Sentences on the topic homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. How to distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

It is necessary to distinguish from homogeneous definitions (in writing separated by commas) Not homogeneous definitions , between which there is no comma.

When delimiting homogeneity/heterogeneity of definitions it is necessary to take into account the meaning of definitions, the way they are expressed, their position in relation to the defined noun, and also general character context.

I. Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different sides, indicate different characteristics of an object, for example its size, shape, color, material, location And etc. For example: 1) Lying on the edge of the clearing... large iron (size and material) a stove indicating that the forest was cut down in winter (V. Soloukhin). 2) Bestuzhev took it from her hand green knitted (color and material) glove and kissed the cold fingers (K. Paustovsky). 3) Thick rough(size and purpose) the notebook in which I wrote down plans and rough sketches was placed at the bottom of the suitcase (V. Kaverin). 4) Around noon, a lot of round high (shape and location) clouds usually appear... (I. Turgenev).

Usually, heterogeneous are definitions, expressed a combination of qualitative and relative adjective (see examples 1-3 above).

Heterogeneous there may be definitions expressed qualitative adjectives of different semantic groups(see 4th example above): 1) Cold large drops began to fall to the ground (M. Gorky). 2) Good-natured little ones grey eyes squint (N. Garin-Mikhailovsky).

It should be noted, however, that such examples allow for different understandings, and therefore different pronunciation and different punctuation (heterogeneity in such cases is not necessary and definitions can be considered as homogeneous; see below about this). Wed, for example: His tiny, motionless eyes smoldered dully (I. Turgenev).

II. Homogeneous definitions characterize an object from any one point of view, according to any one characteristic, on any general basis.

Always homogeneous:

1. Definitions, standing after the defined noun (regardless of their meaning): 1) ...I will then possess the eternal truth , undoubted ... (I. Turgenev). 2) And blue, bottomless eyes bloom on the far shore (A. Blok). 3) Along the winter, boring road, three greyhounds are running (A. Pushkin).(The exception is some combinations of a terminological and logical nature: early double aster; frost-resistant winter wheat and so on.)

2. Definitions, with the help of which varieties of objects differ in any one respect (color, material, purpose, geographical location etc.), for example: 1) Black, red, yellow rocks were reflected in the water (K. Paustovsky). 2) A talented student who spoke five languages ​​and felt at home in French, Spanish, and German literature, he boldly used his knowledge (V. Kaverin).

3. Definitions-synonyms (they call the same feature differently, i.e. they characterize an object from one side), and their synonymy often arises in the context: 1) Pale, dim stars were barely noticeable in the sky (L. Tolstoy). 2) She felt completely healthy and was in a cheerful, festive mood (A. Chekhov). 3) The arable land is overgrown with strong, tenacious, unpretentious weeds (M. Sholokhov). 4) His heavy body is filled with flexible, animal grace (M. Gorky)(words flexible And animal, which are not synonymous in the language, turn out to be synonymous in this context).

4. Definitions, of which the first is single, and the second is a participial phrase (the single definition precedes the common one): 1) At night above the ship there is a deep sky, densely seeded with stars (I. Sokolov-Mikitov). 2) One day Vanya brought a small, dug With birch root (K. Paustovsky). 3) It’s good to trample soft hay that gets under your shirt (I. Sokolov-Mikitov). 4) His black, bare head flashed in the bushes (I. Turgenev).

Note. Please note that the comma is placed between the adjective and the participial phrase, and not after the participial phrase.

Usually homogeneous:

1. Definitions, which denote different signs, but often and naturally accompany a friend; such definitions are interconnected by cause-and-effect relationships, conjunctions can be inserted between them since, because or adverbs because, therefore, therefore: 1) The lilac bushes bent over, as if inviting passers-by to pick a thick, heavy(thick, therefore heavy) bunch (S. Marshak). 2) Young, fragrant(smelly, because young) the grass has broken through a little (I. Bunin). 3) Ahead rode fresh, beautiful(fresh, therefore beautiful) old man... (L. Tolstoy). 4) You wake up in the middle of a dark, moonless(dark because there is no moon) March night and at first you can’t figure out where you are (A. Kuprin).

Uniformity such definitions are not required (although preferred).

2. Artistic definitions (definitions-epithets). With the help of such definitions Every single detail of the description is emphasized (although they characterize the subject from different sides): 1) Well-fed, white, important birds walked along the dam (A. Tolstoy). 2) Kashtanka looked at the stranger through the snowflakes hanging on her eyelashes, and saw in front of her a short and plump man with a shaved, plump face... (A. Chekhov). 3) And now, looking at Luzhin’s big, pale face, she... was filled with... pity (V. Nabokov).

Diverse definitions in contextual conditions they are often united by some common feature, a common element of meaning (similarity of the impression made, positive or negative assessment, etc.): 1) The grey, small house of the Vlasovs increasingly attracted the attention of the settlement (M. Gorky)(homogeneous definitions have in this context common element meaning “inconspicuous”, “inconspicuous”). 2) The locomotive howled its way forward into the dim , stuffy darkness (A. Platonov). 3) Merry , bright morning burst into the room (V. Veresaev).

III. A special type is definitions, connected by explanatory relations (second definition explains the first); usually you can insert a conjunction between them that is, namely:1) Other, better rights are dear to me;

I need a different, better freedom... (A. Pushkin).

2) Completely different city sounds were heard outside and inside the apartment (V. Kataev).

Incorrect punctuation is one of the typical mistakes made in writing. The most complex punctuation rules usually include the placement of commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear understanding of their features and differences helps make the entry correct and readable.

What is the definition?

This is a minor member of a sentence, denoting a sign, property or quality of an object denoted by a noun. Most often expressed by an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our house), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "which one?" "whose?". However, there may be cases of use as a definition of a noun ( checkered dress), a verb in the infinitive form ( dream of being able to fly), adjective in simple comparative degree ( an older girl appeared), adverbs ( Hard boiled egg).

What are homogeneous members

The definition of this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of a simple (or predicative part of a complex) sentence. Homogeneous members are expressed by words of the same part of speech and the same form, depending on the same word. Therefore, they will answer the general question and fulfill the same function in the sentence. syntactic function. Homogeneous members are connected with each other by a coordinating or non-union connection. It should also be noted that their rearrangement within a syntactic structure is usually possible.

Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: “ In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet bloomed proudly towered over their fellow flowers." The homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize the object according to the same characteristic. Or another example: " Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city sweltering from the heat." In this sentence, one feature is logically connected to another.

Video on the topic

Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinctive features

This question often causes difficulties. To understand the material, let’s take a closer look at what features each group of definitions has.

These are the main features, knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means using punctuation marks correctly.

In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.

Definitions that are always the same

1. Adjectives next to each other characterize an object according to one characteristic: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " At the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, and French culture in advance.».
2. A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature differently. " From early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news».
3. Definitions that appear after the noun, with the exception of terms such as grab overhead crane. For example, in A. Pushkin’s poem we find: “ Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road" In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, and each definition is logically highlighted.
4. Homogeneous members of a sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the characteristic in increasing order. " The sisters, overwhelmed by a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions».
5. Inconsistent definitions. For example: " He entered the room briskly A tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes, a bewitching smile».

Combination of a single adjective and participial phrase

It is also necessary to dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here, punctuation depends on the position of the latter.

Definitions that correspond to the scheme “single adjective + participial phrase” are almost always homogeneous. For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen" However, if the participial phrase is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the entire combination, the rule “punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly fell onto the damp ground.».

One more point needs to be taken into account. Consider this example: “ Among the dense, spreading fir trees, darkened in the twilight, it was difficult to see the narrow path leading to the lake" This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions expressed by participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word “thick”. Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, they are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

Cases when a comma is not required but is preferred

1. Homogeneous definitions (examples of which can often be found in fiction) designate different, but usually accompanying each other, causal features. For example, " At night,(you can insert BECAUSE) Long shadows from trees and lanterns were clearly visible in the deserted streets" Another example: " Suddenly, deafening sounds reached the old man’s ears,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
2. Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at Luzhin’s big, pale face, she... was filled... with pity"(V. Nabokov). Or from A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has arrived».
3. When using adjectives in a figurative meaning (close to epithets): “ Timofey's large, fishy eyes were sad and carefully looked straight ahead».

Such homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent remedy expressiveness in work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).

Exceptional cases

Sometimes in speech you can find sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood in this place, but now there are new, tall ones." As this example shows, in such a case there are two groups of definitions that relate to the same noun, but have opposite meanings.

Another case concerns definitions interconnected by explanatory relationships. " Completely different sounds, alien to the boy, were heard from open window " In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is” would be appropriate.

Rules for placing punctuation marks

Here everything depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are used in non-union connections. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door." If there are coordinating conjunctions (“usually”, “and”), punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them." Thus, these sentences are subject to punctuation rules that apply to all syntactic constructions with homogeneous members.

If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. The exception is sentences with combinations that allow for double interpretation. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods" IN in this case it all depends on the meaning of the participle. A comma is used if “namely” can be inserted before the word “verified”.

Conclusion

Analysis of all of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy largely depends on knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.

Handbook of the Russian language. Punctuation Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

§ 10. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

1. Between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions, put comma.

The definitions are uniform:

1) if they indicate the distinctive features of different objects: Crowds of kidsblue, red, whiteshirts stand on the shore(M.G.);

2) if they indicate various signs the same object, characterizing it from one side: A mighty, violent, deafening downpour pouredto the steppe(Bub.). In this case, each of the definitions directly relates to the noun being defined; a coordinating conjunction can be inserted between the definitions: sound, restful, healthy sleep(T.); rainy, dirty, dark autumn(Ch.); empty, deserted shore(Ser.); hard, tough business(Er.); strong, decisive, firm word(Furm.); fat, lazy gophers; black, bare trees; dark, reckless, dangerous thoughts; impudent, arrogant, angry face; easy, relaxed, fascinating conversation; strict, harsh, abrupt command; rotten, green water of the swamp; thick, heavy, opaque liquid; arrogant, capricious face; defiant, inappropriate tone; refined, noble, graceful manners; a cheerful, bright holiday; a great, proud, formidable name; sweet, kind woman; bizarre, threatening shadows; a wrinkled, decrepit old woman; hard, prickly, piercing gaze; thick, shapeless legs; rough, wild, cruel customs of the Middle Ages; old, faded dress; zealous, frenzied commitment to art; thick, choking dust; backward, dark, superstitious people; a good-natured, affectionate old man; sharp, intelligent look; hot, cloudless day; long, narrow corridor; desolate, deserted place; kind, sad, embarrassed eyes; peaceful, calm life; warm, still, dense air; neat, clean, cheerful children; stern, courageous face; the unfamiliar, mysterious, magnificent world of the jungle; a difficult, painful path; a picturesque, winding river; fresh, gray-green hay; a dense, strong man; juicy, fatty leaves of the bush;

3) if, characterizing an object from different sides, in the context of the context they are united by some common feature (appearance, similarity of the impression they make, reference to a distant general concept, cause-and-effect relationship, etc.): The sky was meltingone small, goldencloud(M.G.) - appearance; Water flows over the pebbles and hidesfilamentous, emerald green algae(Sol.) - general external impression; WITHpale, crookedwith his face he suddenly jumped up and grabbed his head(Ch.) - general concept(“changed by excitement”); It was moonlit and clearevening(Ch.) (“lunar, and therefore clear”); rang outterrible, deafeningthunderclap(“terrible because deafening”); We've arrivedheavy, gloomytime(“heavy, therefore gloomy”); He closed his eyesred, inflamedover the centuries(“red because inflamed”); a deserted, inhospitable house; stuffy, oppressive darkness; gray, continuous, light rain; thick, black smoke; pale, stern face; dusty, ragged people; heavy, angry feeling; senile, colorless eyes; far, dark corner; proud, brave appearance; clean, new suit.

Heavy, coldthe rays lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains(L.); Here and there in the sky you could seemotionless, noctilucent clouds(T.); Large, puffythree rows of beads wrapped arounddark, thinneck(T.); He handed mered, swollen, dirtyhand(T.); Petya was nowhandsome, rosy, fifteen-year-oldboy(L.T.); Cute, hard, redher lips were still wrinkled as before(L.T.); Show everyone what thismotionless, gray, dirtyyou're tired of life(Ch.); I met himskinny, hunchbackedold woman(Ch.); He pinched with his fingersthin, fluffymustache(M.G.); INthick, darkgray strands glistened in her hair(M.G.); Gray, smallthe Vlasovs’ house increasingly attracted the attention of the settlement(M.G.); Smooth, monotonousthe muttering is interrupted(Ser.); ...Washed down with pink, sour, fragrantwine(Cat.);

4) if, under the conditions of the context, synonymous relations are created between definitions: We've arriveddark, heavydays(T.); Cold, metallicthe light flashed on thousands of wet leaves(Gran.); WITHwonderful,He wielded his instrument with almost magical ease; complete, hopeless darkness; transparent, fresh air; red, angry face; timid, apathetic character; thick, heavy oil; quiet, modest life; white, strong teeth; a cheerful, good-natured smile; proud, independent appearance; remote, deserted alley; dry, cracked earth; stern, stubborn character; a happy, mischievous, boyish smile;

5) if they represent artistic definitions: Some grasshoppers are chattering together, and this is tiresome...incessant, sour and drysound(T.); Hispale blue, glassmy eyes ran wild(T.); The old woman closedlead, extinguishedeyes(M.G.); the same when using an adjective definition in a figurative meaning: the boy's round, fishy eyes; thin, crane-like legs;

6) if they form a semantic gradation (each subsequent definition strengthens the characteristic it expresses): In autumn, the feather grass steppes completely change and receive theirspecial, original, unlike anything elseview(Ax.); Arriving home, Laevsky and Nadezhda Fedorovna entered theirdark, stuffy, boringrooms(Ch.); Joyful, festive, radiantthe mood was bursting(Ser.);

7) if a single definition is followed by a definition expressed by a participial phrase: little-known, isolated mounds; an ancient wooden figurine, blackened by time; a small, carpeted platform; black, smoothly combed hair; a thin, deeply wrinkled face; an empty field covered with snow; early, slightly sparkling dawn; hard, poorly shaved chin(cf. with a different word order: poorly shaved, hard chin).

Wed. in language fiction: I found in the chestyellowed, written in no-Latinhetman's charter(Paust.); It was kind of sad about thissmall, already touched late autumn garden(Hump.); That wasthe first, not clouded by any fearsjoy of discovery(Gran.); Onwhite, carefully ironedbear meat, dried sokhatina appeared on the tablecloths...(Already); There was a view oftall, slightly pinkfirmament(EAT.); Throughsmall, covered in icewindow... made his way Moonlight (Closed).

But: black spots appearing on the tablecloth; hare half frayed collar; a large amount of material collected by the author etc. - the first definition refers to the combination of the second definition with a noun;

8) if they stand after the defined noun (in this position, each of the definitions is directly related to the noun and has the same semantic independence): I saw a young womanbeautiful, kind, intelligent, charming(Ch.); I will then have the trutheternal, undoubted(T.).

Possible deviations:

a) in poetic speech, which is associated with the rhythm and melody of the verse: Hello, blue autumn days(Br.);

b) in combinations of a terminological nature: late-ripening winter pear; thin-walled electric-welded stainless steel pipes; electric drift overhead crane; gray cloth trousers; early double aster;

9) if they are contrasted with a combination of other definitions with the same defined word: Not long ago in our area there werelow, woodenat home, and now -tall, stone;Through the window of the ticket office they stretched outlarge, masculinehands thensmall, female;

10) a special case is represented by the so-called explanatory definitions, when a comma is placed between the definitions if the second of them explains the first (a conjunction can be inserted between them that is or namely): Inside the house the rooms were filledordinary,simple furniture(T.); With quick steps I walked through a long “square” of bushes, climbed a hill and... saw absolutelyother,to mestrangersplaces(T.); WITH good feeling hope fornew, betterlife he drove up to his house(L.T.); Evening was approaching, and in the air stood thatspecial, heavystuffiness that foretells a thunderstorm(M.G.); At allothers, urbansounds were heard outside and inside the apartment(Cat.); ...Normal, peacefulcoexistence of states; Was of interestand another,extra work; Soon we will enterinto the newXXI century. In these cases, the second definition acts not as a homogeneous one, but as an explanatory one (see § 23). The possibility of punctuation variations is explained by different interpretations of the meaning of the sentence; compare: I want to buyother leatherbriefcase(I already have a leather briefcase). - I want to buyother, leatherbriefcase(I have a briefcase, but not a leather one).

2. There is no comma between heterogeneous definitions.

Definitions are heterogeneous if the previous definition does not refer directly to the noun being defined, but to the combination of the subsequent definition with this noun: Alyosha gave it to himsmall folding roundmirror(Adv.) (cf.: round mirror - folding round mirror - small folding round mirror); The old woman's mother was laying out grapes onshort round Tatartable(L.T.); ... Can you imaginebad southern districtsmall town?(Cupr.); Early severe winterthe dawn appeared through the deathly haze(F.).

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different sides, in different respects, i.e., they express features related to different generic (general) concepts: In the corner of the living room stoodpot-bellied nutthe Bureau(G.) - shape and material; Magical underwater islands... quietly passingwhite roundclouds(T.) - color and shape; We lived in the basementbig stoneHouses(M.G.) - size and material; Once upon a time I had the opportunity to sail along a gloomy Siberian river(Cor.) - quality and location.

If such characteristics are united by a common generic concept, such definitions can become homogeneous: A large stone house has been allocated for the tourist base - the unifying feature is “well-maintained”.

Depending on the style of speech, some examples allow for different understanding, and in connection with this, different intonation and punctuation; compare: It was these new, large, multi-story buildings that mainly determined the face of the city.(Cat.) - in fiction; New large multi-storey buildings were built- V business speech. Wed. Also: Tiny, motionless lights could be seen in the distance. - Tiny motionless lights were visible in the distance.

Heterogeneous definitions are expressed:

1) a combination of relative adjectives or participles and relative adjectives: summer health Camp; marble quadrangular columns; unpublished original drafts; twisted iron staircase; neglected orchard;

2) a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives: tall, rare last year's reeds; brand new yellow chairs; pure calico striped dress; huge black disc-shaped anti-tank mines; uneven clay smeared floor; unironed gray canvas towel; a beautiful small oval mirror; luxurious carved gilded frame; new high economic milestones; interesting elongated dark face; fashionable fluffy curled wig; thick protruding underlip; thick arched high eyebrows.

Wed. in the language of fiction: Bright Winter sun looked into our windows(Ax.); Along the wide, large highwayless road, a tall blue Viennese carriage rode at a brisk trot in a row.(L.T.); Snowdrifts covered with thin ice crust(Ch.); Suddenly a horse's alarm neigh was heard in the darkness(F.);

3) less often - a combination of qualitative adjectives: a tiny white fluffy dog; soft thick black curls; huge amazing dark blue swallowtails(Priv.); milk jug with thick yellow cream(Cupr.); light, restrained whisper(T.).

Punctuation with agreed upon definitions was discussed above. Inconsistent definitions are usually homogeneous: A young man came inabout twenty-five years old, sparkling with health, with laughing cheeks, lips and eyes(Gonch.).

author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

§ 9. Homogeneous members of a sentence not connected by conjunctions 1. Between homogeneous members of a sentence, connected only by intonation, a comma is usually placed: Questions, exclamations, stories poured out vying with each other (T.); Zotov frowned, stopped writing, swayed in his chair

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (OD) by the author TSB

§ 10. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions. Definitions are homogeneous: 1) if they indicate the distinctive features of different objects: Crowds of children wearing blue, red, white shirts stand on

From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

§ 11. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous applications not connected by conjunctions. Applications are homogeneous if they characterize a person or object on the one hand, indicate similar characteristics: Oblomov, nobleman by birth, collegiate

From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Reference author Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by unions 1. A comma is usually placed between homogeneous members of a sentence not connected by unions, for example: I saw his head, tangled hair, a tattered overcoat strap (Perventsev); Zhukhrai spoke brightly, clearly, understandably, simply

From the author's book

§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions. Definitions are homogeneous: a) if they indicate the distinctive features of different objects, for example: At a great distance the city lies down and quietly

From the author's book

§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous applications not connected by conjunctions. Applications are homogeneous if they characterize the subject on the one hand, indicate similar features, for example: Fifteen versts from mine

From the author's book

From the author's book

From the author's book

§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by conjunctions 1. A comma is usually placed between homogeneous members of a sentence not connected by conjunctions, for example: At that time, a swallow quickly flew into the colonnade, made a circle under the golden ceiling, descended, and almost touched

From the author's book

§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions. Definitions are homogeneous: 1) if they indicate the distinctive features of different objects, for example: A crowd of children in blue, red, white

From the author's book

§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous applications not connected by conjunctions. Applications are homogeneous if they characterize the subject on the one hand, indicate similar features, for example: Fifteen versts from mine

From the author's book

§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating conjunctions 1. Between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by single connecting conjunctions and, yes (in the meaning of “and”), dividing conjunctions or, or, a comma is not placed, for example: Khlopusha and Beloborodoye did not say

From the author's book

§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by repeating conjunctions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeating conjunctions and... and, yes... yes, neither... neither, or... or, whether... whether, either... either, then... then and etc., for example: Darkness of early winter morning

From the author's book

§ 88. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions 1. If homogeneous members are connected by paired (comparative, double) unions both... and, not so... as, not only... but also, not so much... as, as much... as much, although... but, if not... then, etc., then a comma is placed

From the author's book

Homogeneous members of a sentence are commas between homogeneous members not connected by conjunctions § 25 with repeated conjunctions (such as and... and, neither... nor). § 26 with double repetition of the union and § 26 with double repetition of other unions, except and § 26 with pairwise association of members

The same word in a sentence can have several definitions, which can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. With non-union communication commas separate only homogeneous definitions, and between heterogeneous definitions no comma.

I. The definitions are uniform:

1. if indicated distinctive signs of different objects, characterizing them on the one hand.

• ...at a great distance the city lay out and quietly flamed and sparkled blue , white , yellow lights.(V. G. Korolenko)
• (Some lights are blue, others are white, others are yellow.)

2. if indicated various signs of the same object, characterizing it on one side.

• Loved Chapaev strong , decisive , hard word.
• (D. A. Furmanov)

3. if they characterize an object either only with positive sides and they can be assessed with a “+” sign, or only with negative sides and they can be assessed with a “-”.

• ... I saw a woman young , beautiful , kind , intelligent , charming.
• (A.P. Chekhov)
• Has arrived rainy , dirty , dark autumn.
• (A.P. Chekhov)

4. if they represent figurative definitions (epithets).

• Dry , metal His inflamed gray eyes sparkle.
• (According to D. A. Furmanov)

• Met us empty , abandoned house. (Adj. + adverb.)
• I love strong mornings, hot , awakening coffee. (Adj. + adverb.)
• That was first , not clouded by any fears the joy of discovery. (Adj. + proverb.)
• (D. A. Granin)

6. if they are standing after defined word.

• On both sides of the clearings there were pine trees high , ship .
• (Wed: high ship pines.)

7. when describing appearance .

• Almost at the house she met us modest , shy , rustic girl about eight years old.

8. if are opposed other definitions related to the same defined word.

• We were passing through then small , deserted stations, then nodal , lively.

Each of the homogeneous definitions is directly related to the word being defined.

II. Definitions are heterogeneous:

1. if relate not directly to what is being defined, but to noun combination with the definition in front of it.

• Can you imagine bad southern county small town?
• (A.I. Kuprin)
• (Cf.: county town - southern county town - nasty southern county town.)
• Holly dressed up in amazing tight lace dress.
• (S. Ahern)

2. if they characterize an object With different sides.

• Blueberry is a shrub with small round fresh black and blue berries. (Size - shape - taste - color.)

Heterogeneous definitions can become homogeneous if they acquire some common feature in the context.

• Has begun small , pricking rain. (General sign these definitions are an unpleasant feeling.)

• Bought as a gift Beautiful silk handkerchief.
• While working here, he acquired huge political experience.

III. Some cases allow ambiguity:

• Wed: She dressed new , mink fur coat
• She dressed new mink fur coat

Comma placement V first case means that second definition explains the first(She put on a new one, namely a mink coat).

Missing comma in second case means that the definition of new refers to the combination of a mink coat (She wore a new mink coat, although there is another mink coat, apparently already old).

Without definitions that explain the properties and quality of an object, human speech would be “dry” and uninteresting. Everything that has a characteristic is conveyed in sentences using definitions. It is the description of objects that creates our knowledge about it and our attitude towards it: tasty fruit, bitter experience, beautiful person, white and fluffy rabbit, etc. Such explanations characterizing objects help to better understand them.

The concept of homogeneous members

To further reveal the content of a sentence or strengthen any part of it, homogeneous members of sentences are often used. They answer the same question and explain or relate to the same part of the sentence. Homogeneous members are absolutely independent and are connected in a sentence either by enumerative intonation or by coordinating conjunctions. Rarely can they be connected by subordinating conjunctions that convey the meaning of the concession or the reason for what is happening.

For example:

All members of a sentence, both secondary and major, can be equally homogeneous. Difficulties in placing punctuation marks often raise doubts about their uniformity. To know when commas are needed and when they are not, you need to understand what distinguishes between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.

Definitions heterogeneous and homogeneous

Definitions that relate to one member of a sentence or that characterize it and answer one question are considered homogeneous. Commas are placed between homogeneous definitions, since they describe an object from some aspect or list its varieties, for example:

Heterogeneous definitions give a description of an object from different sides, characterizing it by its various qualities.

This is what distinguishes homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Examples have shown that homogeneous ones are divided according to the characteristics and conditions that they characterize. They are also characterized by enumerative intonation.

Heterogeneous definitions

According to the method of expressing characteristics and place in a sentence, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions can be divided.

Heterogeneous ones include:

• Definitions that characterize or reveal the properties of an object from different sides. At the same time, its various qualities may be listed - shape, color, width, height, material, etc. For example: a long black scarf was wrapped several times around the neck (definitions indicate the length and color of the object).
• Definitions consisting of a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example: a girl took a red woolen mitten from her hand and stroked the kitten (“red” is a qualitative adjective characterizing the color, “woolen” is a relative adjective indicating the material).
• Definitions represented by qualitative adjectives included in different semantic groups. For example: his cheerful green eyes narrowed (two qualitative adjectives characterize the word being defined from different angles).

Another feature that distinguishes homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (examples clearly demonstrate this) is the absence of enumerative intonation when they reveal different properties of objects.

Main signs of homogeneity

To determine what type of definitions in a sentence belong to, you should know what specific features of the subject they can characterize. In the section “Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Definitions” (grade 8), the main features indicating homogeneity are given:

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are also distinguished by punctuation marks in a sentence. With homogeneous minor members they are always installed.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions

It is important to correctly determine whether or not to put punctuation marks when there are homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions in a sentence. Lesson (8th grade) dedicated to this topic gives following examples comma placement:

Commas are not used if homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are separated by the coordinating conjunction and. For example: red and yellow balls (uniform definitions); the house was large and made of stone (heterogeneous definitions).

Additional signs of homogeneity and heterogeneity

In addition to the main ones, there are additional signs indicating that the definitions are homogeneous. This is characteristic of either poetic forms bound by the requirements of rhyme or terminology. In such speech constructions, definitions, even those that come after the object they define, may be undefinable. For example:

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (the exercises confirm this) can move from one quality to another. For example, when one definition comes before another, forming a single phrase with the subject: a long train.

A special type of definition

A special type includes definitions that connect explanatory relations. In this case, it is easy to determine where the definitions are homogeneous and heterogeneous. The test for distinguishing them is to substitute the conjunctions “namely” and “that is.”

• A completely different, interesting time has come (different, namely interesting).
• The play received a new, original sound (new, that is, original).

A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions associated with explanatory conditions.

Note

As the rules show, they may have exceptions or notes, which is confirmed by the study of the topic “homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.” A class 11 lesson introduces students to a note on this topic. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions tend to change the meaning of a sentence, for example:

• New, yellow taxis appeared on the city streets (the previous ones were not yellow).
• New yellow taxis have appeared on the city streets (the number of yellow taxis has increased).

In the first example, the emphasis is on the fact that taxis in the city have turned yellow. In the second, new cars appeared among the yellow taxis.

Double punctuation

Depending on what intonation the speaker uses, in some phrases the definition following the first may become not homogeneous, but explanatory. For example:

• New proven methods led to the result (before these methods did not exist).
• New, proven methods led to the result (previous methods were not proven).

In the second example, you can substitute the conjunctions “that is” and “namely”, so a comma is added and the intonation changes.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Agreed definitions related to one defined word can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Homogeneous definitions Each is directly related to the word being defined and is in the same relationship to it. Homogeneous definitions are connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only by enumerative intonation and connecting pauses.

Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases:

a) to indicate distinctive features different objects (varieties of objects of the same kind are listed, for example: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue sheets of light fall on passers-by, slide along facades (Cat.));

b) to designate various, logically one-dimensional, characteristics of the same object (the characteristics of the object are listed, and most often the object is characterized on one side, for example: Chapaev loved a strong, decisive, firm word (Furm.)).

Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different sides, but the context creates conditions for the convergence of the signs they express (a unifying feature can be a distant general concept, the similarity of the impression produced by the signs, appearance, etc.), for example: Napoleon made a questioning gesture with his small, white and plump hand (L. T.).

In a series of homogeneous definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the characteristic they express, as a result of which a semantic gradation is created, for example: In autumn, the feather grass steppes completely change and acquire their own special, original, unlike anything else (Ax.).

Between homogeneous definitions, since they form a coordinating series and are in a logically and semantically identical relationship to the word being defined, a coordinating conjunction can usually be inserted: cheerful and open smile, open and charming smile etc. (Heterogeneous definitions do not allow this: it is impossible to say: climbed the creaky and wooden stairs, put on a new and red dress.)

Usually the adjective and the participial phrase that follows it (or just a participle) act as homogeneous definitions, for example: It was somehow really sad in this small garden, already touched by late autumn (Hump.); a clean, ironed shirt; gray, dull day.

Definitions are heterogeneous, if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the defined noun, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the defined noun, for example: The sun disappeared behind the leading low torn cloud (L.T.).

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different sides, in different respects, for example: a large leather briefcase (size and material), an elongated pale face (shape and color), beautiful Moscow boulevards (quality and location), etc. But, if it is possible to bring such characteristics under a general generic concept, the definitions can become homogeneous, for example: Along the mossy, swampy banks there were black huts here and there (P.) (the unifying feature is swampy).

Definitions expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives are heterogeneous, since they are not in the same relationship to the noun: a relative adjective extends the noun, and a qualitative adjective is attached to the phrase (relative adjective + noun) as a whole name: sunny autumn day.

Also, the definitions expressed by:

1) pronoun and adjective: your new hat, this one is wooden box;

2) ordinal numbers and adjectives: second stone house;

3) participle and adjective (in that order): purely washed wooden floor, tanned cheerful face.

The clarifying definitions are not homogeneous (the second definition, often inconsistent, clarifies the first, limits the attribute it expresses), for example: Only a narrow, three hundred fathoms strip of fertile land constitutes the possession of the Cossacks (L. T.)

Homogeneous definitions?

Lady nee

The greatest difficulties in establishing the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the members of a sentence are associated with homogeneous definitions, which must be distinguished from heterogeneous ones (and this is not always easy).

First of all, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions relate differently to the noun being defined.

Each of the homogeneous definitions explains the directly defined noun: An interesting, exciting film.

In the case of heterogeneous definitions, only the definition closest to the noun is directly related to it and, together with the noun, forms a single complex name. And a definition more distant from the noun characterizes this entire complex name as a whole: A good May day, that is, the definition of good refers not to the word day, but to the phrase May day.

Heterogeneity relations are most often observed between qualitative and relative adjectives-definers (a large glass vase, a new leather bag), while the relative adjective stands immediately before the noun and is part of a complex name, and the qualitative characterizes this entire complex name as a whole.

Definitions are usually heterogeneous if: 1) they are expressed by a pronoun and an adjective: your blue suit; our new friend; each interesting book; 2) numeral and adjective: the first winter day; two old linden trees; 3) participle and adjective: crumbled autumn leaves; dull gray eyes; 4) qualitative adjective and relative: large stone house; bright morning dawn; strong male voice. Such definitions indicate different characteristics of an object: belonging and color, size and material, shape and color, quality and location, etc.

Combinations with homogeneous definitions are semantically diverse. In general, they can be divided into two groups: 1) definitions that name the characteristics of different objects; 2) definitions naming the characteristics of the same object. (Heterogeneous definitions always characterize one object, but from different sides: There was an old hanging wall clock in the office (L. Tolstoy).)

1) With the help of definitions, varieties of objects are designated that differ in any one respect: color, purpose, material, geographical location, etc.

For example: At a great distance, a city lay out and quietly blazed and sparkled with blue, white, yellow lights (V. Korolenko).

Homogeneity of definitions in such groups is strictly required and is easily recognized. (It is precisely such definitions that either include or allow the inclusion of the conjunction c.)

2) Much more often there are such homogeneous definitions that characterize the same object or a single group of objects. It can be:

A) synonymous definitions (the homogeneity of which is required, since they express one attribute, i.e., characterize an object on one side): a sharp, piercing wind; thick, dense fog;

B) definitions that denote different signs, but often and naturally accompany each other (between such definitions you can insert a causal conjunction since, because): dark, low clouds; night, deserted city;

3) the definitions are necessarily homogeneous, of which the first is single, and the second is a participial phrase (the single definition precedes the common one): we walked through a quiet, star-lit taiga (but: we walked through a quiet, star-lit taiga).

Tell me what heterogeneous definitions are?

Kitty

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different sides, designate different characteristics of the object, for example, its size, shape, color, material, location, etc. For example: 1) On the edge of the felling lay... a large iron (size and material) stove, indicating that the forest was cut down in winter (V. Soloukhin). 2) Bestuzhev took off the green knitted (color and material) glove from her hand and kissed the cold fingers (K. Paustovsky). 3) A thick rough notebook (size and purpose), in which I wrote down plans and rough sketches, was placed at the bottom of the suitcase (V. Kaverin). 4) Around noon, a lot of round high (shape and location) clouds usually appear... (I. Turgenev).
As a rule, definitions expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives are heterogeneous

Mire kim

Identify the words being defined, underline homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. For a Dymkovo clay painted toy for a long time didn't pay attention. Interest, and then real world recognition, has come to her in our days. After all, today there is an acute shortage of goodness.


For a long time, no attention was paid to the Dymkovo clay painted toy. Interest, and then real world recognition, has come to her in our days. After all, today there is an acute shortage of goodness.
Dymkovka is a childish, joyful, optimistic view of the world. There are caring, serious nannies with children here; graceful playful water bears; funny colorful rams with golden horns; harmless nobles - arrogant and funny. These are happy young people riding a boat; cheerful active buffoons on horses; shy young ladies with umbrellas. And how funny is the rider on a spotted horse in his arrogant, majestic pose!
Famous Dymkovo toy Halftones and imperceptible transitions are alien. These are eye-catching, brightly colored optimistic toys.