An exact reference to Stalin's words that the devil is with him. Exact reference to Stalin's words that the devil is with him Eden Foreign Minister
(1897-1977)
Born June 12, 1897 in Windleston. He was educated at Eton and graduated from Christ Church College, Oxford University in 1922. During the First World War he served in France in the Royal Fusiliers. In 1923 Eden was elected to Parliament for Warwick and Leamington as a Conservative and in 1926 became parliamentary private secretary to Foreign Secretary Austin Chamberlain. In 1931 Eden- Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, in 1934 - Lord Privy Seal, in 1935 - Minister for League of Nations Affairs. Working under John Simon, then Samuel Hoare, Eden became famous for his speeches in defense of peace. He expressed disagreement with the policy of appeasement and objected to Hoare's position regarding the Italo-Ethiopian War of 1935-1936. When Hoare resigned in 1935, Eden became Minister of Foreign Affairs and held this post until 1938. He was forced to resign in protest against the policies of N. Chamberlain.
When the war started Eden returned to the government and became Minister of Dominion Affairs, in 1940 headed War Department in the government of W. Churchill. Also in 1940, he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and remained in this post until 1945. When Labor came to power, he became deputy leader of the Conservative faction in parliament. In 1942-1945 Eden was leader of the House of Commons. When the Conservatives returned to power in 1951, Eden again received the post of Foreign Secretary and became Deputy Prime Minister (in Churchill's government). In 1954 he played important role at the Geneva meeting, which discussed the issue of a peaceful settlement in Korea and ending the war in Indochina (Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia), and the London Conference (in September) on security in Europe.
Eden became prime minister after Churchill resigned on April 6, 1955. His activities in this post began with the support of voters, but in 1956 the popularity of the prime minister decreased significantly. In March 1956, after the expulsion of Archbishop Makarios III, the situation in Cyprus deteriorated significantly; until the end of the year, riots, strikes and bloody clashes occurred on the island. In July in Egypt, Pres. ident Nasser nationalized the company operating the Suez Canal, which threatened Britain's vital communications in the East. UN attempts to begin the negotiation process were thwarted by a sudden attack on Egypt by Israel, England and France. Having occupied the Port Said area within a few days, Great Britain and France were forced to transfer this territory to UN control by the end of the year. World public opinion, particularly in the United States, was opposed to the use of force, and the prestige Edena seriously injured. Finding itself unable to resolve the problems in Cyprus and Egypt, Eden On January 10, 1957 he resigned.
In 1954 Eden was consecrated by Elizabeth II as a Knight of the Order of the Garter (becoming the seventh untitled person since 1350 to be awarded this title), and on June 18, 1956, the official ceremony of his elevation to Knight of the Order was performed. In July 1961 he was elevated to the peerage and given the title of Count of Avon. Eden is the author of a number of books - Freedom and Order (Freedom and Order, 1947), Days of Decision (1949), Full Circle (1960), Facing the Dictators (1962), Reflections (Reckoning, 1965).
Anthony Robert Eden
Eden Anthony (1897-1977) - British statesman and diplomat. Member of the House of Commons (1923-1957). Minister of Foreign Affairs (1935-1938, 1940-1945, 1951-1955). Prime Minister of Great Britain (1955-1956). Participated in the Moscow (1943), Tehran (1943), Crimean (Yalta) (1945), San Francisco (1945) and Berlin (Potsdam) (1945) conferences.
Eden, Anthony (b. 12.VI.1897) - English statesman, conservative. Comes from an aristocratic family. He graduated from Oxford University, where he studied oriental languages. Took part in the 1st World War. Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party from 1923 to 1957. He began his political activity in 1926 as a parliamentary private secretary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1934-1935 - Lord Privy Seal, in 1935 - Minister for the League of Nations, in 1935-1938 - Minister of Foreign Affairs. Criticizing the policy of encouraging fascist aggression pursued by the Chamberlain government, Eden differed with Chamberlain mainly on issues of tactics. In 1939-1940, Eden was Minister for Dominion Affairs. In 1940-1945 - Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Churchill government. In 1951-1955 - Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister. From 1955 to January 1957 - Prime Minister. He was among the main organizers of the Suez adventure (see Anglo-Franco-Israeli aggression against Egypt), after the shameful failure of which he resigned and moved away from political activity.
Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 5. DVINSK - INDONESIA. 1964.
A strong supporter of the preservation of the British colonial empire
Eden Anthony Robert (12.6.1897, Windlestone Hall, Auckland, Durham -14.1.1977, Alvedistone, Salisbury), British statesman, 1st Earl of Avon (1961), 1st Viscount Eden of Royal Leamington -Spa (1961), Knight (1954). Son of the 7th Baron Eden. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church College, Oxford (from which Eden's father and grandfather graduated). A participant in the 1st World War, he fought in France from June 1916, major (his brother, Nicholas, died in the Battle of Jutland). For distinction in the Battle of the Somme in 1916 he was awarded the Military Cross. On December 6, 1923, he was elected a member of the House of Commons from Warwick-Leamington on the Conservative Party list. He devoted his main efforts to issues of military and foreign policy. In 1926-29, parliamentary secretary to the head of O. Chamberlain's Foreign Office. For many years he was closely associated with British foreign policy. In 1931-1934 in the office R. MacDonald served as State Secretary of the Secretary for foreign affairs(Minister of Foreign Affairs). Since 1 January 1934 Lord Privy Seal. In 1935, when forming the cabinet S. Baldwin received the post of head of the Foreign Office. In February 1938 he resigned due to his tactical differences with the Prime Minister N. Chamberlain who pursued the “policy of appeasement” of Germany. From September 3, 1939, Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs. After the creation of the coalition cabinet W. Churchill On May 10, 1940 he took up the post of Secretary of State for Military Affairs, but on December 23, 1940 he was transferred to the post of Secretary of Foreign Affairs. At the same time, during the war he was the leader of the House of Commons. In May 1940 he visited the locations of British troops in France. Made a large number of visits, incl. to Greece (Feb. 1941) and the USSR (Dec. 1941). In December 1941, he refused to recognize the pre-war borders of the USSR, but then he managed to reach agreements with the leadership of the USSR, as a result of which the Soviet-British Union Treaty was signed in May 1942. At the same time, in 1942-1945, leader of the House of Commons. Participated in the Tehran (1943), Crimean and Potsdam (1945) conferences, as well as others international conferences. A staunch opponent of post-war concessions to the USSR in Eastern Europe. In September 1944 he opposed the “Morgenthau Plan” and the proposed dismantling of German industry after the war. In July 1945, the Conservatives lost the elections and the government resigned. In 1945-1951 deputy leader of the parliamentary opposition. Since October 27, 1951, Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister. On April 6, 1955, he replaced Churchill as Prime Minister. A staunch supporter of the preservation of the British colonial empire, as well as policies aimed at creating a coalition of European powers against the USSR. One of the initiators of the Anglo-French-Israeli aggression against Egypt in 1956. After its failure, he was forced to resign on January 9, 1957, leave the House of Commons on January 11 and withdraw from active political activity. Author of "Memoirs" (vol. 1-3, 1960-65).
Zalessky K.A. Who was who in the Second World War. Allies of the USSR. M., 2004.
Eden, Anthony (b. 1897) - English statesman and diplomat. He graduated from Eton College and then from Oxford University. Married to the daughter of the Yorkshire banker Beckett, owner of the influential conservative newspaper The Yorkshire Post. Participated in the First World War with the rank of captain. In 1922 he was elected to parliament from the Conservative Party. In 1926-1929, Eden was parliamentary secretary O. Chamberlain, Minister of Foreign Affairs. Eden was the most a prominent representative a group of “young conservatives” who demanded greater flexibility from the party and put forward a program of positive reforms. In 1931, Baldwin, in order to smooth out the impression of the appointment of Simon, known for his pro-German sympathies, to the post of Foreign Minister, appointed Eden as his deputy. Eden, however, did not exert any influence on Simon's policy either during the discussion of the "Manchurian incident" or at the disarmament conference. Baldwin, who patronized Eden in those years, chose him to establish personal contact with the heads of a number of governments. To give Eden more authority, Baldwin appointed him Lord Privy Seal in 1934. In 1935, Eden accompanied Simon on a meeting with Hitler in Berlin. Eden then headed to Moscow, Warsaw and Prague. As a result of the Moscow negotiations, a communiqué was published (IV. 1, 1935), which indicated the interest of both countries in strengthening collective security; to the absence of conflicting interests between both countries in all major issues of international politics and to the mutual understanding that “the integrity and success of each correspond to the interests of the other.”
For the Baldwin government, Eden's trip to Moscow was primarily a diplomatic gesture. Foreign policy was carried out at that time Simon, and Eden’s mission was supposed to calm public opinion and create a kind of diplomatic reinsurance in case the policy of “appeasement” did not justify itself. British diplomacy at that time bore the mark of political and organizational duality. This situation was revealed even more clearly when, in mid-1935, Simon was replaced by Samuel Hoare, also a supporter of “appeasement.” Eden was simultaneously appointed Minister of Affairs League of Nations. In October 1935, after the scandalous exposure of the "Hoare-Laval Plan" aimed at dividing Ethiopia, Eden was appointed Foreign Minister. The general course of English policy, however, did not undergo significant changes. This is evidenced by such Facts as the position of England during the dissolution of the Locarno Pact in the spring of 1936 and the sending of Lord Halifax(...) at the end of 1937. The coming to power of Neville Chamberlain in May 1937 marked the final turn towards the policy of “appeasement” of the aggressors. On January 20, 1938, Eden defiantly resigned. The immediate reason for the resignation was disagreements between the Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs in connection with the Anglo-Italian agreement being prepared. As Eden pointed out in his speech in parliament on 21.2.1938, it was not only a matter of disagreement on the Italian question. There were differences between him and the prime minister on a number of other issues, in particular on the issue of Austria: Chamberlain decided not to interfere with the then-prepared seizure of Austria by Hitler. Even before that, Chamberlain, without consulting Eden, in the latter’s absence, rejected the proposal Roosevelt about joint diplomatic pressure on Germany.
Eden did not lead after his resignation active struggle against Chamberlain, the main inspirer of the policy of “appeasement,” citing the need to maintain the unity of the Conservative Party. In 1939, as soon as the war began, Eden, at the same time as Churchill, entered Chamberlain's government and became Minister of Dominion Affairs. In 1940, he took over as Secretary of War in Churchill's cabinet. In December 1940, Eden returned to the post of Foreign Minister and held it until the defeat of the Conservatives in the parliamentary elections in July 1945.
During the war against Nazi Germany, Eden took an active part in concluding the 1941 Anglo-Soviet agreement on joint actions in the war against Germany and the 1942 Anglo-Soviet alliance treaty. In December 1941, Eden visited Moscow and had conversations with I.V. Stalin and V.M. Molotov. Eden also took an active part in the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers of the Three Powers (19-30. X 1943), in the Tehran Conference of the Leaders of the Three Allied Powers (28. XI-1. XII 1943), in the Crimean Conference in February 1945, the conference in San -Francisco and in the first part of the Berlin Conference of the Three Powers, which took place on 17. VII - 2. VIII 1945. In connection with the formation of the Labor government, England at the end of the Berlin Conference was represented by Attlee and Bevin instead of Churchill and Eden.
Throughout the war, I. strove in every possible way to strengthen British positions in different parts of the world and, above all, in the region Mediterranean Sea, in the Near and Middle East, in Latin America, in the dominions and colonies of England.
The strengthening of reactionary anti-Soviet tendencies in the policy of British conservatives towards the end of the Second World War also affected Eden’s position. In the spring of 1945, he gave a speech at a conference of the Scottish Conservative organization in which he stated that England had always created coalitions against powers that “claimed dominance in Europe” and would create them in the future if such a threat arose. The reactionary press in England and abroad interpreted this speech as a threat to the Soviet Union.
After the formation of the Labor government in July 1945, Eden went into opposition, becoming Churchill's deputy for leadership of the Conservative Party. Eden fully supported Churchill’s position aimed at fomenting a new war and creating the “United States of Europe” without and against the Soviet Union and the countries of the new democracy.
Tehran – Yalta – Potsdam: Collection of documents/ Comp.: Sh.P. Sanakoev, B.L. Tsybulevsky. – 2nd ed. – M.: Publishing House “International Relations”, 1970. – 416 p.
Essays:
Full circle, L., 1960; The Eden memoirs. Facing the dictators, L., 1962; in Russian lane - (Memoirs), "MJ", 1963, No. 1-5.
Literature:
Trukhanovsky V., Eden makes excuses before history, "MZ", 1963, No. 5.
Eden, A. Foreign affairs. London. 1939. XVI, 356 p. - E d en, A. (and oth.). Britain peace aims. Speeches by Anthony Eden and others. London. 1942. (Nat. peace Council. Peace aims documents, No. 2).-
America looks to the future. With an introduction. by Anthony Eden. London. 194 2. -
Johnson, A. C. Anthony Eden. A biography. London. 1939. 362 p. - Raskay, L. Anthony Eden. London. 1939. 128 p.
Anthony Eden Career: Politician
Birth: 12.6.1897
He was educated at Eton and Christ Church College, Oxford (from which I.'s father and grandfather graduated). A participant in the 1st World War, he fought in France from June 1916, major (his brother, Nicholas, died in the Battle of Jutland). For distinction in the Battle of the Somme in 1916 he was awarded the Military Cross. On December 6, 1923, he was elected a member of the House of Commons from Warwick-Leamington on the Conservative Party list.
Anthony Eden was born on June 12, 1897 on the family estate Windleystone Hall, located in one of the northern counties of England - Durham. Anthony's father, the 7th Baron Eden, William, was married to Sybil Gray. Representatives of the Gray family also held high government positions.
Anthony was the fourth child in the family. His dad had a tough temper. Anthony inherited from his father not only a love for painting, but also a difficult disposition. It is known that in Eden Jr., effort and fatigue sometimes resulted in an explosion of irritation.
At the age of eight, Anthony was sent to preparatory school in South Kensington, and a year later - to a boarding school in Sandroyd, in Surrey, where children were raised English nobility. Here he stayed for four years. Among his peers, he did not stand out in any way. As, in general, at Eton, where Anthony continued his studies, he is an exemplary, disciplined, but not a dazzling student.
Right from school, when he was just 18 years old, Eden volunteered for the front of the First Important War. Brothers John and Nicholas died in the battles. Anthony's service began in September 1915 in an infantry battalion. He ended the war with the rank of captain, at the headquarters of the 1st British Army.
After demobilization, Eden entered Oxford, Christ Church College, and chose an unusual specialization - oriental languages. He studied Persian and Arabic. Knowledge of the East opened up good prospects for advancement in the diplomatic service.
His first attempt to get into parliament ended in failure. But his marriage turned out to be successful. Anthony's chosen one was Beatrice Beckett, the daughter of a banker. And soon Eden entered parliament from the constituency of Warwick and Leamington. His position in this district was subsequently strengthened to such an extent that he represented it in parliament continuously for 33 years.
In 1925, Eden became parliamentary private secretary to Deputy Home Secretary Locker-Lampson, and then, on the latter's recommendation, parliamentary secretary to Foreign Secretary Austin Chamberlain.
Soon Eden, as a representative of Great Britain, was sent to Geneva, to the headquarters of the League of Nations. At the beginning of September 1931, he was already Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Eden's speeches in Geneva were widely advertised in the press. The newspapers were filled with photographs of the young, elegant minister. His partners in Geneva were major figures and diplomats of those years, such as the Frenchman Boncourt, the German Neurath, the Austrian Dollfuss, the Italian Aloisi, the Czech Benes, the Romanian Titulescu and the American observer Davis.
As the international situation worsened, Eden's stock rose rapidly. By January 1, 1934, he received an excellent New Year's gift - the location of the Lord Privy Seal. His responsibilities remained the same - representation in the League of Nations and the task of disarmament.
By this time, Anthony Eden was only 36 years old. Over the years, he acquired solidity. In the eyes of ordinary people, Eden was the embodiment of aristocracy; petty officials imitated him.
In the 1930s, London pursued the so-called policy of “appeasement” of aggressive powers. The meaning of this policy was to moderate their aggressive aspirations through territorial, military, economic and political concessions to Germany, Italy and Japan.
On February 16, 1934, British government minister Anthony Eden went on his first tour of the capitals of Europe. In Berlin he was greeted sublimely and warmly. In a conversation with Hitler, details regarding the weapons of various countries were discussed.
From Berlin Eden headed to Rome. Mussolini supported Hitler's demands for German armament. In general, Eden's interviews in Berlin and Rome did not produce any practical results. But they showed the readiness of the British government to follow the path of “appeasement” of fascism.
On September 17, 1934, the Soviet Union joined the League of Nations. On this occasion, Eden made a speech in which he stated that this was a step towards the universality of the organization.
He was extremely hardworking and subordinated his entire existence to the interests of his business. Eden worked to the point of exhaustion and hardly rested. Constant travel left very little time for communication. His lifelong friend called herself “the widow of a diplomat.” Two sons grew up: Simon, born in 1925, and Nicholas, born in 1930. Eden loved sports, especially tennis on the weekends. However, Eden spent a significant proportion of his time on the road.
At the beginning of 1935, Eden was still touring the capitals of European powers. These trips were caused by the decision of the British government to reach an agreement with Nazi Germany. In N. Chamberlain's cabinet, Eden becomes British Foreign Secretary. But this did not mean a change in the course of “appeasement.” The young minister, who had no real power, began to understand that the policy of “appeasement” was doomed to failure. Eden resigned in February 1938 as an enemy of the policy of “appeasement” and a supporter of vigorous resistance to aggressive powers.
In December 1938, Eden and his wife went to the United States. Things were obviously heading towards war, in which the interests of England and the United States had to coincide. The American side showed marked attentiveness to Eden. He addressed the National Business Association and gave speeches at numerous dinners and receptions. In the English diplomat, Americans saw the embodiment of the ideal American.
In March 1939, Hitler captured Czechoslovakia. He did not even think of coordinating this action with the participants in the Munich agreement. Germany's liquidation of the Munich agreements completely convinced Eden that the policy of "appeasement" had placed England and France in most dangerous situation and its continuation, moreover, in the form of “guaranteed pacification” will only aggravate the threat. He called for a conclusion" triple alliance between England, France and Russia on the basis of complete reciprocity,” that is, “if Russia is attacked, England and France must come to her aid.” In early May, Eden spoke in the House of Commons in favor of an early conclusion of an agreement with the USSR.
Eden believed that fascism’s attempts to expand its grip on Europe by intimidating England with war must come to an end. Eden later wrote to one of his correspondents: “If we can force Germany to believe that we will fight, then in the end we will be able to do something to prevent the outbreak of war.”
On September 3, 1939, Great Britain entered the war, and on the same day Eden received the portfolio of Minister of Dominions. And then the resignation of N. Chamberlain and the coming to power of Churchill, the Minister of Foreign Affairs. The official historian of British foreign policy during the war, L. Woodward, wrote that “Eden was able to balance and often correct the rapid Churchillian approach to events and the same quick conclusions.” According to Woodward, Eden was “a realist, temperamentally inclined to analyze in terms of long-term consequences and ultimate considerations.”
"IN war time“,” Eden wrote, “diplomacy and strategy are twins.” However, the success of foreign policy depends not only on the skill of diplomats, but on the economic, military and political force, on which diplomacy is based. British Foreign Secretary during the First Important War Arthur Balfour close time wrote: “If the failures of diplomacy can hamper the actions of the army, then the failure of military actions makes the Foreign Office helpless.” This is precisely the situation in which the British found themselves. foreign policy in the period of time between the surrender of France and the entry into the war of the Soviet Union.
The same uncertainty remained even after the signing on July 12, 1941 of an agreement on joint actions by the governments of the USSR and England in the war against Germany, according to which the parties pledged to provide each other with support and support in this war, and in addition not to negotiate and not to conclude a separate truce or peace treaty with Germany.
In December 1941, Eden visited front-line Moscow, and in May 1942, V.M. arrived in London on a return visit. Molotov. On May 26, he signed an agreement with Eden between Soviet Union and England about an alliance in the war against Nazi Germany and its accomplices in Europe and about cooperation and mutual assistance after the war.
In March, Eden arrived in the United States to discuss post-war problems with American colleagues.
Roosevelt chatted endlessly with his London guest during his 18-day visit, preferring news talk about the future of the world in a relaxed atmosphere - over tea or lunch. Eden's biographers quote Roosevelt's telegram to Churchill, in which the president reported that he had spent three evenings with Eden, that Anthony was an "excellent guy" and that they agreed on 95% of the issues discussed.
The contradictions between the participants in the anti-Hitler coalition were pushed back to the second project under pressure main task- to ensure victory over Germany, Italy, Japan and their allies. Many conferences of the “huge troika” were devoted to this, at which, along with the heads of government, foreign ministers were present, as well as similar independent meetings of ministers.
Eden persistently and not without success sought to ensure that the tripartite meetings were preceded by bilateral meetings, at which representatives of England and the United States prepared joint decisions on the issues under consideration. This meant that at the final stage they acted by prior agreement. “In the event that the Americans and the British could reach an agreement,” writes the American historian G. Kolko, “and the containment of Bolshevism was definitely one of the few issues on which they were unanimous, in reality there were two coalitions fighting against the Axis powers. The first The coalition - between England and the United States - was a true alliance in the sense that both countries shared a common view on fundamental problems, which, for all that, did not exclude conflicts of a serious nature between them. The second coalition was between the Anglo-American bloc, in which both countries acted in harmony, and the Soviet Union."
Using alliance relations with the USA and the USSR in the interests of England was, perhaps, the main, but by no means the only task of the department headed by Eden. The war became global in scope, and British interests were present in all corners globe. Eden's relationship with General de Gaulle, who headed the Committee of Fighting France, required a lot of strength and endurance from Eden. War on Pacific Ocean and in Asia, although in the past it was only an American concern, it posed countless problems for the Foreign Office.
Eden participated in the Moscow, Tehran, Crimean (Yalta), San Francisco and, ultimately, Berlin (Potsdam) conferences.
The war ended in “triumph and tragedy” for capitalist England. Victory was a triumph over the most dangerous enemy in the entire history of the country, a tragedy - the “dramatic decline of British power” that was revealed later than the end of the war. This expression belongs to one of the Prime Ministers of England - Harold Macmillan.
After the war, Eden took part in numerous conferences. In 1955 he became Prime Minister of Great Britain. However, after unsuccessful attempt Together with France and Israel, he was forced to resign by force to resolve the Suez crisis. For his services to the country, Eden was awarded the title of count and began to be called Count Avon.
After his resignation, Eden wrote memoirs and traveled extensively.
In January 1977, Eden vacationed in Florida, at the villa of the famous American millionaire and diplomat Averell Harriman. By that time, Eden had been diagnosed with liver cancer. Here he felt very unwell. The British leadership sent a combat airliner for Eden, the one that took him to England. Anthony Eden died in his sleep, aged 79, at his home in Alvidiston. 20 years have passed since his resignation as prime minister.→
Anthony Hamilton Anthony Hamilton
Anthony Hamilton is an American soul singer and producer. Born January 28, 1971 in North Carolina. Gained popularity after the release of the album..
July 16, 1944 - the famous partisan parade in liberated Minsk. Partisan parade in Minsk. July 16, 1944 This parade rightfully stands out from all the solemn military processions and reviews in the history of mankind. After all, it was not soldiers who took part in it regular army, and the fighters who fought in the occupied territory in the partisan detachments of Belarus. The Belarusian land was liberated from the German occupiers in the summer of 1944 during the rapid offensive of our army during Operation Bagration. The Belarusian partisans provided great assistance to the advancing troops. By the time of the liberation of Belarus and its capital Minsk, 1,255 partisan detachments, numbering about 370 thousand fighters, were fighting on the territory of the republic. During the occupation, the partisans of Belarus derailed 11,128 enemy trains and 34 armored trains, destroyed 29 railway stations and 948 enemy garrisons, blew up 819 railway and 4,710 other bridges, and destroyed 939 German military warehouses. Minsk Soviet army liberated on July 3, 1944, and almost immediately numerous partisan detachments began to gather in the war-ravaged capital of Belarus. After the expulsion of the occupiers from native land former fighters of the “partisan front” had to either join the regular army or begin work to restore peaceful life in the liberated territory. But before disbanding the partisan detachments forever, the leaders of Belarus and the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement decided to hold a real partisan parade in Minsk. By the evening of July 15, 1944, 20 partisan brigades from the Minsk region, 9 brigades from the Baranovichi (now Brest) region and one from the Vileika (now Molodechensk) region - a total of more than 30 thousand people - had gathered in the capital of Belarus. On the eve of the parade, many of its participants were awarded medals to “Partisan Patriotic War“- for the majority of those who fought behind the front line, this was the first state award in their lives. The partisans gathered in the capital of Belarus for a reason; along the way they cleared the surrounding forests of broken German troops . This is how Ivan Pavlovich Bokhan, a native of the village of Skobino, Minsk region, then a 17-year-old partisan fighter, whose parents were shot by the occupiers, recalled this: “Two days before the arrival of the Red Army, we liberated Kopyl, defeated the garrison and captured the city... Our brigade from Kopylsky district was transferred to Minsk. There, a large German group was surrounded, some were taken prisoner, and some fled. The task of our brigade is to catch these groups on the road to Minsk. That's how we went. We get up in the morning, we go, and you look at the smoke in the forest. You approach - 4-5 Germans are sitting by the fire. They immediately: “Halt!” If he just grabs a weapon, we kill him right away... We came to Minsk. On July 16, 1944, a partisan parade took place in which I participated. It was an indescribable sight - how many partisans there were!” By 9 am on July 16, 1944, 30 thousand partisans lined up on a field in the bend of the Svisloch River for the parade and 50 thousand residents of Minsk who survived the occupation gathered. At the parade there was a large delegation of soldiers and commanders of the Red Army, led by the commander of the 3rd Belorussian Front, Army General Ivan Danilovich Chernyakhovsky - it was his troops who liberated the capital of Belarus from the Germans. This is how one of its participants, a fighter of the Kommunar partisan detachment Vasily Morokhovich, recalled the partisan parade: “Overgrown and emaciated partisans marched between the destroyed and burned houses of Minsk. In their hands they had the most amazing collection of weapons from the then fighting armies, dotted with weapons that blacksmiths had made in the forests. They were greeted with delight, they walked proudly with awards on their chests! They were winners!” Partisan equipment, mainly German trophies, also took part in the parade. But there were also samples with an amazing fate - for example, the ZIS-21 truck with a gas generator engine capable of running on wood. First, it was captured by the advancing Germans, and then hijacked by Belarusian partisans - the German truck driver Hans Kulyas went over to the side of the partisans and remained in our country after the war. Another very unusual participant in the unprecedented parade walked in the ranks of the partisans - a goat named Baby. In 1943, after the defeat of the German garrison at Kurenets station, the Borba partisan detachment from the People's Avengers brigade, among other trophies, took with them a goat. The animal was supposed to go to the partisans for lunch, but the fighters liked it and soon the goat, nicknamed Baby, became the favorite and mascot of the partisan detachment “Struggle”. Vasily Petrovich Davzhonak, a 19-year-old fighter of the “Struggle” detachment in 1944, recalled this unusual companion of the partisans: “The kid endured with us all the hardships of field life, we practically ate, slept with him... even fought! Once there was a major skirmish with the Germans near the village of Okolovo, not far from Pleschenitsy. I remember this battle very well; at that time I was number two in the machine gun crew - supplying cartridges. Throughout the battle, the Kid did not leave us. Moreover, he acted very competently: as soon as the Germans opened heavy fire, he calmly retreated under cover, behind a pine tree, waited, and then came out again and carefully watched the progress of the battle.” However, the goat was not only a talisman - during walks through the forests, he carried a loaded bag with medicines. Together with a partisan detachment, on July 16, 1944, Malysh was among the participants in an unusual parade. “We decided that Malysh deserved to be with us at this solemn moment. - Vasily Davzhonak recalled. “The partisans from our detachment cleaned him thoroughly and dressed him in a ribbon decorated with German orders. Hitler's awards went to us as a trophy when we captured a German staff vehicle - we decided that the right place for them was on the Kid's neck. The parade began, and our dressed up goat immediately took his usual place - in front of the column. I remember that I noticed how Chernyakhovsky looked in surprise at our “pet” and, animatedly gesticulating, was talking about something to his assistants. In general, in my opinion, the management liked our initiative...” It was assumed that the Kid would pass unnoticed inside the column, but during the ceremonial march, the fighting goat, having escaped from the hands of those accompanying him, settled down next to the command of the detachment, causing wild delight among the spectators. Decorated with captured Nazi crosses, the Kid was captured by the cameraman filming the parade and remained in history forever. Almost immediately a legend arose that the goat in German orders was specially invented by Soviet propaganda. In reality, this was the initiative of ordinary victorious partisans, thus expressing their contempt for the defeated occupiers. The partisan parade on July 16, 1944 in Minsk rightfully went down in history as the brightest symbol of the victory of the fraternal peoples of the USSR over an external enemy.
British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden underwent surgery in 1953 gallbladder. The surgeon made a mistake - he damaged the bile ducts. From then on, Eden struggled with pain until the end of his life. Weakened. I was forced to take painkillers. And their side effects were eliminated with stimulants - amphetamines.
This combination caused Eden to experience constant mood swings, euphoria alternating with bouts of melancholy. And he had to take all these medications constantly. Involuntarily, Anthony Eden became a drug addict.
Prime Minister Winston Churchill, now 80, resigned. On April 7, 1955, his fellow party conservative Eden replaced him. It was in full swing cold war. Britain was losing its position in the Middle East. In July 1956, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized Suez Canal, which previously belonged to the British and French.
Eden called the Egyptian ruler an aggressor and compared him to Mussolini. At the time of the Suez crisis, he was a drug addict. His personal doctor prescribed him an amphetamine stimulant, the so-called Benzedrine. This drug was available without a prescription until the late 1950s because it was considered safe. Cases of overdose or side effects was not recorded at that time.
“Our old man is completely ill and is all on edge,” a British foreign intelligence lieutenant wrote about Eden to his American colleague. During the period when Nasser captured the canal, Eden was hospitalized with a temperature of 41. The doses of morphine and benzedrine had to be gradually increased. Soon new symptoms appeared: agitation, insomnia, rapid fatigue.
Because of drugs, Eden actually could no longer lead the state. The ministers did not trust him, did not understand American President Eisenhower - Eden was losing his main ally. They began to put pressure on him. On the one hand, there are members of the government: the prime minister must stay in Egypt and win back the Suez Canal. On the other hand, Eisenhower, who stopped providing financial assistance. In the end, Eden relented and withdrew his troops from occupied Egyptian territory.
The ministers did not forgive him for his defeat in the Suez crisis. On January 10, 1957, the prime minister resigned.
Nicholas II treated his cold with cocaine
During the First World War, Russian Emperor Nicholas II complained of stomach pain and upset. The court doctors prescribed painkillers for the king - opium and morphine.
It was impossible to keep track of when and what doses Nicholas II took. Queen Alexandra wrote in her diary that he “had high pressure and the mood changed surprisingly quickly." However, "during the day, especially during receptions and feasts, he was in good mood, behaved normally." In 1916, during a feast on the occasion of Tsarevich Alexei’s birthday, one of the guests noted that “His Majesty hardly drank, but nevertheless he seemed not to be himself. The eyes seemed to glow, the look was inattentive, absent. Sometimes he smiled, but somehow confused, and it looked very strange."
Nicholas II treated colds with cocaine - then it was believed that this substance eliminated the symptoms of the disease.
Morphine made Hermann Goering hysterical
German Field Marshal Hermann Goering was plagued by an old wound for more than 20 years.
During the Nazi Beer Hall Putsch on November 9, 1923, he walked through Berlin in the front row of protesters. The police opened fire. A large-caliber bullet hit Goering in the thigh, narrowly missing his groin. It rained that day. When the wounded man fell on the pavement, dirt got into the wound. She caused an infection. The doctor prescribed Goering morphine. The pain did not subside, the doses began to be increased.
After being wounded, Goering went to Austria for treatment, then Italy, and then to Sweden. In October 1927 Swedish doctor Carl Lundberg, after examining the patient, wrote that he “has a hysterical temperament, a split personality, and often has a tearful and sentimental mood, alternating with bouts of blind rage; at such moments he can go to extremes.” Soon Goering ended up in a mental hospital for several months. “Dangerous antisocial hysteric” - this was the diagnosis made by Swedish psychiatrists. The cause was identified as Goering's dependence on morphine.
“He swallowed handfuls of painkillers every day,” one of the Luftwaffe officers wrote in his diary in 1944 about the commander of the Third Reich air force.
Churchill washed down Benzedrine with beer or absinthe
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill lost the election in 1945 and went into opposition. He led a sedentary lifestyle, drank a lot, and this led to problems with excess weight and heart disease. In August 1949, he suffered his first mini-stroke. During a tense political campaign in January next year complained to his doctor about weakness, dizziness and “fog in his eyes.” The doctor diagnosed cerebral vasospasm. But Churchill still ran for prime minister again. And in 1951 he finally won: he again moved into the building at 10 Downing Street - the residence of the Prime Minister in London.
The prime minister was already 77 years old. In the mid-1950s, he became almost completely deaf, had heart failure, and eczema. He often complained of pain and weakness. Doctors prescribed him the same as Anthony Eden - the stimulant Benzedrine, which belongs to the amphetamine family. Secretly, to lift his spirits, the Prime Minister took cocaine, without a prescription and without his supervision. personal doctor. This drug was recognized as dangerous and illegal only in the 1960s, so the head of government could use the drug in any dose. How and where Churchill obtained cocaine is still a mystery.
However, the drugs had almost no effect, because Sir Winston had the habit of washing them down with beer or absinthe, and this neutralizes the direct effect of the drugs. Cocaine and benzedrine were addictive, so the prime minister washed down all the doses each time big amount alcohol. This lasted for several years, until Churchill's death in 1965.
