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Problems of modern society: what will be the consequences? Modern global problems of humanity and their causes.

GLOBAL PROBLEMS

(from Latin globus (terrae) - globe) - a set of vitally important problems that affect the whole and are insoluble within individual states and even geographic regions. G.p. came to the fore in the 20th century. as a result of significant population growth and a sharp intensification of the production process in an industrial society. Attempts to solve G.p. are an indicator of the gradual formation of a single humanity and the formation of truly world history. To the number of G.p. include: prevention of thermonuclear war; reduction of rapid population growth (“demographic explosion” in developing countries Oh); prevention of catastrophic pollution of the environment, primarily the atmosphere and the World Ocean; ensuring further economic development with the necessary natural resources, especially non-renewable ones; bridging the gap in living standards between developed and developing countries; elimination of hunger, poverty and illiteracy, etc. Circle G.p. is not sharply outlined, their peculiarity is that they cannot be solved in isolation, and humanity itself largely depends on their solution.
G.p. generated by the colossally increased impact of man on the environment, his economic activity transforming nature, which has become comparable in scale to geological and other planetary natural processes. According to pessimistic forecasts, G.p. cannot be resolved at all and in the near future will lead humanity to an environmental disaster (R. Heilbroner). Optimistic assumes that G.p. will turn out to be a natural consequence of scientific and technological progress (G. Kahn) or the result of the elimination of social antagonisms and the construction of a perfect society (Marxism-Leninism). The intermediate one consists in the demand for a slowdown or even zero growth of the economy and world population (D. Meadows and others).

Philosophy: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Gardariki. Edited by A.A. Ivina. 2004 .

GLOBAL PROBLEMS

[French global - universal, from lat. globe (terrae)- globe], a set of vitally important problems of humanity, on the solution of which further progress in modern era - preventing a world thermonuclear war and ensuring peaceful conditions for the development of all peoples; bridging the growing economic gap level and per capita income between developed and developing countries by eliminating their backwardness, as well as eliminating hunger, poverty and illiteracy on the globe; cessation strives. population growth (“demographic explosion” in developing countries) and eliminating the danger of “depopulation” in developed capitalist countries. countries; preventing catastrophic environmental pollution, including the atmosphere, oceans and T. d.; ensuring further economic development of humanity with necessary natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable, including food, prom. raw materials and energy sources; prevention of direct and distant ones will be denied. consequences of scientific and technical revolution. Some researchers also include problems of health care, education, social values and T. P.

These are vital important issues although they existed before to one degree or another as local and regional contradictions, they acquired modern planetary era and unprecedented scale due to the specific historical situation that has developed on the globe. situation, namely a sharp exacerbation of uneven socio-economic. and scientific and technical progress, as well as the growing process of internationalization of all societies. activities. Contrary to opinion pl. scientists and societies. figures in the West, in particular representatives of the Club of Rome, G. p. were generated not so much by the colossally increased means of humankind’s influence on the world around us and the enormous scope (scale) his household activity, which has become comparable to geological. And etc. planetary natures. processes, and above all the spontaneity of societies. development and anarchy of production under capitalism, the legacy of colonialism and the ongoing exploitation of developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latvia. America is multinational. corporations, as well as etc. antagonistic contradictions, the pursuit of profit and current benefits to the detriment of the long-term, fundamental interests of society as a whole. The global nature of these problems does not stem from their “ubiquity,” and certainly not from their “predatory nature.” nature of man,” supposedly equally inherent in any social system, as they say bourgeois ideologists, but from the fact that they somehow affect humanity as a whole and cannot be completely resolved within the framework dept. states and even geographical. regions. They also cannot be successfully solved in isolation from one another.

Universal. the character of civil society does not at all give them a supra-class and non-ideological character. content is believed bourgeois scientists, considering them from the standpoint of abstract humanism and liberal reformist philanthropy. The global nature of these problems does not negate the class approach to their study and the fundamental differences in methods and methods for solving them in different social systems. Marxists reject the pessimism common in the West. and pseudo-optimistic. concepts of G. p., according to which they either cannot be resolved at all and will inevitably plunge humanity into catastrophe (. Heilbroner), or can be resolved only by price T. And. zero growth of the world economy and population (D. Meadows and etc.) , or to solve them, only one scientific and technical progress (G. Kahn). The Marxist approach to G. p. differs from the non-Marxist one also with regard to their hierarchy (priority in their decision): to the bourgeoisie, to ideologists who put forward either environmentalism first. problems, or “demographic. explosion" or the contrast between "poor and rich nations" (advanced North and backward South), Marxists believe the most insistent. the problem of preventing global thermonuclear war, ending the arms race and ensuring international security, believing that this will create not only favorable peaceful conditions for socio-economic. progress of all peoples, but will also free up enormous material resources for solving the remaining G. p. Consistent. resolution of emerging G. and. is possible only after the elimination of social antagonisms and the establishment of relations between society and nature on a global scale, i.e. in communist society. However, already in modern conditions pl. G. problems can be successfully resolved not only in socialist. society, but also the rest of the world in the course of general democracy. struggle for and detente, against selfishness. state-monopoly policy capital, through the deployment of mutually beneficial international cooperation, establishment of a new world economic. order in relations between developed and developing countries.

Mutual conditionality and the complex nature of G. p. suggest that they scientific research can be successfully carried out only through the cooperation of scientists of different specialties, representatives of society, natural sciences. and technical sciences, based on dialectic. method and use of such methods scientific knowledge of social reality, as well as global.

Materials of the XXVI Congress CPSU, M., 1981; Brezhnev L.I., Great October and the progress of mankind, M., 1977; Commoner B., Closing Circle, lane With English, L., 1974; Biola G., Marxism and the Environment, lane O French, M., 1975; Bud yko M.I., Global ecology, M., 1977; Shiman M., Towards the third millennium, lane With Hungarian, M., 1977; G v i sh i a n i D. M., Methodological. problems of modeling global development, "VF", 1978, "" 2; Arab-Ogly 9. A., Demographic and environmental forecasts, M., 1978; Forrester J. V., World, lane With English, M., 1978; Zagladin V., Frolov I., G. p. and the future of humanity, “Communist”, 1979, No. 7; theirs, G. p. modernity: scientific and social aspects, M., 1981; Frolov I. T., Human Perspectives, M., 1979; Sociological aspects of global modeling, M., 1979; The future of the global economy (Report of the UN group of experts headed by V. Leontyev), lane With English, M., 1979; Future. Real problems and bourgeois speculations, Sofia, 1979; ? e h e i A., Human. quality, lane With English, M., 1980; State of the Art of Modernity, M., 1981; Leibin V.M., “Models of the world” and “man”: Critical. ideas of the Club of Rome, M., 1981; F a l k R., The study of future worlds, N.Y., ; Kahn H., Brown W., Martel L., The next 200 years, L., 1977.

Philosophical encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. editor: L. F. Ilyichev, P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. 1983 .

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Global problems of our time- this is a set of socio-natural problems, the solution of which determines the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization. These problems are characterized by dynamism, arise as an objective factor in the development of society and require the united efforts of all humanity to be solved. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people’s lives and affect all countries of the world.

List of global problems

Unsolved problem of reversal of aging in humans and poor public awareness of neglected aging.

the North-South problem - the development gap between rich and poor countries, poverty, hunger and illiteracy;

preventing thermonuclear war and ensuring peace for all peoples, preventing the world community from unauthorized proliferation of nuclear technologies and radioactive pollution of the environment;

prevention of catastrophic environmental pollution and reduction of biodiversity;

providing humanity with resources;

global warming;

ozone holes;

the problem of cardiovascular diseases, cancer and AIDS.

demographic development (population explosion in developing countries and demographic crisis in developed countries).

terrorism;

crime;

Global problems are a consequence of the confrontation between nature and human culture, as well as the inconsistency or incompatibility of multidirectional trends in the development of human culture itself. Natural nature exists according to the principle of negative feedback (see biotic regulation of the environment), while human culture- based on the principle of positive feedback.

Attempts to solve

Demographic transition - the natural end of the demographic explosion of the 1960s

Nuclear disarmament

Energy saving

Montreal Protocol (1989) - combating ozone holes

Kyoto Protocol (1997) - fight against global warming.

Scientific prizes for successful radical life extension of mammals (mice) and their rejuvenation.

Club of Rome (1968)

Global problems of our time

Global problems of our time.

Features of integration processes covering the most different areas life

people, manifest themselves most deeply and acutely in the so-called global

problems of our time.

Global problems:

Environmental problem

Save the world

Space and ocean exploration

Food problem

Population problem

The problem of overcoming backwardness

Raw material problem

Features of global problems.

1) They have a planetary, global character, affecting the interests of everyone

peoples of the world.

2) They threaten degradation and death of all humanity.

3) Need urgent and effective solutions.

4) They require the collective efforts of all states, joint actions of peoples.

Most of the problems that we associate today with global problems

modernity, have accompanied humanity throughout its history. TO

These should primarily include problems of ecology, peace preservation,

overcoming poverty, hunger, illiteracy.

But after the Second World War, thanks to an unprecedented scale

transformative human activity, all these problems turned into

global, expressing the contradictions of the integral modern world and

denoting with unprecedented force the need for cooperation and unity of all

people of the Earth.

Nowadays, global problems:

On the one hand, they demonstrate the close interconnection of states;

On the other hand, they reveal the deep contradictions of this unity.

The development of human society has always been contradictory. It's constant

was accompanied not only by the establishment of a harmonious connection with nature, but also

destructive effect on her.

Apparently, noticeable damage to nature was already caused by synanthropes (about 400 thousand

years ago) who began to use fire. As a result of the

Due to fires, significant areas of vegetation were destroyed.

Scientists believe that the intensive hunting of mammoths by ancient people was one of

the most important reasons for the extinction of this species of animals.

The transition from the appropriative nature that began about 12 thousand years ago

management to the producer, associated primarily with the development

agriculture, also led to very significant negative impacts on

surrounding nature.

The farming technology in those days was as follows: at a certain

the forest was burned in the area, then basic tillage and sowing were carried out

plant seeds. Such a field could produce a harvest for only 2-3 years, after which

the soil was depleted and it was necessary to move to a new site.

In addition, environmental problems in ancient times were often caused by mining.

mineral.

So, in the 7th – 4th centuries BC. intensive development in ancient Greece

silver-lead mines, which required large volumes of strong

forests, led to the actual destruction of forests on the Antique Peninsula.

Significant changes in natural landscapes were caused by the construction of cities,

which began to take place in the Middle East about 5 thousand years ago, and

Of course, a significant burden on nature was accompanied by the development

industry.

But although these human impacts on the environment have become increasingly

scale, nevertheless, until the second half of the 20th century they had a local

character.

Humanity, developing along the path of progress, gradually accumulated

material and spiritual resources to satisfy their needs, however

he never managed to completely get rid of hunger, poverty and

illiteracy. The severity of these problems was felt by each nation in its own way, and

the ways to solve them have never before gone beyond the boundaries of individual

states

Meanwhile, it is known from history that the steadily growing interactions between

peoples, exchange of industrial and agricultural products

production, spiritual values were constantly accompanied by acute

military clashes. For the period from 3500 BC. 14,530 wars occurred.

And only 292 years people lived without wars.

Killed in wars (million people)

XVII century 3.3

XVIII century 5.5

About 70 million people lost their lives in the First and Second World Wars.

These were the first world wars in the entire history of mankind, in which

The vast majority of countries in the world participated. They marked the beginning

turning the problem of war and peace into a global one.

What gave rise to global problems? The answer to this question is, in essence,

pretty simple. Global problems resulted from:

WITH one side of enormous proportions human activity, radical

changing nature, society, people's way of life.

WITH the other side of a person’s inability to rationally manage this

mighty force.

Ecological problem.

Economic activity in a number of countries today is so powerfully developed that

that it affects the environmental situation not only within an individual

country, but also far beyond its borders.

Typical examples:

The UK 'exports' 2/3 of its industrial emissions.

75-90% of acid rain in Scandinavian countries is of foreign origin.

Acid rain in the UK affects 2/3 of woodlands, and in

countries of continental Europe - about half of their area.

The USA lacks the oxygen that is naturally produced in their

territories.

The largest rivers, lakes, seas of Europe and North America intensively

are polluted by industrial waste from enterprises in various countries,

using their water resources.

From 1950 to 1984, the production of mineral fertilizers increased from 13.5 million.

tons up to 121 million tons per year. Their use gave 1/3 of the increase

agricultural products.

At the same time, the use of chemicals has increased sharply in recent decades

fertilizers, as well as various chemical plant protection products have become one

one of the most important causes of global environmental pollution. Spaced

water and air over vast distances, they are included in the geochemical

the cycle of substances throughout the Earth, often causing significant damage to nature,

and even to the man himself.

The rapidly developing process has become very characteristic of our time.

removal of environmentally harmful enterprises to underdeveloped countries.

Huge and ever-expanding use of natural resources

mineral resources have led not only to the depletion of raw materials in individual countries,

but also to a significant impoverishment of the entire raw material base of the planet.

The era of extensive use of potential is ending before our eyes

biosphere. This is confirmed by the following factors:

§ Today there is negligible amount of undeveloped land left to exploit

Agriculture;

§ The area of deserts is systematically increasing. From 1975 to 2000

it increases by 20%;

§ The reduction in forest cover on the planet is of great concern. Since 1950

by 2000, the forest area will decrease by almost 10%, but forests are light

the whole Earth;

§ Exploitation of water basins, including the World Ocean,

carried out on such a scale that nature does not have time to reproduce what

what a person takes.

Constant development of industry, transport, agriculture, etc.

requires a sharp increase in energy expenditure and entails an ever-increasing

load on nature. Currently, as a result of intense human

activities even climate change occurs.

Compared to the beginning of the last century, the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere

increased by 30%, with 10% of this increase coming from the last 30 years. Promotion

its concentration leads to the so-called greenhouse effect, as a result

which causes the climate of the entire planet to warm.

Scientists believe that this kind of change is already taking place in our time.

As a result of human activity, warming has occurred within 0.5

degrees. However, if the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere doubles

compared to its level in the pre-industrial era, i.e. will increase by another 70%,

then very drastic changes will occur in the life of the Earth. First of all, at 2-4

degrees, and at the poles the average temperature will increase by 6-8 degrees, which, in

in turn, will cause irreversible processes:

Melting ice

Rising sea level by one meter

Flooding of many coastal areas

Changes in moisture exchange on the Earth's surface

Reduced precipitation

Changing wind direction

It is clear that such changes will pose enormous problems for people,

related to farming, reproduction of the necessary conditions for their

Today, as rightly one of the first marks of V.I. Vernadsky,

humanity has gained such power in transforming the world around us that it

begins to significantly influence the evolution of the biosphere as a whole.

Human economic activity in our time already entails

climate change, it affects the chemical composition of water and air

basins of the Earth on the animal and plant world of the planet, on its entire appearance.

The problem of war and peace.

The problem of war and peace has become global literally before our eyes, and

primarily as a result of the sharply increased power of weapons.

Only one today nuclear weapons accumulated so much that its explosive

force is several thousand times greater than the power of the ammunition used in all

wars that have been fought before.

Nuclear charges are stored in the arsenals of different countries, the total power

which is several million times greater than the power of a bomb dropped on

Hiroshima. But this bomb killed over 200 thousand people! 40% area

the city turned to ashes, 92% was mutilated beyond recognition. Fatal

The consequences of the atomic bomb are still felt by thousands of people.

For each person currently only in the form of nuclear weapons

there are so many explosives that their trinitrotoluene

the equivalent exceeds 10 tons. If people had that much food,

how many types of weapons and explosives exist on the planet!.. By this

weapons can destroy all life on Earth many dozens of times. But

Today even “conventional” means of warfare are quite capable of causing

global damage to both humanity and nature. Moreover, it should be kept in mind that

warfare technologies are evolving towards greater destruction

civilian population. The ratio between the number of civilian deaths and

Good day, Dear friends! We have already covered “cross-cutting” topics in social studies more than once. For example, we previously told. In this post we will talk briefly about the global problems of our time within the framework of school course social studies.

Before talking about them, it is necessary to understand what the problem is? A problem is a situation in which there is a contradiction between two or more elements. Well, for example: are bad roads in Russia a problem? Don't rush to give a definite answer! After all, bad roads in themselves do not affect anything. However, people drive on them, and accidents occur due to the quality of the road surface. It turns out that the problem will sound like this: the influence of the quality of roads on the number of accidents. There are two elements: the quality of roads and the number of accidents.

Global problems are contradictions in the life of society that cannot be resolved by just one state; their solution requires the intervention of the world community! The ways to solve them can be very different: the problem of war is solved by agreement between states, hunger - humanitarian aid and may be the development of the economies of countries in which it exists, etc.

Now let's look at some global problems that you can use to justify your theses when you...

War and Peace

This modern global problem is that there are hotbeds of military conflicts in the world that can escalate into a global armed conflict.

One such conflict: Arab-Israeli: between Arabs and Jews living in the State of Israel. The origins of this conflict go back to the end of the 19th century, when the ideology of Zionism appeared. By the way, you can find out by following the link. The founder of this ideology is Theodor Herzl, who in his book “The Jewish State” put forward the idea that representatives of the Jewish people should form their own national state. And not just anywhere, but in its historical ancestral home - Palestine.

Meanwhile, Arabs have lived in Palestine for a long time. As a result, the so-called aliyah began - the migration of Jews to Palestine. Of course, on this basis, conflicts arise between Arabs and Jews in Palestine: over political influence, power, over land issues, so migrants seized land from local residents... The matter was complicated by the fact that Great Britain supported the policy of resettlement.

As a result, in May 1948, Israel, the state in which Jews lived, declared its independence from Palestine. And immediately the Arab-Israeli armed conflicts began:

First Arab-Israeli (Palestinian) War 1948-1949
Anglo-French-Israeli aggression against Egypt in 1956.
"Six Day" War of 1967
"October" war of 1973

As we know, today this region is in constant conflict, which can develop into a global conflict.

Another similar conflict flared up quite recently in Ukraine.

Similar military conflicts could occur between North and South Korea, between China and Taiwan, etc. More recently, there were armed revolutions in Libya and Egypt. Thus, you yourself will be able to understand these conflicts if you Google it yourself :) And we move on.

Poverty

How do you understand the problem of poverty relates to economic sphere society. I would also call it the contradiction of the big difference between rich and poor. It is also social in nature. Well, for example, a son from a wealthy family goes to a school where different children study. As a result, there are children in the class and they differ in how they are dressed, what phones they have and how they communicate.

Children can already be cruel, and if there are also material differences, this can lead to frequent conflicts and tragedies.

Today, according to official data, there are about 8 million street children in Russia - vagabonds who are not needed by anyone. No one will tell you the exact number. Plus in Russia, 60% barely make ends meet - they have enough money for clothes and food, but buying durable goods is a problem. This can be seen in the materials of the Levada Center survey.

Well, imagine a young man of about 22 years old who came from the army and cannot get a job anywhere, because there is simply no work and there is no money for education. As a result, he works as a loader or cleaner. And he sees a man his age who has already “earned” a Hummer and an apartment. How will he feel?

I wrote in more detail how to avoid ending up in such a situation in the post. But the problem of poverty remains global. For example, while you are reading this post, in an hour in Africa 25 thousand people have already died of starvation. There are rich and poor countries - no one is solving this situation either.

Global ecology

A very complex and pressing problem of our time. Hundreds of thousands of factories operate on Earth: from processing to manufacturing, millions of cars drive, thousands of tons of chemicals and toxic substances are thrown into rivers and reservoirs.

As a result, all this has an extremely serious impact on people’s health: every day children are born with congenital chronic diseases. Allergies, asthma, eczema, cancer... And every year the situation gets worse. Meanwhile, most people will continue to live their lives, their virtual lives: in in social networks. Few people really make efforts to ensure that the world around them is suitable for life.

Scientists have calculated that ancient man I would have lived in our polluted city for a maximum of two minutes. Then he would have died of suffocation. Can you imagine what kind of mutants we are if we live in cities until we grow old?!

Modern demographic problem

Today, over 6 billion people live in the modern world. In the middle of the last century there was a theory of the golden billion: its essence was that only 1 billion people could live peacefully on Earth. The rest are doomed to death, since there are not enough resources for everyone. And the people themselves, as they become more numerous, begin to destroy themselves. For example, in the 19th century there was only one global war: Napoleonic.

In the last century there were already two world wars, and they took over 60 million people to their graves. What will happen in the 21st century? In addition, the demographic problem lies in the fact that the population is increasingly aging: due to the level of development of medicine, there are more people who cannot be useful. Ultimately, if young people leave the country, who will work? And the old people themselves sometimes lead a terrible existence.

Demographic problem directly relates to the issue of using human capital. People are a non-renewable resource and, in fact, the most valuable resource. Well look. One person can come up with a new device, program or computer. In short, a person can invent a tool. Running out of oil? There is wind and solar energy.

Only a person can figure out how to convert this energy into electricity, and therefore into heat and light! Only a person can figure out how to purify the surrounding air from water bodies. However, for a person to come up with this, it is necessary to develop him, to instill in him a sense of humanity and responsibility. We need to give him opportunities for creativity and encourage his creativity.

And our education system is aimed only at ensuring that a person learns to stupidly poke a pen at a test.

Related to this demographic situation is the problem of drug addiction and AIDS. In essence, these diseases are a kind of punishment for people for their excesses. Don't you think so? Then write your point of view in the comments.

In conclusion, I give a small diagram of the global problems of our time:

This is where I will finish this article about the global problems of our time. I hope you can use it asfor argumentation when performing Unified State Examination tests in social studies.

Best regards, Andrey Puchkov

Plan

Introduction……………………….…………………………………………3

A look at global problems……………………………………………………………4

Intersocial problems……………………………………………………………..5

Ecological and social problems…………………………………………………………….9

Sociocultural problems…………………………………………….………..14

Conclusion……………………………….…………………………………….16

References…………………………………………………….………17

Introduction

From French Global - universal

Global problems of humanity are problems and situations that cover many countries, the Earth's atmosphere, the World Ocean and near-Earth space and affect the entire population of the Earth.

Global problems of humanity cannot be solved by the efforts of one country; jointly developed regulations on environmental protection, coordinated economic policies, assistance to backward countries, etc. are needed.

In the course of the development of civilization, humanity has repeatedly faced complex problems, sometimes of a planetary nature. But still, this was distant prehistory, a kind of “incubation period” of modern global problems. These problems fully manifested themselves in the second half and, especially, in last quarter XX century, that is, at the turn of two centuries and even millennia. They were brought to life by a whole complex of reasons that clearly manifested themselves during this period.

The twentieth century is a turning point not only in the world social history, but also in the very fate of humanity. The fundamental difference between the passing century and all previous history is that humanity has lost faith in its immortality. He began to understand that his dominance over nature was not unlimited and was fraught with the death of himself. In fact, never before has humanity itself increased quantitatively by 2.5 times during the lifetime of only one generation, thereby increasing the strength of the “demographic press”. Never before has humanity entered into a period of scientific and technological revolution, reached the post-industrial stage of development, or opened the road to space. Never before has such a quantity of natural resources been required to support its life, and the waste it returns to the environment has also been so great. Never before has there been such a globalization of the world economy, such a unified world information system. Finally, never before has a Cold War brought all of humanity so close to the brink of self-destruction. Even if it is possible to avoid a global nuclear war, the threat to the existence of humanity on Earth still remains, because the planet will not withstand the unbearable load that has arisen as a result of human activity. It is increasingly clear that historical form human existence, which allowed him to create modern civilization, with all its seemingly limitless possibilities and conveniences, gave rise to many problems requiring radical solutions - and urgently.

The purpose of this essay is to give modern ideas about the essence of global problems and the nature of their interrelations.

A LOOK AT GLOBAL ISSUES

In the process of historical development of human activity, outdated technological methods are broken down, and with them outdated social mechanisms of human interaction with nature. At the beginning of human history, predominantly adaptive (adaptive) interaction mechanisms operated. Man obeyed the forces of nature, adapted to the changes occurring in it, changing his own nature in the process. Then, as it develops productive forces The utilitarian attitude of man towards nature and other people prevailed. Modern era raises the question of the transition to a new path of social mechanisms, which should be called co-evolutionary or harmonious. The global situation in which humanity finds itself reflects and expresses the general crisis of human consumerism towards natural and social resources. Reason pushes humanity to realize the vital need to harmonize connections and relationships in the global system “Man - Technology - Nature”. In this regard, understanding the global problems of our time, their causes, relationships, and ways to solve them is of particular importance.

Global problems name those problems that, firstly, concern all of humanity, affecting the interests and destinies of all countries, peoples and social strata; secondly, they lead to significant economic and social losses, and if they worsen, they can threaten the very existence of human civilization; thirdly, for their solution they require cooperation on a planetary scale, joint actions of all countries and peoples.

The above definition can hardly be considered sufficiently clear and unambiguous. And their classifications according to one or another characteristic are often too vague. From the point of view of an overview of global problems, the most acceptable classification is one that combines all global problems into three groups:

1. Problems of economic and political interaction of states (intersocial). Among them, the most pressing are: global security; globalization political power and structures civil society; overcoming the technological and economic backwardness of developing countries and establishing a new international order.

2. Problems of interaction between society and nature (ecological and social). First of all, these are: prevention of catastrophic environmental pollution; providing humanity with necessary natural resources; exploration of the World Ocean and outer space.

3. Problems of relationships between people and society (sociocultural). The main ones are: the problem of population growth; the problem of protecting and promoting people's health; problems of education and cultural growth.

All these problems are generated by the disunity of humanity and the unevenness of its development. Consciousness has not yet become the most important prerequisite for humanity as a whole. The negative results and consequences of uncoordinated, ill-considered actions of countries, peoples, and individuals, accumulating on a global scale, have become a powerful objective factor in global economic and social development. They are having an increasingly significant impact on the development of individual countries and regions. Their solution involves combining the efforts of a large number of states and organizations at the international level. In order to have a clear idea of the strategy and methodology for solving global problems, it is necessary to dwell on the characteristics of at least the most pressing of them

INTERSOCIAL ISSUES

Global Security

In recent years, this topic has attracted Special attention in political and scientific circles, a huge amount of special research is devoted to it. This in itself is evidence of an awareness of the fact that the survival and development of humanity is facing threats such as it has never experienced in the past.

Indeed, in earlier times the concept of security was identified primarily with the defense of the country from aggression. Now it also means protection from threats associated with natural and man-made disasters, economic crisis, political instability, the spread of subversive information, moral degradation, impoverishment of the national gene pool, etc.

All this vast range of issues is rightfully a matter of concern both in individual countries and within the world community. It will be considered in one way or another in all parts of the research undertaken. At the same time, it remains, and in some respects even intensifies military threat.

The confrontation between two superpowers and military blocs has brought the world close to a nuclear disaster. The end of this confrontation and the first steps towards real disarmament were, undoubtedly, the greatest achievement of international politics. They proved the fundamental possibility of breaking out of the cycle that was inexorably pushing humanity into the abyss, turning sharply from the escalation of hostility and hatred to attempts to understand each other, take into account mutual interests, and open the way to cooperation and partnership.

The results of this policy cannot be overestimated. The main one is the absence of an immediate danger of a world war with the use of means of mass destruction and the threat of general extermination of life on Earth. But can it be said that world wars from now on and forever completely excluded from history, that such a danger will not arise again after some time due to the emergence of a new armed confrontation or the spontaneous expansion of a local conflict to global proportions, equipment failure, unauthorized launch of missiles with nuclear warheads, or other cases of this kind? This is one of the most important global security issues today.

The problem of conflicts arising from interfaith rivalry requires special attention. Are traditional geopolitical contradictions hidden behind them, or is the world facing the threat of a revival of jihads and crusades inspired by fundamentalists of various persuasions? No matter how unexpected such a prospect may seem in an era of widespread democratic and humanistic values, the dangers associated with it are too great not to accept. necessary measures to prevent them.

Current security issues also include joint fight against terrorism, political and criminal, crime, drug trafficking.

Thus, the efforts of the world community to create a global security system should follow the path of progress towards: collective securityuniversal type, covering all participants in the world community; security complex type, covering, along with military, other factors of strategic instability; security long-term type, meeting the needs of the democratic global system as a whole.

Politics and power in a globalizing world

As in other areas of life, globalization entails fundamental changes in the field of politics, structure and distribution of power. The ability of humanity to keep control of the process of globalization itself, using its positive aspects and minimizing negative consequences, to adequately respond to economic, social, environmental, spiritual and other challenges of the 21st century.

The “compression” of space due to the revolution in the field of communications and the formation of the world market, the need for universal solidarity in the face of looming threats, is steadily reducing the possibilities of national policy and multiplying the number of regional, continental, and global problems. As the interdependence of individual societies increases, this trend not only dominates foreign policy states, but is also increasingly making itself felt in domestic political issues.

Meanwhile, sovereign states remain the basis of the “organizational structure” of the world community. In the conditions of this “dual power,” there is an urgent need for a reasonable balance between national and global policies, an optimal distribution of “responsibilities” between them, and their organic interaction.

How realistic is such a connection, will it be possible to overcome the opposition of the forces of national and group egoism, to use the unique opportunity that is opening up for the formation of a democratic world order - here main subject research.

The experience of recent years does not allow us to answer this question unambiguously. The elimination of the split of the world into two opposing military-political blocs did not lead to the expected democratization of the entire system international relations, to eliminate hegemony or reduce the use of force. There is a great temptation to start a new round of geopolitical games, redistributing spheres of influence. The disarmament process, which was given impetus by new thinking, has noticeably slowed down. Instead of some conflicts, others broke out, no less bloody. In general, after a step forward, what was the termination “ cold war”, was taken half a step back.

All this does not give reason to believe that the possibilities for democratic reconstruction of the international system have been exhausted, but it does indicate that this task is much more difficult than it seemed ten years ago to the politicians who dared to take it on. The question remains open that the bipolar world will be replaced by a new version with a replacement Soviet Union some kind of superpower, monocentrism, polycentrism, or, finally, democratic management of the affairs of the world community through generally acceptable mechanisms and procedures.

Along with the creation new system international relations and the redistribution of power between states, other factors that actively influence the formation of the world order of the 21st century are becoming increasingly important. International financial institutions, transnational corporations, powerful information complexes such as the Internet, global communication systems, associations of kindred spirits political parties and social movements, religious, cultural, corporate associations - all these institutions of the emerging global civil society may in the future have a strong impact on the course of world development. Whether they will become conductors of limited national or even selfish private interests or an instrument of global politics is a question of enormous importance that requires in-depth study.

Thus, the emerging global system needs a reasonably organized legitimate government that expresses the collective will of the world community and has sufficient powers to solve global problems.

The global economy is a challenge for national economies

In economics, science, and technology, globalization manifests itself most intensively. Transnational corporations and banks, uncontrolled financial flows, a single worldwide system of electronic communications and information, modern transport, transformation in English into a means of “global” communication, large-scale population migrations - all this blurs national-state boundaries and creates an economically integrated world.

At the same time, for a huge number of countries and peoples, the status sovereign state appears to be a means of protecting and ensuring economic interests.

The contradiction between globalism and nationalism in economic development is becoming the most pressing problem. Is it true that, and to what extent, nation states are losing the ability to determine economic policy, giving way to transnational corporations? And if this is so, then what are the consequences for the social environment, the formation and regulation of which is carried out primarily at the national-state level?

With the end of the military and ideological confrontation between the two worlds, as well as progress in the field of disarmament, globalization received a powerful additional impetus. The relationship between market transformation in Russia and throughout the post-Soviet space, in China, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, on the one hand, and economic globalization, on the other, is a new and promising area of research and forecasting.

Apparently, a new sphere of confrontation between two powerful forces is opening: the national bureaucracy (and everything that stands behind it) and the international economic environment, which is losing its national “registration” and obligations.

The next layer of problems is the attack of the globalizing economy on the institutions of social protection and the social state created over many decades. Globalization sharply intensifies economic competition. As a result, the social climate inside and outside the enterprise worsens. This also applies to transnational corporations.

So far, the lion's share of the benefits and fruits of globalization go to rich and powerful states. The danger of global economic shocks is noticeably increasing. The global financial system is particularly vulnerable, as it is disconnected from the real economy and can become a victim of speculative scams. The need for joint management of globalization processes is obvious. But is it possible and in what forms?

Finally, the world will probably have to face a dramatic need to rethink the basic principles of economic activity. This is caused by at least two circumstances. First, the rapidly deepening environmental crisis requires significant changes to the prevailing economic system, both nationally and globally. “Market failure” in regulating the scale of environmental pollution may indeed become the “end of history” in the near future. Secondly, a serious problem is the “social failure” of the market, manifested, in particular, in the growing polarization of the rich North and the poor South.

All this raises the most difficult questions regarding the place in the regulation of the future world economy of classical mechanisms of market self-regulation, on the one hand, and the conscious activities of state, interstate and supranational bodies, on the other.

ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES

The essence of this range of global problems lies in the imbalance of biosphere processes that is dangerous for the existence of mankind. In the twentieth century, technological civilization came into threatening conflict with the biosphere, which had been formed over billions of years as a system that ensured the continuity of life and the optimality of the environment. Undecided social problems For the majority of humanity, the technogenic development of civilization has led to the destruction of the habitat. The ecological and social crisis has become a reality of the twentieth century.

The ecological crisis is the main challenge to civilization

It is known that life on Earth exists in the form of cycles of organic matter based on the interaction of the processes of synthesis and destruction. Each type of organism is a link in the circulation, the process of reproduction of organic matter. The synthesis function in this process is performed by green plants. The function of destruction is microorganisms. At the first stages of its history, man was a natural link in the biosphere and the biotic cycle. The changes he introduced into nature did not have a decisive impact on the biosphere. Today man has become the largest planetary force. Suffice it to say that every year about 10 billion tons of minerals are extracted from the bowels of the Earth, 3-4 billion tons of plant mass are consumed, and about 10 billion tons of industrial carbon dioxide are emitted into the atmosphere. More than 5 million tons of oil and petroleum products are discharged into the World Ocean and rivers. The problem is getting worse every day drinking water. airy atmosphere The modern industrial city is a mixture of smoke, toxic fumes and dust. Many species of animals and plants are disappearing. The great balance of nature has been disrupted to such an extent that a gloomy forecast has emerged about the “ecological suicide of humanity.”

Voices are being heard louder and louder about the need to abandon all industrial interference in the natural balance and stop technical progress. However, solving the environmental problem by throwing humanity back to the medieval state is a utopia. And not only because people will not give up the achievements of technological progress. But, on the other hand, many in the world of science and politics still rely on an artificial mechanism for regulating the environment in the event of deep destruction of the biosphere. Therefore, science is faced with the task of finding out whether this is real or is it a myth generated by the “Promethean” spirit of modern civilization?

Satisfying mass consumer demand is recognized the most important factor internal socio-political stability. And this is put by influential political and economic elites higher than global environmental safety.

Unfortunately, a biosphere catastrophe is quite possible. Therefore, there is a need for honest recognition of the scale of the environmental threat and intellectual fearlessness in the face of this challenge to humanity. The fact is that changes in the biosphere, including catastrophic ones, have occurred and will occur regardless of man, so we should not talk about complete obedience to nature, but about the harmonization of natural and social processes based on the humanization of scientific and technical progress and a radical restructuring of the entire system of social relationships.

Provision of natural resources

Mineral resources

Despite the acute crisis phenomena that manifested themselves from time to time in developed countries and countries with economies in transition, the global trend is still characterized by a further increase in industrial production, accompanied by an increase in the need for mineral raw materials. This stimulated an increase in the extraction of mineral resources, which, for example, over the period 1980-2000. in total exceeds production by 1.2-2 times over the previous twenty years. And as forecasts show, this trend will continue. The question naturally arises: are the mineral resources contained in the bowels of the Earth sufficient to ensure the indicated enormous acceleration in the extraction of minerals in the near and distant future. This question is logical especially because, unlike other natural resources, mineral resources on the scale of the past future history of mankind are non-renewable, and, strictly speaking, within the boundaries of our planet, limited and finite.

The problem of limited mineral resources has become particularly acute because, in addition to the growth of industrial production, which is associated with an increasing need for mineral raw materials, it is aggravated by the extremely uneven distribution of deposits in the depths of the earth’s crust across continents and countries. Which in turn aggravates economic and political conflicts between countries.

Thus, the global nature of the problem of providing humanity with mineral resources predetermines the need to develop broad international cooperation here. The difficulties experienced by many countries of the world due to the lack of certain types of mineral raw materials could be overcome on the basis of mutually beneficial scientific, technical and economic cooperation. Such cooperation can be very effective in jointly conducting regional geological and geophysical research in promising zones of the earth's crust or through joint exploration and exploitation of large mineral deposits, by providing assistance in the industrial development of complex deposits on a compensation basis, and finally, through mutually beneficial trade in mineral raw materials and its products.

Land resources

The characteristics and properties of the land determine its exclusive place in the development of the productive forces of society. The relationship “man - earth” that has developed over centuries remains at the present time and in the foreseeable future one of the determining factors of world life and progress. Moreover, land supply problem due to the population growth trend will be constantly worsening.

The nature and forms of land use in different countries differ significantly. At the same time, a number of aspects of the use of land resources are common to the entire world community. This is first of all protection of land resources, especially land fertility, from natural and anthropogenic degradation.

Modern trends in the use of land resources in the world are expressed in the widespread intensification of the use of productive lands, the involvement of additional areas in economic turnover, the expansion of land allocations for non-agricultural needs, and the strengthening of activities to regulate the use and protection of lands at the national level. At the same time, the problem of economical, rational use and protection of land resources should be under increasingly close attention of international organizations. The limited and indispensable nature of land resources, taking into account population growth and the continuous increase in the scale of social production, require their effective use in all countries of the world with increasingly close international cooperation in this area. On the other hand, the land simultaneously acts as one of the main components of the biosphere, as a universal means of labor and as a spatial basis for the functioning of productive forces and their reproduction. All this defines the task of organizing scientifically based, economical and rational use of land resources as one of the global ones at the present stage of human development.

Food resources

Providing food to the ever-growing population of the Earth is one of the long-term and most complex problems of the world economy and politics.

According to experts, the aggravation of the world food problem is the result of the combined effect of the following reasons: 1) excessive load on the natural potential of agriculture and fisheries, preventing its natural recovery; 2) insufficient rates of scientific and technological progress in agriculture in those countries that do not compensate for the declining scale of natural renewal of resources; 3) ever-increasing instability in world trade in food, feed, and fertilizers.

Of course, scientific and technological progress and an increase in the production of high-quality agricultural products based on it, incl. and food crops may allow in the future to double and triple. Further intensification of agricultural production, as well as the expansion of productive lands, are real ways to solve this problem on a daily basis. But the key to solving it still lies on the political and social plane. Many rightly note that without establishing a fair economic and political world order, without overcoming the backwardness of most countries, without socio-economic transformations in developing countries and countries with economies in transition that would meet the level of requirements of accelerating scientific and technological progress, with mutually beneficial international mutual assistance - the solution The food problem will remain a distant matter.

Energetic resources

Characteristic feature promising development global energy sector there will be a constant increase in the share of converted energy carriers in final energy use (primarily electrical energy). The increase in prices for electricity, especially base prices, occurs much more slowly than for hydrocarbon fuels. In the future, when nuclear power sources play a more prominent role than at present, we should expect stabilization or even reduction in the cost of electricity.

In the coming period, the share of world energy consumption by developing countries is expected to grow rapidly (up to 50%). The shift in the center of gravity of energy problems during the first half of the 21st century from developed countries to developing countries puts before humanity completely new tasks for the social and economic restructuring of the world, which need to begin to be solved now. Given the relatively low supply of energy resources in developing countries, this creates a difficult problem for humanity, which could develop into a crisis situation during the 21st century if appropriate organizational, economic and political measures are not taken.

One of the first priorities of the energy development strategy in the region of developing countries should be an immediate transition to new sources of energy that can reduce the dependence of these countries on imported liquid fuels and put an end to the unacceptable destruction of forests, which serve as the main source of fuel for these countries.

Due to the global nature of these problems, their solution, as well as those listed above, is possible only with the further development of international cooperation, through strengthening and expanding economic and technical assistance to developing countries from developed countries.

Development of the World Ocean

The problem of the development of the World Ocean has become global in nature due to a complex of reasons: 1) a sharp aggravation and transformation into global problems such as the raw materials, energy, and food problems described above, to the solution of which the use of the resource potential of the ocean can and should make a huge contribution; 2) creating powerful performance technical means management, which determined not only the possibility, but also the need for a comprehensive study and development of marine resources and spaces; 3) the emergence of interstate relations of resource management, production and management in the maritime economy, which turned the previously declarative thesis about the collective (with the participation of all states) process of ocean development into a political necessity, causing the inevitability of finding a compromise with the participation and satisfaction of the interests of all major groups of countries, regardless on geographical location and level of development; 4) awareness by the overwhelming majority of developing countries of the role that the use of the ocean can play in solving the problems of backwardness and accelerating their economic development; 5) becoming a global environmental problem, the most important element which is the World Ocean, which absorbs main part pollutants.

Man has been obtaining his food products from the ocean for a long time. Therefore, it is very important to study the life activity of ecological systems in the hydrosphere and identify the possibility of stimulating their productivity. This, in turn, leads to the need to understand very complex and hidden biological processes in the ocean, hidden from direct observation and far from being understood, the study of which requires close international cooperation.

And in general, there is no alternative to the division of vast spaces and resources other than broad and equal international cooperation in their development.

SOCIO-CULTURAL ISSUES

In this group, the priority issue is population. Moreover, it cannot be reduced only to the reproduction of the population and its gender and age composition. We are talking here primarily about the relationship between the processes of population reproduction and social methods of producing material goods. If the production of material goods lags behind population growth, then the financial situation of people will worsen. Conversely, if population growth decreases, this ultimately leads to an aging population and a decrease in the production of material goods.

The rapid population growth observed in the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America at the end of the twentieth century is associated, first of all, with the liberation of these countries from the colonial yoke and their entry into a new stage of economic development. The new “demographic explosion” has exacerbated the problems generated by the spontaneity, unevenness and antagonistic nature of human development. All this was reflected in a sharp deterioration in the nutrition and health of the population. To the shame of civilized humanity, more than 500 million people (every tenth) are chronically malnourished every day, leading a half-starved existence, and this is mainly in countries with the most favorable conditions for the development of agricultural production. As an analysis conducted by UNESCO experts shows, the causes of hunger in these countries must be sought in the dominance of monocultures (cotton, coffee, cocoa, bananas, etc.) and the low level of agricultural technology. The vast majority of families employed on all continents of the planet agriculture, still cultivate the land with a hoe and plow. Children suffer the most from malnutrition. According to the World Health Organization, 40 thousand children under the age of 5 die every day who could have been saved. This amounts to about 15 million people per year.

Education remains an acute global problem. Currently, almost every fourth inhabitant of our planet over the age of 15 remains illiterate. The number of illiterate people increases annually by 7 million people. The solution to this problem, like others, rests on the lack of material resources for the development of the education system, while at the same time, as we have already noted, the military-industrial complex absorbs enormous resources.

No less pressing are issues that collectively capture cultural, religious and moral problems process of globalization.

The idea of international justice can be stated as a basic principle of coexistence and free development of civilizations and cultures. In the process of globalization of the world, the problem of transferring the principles of democracy as a tool for coordinating interests and organizing cooperation to relations between countries, peoples, and civilizations becomes relevant.

CONCLUSION

An analysis of the global problems of our time shows the presence of a complex and branched system of cause-and-effect relationships between them. The largest problems and their groups are, to one degree or another, related and intertwined. And any key and major problem can consist of many private, but no less important in its relevance, problems.

For thousands of years, man lived, worked, developed, but he did not suspect that perhaps the day would come when it would become difficult, and perhaps impossible, to breathe clean air, drink clean water, to grow something on the ground, since the air is ¾ polluted, the water ¾ is poisoned, the soil ¾ is contaminated with radiation or other chemicals. But a lot has changed since then. And in our century this is a very real threat, and not many people realize it. Such people, the owners of large factories, the oil and gas industry, think only about themselves, about their wallet. They neglect safety rules, ignore the requirements of the environmental police, GREANPEACE, and sometimes they are reluctant or too lazy to buy new filters for industrial wastewater and gases that pollute the atmosphere. What could be the conclusion? ¾ Another Chernobyl, if not worse. So maybe we should think about this?

Every person must realize that Humanity is on the verge of destruction, and whether we survive or not is the merit of each of us.

Globalization of world development processes presupposes international cooperation and solidarity within the world scientific community, an increase in the social and humanistic responsibility of scientists. Science for man and humanity, science in order to solve global problems of our time and social progress - this is the true humanistic orientation that should unite scientists all over the world. This presupposes not only a closer unification of science and practice, but also the development of fundamental problems of the future of humanity, involves the development of the unity and interaction of sciences, the strengthening of their ideological and moral foundations, corresponding to the conditions of global problems of our time

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Aleksandrova I.I., Baykov N.M., Beschinsky A.A. and others. Global energy problem. M.: Mysl, 1985

2. Allen D., Nelson M. Space biospheres. M., 1991

3. Baransky N.N. Economical geography. Economic cartography. M., 1956

4. Vernadsky V.I. Scientific thought as a planetary phenomenon. M. 1991

5. Global problems and civilizational shift. M., 1983

6. Global economic processes: analysis and modeling: Sat. Art. M.: CEMI. 1986

7. Zotov A.F. New type global civilization // Polis. 1993. No. 4.

8. Isachenko A.G. Geography in the modern world. M.: Education, 1998

Humanity are those situations on the solution of which the further existence and development of civilization directly depends. The emergence of such problems is due to uneven development various areas life and knowledge of people and the emergence of contradictions in the socio-economic, political and natural system of relations.

Thus, global problems are understood as those that affect the lives of all people on the planet, and the solution of which requires the joint efforts of all states. As for the list of these situations, it looks like this:

Poverty.
Food difficulties.
Energy.
Demographic crisis.
Development of the World Ocean.

This list is dynamic, and its structural elements change as civilization rapidly develops. As a result of this, not only its composition changes, but also the level of priority of a particular problem.

Note that every global problem of humanity has its causes, these are:

Increased use of natural resources.
Deterioration environmental situation on the planet, the negative impact of the development of industrial production.
Increasing disparity between developed and developing countries.
Creating weapons that can destroy masses of people, thus threatening the existence of civilization as a whole.

In order to become more familiar with this issue, it is necessary to study in detail the existing global problems of humanity. Philosophy deals not only with their study, but also with the analysis of the possible influence that they will have in one case or another on society as a whole.

Note that this situation can only be resolved if certain requirements are met. Thus, preventing a world war is possible when the pace of development of the arms race is significantly reduced, and a ban on the creation and demand for the elimination of nuclear weapons is adopted.

Also, some global problems of humanity can be resolved by overcoming cultural and economic inequality between the population of Western and Eastern countries, which are developed, and other, underdeveloped countries of Latin America, Africa and Asia.

Let us note that overcoming the crisis that has arisen between man and nature will be of great importance. Otherwise, the consequences will be catastrophic: complete depletion of natural resources. Thus, these global problems of humanity require people to develop measures aimed at more economical use of existing resource potential and the reduction of water and air with various types of waste.

Also important point, which will help stop the impending crisis is to reduce population growth in countries with less developed economic systems, as well as increase the birth rate in developed capitalist countries.

Remember that the global problems of humanity and their negative impact can be overcome by reducing the consequences of the scientific and technological revolution in the world, as well as by strengthening the fight against alcoholism, drug addiction, and smoking. AIDS, tuberculosis and other diseases that undermine the health of nations as a whole.

Let us note that these problems require an immediate solution, otherwise the world will fall into a persistent crisis that could lead to irreparable consequences. Don't think that this won't affect you and me. We must remember that changing the situation depends on the participation of each person. You shouldn’t stand aside, because these problems affect each of us.

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