associated components during the development of mineral deposits.

In case of violation of the requirements, the right to use subsoil may be limited, suspended or terminated by specially authorized government bodies in accordance with the law.

In 1998, the Russian government approved the “Regulations on state control over geological exploration, rational use and protection of subsoil.” The task of state geological control is to ensure that all subsoil users comply with the established procedure for subsoil use, legislation and duly approved standards (norms and rules) in the field of geological study, use and protection of subsoil. The Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation carries out state geological control directly through the divisions of the central apparatus of the Ministry in charge of issues of state geological control, and the departments of state geological control of territorial bodies of state management of the subsoil fund. The Minister of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation is the chief state inspector of the Russian Federation for geological control. Basic legislative and regulations regulating the protection of subsoil are given in Table 3. The effectiveness of these legislative acts depends entirely on monitoring their implementation.

Table 3. Main legislative and regulatory acts regulating the protection of subsoil in Russia

	Title of the document	Approval date

	Law of the Russian Federation “On Subsoil”
	Regulations on the procedure for licensing subsoil use
	Instructions for applying the “Regulations on the procedure for licensing the use of subsoil” to subsoil areas provided for the extraction of groundwater, as well as other minerals classified as “medicinal”.	Approved by order of Roskomnedra No. 70 of April 28, 1994. Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on May 26, 1994.
	Law of the Russian Federation “On the rates of deductions for the reproduction of the mineral resource base”
	The procedure for using deductions for the reproduction of the mineral resource base and exempting subsoil users from these deductions
	Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Protection”
	Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Expertise”	Accepted State Duma July 19, 1995 Approved by the President of the Russian Federation on November 23, 1995 (No. 174-FZ)
	Regulations on the procedure for conducting state environmental assessment
	Basic standards for payment for emissions, discharges of pollutants into the environment natural environment and waste disposal
	Regulations on the procedure and conditions for collecting payments for the right to use subsoil, water areas and seabed participants
	Instructions on the procedure and timing for paying into the budget fees for the right to use subsoil
	Regulations on state control over geological exploration, rational use and protection of subsoil
	Regulations on territorial commissions for mineral reserves to the Russian Federation Committees on Geology and Subsoil Use
	Regulations on the Federal Mining and Industrial Supervision in Russia
	Instructions on the procedure for conducting state examination of geological materials by territorial commissions for mineral reserves
	Regulations on licensing of certain types of activities related to geological study and use of subsoil

2.3 State monitoring of the geological environment

An important element rational use and protection of subsoil is the State Monitoring of the Geological Environment (SMGE). HMGS refers to the federal system of observation, assessment, control and forecasting of the state of the geological environment on the territory of Russia. The organization entrusted with the coordination and conduct of all regional policy management and regulation in the field of study, reproduction, rational use and protection of natural resources is the Ministry of Natural Resources (MPS) of Russia. The basis of State monitoring geological environment is a state observation network with 18.3 thousand observation points. The main functions of the GMGS are:

Monitoring the state of the geological environment;

Forecast of its changes under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors;

Information provision of subsoil users with data on the state of the geological environment;

Maintaining the HMGS data bank.

Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia, together with the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, has determined the procedure for interaction in matters of rational use and protection of subsoil. An important element of the monitoring system is the State Bank of Digital Geological Information and Subsoil Use Information in Russia (GBTSGI). It prepares digital structured data on the geological structure of the subsoil, the processes occurring in them and the minerals contained in them. It also contains data on the use and development of Russia's mineral resource base, on production, transportation, export, consumption, on the economy and market conditions for mineral raw materials and other data necessary for developing a strategy for the rational use and protection of subsoil. The main type of information generated on the basis of monitoring data of the geological environment is the State Cadastre of deposits and occurrences of minerals.

CONCLUSION

We cannot continue to put up with the paradox when, despite the presence of colossal raw material resources, they are constantly in short supply. This situation is a consequence of the fact that today our country continues to spend too much fuel, electricity, and metal per unit of national income, and this forces us to allocate more and more funds to expand our raw materials and fuel and energy base. It is important to expand the requirements for mineral processing. Increasing the complexity, completeness and quality of extracting minerals from the subsoil, eliminating unreasonable losses during their extraction, enrichment and processing have a huge impact economic importance, since they allow increasing production at existing enterprises, in some cases eliminating the need for the construction of new enterprises, and significantly increasing the efficiency of social production.

As can be seen from the first part of this course work, in 2005 the Russian oil industry demonstrated successful results. Despite the relatively weak performance of 2005, there was an increase in oil production volumes (excluding Yukos) by 6% compared to the previous year and an acceleration in production growth rates in the second half of the year. This allows us to predict an increase in oil production in the coming years, which is a very impressive result for the world's second largest oil producing country. As for Gazprom, production volumes at the concern's main fields continued to decline in 2005; If not for the recent acquisition of a new subsidiary, production for the year would have declined by approximately 1.9%. This appears to be a very worrying trend in the long term.

According to experts, if current trends in extraction, consumption and use of new deposits continue, mineral reserves will be depleted in approximately 70-140 years. Therefore, rational integrated development of resources can preserve natural resources for future generations and protect the interests of the peoples of our country. The prospect of a shortage of raw materials is a real danger for humanity, and energy hunger is not an invention of skeptics: some countries are already experiencing a shortage of energy resources. Therefore, the protection of subsoil becomes the most important problem facing humanity. There is a need for constant and strict monitoring of licensing agreements, compliance with the operating regime of deposits, organization and monitoring of the developer's efforts, and the reclamation and rehabilitation of landscapes.

LIST OF SOURCES USED

1. Federal Law “On Subsoil”. Adopted by the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation on February 21, 1992. Amendments and additions were adopted by the State Duma on February 8, 1995;

2. Regulations “On state control over geological exploration, rational use and protection of subsoil”. Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 542 of September 9, 1998;

3. Reimers N.F. Nature management. - M.: Mysl, 1998. - P. 185-188;

4. Kasyanenko A.A. Environmental quality control. - M.: Publishing house RUDN, 1993. - 124 p.;

5. Krasilov V.A. Nature conservation: Principles, problems, priorities. - M.: Nauka, 2003. - P. 94-95;

6. Novikov Yu.V. Environmental protection. - M.: Higher School, 2002. - 263 p.;

7. Owen O.S. Conservation of natural resources. - M.: Kolos, 1999. - P. 326-340;

8. Konstantinov V.M. Protection of Nature: Tutorial for higher education students educational institutions. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2003. - 167 p.;

9. Konstantinov V.M., Chemdze Yu.B. Ecological fundamentals environmental management. - M.: Masterstvo, 2002. - P. 45-54;

10. Balandin R.K., Bondarev L.G. Nature and civilization. - M.: Mysl, 1999. - 370 p.;

11. Protasov V.F., Molchanov A.V. Ecology and environmental management in Russia. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 1998. - P. 324-328;

12. Novikov Yu.V. Ecology, environment and people. Tutorial. - M.: FAIR PRESS, 2003. - P. 285-311;

13. Bedenkov A.R., Petrash A.I., Polishchuk Yu.M. Towards the development of a unified concept for the rational development of mineral resources. - Tomsk: Tomsk Scientific Center SB RAS, 1999. - P. 2-5;

14. Milov V. Can Russia become an energy superpower? // Questions of Economics. 2006. - No. 9. - P. 21-23;

15. Lukashev D. Review of the oil and gas market for 2005 // Securities market. 2006. - No. 2. - P. 23-26;

16. Polyakov V. Raw material orientation of Russia//World Economy and international relationships. 2006. - No. 1. - 93 p.;

17. Kozyrev V.S. Some results of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia and the CIS countries // Non-ferrous metals. 2006. - No. 7. - P. 5-6;

18. Fokina E. Fuel and energy complex//Profile. 2006. - No. 18. - P. 38-40;

19. Novikov Yu. How to save Russia’s mineral resources? // Questions of Economics. 2007. - No. 1. - P. 35-36;

20. Economy and life.// 2006. - No. 23. - 3 p.;

21. Arguments and facts//2007. - No. 7. - P. 2-3.

Shavrin Ivan

Scientific - research by geography

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Scientific Society of Students of the Omsk State Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 133”

Educational field "Earth Sciences"

"Rational use of mineral resources"

Shavrin Ivan, 9 "A" class

BOU of Omsk "Secondary school No. 133"

Scientific adviser -

Nevrotov Vyacheslav Valerievich,

Geography teacher of Omsk Public Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 133”

Omsk, 2012

INTRODUCTION - p. 3-4

1. MINERAL RESOURCES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION - p. 5-8

1.1. Classification of minerals - p. 5-6

1.2. Distribution and reserves of mineral raw materials in the world and Russia - p. 6-7

1.3. Human use of subsoil - p. 7-8

2. PROTECTION OF MINERAL RESOURCES - p. 9-13

2.1. Main directions for rational use

And protection of subsoil - p. 9-10

2.2. Legal basis for protection and rational

Subsoil use - p. 10-12

2.3. State monitoring of the geological environment - p. 12-13

CONCLUSION - p. 14

BIBLIOGRAPHY - p. 15

APPENDIX - p. 16-17

My theme scientific work“Rational use of mineral resources.” This topic is very relevant at the present time. After all, our subsoil is rich in minerals, which have long been used by humans and form the basis of the leading sectors of the world economy. The totality of minerals contained in the subsoil makes up the concept of “mineral resources”, which are the basis for the development of the most important industries (energy, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, construction). Several thousand deposits of the fuel and energy complex, non-metallic raw materials and groundwater are known on the territory of Russia. At the same time, after the collapse of the USSR, the problem arose of creating our own raw material base for many ores, large deposits of which are practically absent in the country. If there is a raw material base, titanium and mercury are not mined. The predicted resources of almost all types of mineral raw materials in the country as a whole are very significant, but their implementation requires systematic investments in the geological study of the subsoil.

On the territory of Russia, mineral reserves constitute the Unified State Fund. Currently, relations with the use of the State Subsoil Fund are regulated by the Law of the Russian Federation “On Subsoil” and “On Environmental Protection”. The continuous growth in the consumption of mineral raw materials in the national economy creates an urgent need for careful and economic use of the riches of our subsoil. The successful development of the economy, the growth of material well-being and the cultural standard of living of the population largely depend on how these resources are used. Improving the use of mineral raw materials is one of the most important conditions for reducing material costs in the national economy. It helps improve the structure of production and increases the return on fixed assets.

The purpose of my work is to analyze mineral reserves and their rational use, how the subsoil is protected in our country.

Based on the goal, I had several tasks:

Select and study literature on the chosen topic;

Systematize the acquired knowledge;

Identify how minerals are distributed;

Determine the main directions for subsoil protection.

My work consists of two main parts, as well as an introduction and a conclusion; the second part of the work contains the table “Main legislative and regulatory acts regulating the protection of subsoil in Russia.”

The object of my research was minerals, and the subject of my research was their rational use.

The research materials can be used in the study of ecology, social and economic geography of Russia and the world.

When writing the work, various sources were used, in particular: the law of the Russian Federation, the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, textbooks, scientific literature, articles from periodicals.

Minerals are rocks directly used in the national economy and natural mineral formations from which minerals valuable for various industries can be extracted. Natural resources for the main types of products of mining enterprises are minerals, which are divided into metallic, non-metallic and combustible. Classification of minerals:

Fuel and energy (oil, gas, coal, oil shale, peat, uranium ores, etc.);

Ore resources (iron and manganese ore, bauxite, chromite, copper, lead-zinc, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, antimony ores, precious metal ores);

Natural building materials and non-metallic minerals (limestone, dolomite, clay, sand, marble, granite, jasper, agate, rock crystal, garnet, corundum, diamonds);

Mining chemical raw materials (apatite, phosphorite, table and potassium salt, sulfur, barite, bromine, iodine-containing solutions);

Hydromineral resources (groundwater, fresh and mineralized water);

Ocean mineral resources (ore-bearing veins, continental shelf strata and ferromanganese nodules at depths of 3-6 km);

Mineral resources of sea water (iron, lead, uranium, gold, sodium, chlorine, bromine, magnesium, table salt, manganese).

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, subsoil resources are state property and are provided for use by organizations for the purposes of geological exploration, mining, construction of underground structures for various purposes with a special permit in the form of a license and are issued on the basis of an act certifying the mining allotment and determining the size of the allocated subsoil plot. Consumers of mineral resources are the iron ore industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, coal industry, mining chemical raw materials and building materials industry. The product of mines and quarries is a natural mineral raw material called ore. Ore is a rock containing metals and their compounds or non-metallic materials (asbestos, barite, sulfur, diamonds, mica, etc.) in a quantity and form suitable for their extraction with the current state of technology. The product of coal mines is coal, which, according to its chemical and technological properties, is divided into brown, stone, anthracite, and oil shale. In addition, coal is divided into ten more classes - grades. The main products of mining enterprises in the non-metallic materials industry are: crushed stone, gravel, sand, sand-gravel mixture, rubble stone.

Mineral resources involved in the sphere of social production are currently called mineral and fuel and energy raw materials. Mineral resources are divided into combustible, metallic and non-metallic. They are classified as non-renewable natural resources. Fossil fuels are sometimes considered renewable resources because they can be renewed over long geological periods. However, the speed of their restoration is disproportionately small compared to the speed of their extraction from the subsoil and the intensity of human use.

Large reserves of major minerals are distributed as follows: oil - Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq; natural gas - Russia, Iran, United Arab Emirates; hard coal - China, USA, Russia; iron ore - Brazil, Russia, China; bauxite - Guinea, Brazil, Australia; copper ores - Chile, USA, Zaire; Manganese ores - South Africa, Australia, Gabon. The explored reserves of iron on Earth are estimated at 100 billion tons. The main iron reserves are concentrated in America (47.8%), Africa (15.9%), Australia and Oceania (15.7%). Explored reserves of phosphorites, estimated at 40-50 billion tons, are located in Africa (62%), America (29.1%), and Asia (5.9%). Aluminum reserves are estimated at 20-25 billion tons, they are located in Africa (59.4%), America (19%), Australia and Oceania (11.6%). World oil and gas reserves are 136,094 million tons and 141,026 billion m3, respectively. The main oil reserves are concentrated in the Middle East (65.7%), America (16.2%, including 3.3% in the USA) and Africa (6.1%); gas reserves are in Eastern Europe (40.2%, including 39.2% in Russia), America (10%) and Africa (6.9%).

The distribution of deposits on the territory of Russia is very uneven. Siberia, the Far East and Primorye have the greatest gross mineral resource potential (deposits of non-ferrous, rare, precious metals, boron). Despite the relatively low share of explored reserves of the total potential of mineral resources (3%), almost everything is mined in the region: tin, antimony, diamonds, boron, more than half of gold, lead, fluorspar, and a third of tungsten from all production in Russia. An important role in the all-Russian production balance is played by the iron ore deposits of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, oil from the Volga region, tungsten and molybdenum from the North Caucasus. The Central and Volgo-Vyatsky regions are poor in mineral resources. The most important coal deposits: Tunguska, Lensky, Kansko-Achinsky, Kuznetsky, Pechora coal basins.

Mineral raw materials and mineral raw materials obtained as a result of mining and subsequent processing constitute the main item of Russian export. The most critical situation arose in Russia at the end of the 90s, when the reproduction of the mineral resource base seriously deteriorated. Firstly, production volumes decreased (especially for oil and gas); secondly, there was no increase in reserves, and the previously created prospecting and exploration reserve was constantly melting away. Russia's natural resource potential was used ineffectively. The main reasons were:

Unbalanced microeconomic and investment policies in the field of environmental management, leading to intensive use of natural resources, imbalances between extractive infrastructure complexes;

Imperfect legislation that gives rise to contradictions in the field of environmental management;

Underdevelopment of market mechanisms and state regulation in the field of environmental management in the new conditions;

Underestimation of the assimilation potential of the natural environment as an economic value when determining alternatives for the development of the country and regions.

Man uses the subsoil by extracting minerals. Recently, the subsoil has become a temporary habitat for humans (metro, bomb shelters, mines, adits). In old mine workings, underground food storage facilities are installed. Mined out spaces in rock salt deposits are used to treat asthma, allergies and some other diseases. Perhaps in the future they will build residential premises in the depths; already now they are building a subway, multi-story underground garages, shopping centers, etc. A person receives 36% of energy from burning oil, 24% each from burning gas and coal, 6% from nuclear power plants (NPP), 5% from hydro resources, 5% from burning wood and peat. Sources of energy are constantly changing depending on changes in resources, scientific and technological progress, and economic costs.

The intensity of mining is constantly increasing. If over the past 25 years the world's population has increased by 50%, then coal consumption has increased by 2 times, iron ore by 3 times, oil and gas by almost 6 times. Human activity is becoming a powerful geological factor. It is estimated that over the last six years of the 20th century, 8.3 billion tons of ores and fossil fuels were extracted from the bowels of the Earth. The volumes of mined ores are comparable to the volume of annual river flow. It is known that about 15 billion tons of solid particles are carried into the World Ocean annually.

The growth rate of production and consumption of mineral resources for the period from 1980 to 2005. amounted to 650-1100% in developed countries and 310% in developing countries. There is a sharp increase in energy consumption: over the specified period: it increased from 4-5 to 8-9 million tons of standard fuel per year. By the end of 2010, energy consumption increased to 13-14 million tons of standard fuel per year. Now in the mining industry the volume of processed rock mass is about 30-32 billion m3 per year. The largest volume of production comes from iron ore.

Thus, the prospect of a shortage of raw materials is a real danger for humanity, and energy hunger is not an invention of skeptics: some countries are already experiencing a shortage of energy and raw materials. Therefore, the protection of subsoil becomes the most important problem for all humanity.

Significant losses of minerals and damage to the environment occur during underground mining. At the same time, losses of coal (remains in the ground) amount to 20-45%, ores of non-ferrous and ferrous metals 15-25%, mining chemical raw materials 20-60%, with open-pit mining, losses are reduced to 12%. Construction materials (sand, clay, crushed stone, gravel) and placer minerals are extracted exclusively by open-pit mining. However, the downside of open-pit mining is the disruption of natural landscapes. For example, when extracting 1 million tons of coal using the mine method, the dumps occupy 8 hectares, and when open, the disturbed lands occupy 30 hectares or more. Losses of minerals are extremely high due to imperfect extraction technologies. Now the share of extracted oil in relation to proven reserves is 50-60%, while the loss of associated gas - 20 billion tons per year (it is burned in flares) is simply amazing.

Significant losses of minerals occur during their transportation to places of processing and use. For example, in Russia in 2005, 378 thousand km of field pipelines were operated, on which more than 40 thousand breakthroughs occurred during the year. In Western Siberia, over 100 thousand km of field pipelines with 35 years of service experience need to be replaced. As a result, in 2005, 2,650 tons of oil from main pipes and 1,438 tons of oil products were spilled.

Complex, most complete extraction and use of chemical elements allows you to preserve the deposit, without spending additional funds on processing waste gases, dust and industrial wastewater. The dust retained by the filters is a high-quality raw material; oil and oils collected in settling tanks of oil refineries, repair, transport and other enterprises are refined and used in the national economy. It can be concluded that the integrated use and careful consumption of mineral raw materials during their extraction, transportation and processing is inextricably linked with the protection of the natural environment. Transforming small-purpose mining enterprises and processing plants into multi-purpose ones, abandoning the sectoral approach to the development of mineral resources, is at the same time saving mineral raw materials and resources. There is a need for constant and strict control over compliance with the operating regime of deposits, the organization and conduct of monitoring by the developer, and the reclamation and rehabilitation of landscapes.

For the protection of subsoil, it is essential to use minerals strictly for their intended purpose. Also D.I. Mendeleev said: “Oil is not a fuel; you can heat it with banknotes.” And if oil or coking coals are used as fuel, this is a waste of mineral resources. The reserve for saving mineral resources is: more complete use of secondary raw materials and by-product energy, replacement of scarce metals with less scarce materials. Thus, the modern metallurgical industry can operate on 40% or more recycled materials. This raw material can provide almost half of the volume of steel produced. Recycling of scrap non-ferrous metals can potentially produce annually 1/5 of the world's copper production, more than 1/3 of aluminum, and about 1/5 of zinc. Of course, the growth in fuel extraction and energy production is associated with a significant increase in capital investment, which goes not only to production and exploration, but also to environmental protection measures. However, ignoring them for the sake of short-term profit usually results in negative consequences, the elimination of which costs much more money than on their prevention.

The legal basis for the protection and rational use of Russian subsoil is state laws, government regulations, departmental regulations that determine the procedure and nature of mining and geological work, exploitation of mineral deposits, reclamation and rehabilitation of natural territorial complexes. International treaties and agreements between our country and other countries and the compliance of Russian law enforcement requirements with international ones are important for the careful use and protection of subsoil.

International legal protection of subsoil currently operates on the following principles: subsoil has state borders and is the common heritage of mankind. Freedom of research and measures to preserve subsoil and its components must be respected, and national appropriation of subsoil and its components is prohibited. Priority is given to international cooperation and implementation of international agreements (conventions) and obligations, compliance with the international responsibility of all states for the conservation of subsoil.

The legal basis for the protection and rational use of subsoil is environmental legislation. It is a set of regulatory legal acts that define the procedure and conditions for the protection and use of subsoil, the activities of state and public organizations, the rights and obligations of subsoil users and their responsibilities for the protection of subsoil. The Law “On Subsoil” regulates relations arising in the process of studying, using and protecting the subsoil of the territory of the Russian Federation, its continental shelf and maritime exclusive economic zone, as well as waste from mining and related processing industries, peat and other specific mineral resources. The law contains the legal and economic foundations for the integrated rational use and protection of subsoil, ensures the protection of the interests of the state and citizens of the Russian Federation, as well as the rights of subsoil users. The main requirements for the rational use and protection of subsoil are: