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Oral and written speech. Written speech

A person uses speech to express thoughts and communicate with other people. Initially, an oral form of speech (UR) appeared, and since the invention of writing, it became possible to record thoughts, literary words and documents for future generations. Written speech (WSR) allows you to prolong the existence of oral speech. Mastering each form of the existence of speech as an example of the functioning of language requires time and effort.

The ability to speak, read, and write are a person’s first steps towards general literacy, and it must be improved throughout life. Without mastery of speech it is difficult to imagine such complex thought processes as analysis and synthesis. Without them, a person is deprived of the opportunity to be independent in making decisions, exchanging information, and filtering data received from outside. SD and PR have characteristics that unite them as types of intellectual activity, but there are also a number of differences between one form and the other.

What do spoken and written language have in common?

If we talk about literary language, it should be noted that it functions in oral and written forms. They are characterized by:

Standardization: all the variety of language norms can be seen in dictionaries different types, as well as in fiction, in samples of recitation of texts related in style to scientific, journalistic, and artistic.
Opportunity to express emotions, address the addressee or interlocutor, express demands or requests: thanks to word forms, the breakdown of lexemes into parts of speech, and the abundance of graphic and intonation means, a person is able to express any desire, as well as express what he has planned in writing.
The use of the same terms to denote the genre diversity of both SD and PR. For example, a speech and a report are both carefully planned, structured, graphically designed in the form of text types of information messages intended for voiced in public, and these speeches themselves as such. The same can be said about an artist’s monologue on stage: before being expressed, it must be thought out and transferred to paper.
The need to adhere to the requirements of stylistics and lexicology. For example, for scientific style(articles and conference reports) are characterized by “dry” language, complexity syntactic constructions using participial and adverbial phrases, terminological richness. Art style involves the use of a wide range of emotionally charged and diminutive words, sublime and disparaging vocabulary, and phraseology. It is also possible to convey features in novels, stories, fables, essays colloquial speech interspersed with dialect words. This gives the works a unique flavor, whether they are written on paper, presented in the form of plays in the theater, or adapted into a screenplay for film.

SD and PR as forms of language functioning help to establish information connections, give a clear definition of the qualities of the described or analyzed objects, convey modality (attitude to people, objects, phenomena), call “things by their proper names,” and obtain information about the world around us from various sources. The transmission of thoughts expressed in spoken or written words from person to person and the receipt of an “answer” is the key to effective communication between intelligent beings who speak speech.

What is the difference between spoken and written speech?

Compliance language norms helps make speech bright, rich, and not harsh on the ears. To make it expressive, use various means in accordance with the rules enshrined in the language. Thus, SD is characterized by connection non-verbal means communication to enhance the effect on the public. In PR, “special treatment” can be shown using capital letters, changing the font, introducing underlining. But that is not all.

Application of language norms in various forms speech is as follows:

In UR – orthoepic and intonation. By the pronunciation of various sounds and the designation of stressed syllables, you can determine in what language the statement was made. Even people with poor linguistic training are able to distinguish Russian from Ukrainian, English from German, Spanish from French. It is important to follow the rules for softening sounds and duration of vowels, since these signs allow you to distinguish between words that are similar in sound. This helps the speaker and listener to rid each other of semantic confusion.

Correct use of intonation means makes it possible not only to distinguish a request from an order, a question from a statement, but also to understand the mood of the speaker. In tonic languages, intonation changes within one word, and with insufficient knowledge of the norms, listeners can be misled. Chinese language learners face similar difficulties.

In PR – spelling, graphic and punctuation. The graphic form of a word can only be seen in writing. To write correctly, you need to study the rules of spelling and constantly practice - “write out” in order to eliminate annoying mistakes. To display intonation and tempo of speech (long and short pauses) in writing, punctuation marks: period, comma, colon, semicolon, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis, dash. The use of each sign is strictly regulated by rules, although liberties are possible in creative writing: these are the so-called copyright marks.

SD in the form of a speech, report, presentation sounds good if the speaker (lecturer, speaker, speaker) has written “help”. In this case, the text and its oral presentation may differ: the speaker is free to make adjustments during the presentation. Oral speech activity is more variable than written, so students should not miss lectures. Scientific article or a textbook can be re-read hundreds of times, but repeating the lecture exactly down to intonation is almost impossible. The teacher presents the same topic differently for different audiences.

The effectiveness of UR largely depends on auxiliary communicative tools: facial expressions, gestures, posture, position of arms and legs, the speaker’s address to the audience, eye contact. An important condition Successful interaction between the listener and the speaker is feedback in the form of clarifying questions, repeat questions, and emotional reactions to the statement.

During dialogue, conversation, public speaking the speaker can observe the reaction of the audience almost instantly: laughter, surprise, applause, booing, questions. Receiving a reaction to the PR is extended over time, which prolongs the pleasure of reading, allowing you to return to an already familiar text again and again in order to revive experienced emotions in memory.

written speech consists of a system of signs that conventionally designate sounds and words of oral speech, which, in turn, are signs for real objects and relationships. Gradually, this middle or intermediate connection dies out, and written speech turns into a system of signs that directly symbolize the designated objects and the relationships between them. mastery of this complex system of signs cannot be accomplished solely mechanically; from the outside, mastery of written language is in fact a product of long-term development complex functions child's behavior. (5.3, 155) written speech is a completely different process (from the point of view of the psychological nature of the processes that form it) than oral speech; its physical and semitic side also changes in comparison with oral speech. The main difference: written speech is the algebra of speech and the most difficult form of complex volitional activity. (18.1, 61) the slowdown in written speech causes not only quantitative, but also qualitative changes, since as a result of this slowdown we get a new style and new psychological character children's creativity. The activity that came first in oral speech fades into the background and is replaced by a more detailed look at the object being described, listing its qualities, characteristics, etc. (11.1, 54) Difficulties of written speech: it is without intonation, without an interlocutor. It represents the symbolization of symbols, and motivation is more difficult in it. Written speech stands in a different relationship to inner speech; it arises later than inner speech, it is the most grammatical. But it is closer to inner speech than outer speech: it is associated with meanings, bypassing external speech. (1.1.9, 163) The situation of written speech is a situation that requires double abstraction from the child: from the sounding side of speech and from the interlocutor. (1.2.1, 237) Written speech is more arbitrary than oral speech. The child must realize the sound side of the word, dismember it and arbitrarily recreate it in written signs. (1.2.1, 238 – 239, 240) the most verbose, precise and detailed form of speech (1.2.1, 339) If we take into account the listed points: speech without real sound, speech divorced from that speech activity, which we have, and speech taking place in silence, we will see that we are not dealing with speech in the literal sense, but with the symbolization of sound symbols, i.e. with double abstraction. We will see that written language is to spoken language as algebra is to arithmetic. Written speech also differs from oral speech in terms of motivation... in written speech, the child must be more aware of the processes of speaking. The child masters oral speech without such full awareness. Child early age speaks, but does not know how he does it. In writing, he must be aware of the very process of expressing thoughts in words. (3.5, 439 – 440) See Inner speech, Sign, Motivation, Thought, Speech, Word, Function

The differences between spoken and written language are not limited to the way they are encoded; Oral and written speech also differ in the mechanisms of their generation, in the predominant use of certain linguistic means, and in expressive capabilities.

Oral speech is primary in relation to writing - both historically and in the process of implementing the written text. However, the relationship between oral and written speech in life modern people are very complex: there is an increasing role of written speech and the influence of the latter on oral speech, which does not always lead to its enrichment. OQ

Let's compare these two types of speech.

a) Oral speech clearly predominates in terms of frequency of use; however, the number of recorded oral texts (sound recordings) is still small compared to written texts - books, magazines, manuscripts, etc. Written speech has always been accepted as correct, exemplary, and has been studied by linguists; oral speech began to be studied relatively recently.

b) By the nature of its production, oral speech is always less prepared than written speech; there is more spontaneity, spontaneity, and more randomness in it.

Written speech is usually prepared speech. It is more strict, complex in form and more complete in content, it is consistently subordinated literary norm; it has a clearer and more precise choice of words, larger and more complex sentences etc. In oral speech, the syntax is simpler; clauses, repetitions, ellipses, interjections, incomplete and connecting constructions, etc. are often found.

c) Oral speech has means of sound expressiveness: intonation, tempo, pitch and timbre, pauses, logical stresses, the power of sound. In addition, oral speech can be accompanied by gestures and facial expressions. All this is unusual for written speech, and therefore it is less expressive than oral speech (to some extent, these shortcomings are compensated for by the use of punctuation marks, quotation marks, font selections - italics, petit, etc.).

d) The norms of oral and written speech are also different: orthoepic requirements are imposed on oral speech, orthographic and punctuation requirements on written speech, and calligraphic requirements on the handwritten version.

IN modern society there is a rapid development of a variant of oral speech based on written (voiced written speech): reports, speeches, television programs, audio letters and other texts, which, before their oral implementation, are usually compiled in writing and therefore have many of the properties of written speech: preparedness, completeness and correctness, while maintaining the advantages of oral speech - sound expressiveness, facial expressions and gestures.

§ 2. Oral and written forms of speech

General characteristics of speech forms

Speech communication occurs in two forms - oral and written. They are in a complex unity and occupy an important and approximately equal place in their importance in social and speech practice. And in the sphere of production, and in the spheres of management, education, law, art, in the means mass media There are both oral and written forms of speech. In real communication conditions, their constant interaction and interpenetration is observed. Any written text can be voiced, that is, read aloud, and oral text can be recorded using technical means. There are such genres of written speech as: for example, dramaturgy, oratorical works that are intended specifically for subsequent scoring. And vice versa, in literary works techniques of stylization as “orality” are widely used: dialogical speech, in which the author seeks to preserve the features inherent in oral spontaneous speech, monologues of characters in the first person, etc. The practice of radio and television has led to the creation of a unique form of oral speech, in which oral and spoken written language constantly coexist and interact (for example, television interviews).

The basis of both written and oral speech is literary speech, which acts as the leading form of existence of the Russian language. Literary speech is speech designed for a conscious approach to the system of means of communication, in which orientation is carried out on certain standardized patterns. It is such a means of communication, the norms of which are fixed as forms of exemplary speech, that is, they are recorded in grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks. The dissemination of these norms is facilitated by schools, cultural institutions, and mass media. Literary speech is distinguished by its universality in its functioning. On its basis, scientific essays, journalistic works, business writing, etc. are created.

However, oral and written forms of speech are independent and have their own characteristics and features.

Oral speech

Oral speech is sounding speech that functions in the sphere of direct communication, and in a broader sense it is any sounding speech. Historically, the oral form of speech is primary; it arose much earlier than writing. The material form of oral speech is sound waves, i.e. pronounced sounds that are the result of the complex activity of the human pronunciation organs. Rich intonation capabilities of oral speech are associated with this phenomenon. Intonation is created by the melody of speech, the intensity (loudness) of speech, duration, increase or decrease in the tempo of speech and the timbre of pronunciation. In oral speech, the place of logical stress, the degree of clarity of pronunciation, and the presence or absence of pauses play an important role. Oral speech has such intonation variety of speech that it can convey all the richness of human feelings, experiences, moods, etc.

The perception of oral speech during direct communication occurs simultaneously through both the auditory and visual channels. Therefore, oral speech is accompanied, enhancing its expressiveness, by such additional means as the nature of the gaze (wary or open, etc.), the spatial arrangement of the speaker and listener, facial expressions and gestures. Thus, a gesture can be likened to an index word (pointing to some object), can express an emotional state, agreement or disagreement, surprise, etc., serve as a means of establishing contact, for example, a raised hand as a sign of greeting (in this case, gestures have a national-cultural specificity, therefore, they must be used carefully, especially in oral business and scientific speech). All these linguistic and extralinguistic means help to increase the semantic significance and emotional richness of oral speech.

Irreversibility, progressive and linear nature deployment in time is one of the main properties of oral speech. It is impossible to return to some point in oral speech again, and because of this, the speaker is forced to think and speak at the same time, that is, he thinks as if “on the go,” therefore oral speech may be characterized by unfluency, fragmentation, division of a single sentence into several communicatively independent units, for example. “The director called. Delayed. It'll be there in half an hour. Start without him"(message from the director’s secretary for participants in the production meeting) On the other hand, the speaker is obliged to take into account the reaction of the listener and strive to attract his attention and arouse interest in the message. Therefore, in oral speech there appears intonation highlighting of important points, underlining, clarification of some parts, auto-commenting, repetitions; “The department/ carried out a lot of work/ over the course of a year/ yes/ I must say/ great and important// educational, and scientific, and methodological// Well/ everyone knows/ the educational// Do I need to detail/ the educational// No// Yes / I also think / it’s not necessary //"

Oral speech can be prepared (report, lecture, etc.) and unprepared (conversation, conversation). Prepared oral speech It is distinguished by thoughtfulness, a clearer structural organization, but at the same time, the speaker, as a rule, strives for his speech to be relaxed, not “memorized”, and to resemble direct communication.

Unprepared oral speech characterized by spontaneity. An unprepared oral utterance (the basic unit of oral speech, similar to a sentence in written speech) is formed gradually, in portions, as one realizes what has been said, what should be said next, what needs to be repeated, clarified. Therefore, in oral unprepared speech there are many pauses, and the use of pause fillers (words like uh, hmm) allows the speaker to think about what happens next. The speaker controls the logical-compositional, syntactic and partially lexical-phraselogical levels of the language, i.e. makes sure that his speech is logical and coherent, chooses the appropriate words to adequately express thoughts. The phonetic and morphological levels of the language, i.e. pronunciation and grammatical forms, are not controlled and are reproduced automatically. Therefore, oral speech is characterized by less lexical precision, even the presence of speech errors, short sentence length, limited complexity of phrases and sentences, the absence of participial and participial phrases, and the division of a single sentence into several communicatively independent ones. Participial and adverbial phrases are usually replaced by complex sentences; verbs are used instead of verbal nouns; inversion is possible.

As an example, here is an excerpt from a written text: “Distracting slightly from domestic issues, I would like to note that, as the modern experience of the Scandinavian region and a number of other countries has shown, the point is not at all in the monarchy, not in the form of political organization, but in the division of political power between the state and society.”(“Star”. 1997, No. 6). When this fragment is reproduced orally, for example at a lecture, it will, of course, be changed and may have approximately the following form: “If we abstract from domestic issues, we will see that the issue is not at all about the monarchy, it is not about the form of political organization. The whole point is how to divide power between the state and society. And this is confirmed today by the experience of the Scandinavian countries"

Oral speech, just like written speech, is standardized and regulated, but the norms of oral speech are completely different. “Many so-called flaws of oral speech - the functioning of unfinished statements, poor structure, the introduction of interruptions, auto-commentators, contactors, reprises, elements of hesitation, etc. - are a necessary condition for the success and effectiveness of the oral method of communication" *. The listener cannot retain in memory all the grammatical and semantic connections of the text, and the speaker must take this into account, then his speech will be understood and meaningful. Unlike written speech, which is constructed in accordance with the logical movement of thought, oral speech unfolds through associative additions.

* Bubnova G. I. Garbovsky N. K. Written and oral communications: Syntax and prosody M, 1991. P. 8.

The oral form of speech is assigned to all functional styles of the Russian language, but it has an undoubted advantage in the colloquial and everyday style of speech. The following functional varieties of oral speech are distinguished: oral scientific speech, oral journalistic speech, types of oral speech in the field of official business communication, artistic speech and colloquial speech. It should be said that colloquial speech influences all types of oral speech. This is expressed in the manifestation of the author’s “I”, the personal principle in speech in order to enhance the impact on the listeners. Therefore, in oral speech, emotionally and expressively colored vocabulary, figurative comparative constructions, phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, and even colloquial elements are used.

As an example, here is an excerpt from an interview with the Chairman of the Constitutional Court of Russia: “Of course, there are exceptions... The mayor of Izhevsk approached us with a claim to declare the law adopted by the republican authorities unconstitutional. And the court actually recognized some articles as such. Unfortunately, at first this caused irritation among the local authorities, to the point that, they say, as it was, so it will be, no one can tell us. Then, as they say, “heavy artillery” was launched: the State Duma got involved. The President of Russia issued a decree... There was a lot of noise in the local and central press" (Business People. 1997. No. 78).

This fragment also contains colloquial particles well, they say, and expressions of colloquial and phraseological nature at first, no one ordered us, as they say, there was a lot of noise, expression heavy artillery V figurative meaning, and inversion issued a decree. The number of conversational elements is determined by the characteristics of a specific communicative situation. For example, the speech of a speaker leading a meeting in the State Duma and the speech of a manager leading a production meeting will, of course, be different. In the first case, when meetings are broadcast on radio and television to a huge audience, you need to be especially careful in choosing spoken language units.

Written speech

Writing is an auxiliary sign system created by people, which is used to fix the sound language (and accordingly sound speech). On the other hand, writing is an independent communication system, which, while performing the function of recording oral speech, acquires a number of independent functions. Written speech makes it possible to assimilate the knowledge accumulated by a person, expands the sphere of human communication, breaks the boundaries of the immediate

environment. By reading books, historical documents from different times of peoples, we can touch the history and culture of all mankind. It was thanks to writing that we learned about the great civilizations of Ancient Egypt, Sumerians, Incas, Mayans, etc.

Writing historians claim that writing has come a long way historical development from the first notches on trees, rock paintings to the sound-letter type, which most people use today, i.e. written language is secondary to oral. Letters used in writing are signs that are used to represent speech sounds. The sound shells of words and parts of words are depicted by combinations of letters, and knowledge of the letters allows them to be reproduced in sound form, that is, to read any text. Punctuation marks used in writing serve to divide speech: periods, commas, dashes correspond to intonation pauses in oral speech. This means that letters are the material form of written language.

The main function of written speech is to record oral speech, with the goal of preserving it in space and time. Writing serves as a means of communication between people in cases where When direct communication is impossible when they are separated by space, i.e., located in different geographical locations, and time. Since ancient times, people, unable to communicate directly, exchanged letters, many of which have survived to this day, breaking the barrier of time. The development of such technical means of communication as the telephone has to some extent reduced the role of writing. But the advent of the fax, and now the spread of the Internet system, which help to overcome space, has again activated the written form of speech. The main property of written speech is the ability to store information for a long time.

Written speech unfolds not in temporary, but in static space, which gives the writer the opportunity to think through the speech, return to what has already been written, and rearrange sentences And parts of the text, replace words, clarify, carry out a long search for the form of expression of thoughts, refer to dictionaries and reference books. Due to this written form speech has its own characteristics. Written speech uses bookish language, the use of which is quite strictly standardized and regulated. The order of words in a sentence is fixed, inversion (changing the order of words) is not typical for written speech, and in some cases, for example in texts of an official business style of speech, is unacceptable. The sentence, which is the basic unit of written speech, expresses complex logical and semantic connections through syntax, therefore, as a rule, written speech is characterized by complex syntactic constructions, participial and participial phrases, common definitions, inserted constructions, etc. When combining sentences into paragraphs, each of these is strictly related to the preceding and subsequent context.

From this point of view, let us analyze an excerpt from the reference manual by V. A. Krasilnikov “Industrial architecture and ecology”:

"Negative impact on natural environment is expressed in the ever-increasing expansion of territorial resources, including sanitary gaps, in emissions of gaseous, solid and liquid waste, in the release of heat, noise, vibration, radiation, electromagnetic energy, in changes in landscapes and microclimates, often in their aesthetic degradation.”

This one simple sentence contains a large number of homogeneous members: in ever-increasing expansion, in emissions, in excretion, in change; heat, noise, vibration etc., participial turnover including..., participle increasing, those. characterized by the features mentioned above.

Written speech is focused on perception by the visual organs, therefore it has a clear structural and formal organization: it has a page numbering system, division into sections, paragraphs, a system of links, font selection, etc.

"The most common form of non-tariff restriction foreign trade is a quota, or contingent. Quotas are a restriction in quantitative or monetary terms on the volume of products allowed to be imported into a country ( import quota) or exported from the country (export quota) for a certain period.”

This passage uses font emphasis and explanations given in parentheses. Often, each subtopic of the text has its own subtitle. For example, the above quote opens the part Quotas, one of the subtopics of the text “Foreign trade policy: non-tariff methods of regulating international trade” (ME and MO. 1997. No. 12). You can return to a complex text more than once, think about it, comprehend what has been written, having the opportunity to look through this or that passage of text with your eyes.

Written speech is different in that the very form of speech activity definitely reflects the conditions and purpose of communication, for example, a work of art or a description of a scientific experiment, a vacation application or an information message in a newspaper. Consequently, written speech has a style-forming function, which is reflected in the choice of linguistic means that are used to create a particular text that reflects the typical features of a certain functional style. The written form is the main form of existence of speech in the scientific and journalistic; official business and artistic styles.

Thus, when we say that verbal communication occurs in two forms - oral and written, we must keep in mind the similarities and differences between them. The similarity lies in the fact that these forms of speech have a common basis - literary language and in practice occupy approximately equal place. The differences most often come down to the means of expression. Oral speech is associated with intonation and melody, non-verbalism, it uses a certain amount of “its own” linguistic means, it is tied more to the conversational style. Writing uses alphabetic and graphic notations, often bookish language with all its styles and features, normalization and formal organization.

Did you know that ancient people could not speak at all? And they learned this gradually. When did speech originate? Nobody knows for sure. Primitive people invented a language, because it did not exist at all. Gradually they gave a name to everything that surrounded them. With the advent of speech, people escaped from the world of silence and loneliness. They began to unite and pass on their knowledge. And when writing appeared, people were able to communicate at a distance and store knowledge in books. During the lesson we will try to answer the questions: why do we need speech? What kind of speech is there? What kind of speech is called oral speech? And which one - written?

You know that the main worker in our language is the word. Sentences are built from words. Our speech consists of words and sentences. Conversations, stories, questions, arguments, advice, even the songs you sing and listen to - this is all speech. Speech conveys our thoughts. By communicating with each other and using language, you perform a speech act.

Look at the pictures. What speech actions do the guys perform (Fig. 1)?

Rice. 1. Speech actions ()

Speaking and listening is oral speech. In ancient times, the mouth and lips were called mouths, which is how the word “oral” appeared, i.e. what is pronounced sounds. The guys also write and read - this is written speech, the one that is written down and read. Oral speech is conveyed by sounds, written speech by signs.

Speech

oral written

listen and speak write and read

What is necessary for writing? Know letters and be able to read and write words and sentences. What is necessary for oral speech? Understand the meaning of words and be able to tell stories using sentences.

Why do we need speech? Imagine a little man who cannot talk, listen, read, or write. There are no books, notebooks, computer, friends, or classmates in his life. Is it interesting to live like this? Do you want to be in his place? I think it's unlikely. Living like this is boring and uninteresting.

A person’s speech “grows” and “matures” with him. The more words a person knows, the more accurately and vividly he expresses his thoughts, the more pleasant it is for people around him to communicate with him, so it is necessary to get acquainted with new words, their meaning, learn the rules and laws by which correct and beautiful speech is built.

In distant, distant times, people did not know how to write and read. But they knew how to compose beautiful songs, fairy tales, and riddles. And some of them have survived to this day. How did they do it? People retold them (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Oral folk art ()

In the old days, people passed on all information by word of mouth. From grandparents to children, from children to grandchildren, and so on from generation to generation (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Oral folk art ().

Read the folk wisdom:

“Good speech is good to listen to.”

“Friendly words will not dry your tongue.”

“Let any other word fall on deaf ears.”

“Think first, and then say.”

“The field is red with millet, but the conversation is with the mind.”

What did our ancestors value? First of all, speech is literate and intelligent. In our language there are words with which you can give a speech characteristic to a person: loudmouth, silent man, idle talker, joker, grumbler, debater, talker. What you will be called will depend on your oral speech.

Complete the task. Divide the words into two columns. In the first - words that will tell what the speech of an educated person should be like, in the second - speech that needs to be corrected:

Speech (what?) - understandable, thoughtful, illegible, rich, cultured, literate, free, hasty, confused, slurred, illiterate, poor, correct, pleasant, legible, confused.

This is how teachers would like to hear their students speak.

Speech should be clear, thoughtful, rich, cultured, literate, free, correct, pleasant, and intelligible.

Did you know that in Ancient Greece and Rome even held public speaking competitions (Fig. 4)? An orator is one who gives a speech, as well as a person who masters the art of making speeches.

Rice. 4. Speakers' competition ()

The art of oratory has always interested people and aroused admiration and admiration. The speaker was seen as having a special power that could convince of something with the help of words. The speaker was supposed to have mysterious qualities that were not present in an ordinary person. That is why orators became government leaders, great scientists, sages and heroes.

Some peoples even had gods and goddesses of eloquence, persuasion, and debate who were worshiped (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Goddess of eloquence ()

The art of speech was studied in schools, in families, independently. What did they learn in those distant times (Fig. 6)?

Rice. 6. Pre-revolutionary school ()

First of all, we learned to speak and write only what leads to virtue and happiness of people, not to talk nonsense, not to deceive. In addition, they were taught to collect and accumulate knowledge. They taught that speech should be clear and expressive. Finally, it was necessary to master the art of calligraphy - beautiful and clear writing - and mastery of your voice - its intonations, pauses, voice strength, tempo. Do you think in our modern times Is it worth learning this? Certainly.

What kind of speech do these rules apply to? To oral. How to develop written speech? In Russian language lessons, you need to learn how to correctly compose and write sentences, and collect texts and stories from them. Learn to sign Greeting Cards, sms messages to mobile phone. But always remember: other people will read your written speech, so it needs to be corrected, that is, corrected and improved.

On our huge planet Earth, only we, people, have been given a great gift - the ability to speak, to communicate with each other using words. It is important to use this gift only for the benefit of others and yourself. Try to be interesting interlocutors, good listeners, and active readers. Language is what a person knows, speech is what a person can do. Improve your speech - oral and written.

Today in class we learned what speech is, got acquainted with the concepts of “oral speech”, “written speech”, and learned to distinguish between them.

Bibliography

Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. - M.: Astrel, 2011. (download link)
Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. - M.: Ballas. (Download link )
Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook for teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book/textbook.