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Classification of modern primates. Order primates

Primates are a progressive order of placental mammals, numbering over 400 species. It includes monkeys and humans. Having ancestors living on trees in tropical forests, the way of life of most species of these animals is still associated with trees. Of the entire large group of primates, only humans populated all the continents.

For most species, their habitat is the forests of subtropical or tropical regions of Asia, African continent and continents of America. According to research by paleontologists, the ancestors of this animal arose 65,000,000 years ago, at the end Cretaceous period. The separation from the original forms occurred even earlier - and dates back approximately 85,000,000 years.

Suborders of primates

According to established tradition, primates were divided into corresponding suborders - these are prosimians with the characteristics of the most ancient primates, as well as monkeys with anthropoid characteristics. IN modern science, the order is divided into the suborder of wet-nosed (Strepsirrhini) and dry-nosed (Haplorhini) primates - it includes tarsiers and apes.

Monkey-like animals are usually distinguished as broad-nosed (representatives of the southern and central parts of America) and narrow-nosed (inhabitants of the African continent and southeast Asia). It is generally accepted that man, or more precisely, his ancestors, is a representative of primates belonging to the suborder of the Old World - narrow-nosed monkeys.

Habitat and description of primates

Most species of animals are characterized by an arboreal habit, however, some of them (including apes and baboons), while retaining the adaptations necessary for moving through trees, live a terrestrial lifestyle. The methods of moving through trees are different - jumping between branches or from one tree to another, moving on four or two limbs, walking on the hind limbs and swinging on the front limbs.

Primates, compared to other mammals, have a larger brain relative to their body. For orientation in space, vision, which is stereoscopic, and smell are of particular importance. Some species have a contrast to others thumb, there are species that have a tail that can cling to branches.

Most species have characteristic sexual differences, including weight, size of fangs and color. Developing and reaching sexual maturity at a slower rate than similarly sized mammals, primates have more long term life. So, depending on the type of primate, life in wildlife ranges from 5 to 50 years.

Adults, depending on the species, live in herds, groups and pairs. The body length of primates is 9 - 180 cm, weight from 45 grams to 300 kg.

Nutrition

Fruits serve as food sources for many species. In addition, eating the leaves of various plants and various insects serves as a source for obtaining microelements, vitamins and minerals necessary for normal life. There are primates with a narrow feeding range. For hepadas, their food is mainly grass, and s - eating insects, small vertebrates (including poisonous snakes) and crustaceans, is a predator.

They, on the contrary, have a fairly varied diet, eating from fruits and leaves to various insects and various small vertebrates (birds, squirrels and lizards), their eggs and young. Common ones hunt and eat the Red Colobus, a primate that belongs to the monkey family.

The order of primates was identified back in 1758 by Linnaeus, who included humans, monkeys, prosimians, bats and sloths. Linnaeus accepted the presence of two mammary glands and a five-fingered limb as the defining characteristics of primates.

In the same century, Georges Buffon divided primates into two orders - four-armed (Quadrumana) and two-armed (Bimanus), separating humans from other primates. Only 100 years later, Thomas Huxley put an end to this division by proving that the hind limb of an ape is a leg. Since the 18th century, the composition of the taxon has changed, but back in the 20th century, slow lorises were classified as sloths, and chiropterans were excluded from the number of close relatives of primates in beginning of XXI century.

Recently, the classification of primates has undergone significant changes. Previously, suborders of prosimians (Prosimii) and anthropoid primates (Anthropoidea) were distinguished.

All representatives of the modern suborder Strepsirhini, tarsiers, and sometimes tupai (now considered as a special order) were classified as prosimians. Anthropoids became an infraorder of apes in the suborder of dry-nosed monkeys. In addition, the family Pongidae was previously recognized, which is now considered a subfamily of Ponginae in the family Hominidae.

The order Primates is currently divided into two suborders: 1. Lower primates, or prosimians. 2. Monkeys, or humanoids.

Suborder Lower Primates

Suborder Lower Primates - prosimians. These include tupai, lemurs, tarsiers, etc.

These are small animals, but there are also medium-sized ones - about the size of a dog. All prosimians have tails, often fluffy. The facial part of the skull is elongated, the sense of smell is well developed, and there are tactile hairs on the face - vibrissae. The lower teeth grow forward to form a “comb” for grooming or scraping food. All prosimians mark the territory in which they live with the odorous secretion of specific skin glands - sternum, abdominal, throat, etc., as well as urine. The brain of prosimians is small, without convolutions. Almost all of them lead night look life, except for some species of ancient lemurs. They live in groups or alone, giving birth to one or two young. All except tarsiers have immobile facial muscles, so they do not have the same facial expressions as monkeys.

Tupaia are a transitional form between insectivorous mammals and primates. In terms of the structure of the skull, forelimbs, teeth, and biochemical parameters, they are closer to primates. In Malay, tupaya means “squirrel”, they are small, live in trees and look like squirrels with a bushy tail.

Lemurs are the most typical representatives of prosimians; common in Madagascar. Ancient lemurs live in large groups. There are lemurs with bright colors; for example, the ring-tailed lemur has alternating white and black rings on its tail and white circles around its eyes. This lemur got its name from sounds similar to purring. Ring-tailed lemur- diurnal, feeds on fruits, flowers, leaves. In addition to large lemurs, there are small dwarf species, for example mouse lemur, the size of a fist, with huge eyes, it weighs 40-60 grams. These are nocturnal insect hunters.

Of all the prosimians, the closest to monkeys are the tarsiers, which live in Indonesia and the Philippines. They are the size of a rat and have huge eyes, glowing in the dark, for which they are called “tarsier - ghost”. The bare tail with a tassel serves as a balancer when jumping. The facial region is not elongated, like in other prosimians, but shortened, which means that the sense of smell is underdeveloped. Tarsiers have facial muscles, and they can grimace like monkeys. The brain is relatively large, the hind limbs are longer than the front ones, and the heel bone is elongated, which is why they are called tarsiers.

Suborder Greater primates - anthropoid

All great apes are divided into two sections - broad-nosed and narrow-nosed monkeys. The division is based on differences in the structure of the nasal septum: in broad-nosed monkeys it is wide and the nostrils point to the side, while in narrow-nosed monkeys it is narrow, with the nostrils facing down. They also differ in their habitats. All broad-nosed monkeys live in South America and are called New World monkeys; Slant-nosed monkeys live in Africa and Asia and are called Old World monkeys.

Section of broad-nosed monkeys. In the section of broad-nosed monkeys, three families are distinguished - small marmosets, callimicos and large capuchin monkeys. All marmosets and callimicos have primitive structural features - a hairy ear, a relatively simple brain, almost without convolutions, up to three young are born. Marmosets are the smallest of all primates; In addition to the marmosets themselves, these include pygmy marmosets and tamarins. All are characterized by a paired family lifestyle; only one adult female breeds in the group, while the male cares for the offspring. Callimico was isolated from the marmoset family relatively recently. In terms of the structure of the teeth, the shape of the skull, and biochemical parameters, they are similar to capuchin monkeys and occupy an intermediate position between them and marmoset monkeys.

Capuchin monkeys have a prehensile tail, the lower end of the tail is hairless, and has the same dermatoglyphic patterns as on the palms. This tail acts as an additional limb. The first finger of the hand is underdeveloped, sometimes absent, but on the foot it is well developed and contrasted with the others. The brain is quite developed, these monkeys have complex behavior and easily learn complex skills. They live in large groups. All of them are arboreal and diurnal, except for one genus of nocturnal monkeys. Like prosimians, all broad-nosed monkeys have skin glands, with the secretion of which they mark territory. Broad-nosed monkeys often form multi-species communities to better protect themselves from predators. They have well-developed acoustic (voice) communication and rich facial expressions.

Narrownose section. Monkey monkeys. They are small or medium in size, their forelimbs are equal to their hind limbs or slightly shorter. The first finger of the hand and foot is well contrasted with the rest. The fur covers the entire body, with the exception of the face, and is usually bright in color. There are ischial calluses and cheek pouches. Cheek pouches are special pockets - folds of the mucous membrane in oral cavity on both cheeks, where monkeys stuff food in reserve. In addition to ischial calluses, they have so-called “genital skin” - areas of skin that swell and turn red during ovulation, this can serve as a signal to the male that the female is ready to mate. Ischial calluses, unlike the genital skin, are vascular-free. They are comfortable when sleeping or sitting on the ground. All monkeys move on the ground and tree branches, among them there are terrestrial forms (baboons, geladas), arboreal forms (rhesus macaques, and lapunders) and purely arboreal forms (all thin-bodied monkeys, langurs, etc.). They are plantigrade, resting on their feet and hands when walking. The tail is never grasping. Some species have well-developed sexual dimorphism, that is, males are larger than females. They are all gregarious, living in forests, savannas, and on rocks. The apes include the genera of marmosets, hussars, baboons, mandrills, geladas, mangobays, macaques and the subfamilies of slender-bodied monkeys, the genera of colobus monkeys, gwerets, and langurs. A very beautiful monkey - Hanuman langur is considered sacred monkey in India, Sri Lanka and other countries. According to the epic Ramayana, the Hanuman langur saved the pious Rama and his wife. In Egypt, the hamadryas baboon is considered a sacred animal, considered the personification of the god Ra - the god of health, fertility, generosity and writing.

Family Gibbonaceae. These are small, gracefully built monkeys, their forelimbs are longer than their hind limbs, their fur is thick, their palms, soles, ears and face are bare. There are small ischial calluses. The fingers are long, the first finger is well opposed to the rest. Distributed in India, Indochina, Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, and the Malacca Peninsula. They are all arboreal, inhabitants tropical forest with a characteristic method of movement - brachiation: alternately intercepting tree branches with their hands, they fly from tree to tree at a distance of up to fifteen meters. They can walk on the ground on two legs, balancing with their arms. Some gibbons exhibit sexual dimorphism in hair color, for example, male gibbons are black and females are light beige. Another feature of the gibbon is family life, while each family has its own territory and has something in common with other families. This behavior is called "singing" or "choiring" by gibbons; The initiator of singing is, as a rule, the male, then the whole family joins him. Joint-toed gibbons - siamangs - even have special throat vocal sacs - resonators to amplify sound.

The Pongid family unites Asian orangutans and African apes - chimpanzees and gorilla. All of them are distinguished by their large body sizes; the gorilla weighs up to 200 kilograms and grows up to two meters. They have a relatively short body and long limbs, no tail, shortened sacral spine, barrel-shaped rib cage, broad shoulders. All are characterized by semi-upright movement along branches and the ground, relying on the knuckles of the forelimbs. They have large and complex brains, about six times larger than those of lower monkeys such as macaques. The gorilla's brain weighs 420 grams and has many convolutions. The frontal lobe is larger than that of lower apes. Like humans, apes have well-developed facial muscles, and their lips are very mobile. Chimpanzees have ischial calluses; gorillas and orangutans are rare. The hair on the back and chest is sparse, and there are no tufts of tactile hair on the face (vibrissae). The immunological and biochemical parameters of chimpanzees, gorillas and humans are very similar in blood proteins. The gestation period is the same as in humans (9 months), the baby develops very slowly, up to seven years. All of them have high intelligence and are able to use objects as tools in nature and in captivity.

Orangutans are common in Sumatra and Kalimantan and are distinguished by their massive build (males are 150 centimeters tall and weigh 100 - 200 kilograms). Females are significantly smaller than males. Kalimantan orangutans have developed cheek growths made of connective tissue and fat. The hind limbs are short, the front limbs are long, the fingers on the hands are long and have the appearance of hooks, the first finger is shortened on the hand, and there are large guttural pouches on the neck. The skull of orangutans is long, elongated, the facial region is concave. The skull has sagittal and occipital crests. The lower jaw is massive, the teeth are large, with strongly wrinkled crowns, the fangs rarely protrude beyond the dentition. Brain volume is 300-500 cm3.

Gorilla

There are three subspecies: mountain, coastal and lowland. The lowland gorilla is common in Western equatorial Africa (Cameroon, Gabon), in the Congo River valley and near Lake Tanganyika. The male is about two meters tall, weighs up to 200 kilograms, has a massive neck and shoulders, a skull with a low forehead and a powerful supraorbital ridge. Males also have sagittal and occipital crests. Females are smaller than males. The face protrudes forward, the lower jaw is very massive.

The chimpanzee lives in tropical Africa, in the Congo and Niger river basins. Chimpanzees are shorter and thinner in build, height 150 centimeters, weight 50 kilograms, sexual demorphism in body size is less pronounced than in the gorilla and orangutan. The supraorbital ridge is also less developed, and the occipital ridge is absent. The forehead is straighter, the brain skull is rounder, the fangs are less developed, and the wrinkled crowns are also weaker than in the orangutan. The pygmy chimpanzee or bonob is a living model of early hominids, characterized by its small stature and gracefulness. Lives in Zaire.

Family Hominidae. Body height 140-190 centimeters. Females are 10-12 centimeters smaller than males. Characterized by a vertical body position and movement only on the lower limbs. The first toe loses mobility and is not opposed to the rest. The length of the lower limbs significantly exceeds the length of the upper ones. The development of the first finger of the hand is of great importance. The head is round, characterized by a highly developed brain part and a slightly protruding facial part. The facial section is located not in front of the brain, but below it. The foramen magnum is directed downwards. The teeth are poorly developed, almost indistinguishable from the incisors. The molars have flattened tubercles on the chewing surface, on the upper ones - four tubercles, on the lower ones - 5. The spinal column is S-shaped curved, which is associated with vertical position bodies. The sacral and caudal vertebrae fuse into complex bones - the sacrum and coccyx. Characterized by strong development of the femur. The brain is unusually developed, especially the cerebral hemispheres with grooves and convolutions. Pregnancy lasts 280 days, one child is born, less often two or three. Humans are characterized by the longest periods of child development and learning among mammals.

Problems of primate conservation

Of all orders of mammals, the threat of extinction is most real for primates. Half of all species belonging to this order are on the verge of extinction. These include all species of apes and most lemurs. Over the last thousand years, after people appeared in Madagascar, 15 species of lemurs belonging to 8 genera have disappeared there forever. And golden lion tamarins and silver gibbons could disappear forever from the face of the Earth in the next 50 years.

What is often forgotten when discussing primate conservation efforts is how beneficial these animals are to humans. In the Kibale region of Uganda, for example, monkeys disperse the seeds of about a third of the forest tree species, of which 42% play important role in the lives of the local population, providing them with fuel and furniture, food and medicine, as well as feed for livestock. If the monkeys go extinct, then these trees, and perhaps the entire forest, will disappear. And people will have to leave these places.

The two main factors behind the extinction of monkeys were habitat disturbance and hunting. People are cutting down forests and turning wild areas into farmland. For the period from 1981 to 1990. 8% were completely destroyed tropical forests. Monkeys can, of course, survive both changes in living conditions and the transformation of large forest areas to isolated islands. But they need, at a minimum, food trees! It is also vital that the remaining "islands" of forest are connected by corridors that allow animal passage. Few species of monkeys, such as blue or red-tailed monkeys, tolerate human intrusion into their lives. They easily adapt to new foods in the absence of their usual food. Their small size and high fertility allow populations of these species to restore their numbers even with significant decline.

Hunting monkeys provides people with meat, skins, and organs used in traditional Eastern medicine. The monkey meat trade in Africa has become a serious threat to the populations of many species. Habitat destruction exacerbates the effects of hunting. Logging makes forests easier to access for hunters and settlers, as happened in northern Congo. The worst situation is for monkeys with a low reproduction rate. Large, conspicuous species such as gorillas and mandrills suffer greatly from hunting because they are easy to find and, due to their low reproduction rates, their populations can be easily wiped out.

Most monkey conservation programs aim to protect species in their habitats. In recent years, work in this direction has begun to bear first fruit. Local authorities are tasked with regulating hunting in order to preserve monkey populations for the long term. But for primates this is little support, since they reproduce very slowly. Other ways of protecting monkeys, for example by attracting tourists, have more prospects. Work is also being carried out to breed certain species of monkeys, which are then released into places where they were previously found, but were exterminated. However, this is a more expensive method compared to on-site conservation measures.

Educational: introduce students to the diversity of primates; identify their characteristic features, signs of high organization compared to other animals.

Educational:

logical thinking

Educational

careful attitude

Lesson type: explanation of new material.

Type of lesson: computer.

Forms of work: individual, frontal, didactic games.

Equipment: textbook, computer, computer slides, screen, projector, videos, cards with test tasks, cards with crossword questions, drawings of bananas.

Lesson plan.

I. Organizing time. Greetings. Recording of absentees. Checking preparedness for the lesson .
II. Updating knowledge(Oral answer to questions on the topic “Artiodactyls, odd-toed ungulates”).
.
1. general characteristics Primate squad.
2. Characteristics of the suborders of Primates.
3. Production conditioned reflexes in Apes.
4. Comparison of humans and apes.
5. The importance of primates in nature.
6. Primates listed in the Red Book.
IV. Consolidation of knowledge.
1. Solving a crossword puzzle.
2. Testing.
3. Task (name associations to the concept of primacy).
V. Homework.
VI. Bottom line.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment. Greetings. Recording of absentees. Checking preparedness for the lesson .

II. Updating knowledge.

Teacher. In previous lessons, we learned about different orders of mammals and identified their distinctive and similar features. Now we will repeat the materials from the previous lesson (Oral answer to questions ) (Presentation. Slide 2).

1) What animals belong to the order Perissodactyls and what unites them?
2) What was the role of the horse for humans 100–200 years ago?
3) What is the role of the horse in human life at the present stage?
4) Which animals are classified as artiodactyl non-ruminants?
5) What animals are artiodactyl ruminants?
6) What is the role of ungulates in nature?
7) What is the importance of ungulates in human life?

Teacher. Today we will complete the study of the large topic “Class Mammals”. The last, and most important order in the Mammals class that we will study is the order Primates. (Slide 1)

(Familiarization with the lesson plan.) (Slide 3)

III. Learning new material.

Teacher. The term “primates,” meaning “one of the first,” was first proposed in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus, combining apes and humans into the order Primates. (Slide 4)

Primates are tropical inhabitants: most of them live in dense forests. All other arboreal animals cling with sharp claws when climbing. In contrast, primates grasp a branch with long, well-developed fingers. On the fore and hind limbs of primates, the first (thumb) finger can be opposed to the rest. This allows the animal to hold firmly on branches and grasp the smallest objects with its fingers. Instead of claws, monkeys have flat nails on their fingers. The limbs are very mobile. They serve not only for movement - they are used by animals to grab food, clean and comb hair on any part of the body.

Monkeys have excellent hearing and acute vision. Their eyes are not located on the sides of the head, like most other animals, but are directed forward. They see the same object with both eyes at the same time, thanks to which they accurately determine the distance to it. This feature of vision is of great importance when jumping from branch to branch.

Monkeys are good at distinguishing shape and color; already from a distance they detect ripe fruits and edible insects. They feed on both plant and animal foods, but still prefer juicy fruits. Primate cubs are born sighted, but unable to move independently. He clings tightly to the fur of his mother, who carries him with her, holding him with one hand.

Monkeys are different from other mammals large sizes the brain, the cerebral hemispheres of which have many convolutions. Their sense of smell is poorly developed and there are no tactile hairs. Their main organs of touch are their fingers, as well as the bare palms and soles of the feet.

Monkeys are active during the day. They live in herds, with a strong male at the head of the herd, and the remaining males, females and growing cubs occupy a subordinate position and fulfill his demands, transmitted through sound signals and gestures.

The order Primates is divided into two suborders: the Lower Apes, or Prosimians, and the Greater Apes, or Monkeys. (Slide 5)

Teacher. The suborder of semi-monkeys includes lemurs, tarsiers, and tupai. The animals are small, covered with thick fur. The tail is long and bushy. Not everyone’s thumb is opposed to the rest; the phalanges of the fingers are equipped with claws. Representatives – slender loris, lemur wari, rukopozka, poppies, tupai - are among the most primitive insectivorous prosimians. Distributed in South-East Asia, Indonesia, Madagascar. (Slide 6)

Student reports about representatives of the suborder Prosimians.

1st student: Tarsiers live on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, Byangka and Belitung, in Indonesia and the Philippines. The eyes weigh more than the brain. Tail 135–275 cm. Weight 100g. They hunt scorpions and poisonous snakes. They love newborn mice, sparrows, and beetles.

They do not synthesize vitamin C. The lower teeth are directed not forward, but upward. The second and third toes are claws. Limbs are bare. Able to turn head 180ºÑ (Slide 7).
The most primitive of the prosimians are the tupai, small, squirrel-like animals that live in the forests of South Asia. Their fingers do not have nails, but also claws, and the thumb cannot resist the others. There are 38 teeth, the brain is smooth, without grooves or convolutions.

The lemurs that inhabit Madagascar thumbs They can resist others, with nails on all toes, except for the second toe, armed with a “toilet” claw - a scratcher.

Fox muzzle, 36 teeth. These are nocturnal animals of tropical forests, feeding on fruits, insects, bird eggs and chicks. Now they are disappearing along with the forests.” (Slide 8–9)

2nd student: “Representatives of Loriids live in Africa and South Asia. Laurie means “clown” in Dutch. Dimensions 12–40 cm. They live in South and Southeast Asia and Africa. There are thin and thick loris, potto.
The slender loris lives in India and Sri Lanka. Chipmunk size: 25 cm and 7 mm tail. Weighing 280 g. The second finger of the hand is reduced. Nocturnal lifestyle. They look like miniature big-eyed bear cubs.” (V/f “Team Primates”.)

Teacher. The suborder Great Apes includes broad-nosed, narrow-nosed and great apes. (Slide 10) Apes are divided into the lower apes and the great apes. This suborder includes primates of various sizes. The height of the smallest, for example marmosets, is 20–35 cm, and the largest - up to 2 m. Marmosets still have claw-shaped nails, the thumb is not opposed to the other and the hemispheres of the brain are smooth. The tail is “squirrel”, not grasping. In other primates, the nails are wide, and the vibrissae on the facial part have disappeared.

The brain has many convolutions and is well developed. 139 species are known. Humans also belong to this suborder.

These monkeys and humans had common ancestors, then their development took different paths. Today, despite a large number of common features in structure, the differences are quite significant.

Student reports about representatives of the suborder Greater Primates.

3rd student: “ The most primitive monkeys are grouped into the broad-nosed superfamily. Their cartilaginous nasal septum is wide and the nostrils are directed forward. They live in South and Central America.

This suborder includes marmosets, howler monkeys, and spider monkeys. (Slide 11)

Marmosets are inhabitants of tropical America. Pygmy marmoset lives in Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador. The size of a squirrel, weighing 355 g. It has 32 teeth. The fingers end in claws. Moves freely in any position, even upside down. A rich mane is an indicator of good health and good nutrition. Hepatitis, leukemia, organ transplantation, and immunity are studied on marmosets.
The howler monkey lives from Colombia to the mouth of the Amazon, south to Bolivia. Herbivorous.

Arachnids (koatas) live in South America. They have a tenacious tail, which curls around a branch and acts as a fifth limb; it is bare at the end, equipped with a leather comb - this is an organ of touch.”

4th student: “ In narrow-nosed monkeys, the facial part of the skull protrudes forward, the tail is long or short, but is never prehensile. There are usually cheek pouches and ischial calluses - bare areas of skin in the area of the ischial muscles . There are 32 teeth, the upper canines are large, the brain is well developed (weighing up to 150 g). Of the monkeys, the most famous are macaques. They often descend to the ground. The rhesus macaque is a well-known experimental animal for medicine. (Slides 12–14)

Hamadryas, mandrills and anubises are large, up to 25 kg baboons of Africa . (Slide 15)

Hamadryad. Males are 80 cm long, tail length 60 cm. Weight 30 kg. Females are half the size. The coat is gray, in males it forms a lush silver-gray mantle. Females are grayish-brown. There are cheek pouches. Found in Africa and Asia. They live up to 30 years. Listed in the Red Book (Slide 16).(V\f “Hamadryas”.)
Mandrill lives in Cameroon, Africa. It has the richest and most vibrant colors in the ape world.” . (Slide 17)

Proboscis monkeys are medium-sized monkeys, but among small monkeys they seem like giants. The body length is 55–72 cm, proboscis monkeys have a very long tail, which is almost equal to length body (66–75 cm). Weight ranges from 12 to 24 kg, and males, with the same body length, weigh almost twice as much as females. The main external feature of these monkeys is their amazing nose, which you will not find on any other animal. The fur of these monkeys is short and flat.

Proboscis monkeys are narrowly endemic, meaning they are found in a limited area. They live only on the island. Borneo (Kalimantan) of the Malay Archipelago and nowhere else in the world. They are active mainly during the day, most of the time they stay in the crowns of trees, and rarely come down to the ground. (Slide 18)(In /f “Proboscis Monkey.”)

Teacher. The lower apes include gibbons and orangutans. Gibbons live in the forests of Southeast Asia. They are small and retain the ischial calluses. (Slide 19)

Orangutans are large, males weigh up to 189 kg, and are covered with bright red fur. They rarely descend to the ground, live in trees, feed on fruits, leaves, and young shoots (Slide 20).

Higher apes (the most developed) have a large brain (up to 600 g), no tail, cheek pouches or ischial calluses. The gorilla and chimpanzee that are closest to humans live in equatorial Africa. .

Student reports about great apes.

5th student: “ The largest of the apes is the gorilla (up to 250 kg), a powerful but very peaceful monkey of the tropical rainforests. Gorillas are strict vegetarians. The body is covered with thick short black hair. (Slide 21)

On the ground, the gorilla moves bent over, leaning on the back of the fingers of the forelimb. Found in equatorial Africa. Feeds on juicy fruits, nuts, and roots.” (V/f “Gorilla”.)

6th student: “A chimpanzee is a large ape , up to 150 cm high, weighing 45–50 kg. Arms are longer than legs. The ears are shaped like human ones, the fur is dark, the face is hairless . (Slide 22)

Chimpanzee body temperature is 37.2ºС. Currently, it is the most numerous species of all great apes. The number of individuals living in the wild is estimated at several tens of thousands. Groups consist of 5–30 individuals, led by the strongest male. Most of the day is spent mutually grooming and searching for food. Their diet consists of fruits. Sometimes they eat ants and termites. Chimpanzees, regardless of age, expressively demonstrate their mood. He sticks out his tongue, sucks his finger, and chews on various objects. They are upset, they cry, they rejoice. Chimpanzees spend most of the day in the trees.

There are two types: the common chimpanzee and the pygmy chimpanzee. . The pygmy chimpanzee is listed in the Red Book . (Slide 23) Both species live in Central Africa. The blood of bonobos of the corresponding group can be transfused into humans.” (V/f “Chimpanzee”.)

Teacher. Active life and the variety of functions of the forelimbs allowed the fact that primates had a strong development of the brain, and this led to a reduction in the facial part of the skull.

The entire hand-eye-brain complex is a prerequisite for complex behavior associated with the use of various items to achieve life goals.

Monkeys stack boxes to reach a hanging banana; crush the leaves with their hands and use this sponge to extract rainwater from the hole in the tree; using a pole to cross a body of water; grass cleanses the body of dirt; Having cleaned the stick, they pick their teeth with it; use the leaves to make a cone to drink. (V/f “The Rational Activity of a Monkey.”)

Student reports about the similarities between great apes and humans.

7th student: “ Greater apes have the same blood types as humans and suffer from the same infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and influenza.

The structure of the body is very similar to that of a human, but there are also differences. The human pelvis is adapted to walking upright, but the monkey cannot move while in an upright position.

Biological sciences study the human body. We must not forget that man has emerged from the animal world and is a social being, the distinctive feature of which is consciousness, which arose on the basis of social and labor activity. A person becomes a person only in a society where he develops and lives.”

Teacher. Primates in nature play a huge role practical significance. They distribute plant seeds and control plant growth and development. They enrich the soil with organic fertilizers and enter the food chain.

Most apes are listed in the International Red Book. Their numbers are decreasing due to fires in forests and human carelessness towards them. (Slide 24–27).

All living beings are born in order to live. You cannot offend animals or pick plants unnecessarily; do not pollute nature, protect its wealth. If nature becomes impoverished, all living things will disappear. For them, the world should be clean. Man is part of nature, which means he too will disappear from the face of the earth. We came into this world to live and do great things.

It is important to protect nature, because we have to pass this world on to our children, who must see it the way we see it. Let's all accomplish this task together!

Man is the crown of nature, her beloved child. And he will never be able to rise above her, because he will always feel the need to communicate with her in order to remain Human .

Physical education minute.(Slide 28)

We are funny monkeys
We play too loud.
We all stomp our feet,
We all clap our hands,
Puff out our cheeks
Let's jump on our toes.
Let's jump to the ceiling together
Put your finger to your temple
And even to each other
Let's show our tongues!
Let's open our mouths wider,
We'll make all the faces.
How can I say word three?
Everyone freeze with grimaces.
One two Three!

IV. Consolidation of knowledge.

1. Solving a crossword puzzle. (Slide 29)

1) The most primitive insectivorous prosimian (tupaya).
2) The largest representative of apes (gorilla).
3) Representative of narrow-nosed monkeys (baboons).
4) What class do primates belong to? (Mammals).
5) (The shape of the ears resembles those of humans (chimpanzees).
6) They have the largest body mass among higher primates (orangutan).
7) Representative of narrow-nosed monkeys (monkey).

2. Execution test tasks. (Slide 30)

1) Which sense organ is poorly developed in primates?

A – vision, B – hearing, C – smell .

2) The total number of species is about:

A – 150, B – 200, C – 260, d – 300.

3) The development of which part of the brain is associated with the formation of conditioned reflexes?

A - cerebellum,
B – cerebral cortex ,
B – medulla oblongata,
G – diencephalon.

4) Higher primates are the most highly organized animals, since:

A - they live in herds,
B – can move quickly,
B – have a highly developed brain,
D – capable of using simple tools

5) The smallest representative of the suborder of Great Apes:

A - marmoset,
B – mandrill,
B – macaque,
G – howler.

(They check the correctness of the answers on the computer and explain.) (Slide 31)

3. Name the associations to the concept of primacy. Associations can be a word, expression, or a whole sentence starting with a specific letter . (Slide 32)

P R I M A T

V. Homework. Study paragraph 35, complete the tasks in the workbook, answer 1–3 questions. (Slide 33)

Teacher. In this lesson we got acquainted with a group of primates, their representatives and characteristic features. Everyone was active during the lesson, well done! Now count your bananas, who has more bananas? (Grades are based on the number of bananas.) The teacher comments on the students’ grades.

I wish you success in your studies. Grow up to be polite, smart, diligent, educated people! Wherever, whoever you are, remain real people! (Slide 34) In conclusion, I would like to read S. V. Mikhalkov’s poem “Be a Man”:

There are goosebumps in the forest
They live by their labor
They have their own customs
And the anthill is home.
Peace-loving residents
They don't sit idle:
In the morning, soldiers are running to the post,
And nannies in kindergarten.
Worker ant is in a hurry
The labor path,
It rustles from morning to evening
In the grass and under leaves.
You were walking through the forest with a stick
And the ant house
Jokingly, I dug to the bottom
And then he set it on fire.
Peace and work big family
Trouble broke it.
Ants were rushing about in the smoke,
Fleeing in all directions.
The needles crackled. Quietly smoldering
Dry, fallen leaf.
Calmly looking down from above
Cruel egoist...
For calling you that,
I don't blame myself,
After all, you didn’t create it,
Which he set on fire.
Do you live in our atomic age?
And he himself is an ant,
Be a man, man,
You are on your own land!

Even K. Linnaeus in the 18th century. for the first time assigned man a place in the order of primates of the class of mammals and gave him the species name Homo sapiens (reasonable man). Having shown, on the basis of the similarity of body structure, the systematic position of man as a representative of the order of primates in the animal kingdom, C. Linnaeus took the most important step in resolving the question of the origin of man. This question in the 19th century. developed by C. Darwin and his followers - T. Huxley, E. Haeckel and E. Dubois.

Having left the animal kingdom, Homo sapiens remains one of its members, although he is in a special position. The modern systematic position of man can be represented as follows: kingdom Animals, subkingdom Multicellular, section Bilaterally symmetrical, type Chordata, subtype Vertebrates, group Maxillostomes, class Mammals, order Primates, suborder Monkeys, section Narrow-nosed, superfamily Higher narrow-nosed, or Hominoids, family Hominids , genus Man, species Homo sapiens - this is our position in the system of the organic world.

Primates (princes) are mammals adapted to life in trees. They have highly developed cerebral hemispheres, well-developed mobile five-fingered limbs, a differentiated dental system, perfect organs of hearing, vision and touch. This order includes prosimians (lemurs and tarsiers) and monkeys. Monkeys are represented by a large number of species (about 140). They are usually larger than prosimians and often have manes, crests, and sideburns. The face, palms and soles of the monkeys are bare. Their brains are much larger, and their hemispheres are cut up big amount furrows, which causes more complex behavior: they have better gregariousness, facial and sound signaling.

In the suborder of monkeys, there are two sections: broad-nosed, or American, monkeys and narrow-nosed, or Old World monkeys. Apes and humans, along with baboons and monkeys, belong to the narrow-nosed monkeys. From this section stands out the superfamily of the higher apes, or hominoids, which, in turn, unites two families: the higher apes and hominids (Table 13). Man belongs to the last family.

Apes 20-30 million years ago were widespread throughout the Old World. They currently represent a dying branch of primate evolution. In Asia, two genera of gibbons have been preserved, living in Indochina and Indonesia, and orangutans, whose range is limited to the islands of Kalimantan and Sumatra. In Africa, in the Congo and Niger river basins, there are two species of chimpanzees; to the northeast of Lake Kivu, in Cameroon and Gabon, the gorilla is found, represented by two subspecies - mountain and coastal.

Primates that are included in this order of mammals. They live in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, and America. Only one species - magot - is found in Europe - on the rocks of Gibraltar. Zoologists divide primates into two groups (suborders): prosimians and monkeys, or great apes. We, people, also belong to the latter group, representing a family of people, one genus - man, and a single species - modern intelligent man. The ancestors of all primates were ancient insectivorous animals that lived at the end of the Cretaceous period. Outwardly, they resembled tupaya - a representative of prosimians.

Primates: 1 - ghost tarsier; 2 - mandrill; 3 - coata; 4 - Diana monkey; 5 - bonobo pygmy chimpanzee; 6 - gorilla.

Some primates are almost dwarfs, measuring 8.5–12 cm, and our “cousins”, gorillas, reach 180 cm in height. Alone with long tails, helping to cling to branches, others have short tails, and others have no tails at all. The body of primates is covered with thick hair.

These are very active animals. Most prefer to live in trees, where they move with the agility, precision and virtuosity of first-class acrobats. Jumping from tree to tree is swift and unexpected. Small tarsiers jump 1 m, howler monkeys easily cover a distance of 4 m in the air. There are also those who prefer a terrestrial lifestyle - the squirrel-like tupai, ring-tailed lemur, baboon.

Life in the trees left its mark on the structure of the body and sensory organs of primates. They have five-fingered grasping limbs. Poorly developed sense of smell is compensated good eyesight and hearing. The brain is highly developed, and in higher apes the cerebral hemispheres provide conscious activity.

Prosimians have up to four young, sometimes twice a year. They make nests in tree hollows and other secluded places. Some species of lemurs hibernate during the hot season.

The monkeys are especially interesting.

Monkeys are touchingly tender with their young. In the pack, “neighbors” help mothers nurse their children. The Japanese macaque is a neat person: he always washes his food before eating. The crabeater macaque from Java, an inhabitant of mangrove swamps, catches crabs and collects shellfish, the shells of which are broken by taking a stone in his hand. In addition, he is a good swimmer. Rhesus monkeys are not inferior to him in this: he not only swims, but also dives excellently.

Other aspects of monkey behavior in nature are also interesting. Among monkeys living in herds, a leader dominates, regulating relationships among his subordinates. Sometimes just one look from him is enough - and the quarrel immediately stops. Many monkeys, such as the baboon, are brave, fearless and even engage in single combat with a leopard. Sounds, facial expressions, gestures are various signals for action and means of communication of these animals.

People are trying to better understand the world of monkeys, especially anthropoids: chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans. They are observed in captivity and in the wild.

Monkeys play a big role in human life. Macaques were the first living creatures to rise in a rocket into the stratosphere. Monkeys serve as a model replacing humans in biological experiments. The Japanese macaque became the main supplier of materials for obtaining the polio vaccine, saving hundreds of thousands of people from serious illness.

Monkeys eat fruits, flowers, buds, shoots, honey, as well as bird eggs, lizards, insects, small birds. But they still prefer plant foods. This is necessary to know when keeping monkeys in living areas. But here's what's interesting. When a chimpanzee born in captivity was released onto an island in the middle of a lake (near Pskov), he did not touch any of the 15 species poisonous plants who grew up on the island. This means they can distinguish well edible plants from inedible.

Primates live quite a long time. Lori, tupai - up to 7 years, saimuria - 21 years, hamadryas - 30, capuchin fawn - 40, gorilla - 50 years.

Now only 2.5 thousand orangutans and 10 thousand gorillas have survived in the wild due to excessive hunting. Therefore, most of the monkeys are taken under strict protection.

In 1927, the Sukhumi nursery was created, where up to 3 thousand monkeys were kept, some of them were released into the wild as an experiment. Experiments were also conducted on the acclimatization of monkeys near Moscow. It turned out that they not only tolerate winter well, but also reproduce well here.

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