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The concept of public and non-public transport. Transportation by public transport

PUBLIC TRANSPORT- transport that meets the needs of all sectors of the economy and the population in the transportation of goods and passengers, moving various types of products between producers and consumers, providing public transport services to the population. For transportation of vehicles common use include transportation on a commercial basis (for a fee) of passengers (including citizens enjoying the right to free travel on public transport) or cargo. Transportation carried out by a commercial organization is recognized as transportation by public transport if it follows from the law, other legal acts or a permit (license) issued to this organization that this organization is obliged to transport goods, passengers and luggage at the request of any citizen or legal entity.

The list of organizations obliged to carry out transportation recognized as transportation by public transport is published in the prescribed manner.

The contract of carriage by public transport is a public contract.

NON-PUBLIC USE TRANSPORT(departmental) - transport that, as a rule, carries out the transportation of goods and passengers of its enterprise, association (association, concern, etc.).

Transport satisfies one of the most important human needs - the need to move. However, practically no type of transport (except, perhaps, automobile, and even then not always) can independently provide a full cycle of movement according to the “door to door” or “house to home” scheme. Such movement is possible only with clear interaction of individual parts transport complex. Organizing the work of such a complex as the unified transport system of Russia is both a complex task and an urgent need for the country’s economy, which corresponds to the integration trends of the socio-economic development of mankind, the achievements of scientific and technological progress and the strategic interests of Russia. At the same time, the unity of the Russian transport system should not mean its isolation from the communication routes of neighboring states and territories, especially the CIS countries, the development and functioning of which for centuries was carried out in a single complex.

In the recent past, the basis for the unity of the transport system was considered to be the public form of ownership of transport resources. In connection with the implementation of market reforms, corporatization and privatization of part Vehicle the concept of unity is exposed serious test. At the same time, the emphasis is on the fact that it is not unity, but competition, including between modes of transport, that drives the market. There is no single market scheme, and the market mechanism cannot be absolute. The main thing is a positive end result, which is the conditions and quality of a person’s life, his well-being, social and environmental security, and the generally accepted level of freedom. Specific end result there must be an effective resource-saving economy that ensures a decent life for people, the most important part of which is transport.

Structurally, transport can be represented as a system consisting of two subsystems: public and non-public transport (Fig. 1). Moreover, both parts of the system can be represented by enterprises of federal (state), municipal or private ownership.

Public transport acts as an independent branch of material production. It serves the sphere of circulation, providing a connection between the sphere of production and the sphere of consumption. Public transport is a transport that, in accordance with current legislation, is obliged to carry out the transportation of goods and passengers, no matter who provides these transportations: a state enterprise or institution, public organization, company or individual.

Unlike public transport, non-public transport transports products within the sphere of production, i.e. for a specific enterprise, organization or firm. The transportation he performs is intra-production, or technological. Departmental transport industrial enterprises called industrial transport.

Roads or railways (usually short length), belonging to one or another enterprise, are called access. The country's transport system has a dense network of such roads. The total length of railway access roads exceeds the length of public railways. More than half of the river fleet vessels (mostly of small carrying capacity and power) belong to various departments (enterprises of the oil and gas industry, forestry, public utilities, etc.). Unlike public transport, industrial transport is also represented by special vehicles, such as cable cars and cable cars, pneumatic transport, etc.

Question No. 1. Transport. Purpose and components.

Transport is a set of means of communication, communication routes and structures, service devices. Often the term “transport” refers to the entire set of infrastructure, management, vehicles and transport enterprises that make up the transport system or sector of the economy.

Transport is divided into three categories:

1) public transport,

2) special-use transport and personal or individual transport. Transport for special use - intra-production and intra-departmental transport. Finally, personal transport includes cars, bicycles, yachts, and private planes.

3) Personal automatic transport forms new category, as it combines the features of urban public transport and personal vehicles.

All transport can be divided into a number of groups according to certain characteristics.

By number of wheels: Monocycle, Bicycle, Tricycle, Quad bike

By wheel type: Rail transport, Light rail transport, Tracked transport

By engine type: Self-propelled transport, Motorized transport, Muscle-driven, Trailers

By moving environment: Water transport, Air transport, Ground and underground

By type of property and number of passengers: Individual transport, Public transport

By load capacity: Truck, Car

Question No. 2. Transport system. External, urban, suburban and local (exotic) transport.

Transport system - transport infrastructure, transport enterprises, vehicles and management together. A unified transport system ensures the coordinated development and functioning of all types of transport in order to maximally satisfy transport needs at minimal costs.

Transport means are usually cars, bicycles, buses, trains, and airplanes.

Governance refers to control over the system, such as traffic signals, railroad tracks, flight control, etc., as well as rules (among other things, rules for financing the system: toll roads, fuel taxes, etc.). Transport system management is a set of measures aimed at efficient functioning this system through coordination, organization, ordering of the elements of a given system, both among themselves and with the external environment. Broadly speaking, network design is a task of civil engineering and urban planning, vehicle design is a task of mechanical engineering and specialized branches of applied science, and control is usually specialized within a particular network or related to control research or systems engineering.

Quantitative indicators of the transport system are:

1) the length of communication routes,

2) number of employees,

3) cargo and passenger turnover.

Transport system levels:

1) External: railway. air car, water (sea and river)

A settlement cannot live without transport. The components of external transport depend on the size and geographic location of the city.

2) Urban: necessary when increasing pedestrian accessibility (15 min). The components of external transport depend on the size and population of the locality. It happens: passenger (mass, local), cargo, special.

3) Suburban: buses. railway, water, auto. Increased intensity during the day and evening (=pendulum)

4) Local (exotic)

Transport corridors- this is a set of main transport communications of various types of transport with the necessary facilities that ensure the transportation of passengers and goods between different countries in the directions of their concentration. The system of international transport corridors also includes export and transit trunk pipelines.

Transport hub is a complex of transport devices at the junction of several modes of transport, jointly performing operations to service transit, local and urban transportation of goods and passengers. A transport hub as a system is a set of transport processes and means for their implementation at the junction of two or more main modes of transport. In a transport system, nodes have the function of control valves. Failure of one such valve can lead to problems for the entire system.

Question No. 3. Urban transport. Purpose and main characteristics.

Transport– a set of means of communication, communication routes, structures and service devices

Kinds: passenger, cargo, special (police, ambulance, Ministry of Emergency Situations, etc.) Beginning:

1. Cargo transportation (more predictable)

2.transportation of people

Freight transport is divided into

1. Industrial (depends on the size and profile of the business)

2. Construction (depending on the size of the city)

3. Consumer (from size and development trend)

4. Cleansing

Passenger

1. Citywide (mass: metro, trolleybuses, buses, trams; individual)

2. Local (traffic in a limited space - factory, shopping center)

Carrying capacity- this is the number of passengers who can be transported along one line, in one direction, per unit of time. 80-90 thousand passengers per hour - metro 15 - 30-35 thousand passengers per hour - tram 10-23 thousand passengers per hour - trolleybus

Depends on capacity, stopping points

The largest is near the metro, train, tram, trolleybus, bus

Capacity is the number of passengers allowed to be transported according to the standards per 1m2. During rush hour there are 8 people per 1 square meter.

Speedmessages is the speed of movement on public transport, taking into account planned and unscheduled stops.

	Trolleybus	Individual
Capacity

4 Public passenger transport

Buses- the most common type of transport. The network of bus lines, as a rule, is characterized by the greatest length. Depending on their destination, bus lines are divided into two types:

the main ones, providing direct transport links between individual areas and the passage's prototypical points;

carriers providing delivery of passengers To stopping points of more powerful modes of transport (tram, metro, railway lines).

The main bus lines according to their position in the city plan are divided into:

internal, both ends of which are within the city;

Departures connecting the city with the suburban area and having one destination outside it.

The main internal lines have a length corresponding to the linear dimensions of the city; departure lines reach greater lengths (50 km or more). The supply lines are usually short in length.

To create best conditions operation, bus routes are laid along streets with improved surfaces (cement-concrete, asphalt concrete, paving stones and mosaics), which ensure high speeds with the lowest fuel consumption and minimal wear of chassis and rubber. However, buses can also be temporarily operated on routes with transitional types of surface (cobblestone pavement, crushed stone highway, etc.).

Compared to other types of mass transport, buses have the greatest maneuverability, but in terms of carrying capacity they are inferior to trams. The disadvantage of buses, like all road transport, is the pollution of urban air with exhaust gases.

Bus traffic plays a significant role in serving developing areas of the city, for which the installation of more powerful modes of transport in the early stages may not be economically feasible. In addition, the bus is successfully used on city routes in central areas, especially in old cities with winding and insufficiently wide streets.

Bus transportation can be divided into: urban, suburban, local (with a route length of up to 100 km), short-distance intercity (100-300 km), long-distance intercity (over 300 km), service, etc. The carrying capacity of a bus line with good organization is 4500-5000 pass/h in one direction. The trend towards increasing the carrying capacity of bus lines is expressed in increasing the capacity of buses through the use of articulated bodies and double-decker buses.

Buses local service used for intra-district and inter-district passenger transportation. Their distinctive features- reliability and high cross-country ability, allowing the use of buses on unimproved roads, as well as the possibility of transporting non-bulky hand luggage.

Intercity buses are used to transport passengers along highways over long distances. Their increased comfort and design features allow for safe movement at high speeds.

Sightseeing buses differ in interior layout, seat design, and have good visibility. They are used on urban and suburban lines.

Service buses are intended for official trips of employees of enterprises and institutions, sanatorium and resort services, as well as for urban, local transportation and transportation of tourists. Based on capacity and size, buses are distinguished: especially low-capacity, up to 5.5 m long (10-12 seats);

small capacity up to 7.5 m long (45-48 seats); medium capacity up to 9.5 m long (60-65 seats); large capacity up to 11 m long (70-80 seats); especially large capacity up to 12 m long (100-120 seats).

Trolleybuses in terms of basic operational indicators they differ little from buses, however, their movement requires the installation of traction substations and equipment of lines with a two-wire contact network. Trolleybuses are used on intracity (sometimes also on outbound) lines with average passenger flows.

When designing a trolleybus network, they strive to reduce to a minimum the number of intersections of lines with each other and with tram lines, since intersections and overhead switches reduce the speed of the trolleybus, and sometimes cause it to stop due to the slippage of the current collector. The capacity of the trolleybus rolling stock is 74-139 passengers. Due to the reliability of current collection, trolleybus line routes are laid only along streets with improved permanent pavements. The longitudinal slope of the trolleybus line should not exceed 0.07.

In terms of maneuverability, trolleybuses are inferior to buses, which is especially noticeable in old cities with streets of insufficient width. The main advantage of a trolleybus compared to a tram is that passengers board and disembark directly from the sidewalk. In addition, when moving, the trolleybus can deviate in both directions from the axis of the contact wire up to 4.2 m, which allows it to be used on streets with heavy traffic.

Tram lines have a higher equipment cost than buses and trolleybuses. Therefore, the tram network is characterized by a relatively lower density.

The largest carrying capacity of a tram, compared to other types of street transport, is determined by the placement of tram lines along routes with large, stable passenger flows. Departure tram lines are designed in the event that the bus does not provide transportation for in this direction and the transportation demand cannot be satisfied by the existing electric line railway, and also if it is necessary to provide a direct tram connection between the city and the suburbs.

Tram lines are currently designed primarily as double-track lines with a central (relative to the axis of the street) or lateral tracks. On peripheral lines with small passenger flows, single-track lines are sometimes built with sidings every 0.5-2 km.

The concentration of passengers at tram stops located in the middle of the roadway forces the trackless transport to stop or reduce speed. In addition, the presence of a tram line reduces the possibility of overtaking. Thus, the overall efficiency of road transport operation is reduced. Because of this, a peculiar process of moving tram traffic from the central areas of old cities to peripheral areas, where traffic intensity is much lower, occurs.

Removing tram tracks from main streets improves traffic conditions in general and increases traffic safety. However, the removal of tram lines should be accompanied either by their transfer to parallel duplicate directions, or by the construction of a metro line in directions with high passenger flows. Sometimes the elimination of a tram line can be compensated by strengthening the work of trolleybus and bus transport.

Public (municipal) transport- variety passenger transport as an industry that provides services for transporting people along routes that the carrier sets in advance, bringing to general information delivery method (vehicle), size and form of payment, guaranteeing regularity (repeatability of movement at the end of the transportation production cycle), as well as the immutability of the route at the request of passengers.

Criteria

The difference between public transport and other types and methods of transporting passengers:

availability of transportation services to the widest segments of the population, without any class, professional or other restrictions social type, based solely on the requirement fulfilled by the carrier in the presence of seats on the sole condition of payment for this service at established tariffs.
paid service, which does not exclude possible tariff differentiation based on the age of the passenger
the return nature of the movement, its regular and intensive repetition for the majority of passengers on the corresponding route over a long period of time.
absence of institutional intermediaries in the acquisition of transportation services (individual and direct nature of the act of purchasing travel documents)
V modern world- mandatory participation of local authorities in the regulation of this sector, coordination and supervision of the activities of carriers - providers of transportation services
sufficient capacity of the vehicle (massive service), suggesting the possibility of sharing it simultaneously with two or more passengers independent of each other (this criterion excludes trips by cabs, taxis and rickshaws).

In practice, when considering the operation of public transport from the perspective of one or another type of vehicle (buses, trolleybuses, trams, subways, ferries, ships, etc.), among their passengers there is often a certain proportion of tourists making trips beyond the program of the tour they paid for, as well as military and other categories of citizens whose travel is free due to local laws. However, the shuttle bus does not lose its affiliation with public transport even if at some point it turns out to be 100% filled with soldiers going to the bathhouse under the command of an ensign. The opposite is also true: a bus owned by a military unit does not become public transport only by virtue of the owner’s permission to board civilians.

It should also be noted that there is unofficial public transport, when a route or route does not legally exist, but drivers or specially authorized persons collect passengers at certain points. According to Russian legislation such transportation, if paid, is an illegal business and is punishable by a fine or imprisonment. In terms of the form of service provision, such activity also relates to public transport, since passengers are recruited from all comers, and most often there is traffic along specific route(for example, city A near the bus station - city B near the bus station)

Ferries are becoming a means of providing public transport services both directly and in the delivery of passenger cars and/or vehicles, whose passengers fall under the category of public transport clients, that is, they make their return trips regularly and, as a rule, in connection with production activities, and not in the order of tourism or emigration. The same criteria for classification as public transport apply to the transportation of passengers on cargo-passenger ships.

Much less frequently, trolleybuses (intercity line in Crimea, intercity bus No. 284 Saratov - Engels, trolleybus line between the cities of Bendery and Tiraspol) and trams (64-kilometer line along the Belgian coast) act as intercity public transport.

Tram in Japan

In cities with steep slopes, specialized transport is sometimes installed - funiculars, elevators, escalators. Escalators and elevators are also installed in underground and overground pedestrian crossings. In mountainous conditions, as well as to overcome water obstacles, cable cars are used; this type of transport is rarely used in cities.

There are non-excursion vessels (river buses) used within cities, also related to public transport. In Russia and other countries with cold winter Their widespread use is hampered by the freezing of water bodies.

Story

The first type of passenger transport, determined by the criteria of regularity of movement along a pre-known route, without restrictions on the status of passengers, was water transport - transportation across rivers. Satisfying the conditions of the last filter, the condition of payment, became possible with the advent of the 8th century BC. e. money . Money originated in the Aegean civilization, and it is no coincidence that it was in Greek mythology Charon appears - a boatman (ferryman, carrier), ferrying passengers across the river for money. Behind this myth, which gave rise to the Hellenes’ tradition of placing a coin under the tongue of the dead, there is a specific practice from the world of the living: the dispersion of the Hellenes across the numerous islands of the Archipelago created a significant natural prerequisite for this.

The economic prerequisite for the emergence of public transport as an industry is the emergence of a market for personally free labor, supplemented by the factor of urbanization. In pre-class states, each community member, by definition, on the one hand, had personal transport, and on the other, did not feel the need for regular long-distance travel “light.” In antiquity, owning one's own on-site or at least the horse becomes the privilege of the master class, but here too, natural farming, coupled with the enslavement of the peasants, frees the exploited from the need for strangers paid services by regularly moving themselves to the place of application of their labor power and back.

The answer to the question of the availability of public transport in ancient Babylon, Alexandria, Rome, and later Constantinople, which grew to a population of a million or so, is most likely negative. On the one hand, there is no historical evidence for this. On the other hand, the bulk of the population of these “megacities” consisted, in addition to slaves and warriors, small and medium-sized artisans, additional work force which (if required) settled within walking distance. In addition, the very level of development of the productive forces in those eras was insufficient to allocate a certain portion of the total volume of goods produced to “feed” public transport, as a special non-productive industry.

Relationship between public and private transport

Public transport can be inconvenient due to overcrowding...

... but it can be quite comfortable

Public transport received widespread development in the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries. However, in the 1930s - 1960s, in many countries there was a process of curtailing public transport due to competition with personal cars, which were becoming more and more affordable general public. In many cities the tram was completely eliminated. The Transport Act 1947 nationalized almost all forms of public transport in the UK, but a process of privatization began in the early 1990s.

A personal car usually provides much faster door-to-door travel with high comfort, but motorization creates many problems. Cities (especially older cities whose historical cores developed in the pre-automobile era) suffer from congested streets and insufficient parking spaces; Heavy traffic creates a lot of noise and air pollution. Ensuring the mobility of the motorized population requires large public costs.

There are different views on the relationship between public and individual transport:

The extreme “automobile” point of view assumes the total motorization of the population and the complete eradication of public transport as unnecessary and creating interference in the movement of individual transport. The solution to the problems of motorization is seen in the extensive development of road networks, the introduction of new, more economical and “cleaner” engines and fuels. However, in practice, huge public costs (both direct for the construction and maintenance of roads, and indirect due to increased pollution, loss of natural complexes etc.) hinder movement along this path. It should be noted that complete motorization is impossible due to the fact that many people are physically or mentally unable to drive vehicles. Regular trips by taxi are too expensive for most residents; not everyone accepts hitchhiking, as some people are embarrassed by it.
The extreme “anti-car” point of view considers the individual car to be an unconditional evil. The solution to society's transport problems is seen in the development of public transport networks, providing members of society with a level of mobility and comfort comparable to individual transport. However, in practice, achieving a high level of comfort turns out to be problematic, especially in areas with low population density.

Nowadays, transport planning generally avoids both extremes, recognizing the value of both passenger convenience and social and natural balance. Thus, in areas of low population density, conditions are provided for widespread motorization, and in more densely populated cities, public transport is considered the preferred method of transportation. Solutions that allow mixed modes of movement (for example, park-and-ride stations) are widely used. The conditions of each individual company ( political system, economic situation, behavioral stereotypes, settlement system) determine to which extreme point of view the emphasis is shifted.

IN modern Russia, due to the economic situation and the mentality of certain social strata (primarily those working in the public transport system), the majority of the population (including those who do not have the opportunity to have their own car and are interested in public transport) have developed a persistent dissatisfaction with public transport - condition of the rolling stock, quality of service provision. The reasons for this attitude are:

Some drivers and conductors do not value the opinions of passengers about the service provided, and do not perceive passengers as a source of their income, although, it seems, this fact is obvious. The reason, first of all, is that showing rudeness and disrespect towards an individual passenger will not affect the business as a whole, since other passengers will still use their transport;
Some owners of this business decide their own interests, ignoring the interests of passengers: transport runs mainly during peak hours, leaves routes early, stands idle at terminals until they are fully loaded, ignoring the schedule, the driver is given an extremely short time by the owner to travel from terminal to terminal, as a result of which drivers driving at excess speed and violating traffic rules, etc.;
many passengers themselves cultivate such an attitude towards them through silence and reluctance to get involved in disputes and in defending their rights;
In some transport enterprises, the transport is worn out and its owners are reluctant to repair it; the interiors are not maintained in a neat condition: worn seats are not replaced, glass and walls are not washed for months;
there are often cases when this business controlled by organized crime groups or law enforcement agencies, as a result of which attempts to influence the authorities and society remain unsuccessful.

Fixed public transport infrastructure

In addition to vehicles, fixed engineering structures are used:

Buildings of depots, parks, repair shops, assembly and repair enterprises;
Road and rail bed;
Fuel supply devices;
Power supply device;
Buildings of enterprises operating road and highway facilities, electrical stations and substations, gas stations, fuel and spare parts warehouses;
Bridges;
Tonelli;
Control rooms and administrative buildings;
Buildings and structures for automation, telemechanics, communications, power supply, fuel, water, lubrication devices;
Rest rooms for drivers, pilots, helmsmen, machinists, sailors;
Stands, cabinets, posters with posted schedules, electronic displays, clocks;
Buildings and structures for waiting for transport. From rain shelters to large buildings - train stations. It should be noted that the word station often refers to railway transport; for other types of transport, modified terms are used - bus station, air terminal, river station, sea station. Some bus transport companies call their bus stations bus stations. In Russia, the term airport instead of air terminal, and port instead of sea terminal, are much more popular. River Station often also called a river port or pier. At stations (let's call it generically for all types of transport) there may be places for sitting, long rest rooms with sleeping places for passengers, buffets, toilets, showers, retail facilities, hairdressers, postal telephone and telegraph offices for passengers.

Notes

Article 789. Transportation by public transport

Commentary on Article 789

1. The commented article provides a definition of public transport and, accordingly, transportation carried out by it. In everyday terms, public transport means only urban transport, with the exception of passenger taxis, and, perhaps, buses and trains that carry out suburban transportation. The commented article as a whole does not refute this everyday meaning. At first glance, the concept of transportation by public transport is given through the prism of a public contract (Article 426 of the Civil Code): commercial organization, obligated to provide transportation services to everyone who applies to it, is recognized as an organization obligated to provide transportation by public transport. At the same time, attention is drawn to the significant difference between the definition given in the commented article and the general norm of Art. 426 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. If according to general rule An agreement that a commercial organization is obliged to conclude due to the nature of its activities is recognized as public, then in the commented article the obligation to conclude transportation contracts at the request of any person should follow only from the law or other legal act, i.e. belonging to public transport is determined by the legislator (this is also indicated by the need to compile lists of organizations carrying out transportation by public transport provided for in the commented article).
The law defines types of public transport as:
— all railway transport carrying out the transportation of both cargo and passengers and their luggage (Articles 2, 4 UZhT; Article 2 of the Law on Railway Transport);
— automobile and urban electric transport that carries out regular transportation of passengers and luggage (Article 19 of the UAT). Thus, they do not apply to public transport automobile transport transporting cargo and passenger taxis transporting passengers;
— inland water transport carrying passengers and their luggage (clause 2 of article 95 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation);
— the metro should also be classified as public transport (in principle, instructions on this can be found in the Law).
———————————
See, for example: sub. 12 clause 1 art. 4 Federal Law dated July 21, 2005 N 115-FZ “On concession agreements”.

2. There is no doubt that the transportation of passengers by all types of transport is carried out on the basis of a public contract (including the contract for the “chartering” of a passenger taxi - clause 1 of Article 31 of the UAT). Most cargo transportation is also carried out on the basis of a public contract due to the nature of the carrier’s activities (Article 426 of the Civil Code). Nevertheless, the legislator, as has been shown, distinguishes between transportation carried out on the basis of a public contract and transportation by public transport. “Transportation by public transport” is a narrower concept. It appears that the legislator uses a special concept of public transport due to the intention to establish specific features for it legal regulation, in particular, to strengthen state regulation of relations regarding transportation by this transport. So, in paragraph 2 of Art. 790 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation states that the amount of payment for the transportation of goods, passengers and luggage by public transport is subject to state regulation, regardless of whether this type of transport carries out monopolistic activities, and regardless of other reasons for which state price regulation is established.
3. Part 2 of paragraph 1 of the commented article contains an indication that the list of organizations obliged to carry out transportation recognized as transportation by public transport is “published in the prescribed manner.” However, to date such a procedure has not been established and the list has not been published. Obviously, this list is conceived as a register designed to provide the need for information about specific legal entities(and entrepreneurs) carrying out transportation by public transport, and this register must be maintained both at the federal level (in relation to specific organizations carrying out transportation throughout Russia), and at the regional and local levels.

1. Transportation carried out by a commercial organization is recognized as transportation by public transport if it follows from the law or other legal acts that this organization is obliged to carry out transportation of goods, passengers and luggage at the request of any citizen or legal entity.

The list of organizations obliged to carry out transportation recognized as transportation by public transport is published in the prescribed manner.

2. The contract of carriage by public transport is a public contract (Article 426).

Commentary to Art. 789 Civil Code of the Russian Federation

The law defines types of public transport as:

— all railway transport carrying out the transportation of both cargo and passengers and their luggage (Articles 2, 4 UZhT; Article 2 of the Law on Railway Transport);

— automobile and urban electric transport that carries out regular transportation of passengers and luggage (Article 19 of the UAT). Thus, public transport does not include motor transport transporting cargo and passenger taxis transporting passengers;

— inland water transport carrying passengers and their luggage (clause 2 of article 95 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation);

— the metro should also be classified as public transport (in principle, instructions on this can be found in the Law).

———————————
See, for example: sub. 12 clause 1 art. 4 of the Federal Law of July 21, 2005 N 115-FZ “On Concession Agreements”.

3. Part 2 of paragraph 1 of the commented article contains an indication that the list of organizations obliged to carry out transportation recognized as transportation by public transport is “published in the prescribed manner.” However, to date such a procedure has not been established and the list has not been published. Obviously, this list is conceived as a register designed to provide the need for information about specific legal entities (and entrepreneurs) carrying out transportation by public transport, and this register should be maintained both at the federal level (in relation to specific organizations carrying out transportation throughout Russia) , and at the regional and local levels.

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