In what year was the Third Department of the Own Chancellery created? New Constitution of the USSR
March 14 marks the 20th anniversary of the adoption of the law “On the establishment of the post of President of the USSR and the introduction of amendments and additions to the Constitution of the USSR.”
Article 6 of the Constitution was stated as follows: “The Communist Party Soviet Union, other political parties, as well as trade unions, youth, and other public organizations and mass movements, through their representatives elected to the Councils of People's Deputies, and in other forms, participate in the development of the policy of the Soviet state, in the management of state and public affairs."
Instead of the usual “collegial head of state” for the Soviet system - the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces, the post of President of the USSR with great powers was established. He was also the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the USSR, appointing and dismissing military command. The President represented the Supreme Court of the USSR, and then the Congress of People's Deputies for approval and dismissal of the Chairman of the USSR Government, the Supreme Court, the Prosecutor General, the Chairman of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the USSR and the personnel of the Constitutional Supervision Committee of the USSR.
The President had the right to declare mobilization, a state of war, martial law or a state of emergency in certain areas of the country, and introduce temporary presidential rule. He headed the USSR Security Council, whose members were appointed in agreement with the USSR Armed Forces. At first, a Presidential Council was also created, which was abolished in November 1990 due to inoperability.
The President of the USSR headed the Federation Council, which included the Vice-President of the USSR and the presidents of the republics. Decisions of this Council were made by a majority of at least two-thirds of the votes.
Although according to the Constitution the President had to be elected by popular vote, for the first time “as an exception” he was elected by people's deputies of the USSR.
On March 20, 1991, a law was adopted that abolished the Council of Ministers of the USSR and created a new type of government - the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR under the President, with a lower status and narrower functions than the traditional Council of Ministers.
The repeal of Article 6 of the USSR Constitution actually authorized the creation of other political parties. By this time there were many of them in the country. Parties of democratic orientation - the Peasant, Agrarian, People's, and Democratic Parties of Russia - occupied a prominent place among them. They advocated the creation of a rule of law state and the implementation of economic and political reforms.
In October 1990, the USSR Law “On public associations", who recognized the existence of a multi-party system in the country.
The material was prepared based on information from open sources
The most striking manifestation of this inconsistency in the development of the state system of the USSR was the Constitution of the USSR of 1977. It emphasized continuity with the Soviet constitutions of 1918, 1924 and 1936. The construction of a “developed socialist society” and the creation of a “state of the whole people” was stated in the USSR; the goal of development of Soviet society was indicated - the construction of a “classless communist society” based on public self-government. Socialist property was declared the basis of the economic system of the USSR, the basis political system- Councils of People's Deputies (in 1936-1977 - Councils of Workers' Deputies). In a separate article. 6, the “leading role” of the CPSU was consolidated. For the first time the provision on " leadership role"Party appeared in Art. 126 of the USSR Constitution of 1936, where, after the declaration of the right of USSR citizens to unite in public organizations, it was stated that “the most active and conscious citizens... unite into the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), which is the vanguard of the working people and represents the leading core of all working people’s organizations.” However, in the new Constitution this most important political conclusion was made more carefully and legally precisely.
For the first time, a preamble and a number of new sections appeared in the Constitution (on the political system of society, social development and culture, foreign policy, the status of a people's deputy). New forms of “direct democracy” were consolidated: popular discussion and referendum, new civil rights– the right to appeal the actions of officials, to judicial protection from attacks on honor and dignity, to criticize the actions of government and public organizations etc. For the first time, new social rights of Soviet citizens were secured - to health care, housing, use of cultural achievements, freedom of creativity.
The adoption of the USSR Constitution of 1977 had a great positive impact:
1. An expanded interpretation of the social base of the USSR was given, which for the first time included the intelligentsia (Article 19).
2. Soviet “democracy” expanded somewhat (due to the inclusion of Article 5 in the Constitution on national discussion and popular voting).
3. The article on personal property was expanded (Article 13).
4. To the chapter about foreign policy The 10 Helsinki principles were included (Article 29).
5. The declaration has been expanded social rights citizens of the USSR (universal secondary education, the right to housing, an expanded formulation of the right to work, freedom of scientific, technical and artistic creativity).
6. A number of new political rights have been declared: the right to judicial protection (Article 57), the right to appeal the actions of officials, government bodies and public organizations (Article 58).
7. The powers of the SSR, ASSR, autonomous regions and districts are more precisely and clearly defined.
8. An article appeared on voters’ orders (Article 102).
9. The age limit for deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was reduced by two years.
10. The discussion of the new Constitution (held in April-September 1977) increased the political activity of Soviet society.
At the same time, the adoption of the “Brezhnev” Constitution had a number of negative consequences:
1. The politicization and ideologization of the Constitution was increased (due to the preamble).
2. The anti-scientific conclusion about “developed socialism” was legally enshrined.
3. Compared to the “Stalinist” Constitution, the “leading role” of the Communist Party was secured more strictly.
4. The new Constitution did not affect the power and property of the nomenklatura.
5. The political rights of Soviet citizens and the right of union republics to secede from the USSR remained a fiction.
6. For a significant part of the population, the right to housing remains a fiction.
7. The political system of the USSR, enshrined in this Constitution, rejected the basic principles of democracy - multi-party system, alternative elections, separation of powers, professional parliament, etc.
8. The inequality of the peoples of the USSR remained.
9. Exclusion of the wording of the Constitutions of 1924 and 1936. the election of only representatives of the titular nationality to the Council of Nationalities (from the Ukrainian SSR - Ukrainians, from the Georgian SSR - Georgians, etc.) infringed on the rights of non-Russian peoples.
10. The Soviets remained a screen for the dominance of the party and economic nomenklatura.
11. “Direct democracy” of 1977 did not work. The “national discussion” created ample opportunities for the Soviet elite to fabricate any result it desired. During the 14 years of the Constitution's existence, a “national vote” was held only once (March 17, 1991).
12. A number of democratic proposals made during the discussion of the Constitution (on alternative elections, the elimination of privileges of the nomenklatura, the fight against corruption, etc.) were rejected.
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a) A.N. Radishchev;
b) I.V. Kireyevsky;
c) N.M. Muravyov;
d) N.M. Karamzin.
74. The defense of Sevastopol related to the events of the war that took place:
a) in 1787 – 1791
b) in 1813 – 1814
c) in 1853 – 1856
d) in 1877 – 1878
75. Representatives of Russian social thought of the 1830s - 1850s, who idealized the historical past of Russia, were called
a) Slavophiles;
b) social democrats;
c) Westerners;
d) Decembrists.
76. The “golden age” of Russian literature includes creativity:
a) D. I. Fonvizin;
b) A.S. Pushkin;
c) A.P. Chekhov;
d) I.A. Bunina.
77. As a result of the judicial reform of 1864:
a) a single court was formed for representatives of all classes;
b) landowners lost the right to court over peasants;
c) the adversarial nature of the trial was limited;
d) the participation of jurors in the trial was prohibited.
78. Dates 1825, 1855, 1881, 1894. relate:
a) to the process of liberation of peasants from serfdom;
b) the beginning of military campaigns;
c) to reforms government controlled;
d) to the beginning of the reigns of the Russian emperors.
79. The name "Peacemaker" was:
a) Alexander I;
b) Alexander II;
c) Alexander III;
d) Nicholas I.
80. During Patriotic War 1812 the word appeared:
a) naughty;
b) baller;
c) charlatan;
d) shantrap.
81. The event that marked the beginning of the first Russian revolution:
a) “Lena execution”;
b) “going to the people”;
V) " Khodynka tragedy»;
d) "Bloody Sunday".
82.Name a position that is not related to Stolypin’s agrarian reform:
a) creation of farms and cuts;
b) resettlement of peasants to free lands;
c) creation of individual farms;
d) strengthening the peasant community.
a) proclaimed Russia constitutional monarchy;
b) introduced bourgeois rights and freedoms in Russia;
c) introduced a special situation in Russia;
d) declared the immutability of the country's political structure.
84. The first Workers' Council was created:
a) in Ivanovo-Voznesensk;
b) in St. Petersburg;
c) in Kharkov;
d) in Moscow.
85. In 1915, for the first time in world military practice chemical weapon(chlorine) was applied:
a) Russia;
b) Germany;
c) Austria-Hungary;
d) France.
86. During the revolution of 1905-1907. The bloc of revolutionary parties included:
a) Social Revolutionaries and Cadets;
b) Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries;
c) Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries;
d) Socialist Revolutionaries, Cadets and Octobrists.
87. Head of the Provisional Government immediately after February Revolution became:
a) A. Kerensky;
b) G. Lvov;
c) M. Rodzianko;
d) A. Guchkov.
88. In 1917 Nicholas II abdicated the throne:
89. VChK stands for:
a) commission;
b) committee;
c) commissariat;
d) company.
90. The abbreviation “Red Army” refers to:
91. The symbols of Soviet power were:
a) sickle and plow;
b) hammer and sickle;
c) plow and hammer;
d) sickle and sword.
92. The combat reserve of the Bolshevik Party was:
a) Komsomol;
b) command staff;
c) committee;
d) commune.
93. "Third Force" in civil war were:
b) interventionists;
c) green;
d) white Czechs.
94. To fight Denikin, the following was created:
a) southern front;
b) western front;
c) eastern front;
d) northern front.
95. Royal family was shot:
a) in Ekaterinodar;
b) in Yekaterinburg;
c) in Petrograd;
d) in Moscow.
96. One of the reasons for accelerated industrialization in the USSR was the need:
a) restore the pre-war level of industrial production;
b) ensure the accelerated development of light industry;
c) limit the influx of foreign capital;
d) overcome the technical and economic backwardness from leading countries.
97. A. Stakhanov was:
a) polar explorer;
b) a pilot;
c) an actor;
d) a miner.
a) the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR was signed;
b) the Constitution of the USSR was adopted;
c) a separate peace treaty was signed with Germany;
d) the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia was adopted.
99. In what year was the Soviet-German non-aggression pact signed?
a) 1922;
b) 1933;
c) 1939;
d) 1940
100. The idea of blitzkrieg was incorporated into the plan by the German General Staff:
a) "Ost";
b) "Barbarossa";
c) "Typhoon";
d) "Citadel".
101. The largest tank battle of the Great Patriotic War took place during the battle:
a) Kursk;
b) near Moscow;
c) Stalingrad;
d) for the Dnieper.
102. During the Great Patriotic War, the salute was first given in honor of the liberation:
a) Sevastopol;
b) Koenigsberg;
c) Leningrad;
d) Belgorod and Orel.
103. “Cauldron” is:
a) line of defense of a strategically important facility;
b) the area of the densest artillery fire;
c) the area where the main troops are deployed before the offensive;
d) isolation of the enemy group for subsequent destruction and capture.
104.The Warsaw Pact Organization was created when the leader of the USSR was:
a) I.V. Stalin;
b) N.S. Khrushchev;
c) L.I. Brezhnev;
d) M.S. Gorbachev.
105. Which group of dates is associated with the successes of the USSR in space exploration:
a) 1945, 1953, 1964
b) 1965, 1977, 1982
c) 1957, 1961, 1975
d) 1969, 1979, 1989
106. As they called it in the late 1960s - mid-1980s. people who did not share the dominant state ideology in the USSR?
a) emigrants;
b) anarchists;
c) dissidents;
d) cosmopolitans.
107. Which of the named persons led the implementation of economic reforms in 1965?
a) A.N. Kosygin;
b) B.N. Yeltsin;
c) Yu.V. Andropov;
d) N.I. Ryzhkov.
108. What new provision was included in the Constitution of the USSR, adopted in 1977?
a) condemnation of Stalin’s personality cult;
b) building a communist society in twenty years;
c) introduction of the principle of separation of powers;
d) construction in the USSR developed socialism.
109. Which of the Soviet leaders in 1990 was awarded Nobel Prize peace?
a) B. Yeltsin;
b) M. Gorbachev;
c) E. Shevardnadze;
d) Yu. Andropov.
110. In 1991, 1996, 2000 Presidents Russian Federation took office as a result of:
a) election by the State Duma;
b) appointments Federal Assembly;
c) popular elections;
d) appointments by the Constitutional Court.
111. "Era of Stagnation" refers to the reign of:
a) L.I. Brezhnev;
b) Yu.V. Andropova;
c) M.S. Gorbachev;
d) B.N. Yeltsin.
112. Define the incorrect position: “what is the significance of perestroika in the life of Soviet society”:
a) laid the foundations for the formation market relations;
b) party dictatorship in the spiritual life of society has intensified;
c) the prerequisites for the transition to democracy were created;
d) the revival of a multi-party system began.
113. Who was not part of the State Emergency Committee:
a) Vice President G.I. Yanaev;
b) Minister of Defense D.T. Yazov;
c) Chairman of the Supreme Council R.I. Khasbulatov;
d) KGB Chairman V.A. Kryuchkov.
More than 40 years have passed since the previous Constitution of 1936 was put into effect, and the approaching sixtieth anniversary of Soviet power prompted the leadership of the USSR to intensify the work of the constitutional commission chaired by L. I. Brezhnev. The new Constitution was supposed to consolidate the changes that had occurred in the social, economic and national spheres, and be more consistent with the norms international law and mark the achievements of Soviet power over the past decades. On June 4, 1977, the draft Constitution was published, in the discussion of which took part various forms(including formally) 140 million people. Changes were made to 118 articles out of 173 and one more was added new article about the orders of voters. On October 7, 1977, the text of the Constitution was approved at an extraordinary session of the USSR Supreme Council.
The Constitution proclaimed the construction of developed socialism in the USSR, the formation of a new historical community of people - Soviet people and the transition from the dictatorship of the working people to a nation-wide state of workers, peasants and intellectuals, the law of life of which is the concern of all for the well-being of each and the concern of each for the well-being of all. Article 6 legislated the role of the CPSU, proclaimed “the leading and directing force of Soviet society, the core of its political system.” Further, this article stated that, “armed with Marxist-Leninist teaching, the Communist Party determines the general prospects for the development of society, the line domestic and foreign policy of the USSR, directs the great creative activity of the Soviet people, gives a planned, scientifically based character to their struggle for the victory of communism."
The Constitution approved, in addition to the previous rights, provisions on universal secondary education, the right to choose a profession and to housing. In addition to enumerating rights, the Constitution defined guarantees for their implementation. Just as in the previous Constitution, basic, democratic freedoms were proclaimed: speech, assembly, processions and demonstrations, conscience, etc. The Basic Law included ten provisions of the Helsinki Act on the principles of interstate relations. Constitutionally enshrined criminal liability for war propaganda.
The main direction of development of the political system of Soviet society, Article 9 of the Constitution proclaimed “the further development of socialist democracy: increasing participation of citizens in managing the affairs of the state and society, improving the state apparatus, increasing the activity of public organizations, strengthening popular control, strengthening the legal basis of state and public life, expansion of openness, constant consideration of public opinion." Article 5 of the Constitution introduced the institution of referendum. The number of public organizations in the 70s increased significantly, as did their role in Soviet society. In the Councils of all levels in the early 80s there were 2 million 270 thousand people's deputies. There were about 250 thousand committees of people's control. Despite all the formalization of the activities of these organizations, this was, albeit limited, but an experience of local self-government, a concession of the ruling circles to increased public activity in the early 70s.
At the same time, the proclamation of the Constitution of developed socialism indicated a certain self-sufficient stagnation in the social life of the USSR. Under these conditions, political rights were often a fiction and were not respected. Political changes did not touch the top, where numerous examples of corruption were recorded during this period. The activities of Minister of Internal Affairs Shchelokov subsequently became a household name. During the period from 1975 to 1982, he received 80 thousand rubles free of charge (including 30 thousand rubles for apartment renovation). Under the guise of official funds, the funds of the Ministry of Internal Affairs were used to pay for the maintenance of 9 apartments for Shchelokov, his relatives and friends. In addition, he had 3 personal dachas (one of them worth 200 thousand rubles), several free Mercedes-Benzes, allegedly allocated to ensure security during the 1980 Olympics, antique valuables worth 248.8 thousand rubles that decorated the apartment minister and his relatives, a special store of the Ministry of Internal Affairs exclusively for members of his family, as well as the opportunity to receive free fresh flowers worth up to 15 thousand rubles per year, allegedly placed at the Lenin Mausoleum and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE SOCIAL ORDER OF THE USSR ACCORDING TO THE CONSTITUTION OF 1977
Chapter 1. Political system
Article 1. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a socialist state of the entire people, expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intelligentsia, the working people of all nations and nationalities of the country.
Article 2. All power in the USSR belongs to the people. The people are implementing state power through the Councils of People's Deputies, which form the political basis of the USSR. All other government bodies are controlled and accountable to the Councils of People's Deputies.
Article 3. The organization and activities of the Soviet state are built in accordance with the principle of democratic centralism: the election of all government bodies from top to bottom, accountability to their people, and the binding nature of decisions of higher bodies for lower ones. Democratic centralism combines unified leadership with initiative and creative activity on the ground, with the responsibility of each government body and official for the assigned work.
Article 4. The Soviet state, all its bodies operate on the basis of socialist legality, ensure the protection of law and order, the interests of society, the rights and freedoms of citizens. State and public organizations and officials are obliged to comply with the Constitution of the USSR and Soviet laws.
Article 5. Most important questions public life are submitted for public discussion, and are also put to a popular vote (referendum).
Article 6. The leading and directing force of Soviet society, the core of its political system, state and public organizations is the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The CPSU exists for the people and serves the people. Armed with Marxist-Leninist teaching, the Communist Party determines the general prospects for the development of society, the line of domestic and foreign policy of the USSR, guides the great creative activity of the Soviet people, and imparts a systematic, scientifically based character to their struggle for the victory of communism. All party organizations operate within the framework of the Constitution
Article 7. Trade unions, the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union, cooperative and other public organizations, in accordance with their statutory tasks, participate in the management of state and public affairs, in resolving political, economic and socio-cultural issues.
Article 8. Work collectives participate in the discussion and resolution of state and public affairs, in production planning and social development, in the training and placement of personnel, in discussing and resolving issues of managing enterprises and institutions, improving working and living conditions, using funds intended for the development of production, as well as 320
socio-cultural events and material incentives. Work collectives develop socialist competition, promote the dissemination of advanced work methods, strengthen labor discipline, educate their members in the spirit of communist morality, and take care of increasing their political consciousness, culture and professional qualifications.
Article 9. The main direction of development of the political system of Soviet society is the further development of socialist democracy: the increasing participation of citizens in managing the affairs of the state and society, improving the state apparatus, increasing the activity of public
organizations, strengthening people's control, strengthening the legal basis of state and public life, expanding publicity, constantly taking into account public opinion.
CRITICISM OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
1. The Constitution is the fundamental law of the state. It must not only define the economic and political system (state system), but also provide a legal basis, clearly formulated provisions of the law, the implementation of which can be subjected to objective verification.
Meanwhile, most articles of the Constitution are written in the form of declarations, rather than specific legal norms.
As an example, Art. 5 about referendums.
What are the “most important” issues of public life, in what cases, in what order should they be put up for public discussion (referendum)? How to check whether Art. 5 of the Constitution?
This question becomes special meaning due to the fact that during the entire existence of the Soviet state, i.e. for 60 years, not a single referendum was held. The state receives popular approval at specially organized rallies, where ceremonial (carefully prepared in advance) speeches are made and a solemn “hurray” is heard!
Despite the fact that the referendum was also mentioned in the previous Constitution, the issue of the invasion of Czechoslovakia by Soviet troops in 1968 was decided not only without popular discussion or voting, but also without notifying the people of the preparation and implementation of this action.
Dozens of such examples of declarativeness and vagueness of articles of the Constitution can be cited. It is the absence characteristic features law, legal framework turns this most important document for the life of the people into a blabbering and boastful declaration.
From this point of view, the preamble of the Constitution deserves special objections, which has nothing to do with the fundamental law as a legal document.
2. The main flaw of the Project is the blatant and undisguised contradiction between Art. 1 and 2 and art. 6.
Art. Art. 1 and 2 declare the USSR as a state of the entire people, in which the people exercise state power through the Councils of People's Deputies, which form the political basis of the USSR.
At the same time Art. 6 declares the CPSU to be the core of the political system. Moreover, the second part of Art. 6 directly establishes that all the most important state issues are decided not by the Soviets, but by the CPSU (practically, the top leadership of the CPSU).
There is essentially nothing new here. The only thing that is new and significant is that the existing situation is openly consolidated and strengthened, in which it is the governing body of the CPSU that decides all political, economic and international issues (i.e., all issues within the competence of the state). Even the most important international agreements are signed not by the head of state or the government of the country, but by the party leader.
When discussing this issue, we cannot ignore the fact that for decades there has not been a single case in which the Supreme Soviet of the USSR did not approve and give the force of law to any decision of the Politburo or the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee.
No degree of freedom and democracy is conceivable without a struggle of ideas. The monopoly position of the only party in the country, the subordination of all aspects of state, political, economic and social life to the ideology of this party can be considered useful or harmful for society, but cannot be, should not be called democracy.
We are already tired of being surprised by what heads of state sign international treaties and agreements not with the head of the USSR, but with the party leader. Now there is no need to be surprised anymore. The Constitution enshrines in law the provision that the basis political system of our country are not the Soviets of Working People's Deputies, but the CPSU.
Without affecting the big independent question about the degree of efficiency of the socialist economy, let me make the following comments on Chapter 2:
1. Art. 13 of the Project declares the free labor of Soviet people as a source of growth in the social well-being of the people.
Such a declaration is not objectionable in itself, but must necessarily be accompanied by a categorical indication of the inadmissibility of all forms of forced labor...
2. Art. 16 of the Project declares the participation of collectives of workers and public organizations in the management of enterprises and associations. However, the forms and methods of this participation have not been established.
There is no established procedure for resolving conflicts that may occur in the sphere of production management, in resolving issues of organizing work and life, etc.
“LEADING AND GUIDING ROLE”
RG: It’s curious: in the Stalinist constitution of 1936, the “party” was mentioned only once, among other public organizations, at the very end of the text. It turns out that Leonid Ilyich was not so consistent, since he violated such an important Stalinist covenant?
Burlatsky: When the Brezhnev constitution was being prepared, into which Alexander Bovin inserted a passage about the leading role of the party, I made a remark to him: but this is not even in the Stalinist constitution. In Stalin’s, he says, no, but there is a direct order from Leonid Ilyich. By the way, Brezhnev wanted to take me on as his assistant, but he fought back with great difficulty. This was another way to “calm down” the reformers - to give them posts, to draw them into their “chalk circle”.
That’s when real disappointment in my activities came to me: what am I doing in the Central Committee? What am I here for? I am a scientist and a good journalist, I don’t fit into the political turn that has taken place in the country, which means I have to leave. With this I came to Andropov: I ask you to let me resign, I am not a staff person. He did not object, because he himself was hanging by a thread. I left him completely upset, still hoping for a different conversation.
1. Establish the positions of the participants in the dialogue. About what events we're talking about?
2. Trace subsequent events on the map.
Worksheet 2
Define the terms: Stagnation; Bureaucracy; Corruption; Petrodollars; Shadow economy; Neo-Stalinism; Military-strategic parity; The theory of “developed socialism”; "Helsinki Process"; SALT.
Worksheet 3
Test
1. What new provision was included in the Constitution of the USSR, adopted in 1977?
a) condemnation of Stalin’s personality cult
b) building a communist society in twenty years
c) introduction of the principle of separation of powers
d) building developed socialism in the USSR
2. Which group of dates is associated with the successes of the USSR in space exploration?
a) 1945, 1953, 1964
b) 1955, 1977, 1982
c) 1969, 1979, 1989
d) 1957, 1961, 1975
3. Which of the following events occurred during the period of Brezhnev’s “stagnation”?
a) adoption of a resolution on decadent phenomena in Soviet music
b) opening of the Sovremennik Theater
c) adoption of a resolution on the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad”
d) exclusion from the Writers' Union and expulsion from the country of A.I. Solzhenitsyn
4. The result of the process of détente in international tension in the 1970s. was
a) establishing cooperation between the USSR and NATO
b) ending all armed conflicts in the world
c) adoption of a UN resolution on destruction nuclear weapons
d) holding the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
5. Read an excerpt from a note sent by a group of scientists and department heads on September 10, 1960 to the CPSU Central Committee, and indicate which of the named scientists was among the people who signed this document. “To ensure the first manned flight on a satellite ship in short time and with high degree reliability, it is necessary to set this task as the main one in terms of space work, postponing the deadlines for solving other problems in this area... We ask you to approve our proposals for the implementation of the first human flight in space on a satellite ship as a task of special significance...”
a) N.I. Vavilov
b) S.P. Korolev
c) N.N. Semenov
d) N.E. Zhukovsky
6. Soviet troops in the 1980s took part in hostilities in (in)
a) Hungary
b) Afghanistan
d) Afghanistan
7. Which of these individuals led the economic reforms in 1965?
a) A.N. Kosygin
b) N.S. Khrushchev
c) Yu.V. Andropov
d) N.I. Ryzhkov
8. What was called in the late 1960s - mid-1980s. people who did not share the dominant state ideology in the USSR?
a) emigrants
b) anarchists
c) dissidents
d) cosmopolitans
9. What was the result of the holding in the second half of the 1960s. economic reform under the leadership of A.N. Kosygina?
a) creation of economic councils
b) increase in profit industrial enterprises
c) termination of state planning
d) corporatization of industrial enterprises
10. The beginning of grain imports dates back to the period when the head was
a) K.U. Chernenko
b) N.S. Khrushchev
c) L.I. Brezhnev
d) Yu.V.Andropov
11. What feature characterized the economy of the USSR in the middle. 1960-mid. 1980s
a) priority development of light industry
b) preferential financing of the military-industrial complex
c) the emergence of private banks
d) intensive nature of economic development
12. Which of the above characterized the development social sphere in the USSR in mid. 1960-mid. 1980s
a) overproduction of industrial and food products
b) introduction of tuition fees
c) reduction average duration life
d) annual salary increase
13. What was one of the reasons for the increase in indicators economic development in the second half of the 1960s.
a) formation of economic councils
b) refusal of planned development
c) carrying out economic reform A.N. Kosygina
d) the spread of Stakhanov’s initiative
14. Which one Railway was built in the 1970-1980s?
a) Oktyabrskaya Railway
b) “West-East” highway
c) Trans-Baikal Railway
d) Baikal-Amur Mainline
15. What was one of the results of the signing of the OSCE Treaty in Helsinki in 1975?
a) climate improvement international relations
b) respect for human rights
c) the USSR providing assistance to North Korea in the fight against American aggression
d) adoption of the “Brezhnev Doctrine”
16. In what year did armed clashes take place on the Soviet-Chinese border?
17. When was the Soviet-American space flight carried out under the Soyuz - Apollo program?
18. What event happened in 1980?
a) First Moscow Film Festival
b) Olympic Games in Moscow
c) The first piano competition named after. P.I. Tchaikovsky
d) exhibition of avant-garde artists in Manege
19. Who was the Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1957-1985?
a) K.U. Chernenko
b) P.N. Demichev
c) A.A. Gromyko
d) E.A. Furtseva
20. Who is NOT a theater director?
a) Yu.P. Lyubimov
b) V.P. Aksenov
c) M.A. Zakharov
d) G.A. Tovstonogov
21. Which enterprise came into operation in the early 1970s?
a) Volzhsky Automobile Plant
b) Gorky Automobile Plant
V) Automobile factory"Ford"
d) Automobile plant named after. Lenin Komsomol
22. How did party ideologists characterize the socio-political system of the USSR?
a) developed socialism
b) socialism of the scientific and technological revolution era
c) Brezhnev socialism
d) early communism
23. What was one of the consequences of the adoption of Article 6 of the Constitution
a) reduction in the size of the party apparatus
b) elimination of elite privileges
c) development of internal party democracy
d) legal consolidation of the one-party system
24. What international document was signed in 1975?
A) Final Act Meetings on Security and Cooperation in Europe
b) Anti-war pact
c) General Treaty on Disarmament
d) Declaration of the World Congress of Peace Forces
25. What was the name of the era of “warming” of international relations in the 1970s?
a) "discharge"
b) "truce"
c) “eternal peace”
d) "breath"
26. What was the name of the agreement signed by the USSR and the USA in 1972?
a) about ending the ideological struggle
b) on the limitation of strategic weapons
c) about the ban nuclear tests
d) on the elimination of restrictions on trade
27.Which of the named surnames belong to cultural figures of the second half of the 20th century?
A) I.A. Bunin
B) A.I. Kuprin
B) S.F. Bondarchuk
D) M. Gorky
D) B.Sh. Okudzhava
E) A.A. Voznesensky
Please indicate the correct answer: a) ABC b) VDE c) AGE d) ABG
a) K.U. Chernenko
b) A.N. Kosygin
c) L.I.Brezhnev
d) N.V. Podgorny
29. Main Soviet exports in the 1970s.
a) weapons
b) space technology
c) grain crops
30. The concept of “developed socialism” did NOT imply
a) conflict-free development of Soviet society
b) improvement of the “new historical community” - the Soviet people
c) transition to parliamentary democracy
d) the duration of the period of developed socialism and the remoteness of the prospects for building communism
