Definitely personal two-part examples. Definitely personal suggestions
One-part sentences- sentences with one main member, only the predicate or only the subject: Silence. It's getting light. There's no one on the street. A one-part sentence has only one main member, and it cannot be called either subject or predicate. This is the main part of the sentence.
One-part sentences can be common or uncommon, depending on whether the main member is explained by additional words or not. There are two types of one-part sentences: verbal and substantive.
One-part verb sentence. A distinctive feature of verbal one-part sentences is their lack of subjectivity: the subject of the action is not represented in them, therefore the action is considered as independent. Such a one-part sentence includes the conjugated form of the verb as an auxiliary or linking verb, or is only such a verb: Are you going home?; They are singing outside the window; You can't fool him; He was having fun; You can't get through here. Verbal one-part sentences are divided into:
definitely personal;
vaguely personal;
generalized-personal;
impersonal;
Definitely personal proposals- one-part sentences denoting the actions or states of direct participants in speech - the speaker or interlocutor. The predicate (main member) in them is expressed in the 1st or 2nd person form of verbs singular or plural.
The category of person is in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal sentences can be expressed in the following forms: I’ll tell you, you’ll tell me, let’s tell you, tell me, tell me, tell me, let’s tell you; I'm going, you're going, we're going, you're going, you're going to go, you're going to go, we're going to go, you're going to go, go, go, let's go.
I know that when you go outside the ring of roads in the evening, we’ll sit in a pile of fresh ones under a nearby haystack. (S. Yesenin);
In the depths of Siberian ores, keep proud patience. (A. Pushkin).
These sentences are very close in meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence by substituting a subject into the sentence me, you, we or you.
Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an unspecified person; the actor is not grammatically named, although he is thought of personally, but the emphasis is on the action.
The main member of such sentences is the form of the 3rd person plural (present and future tense, indicative mood and imperative mood) or the plural form (past tense verbs and conditional mood or adjectives): they say, they will speak, they spoke, let them speak, they would speak; (they are) satisfied; (he) is welcome.
For example:
They say in the village that she is not his relative at all... (N. Gogol);
They led an elephant through the streets... (I. Krylov);
And let them talk, let them talk, but no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky);
It’s okay that we are poets, as long as they read us and sing. (L. Oshanin).
The 3rd person plural form of the predicate verb does not contain information about the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively addressing the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: They brought me this book; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) person known and unknown: Somewhere in the distance they are shouting; I got an A on the exam.
Indefinite personal sentences most often contain secondary members, i.e. Vaguely personal sentences are usually common. As part of indefinite personal sentences, two groups of minor members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the actor: There was singing in the hall. There is noise in the next class. In youth they often try to imitate someone (A. Fadeev); These distributors usually indirectly characterize the actor, denoting the place and time associated with human activity. 2) Direct and indirect objects placed at the beginning of the sentence: We were invited into a room; He is welcome here; Now they will bring him here (M. Gorky).
Generalized-personal proposals- these are one-part sentences in which the predicate verb denotes an action that is performed by a wide, generalized circle of persons.
The predicate verb in a generalized-personal sentence is in the same form as in definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences. Proverbs are a striking example.
You can’t even catch a fish from a pond without difficulty.
Business before pleasure.
You never know where you will find the real word. (Paust.)
Generalized personal sentences are used in cases where it is important to name the action itself, and not the persons who perform it. Generalized-personal sentences are sentences in which the action is timeless and applies to any person or group of persons. Common in proverbs, sayings, aphorisms.
Definitely personal and indefinitely personal sentences can have a generalized meaning, that is, the action referred to in the sentence applies to all persons in general.
Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences that speak of an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the bearer of the state.
A feature of the grammatical meaning of impersonal sentences is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases when it is expressed: action ( The boat is carried ashore); condition of a person or animal ( I couldn't sleep; He is cold); state environment (It's getting dark; Feels fresh); the state of affairs ( Poor staffing; Experiments cannot be postponed) etc. According to D. E. Rosenthal, impersonal sentences are characterized by “a shade of passivity and inertia.”
According to the school classification, infinitive sentences are also classified as impersonal (that is, sentences with the main predicate member expressed by an independent infinitive).
Main member can be expressed:
The 3rd person singular form of an impersonal or personal verb: It's getting light! The smell of spring through the glass (L. May);
Neuter form: You, happiness, were covered with snow, carried away centuries ago, trampled under the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even until Christmas time (A. Chekhov);
In a word No(in the past tense it corresponds to the neuter form did not have, and in the future - the 3rd person singular form - will not): And suddenly consciousness will answer me that you have never existed and never existed (N. Gumilyov).
By combining a state category word (with a modal meaning) with an infinitive (compound verbal predicate): When you know that you cannot laugh, then - then it is precisely then that this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's past seven (A. Pushkin);
Brief passive participle neuter (compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); My place is not tidy!.. (A. Chekhov);
Infinitive: You will never see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how can you not please your loved one? (A. Griboyedov); The blizzard will sing and ring for a long time (S. Yesenin).
Substantive one-part sentence. The main member is expressed in the form of a noun. Substantive sentences are not just verbless, they do not even involve action. Depending on their meaning, substantive sentences are divided into:
nominative;
genitive.
nominative.
Nominative sentences affirm the existence of an object in the present tense: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy. (Blok A.A.).
Genitive sentences, in addition to beingness and the present tense, have the meaning of redundancy, enhanced by emotional overtones. Genitive sentences can be common: Gold, gold, how much evil comes through you! (Ostrovsky A.N.)
Nominal- this is one of the types of one-part sentences, the form of the main member in which is similar in expression to the subject.
The main member of nominative sentences is expressed by the nominative case form of the noun and a phrase that includes the nominative case. In principle, it is also possible to use a pronoun, usually in colloquial speech: "Here I am!" - Ariel said, floating into the living room. The use of the independent nominative case is possible in these sentences, since their meaning is a message about the being, presence, existence of an object or phenomenon. Therefore, only one thing is assumed grammatical tense- the present.
Types of nominative sentences
Denominal existentials state the fact of the existence of an object. The subject is expressed in the nominative case of any nominal part of speech: Mom, porridge, cat, spoon, book, bright cover...
Demonstratives point to an object. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, the demonstrative particles VOT or VON appear: Here's a sofa, lie back and relax (Gr.).
Estimated and named evaluate the subject from the speaker's point of view. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, various expressive-emotional particles appear: What a night! Here's to you, grandma, and St. George's day.
Preferably denomination express desire anything. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, particles appear ONLY BY, ONLY BY, IF: Just not a test.
Incomplete is a sentence characterized by incomplete grammatical structure due to the omission of certain formally necessary members (major or secondary), which are clear from the context or setting even without naming.
The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, since the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences.
In this regard, incomplete sentences differ from unspoken sentences, which are statements interrupted for one reason or another, for example: But wait, Kalinina, what if... No, it won’t work that way...(B. Pol.); - I am, mom. Am I... People say that she...(B. Pol.).
The correlation with complete sentences is revealed by the presence in such sentences of words that retain the grammatical functions and forms characteristic of them in the corresponding complete sentences. They are the ones that indicate the “empty” positions of the omitted members of the sentence. Incomplete sentences are especially common in conversational styles of language; they are widely used in fiction both in the transmission of dialogue and in the description.
Types of Incomplete Sentences. Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual and situational. Contextual incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context are called: in nearby sentences or in the same sentence (if it is complex).
Among the contextual proposals stand out:
Simple sentences with unnamed main or secondary members (individually or in groups). Lack of subject:
- Wait, who are you? - Kurov was surprised.
- Rostislav Sokolov, - the boy introduced himself and even bowed at the same time(B. Pol.).
Absence of predicate:
- Did you leave your wife, Mikola?
- No,she me(Shol.).
Absence of both subject and predicate:
- Does the baker Konovalov work here?
- Here!- I answered her(M.G.).
Absence of predicate and circumstances: Kalinich stood closer to nature.Khor - to people, to society(T.).
Lack of predicate and object: Who was waiting for him?Empty, uncomfortable room(B. Pol.).
Absence of a minor member of a sentence (addition, circumstance) in the presence of a definition relating to the missing member: The mother slipped the carrots to the father, but forgot to give him gloves.I handed mine to my father(S. Bar.).
Complex sentences with an unnamed main or subordinate clause.
- Well, where are your Near Mills? - What do you want? You say, not mills? - Where? - What do you mean, “where”? Here. - Where is it? -Where are we going(Cat.). The last sentence does not name the main part.
Incomplete sentences forming part of a complex sentence with an unnamed member present in another part of the complex sentence.
In a compound sentence: In one hand he held a fishing rod,and in the other - kukan with fish(Sol.). In the second part of a complex sentence, the main members present in the first part are not named.
In a complex sentence: Lopakhin jumped into the trench and,when he raised his head, saw how the leading plane, absurdly falling onto the wing, became covered in black smoke and began to fall obliquely(Shol.). In the subordinate part of the sentence when he raised his head, the subject common to the main part is not named.
In the non-union complex sentence: This is how we go:on level ground - on a cart, uphill - on foot, and downhill - like a jog(Sol.). In the explanatory part of a complex sentence, the predicate mentioned in the explanatory part is not named.
Situational called incomplete sentences with unnamed members that are clear from the situation, prompted by the situation. For example: One day, after midnight, he knocked on Crane’s door. She pulled back the hook... -Can?- he asked in a trembling voice(M. Alekseev).
Occasionally there was a hooting sound somewhere. Apparently, not close.
- Calm down, - my neighbor said peacefully(S. Bar.). While I was waiting in line, the printing presses began to crank behind me. Only women worked for them today.
- I'm behind you!- I warned and ran to my car(S. Bar.).
Incomplete sentences are especially typical for dialogic speech, which is a combination of replicas or a unity of questions and answers. The peculiarity of dialogic sentences is determined by the fact that in oral speech Along with words, extra-linguistic factors also act as additional components: gestures, facial expressions, situation. In such sentences, only those words are named, without which the thought becomes incomprehensible.
Among dialogic sentences, a distinction is made between sentences-replicas and sentences-answers to questions.
Reply sentences represent links in a common chain of replicas replacing each other. In a replica of a dialogue, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and the members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated, and the replicas that begin the dialogue are usually more complete in composition than the subsequent ones. For example:
- Go get a bandage.
- Will kill...
- Crawling.
- You won’t be saved anyway(New.-Pr.).
Suggestions-answers vary depending on the nature of the issue. They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence is highlighted:
- What do you have in your bundle, eagles?
“Crayfish,” the tall one answered reluctantly.
- Wow! Where did you get them?
- Near the dam(Shol.).
There may be answers to a question that requires confirmation or denial of what was said:
- Do you have a woman?
- No way.
- And the uterus?
- Eat(New.-Pr.).
Could be answers to a question with suggested answers:
- What haven’t you tried: fishing or loving?
- First(M.G.).
And finally, answers in the form of a counter question with the meaning of the statement:
- How will you live?
- What about the head, and what about the hands?(M.G.).
- Tell me, Stepan, did you marry for love? - asked Masha.
- What kind of love do we have in our village? - Stepan answered and grinned.(Ch.).
E.L. BEZNOSOV,
Moscow
Continuation. See No. 13, 15/2004
System of lessons on syntax in 8th grade
SINGLE SENTENCES
One-part definitely-personal sentences
I. Learning new material You can start with grammar work. Two people go to the board, the first writes down sentences in which both main members are present, the second - with only one main member.
1. I am ready to scatter my heart around the world.
2. A stream of tears flows from Tanya’s eyes. (A. Pushkin)
3. Let's go out with you to wander in the moonlight.
4. You will not escape the judgment of the world, just as you will not escape the judgment of God. (A. Pushkin)
5. I freeze with shame and fear. (A. Pushkin)
6. Let me note by the way: all poets of dreamy love are friends. (A. Pushkin)
Questions
Are sentences that have only one main member incomplete in meaning?
What can be concluded? Their grammatical basis consists of only one member. One can define one-part sentences:
Let's continue recording and analyzing the material for observation (find the predicates and determine which person the action they denote refers to, pay attention to their grammatical form).
1. Both day and night across the snowy desert I rush to you at breakneck speed. (A. Griboyedov)
2. Thank you for the pleasures, / For the sadness, for the sweet torments, / For the noise, for the storms, for the feasts, / For everything, for all your gifts...… (A. Pushkin)
3. But here we congratulate / my dear Tatyana on her victory. (A. Pushkin)
4. Where are you running, dear path, where are you calling, where are you leading? (M. Isakovsky)
5. Why are you laughing? You laugh at yourself. (N. Gogol)
6. Advise them to meet me with childlike love and obedience. (A. Pushkin)
After we find out that the actions indicated by the predicates in these sentences refer to the only possible person (1st or 2nd), and establish what forms the predicates are expressed in, we can ask the students to define a one-part definite-personal sentence.
As homework You can be asked to find or come up with 3 examples for each way of expressing the predicate in definitely personal sentences.
One-part indefinite personal sentences
I. Learning new material you can start with grammar work: on the board, one student writes down one-part sentences, the other - two-part ones, both emphasize the grammatical basics and define grammatical meanings predicates.
1. They make a lot of noise in our classes. (A. Chekhov)
2. Planes make loud noise on takeoff.
3. His parents led him by the hand.
4. They led an elephant through the streets. (I. Krylov)
5. The days of late autumn are usually scolded. (A. Pushkin)
We determine which person the actions expressed by predicates in one-part constructions (1, 4, 5) refer to, why the presence of a subject is not necessary in them, and also determine the grammatical meanings of the predicates in these sentences, paying attention to the indispensable presence of the plural form. Then we give a definition of indefinitely personal sentences. As a result of the analysis, we come to the conclusion that the subject is not needed here, the sentences are complete in meaning, since the actions expressed by the predicates relate to indefinite persons who are not of interest to the speaker: the process itself is important. These conclusions will help to formulate the formulation of indefinite-personal sentences, which students, as always, do on their own.
II. Consolidating new material can also be carried out in the form of grammar work: at the blackboard, one student writes down definitely personal sentences, and the second – indefinitely personal ones.
1. You will probably be arrested too. (M. Gorky)
2. Arrest anyone suspicious.
3. Then you will respect your father.
4. Elders are not very respected these days. (A. Ostrovsky)
5. The years passed. He was transferred to another province. (A. Chekhov)
6. I’ll change the clock, even though I know there will be a race. (A. Griboyedov)
One of the students can be offered an individual task (a sample example is given below)
Again in the heart_ts_ (n_)than (n_)died_sh_
The cheeks are bleeding with blood.
(A. Fet)
Open the brackets, insert the missing letters, find the grammatical basis and determine the meaning of predicativeness and the type of sentence based on the nature of the grammatical basis.
At the same time, another sentence is being discussed with the class:
Wait for a clear day tomorrow
Siskins flash and ring.
Purple streak of fire
Transparent illuminated sunset.
After completing the front work, we check what is written on the board and copy it into a notebook.
As homework, you can ask children to find or come up with 12 examples of indefinite personal sentences.
Generalized meaning of one-part sentences
In some textbooks and teaching aids, generalized personal sentences are considered as an independent construction. I believe that this is the special meaning of definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences, and I offer my own version of studying these sentences.
Studying new topic We start with grammar work: on the board, one student writes down definitely-personal sentences, and the second - indefinitely-personal.
1. They write not with a pen, but with their mind.
2. You can't please everyone.
3. Chickens are counted in the fall.
4. Know how to speak at the right time and remain silent at the right time.
5. After a fight, they don’t wave their fists.
6. You can’t grab a hedgehog with your bare hands.
When writing down examples, we pay attention to which person the action expressed by the predicates in these constructions refers to (grammatically - to the only possible one in definite-personal sentences or to an indefinite one that is not of interest to the speaker, in indefinite-personal ones). And semantically, that is, in meaning, the action in all sentences refers to any possible person, that is, anyone can be in the place of the addressee of the speech. This is the generalized meaning of one-part sentences. Children work together to independently define constructions with a generalized meaning.
As homework, you can ask children to select 15 examples of one-part sentences with a generalized meaning.
One-part impersonal sentence
I. Consolidation of the studied material. Two people work at the board on individual tasks (sample tasks are given below).
At this time, the class is looking at another sentence.
1. Everyone will sing a song of revenge for death to me on the other side. (A. Blok)
2. They look into the joker’s mouth, / They catch the word greedily. (A. Tvardovsky)
II. Studying new topic, As usual, we start by recording observational material. Students identify grammatical basics and determine morphological ways of expressing them.
1. From the wilds the fogs timidly / Native closed the village; / But the spring sun warmed them / And the wind blew them away into the distance. (A. Fet)
2. Everyone has been sleeping since evening, / It’s dark outside. / The dry leaf is falling, / At night the wind is angry / Let it knock on the window. (A. Fet)
Children find one-part sentences in these examples and determine what the actions expressed by the predicates refer to and whether there can be subjects in the sentences. We give the definition of an impersonal sentence.
For homework, you can ask children to come up with or find 15 examples impersonal offers.
Morphological ways of expressing the predicate in an impersonal sentence
I. Consolidation of the material covered can be carried out through an individual survey using cards, for example, like this.
How fresh it is here under the thick linden tree...… (A. Fet)
There is no housing visible anywhere in the open space. (A. Fet)
Find the grammatical basis, determine the type simple sentence by the nature of the grammatical basis.
The following examples can be discussed with the class at this time.
1. It was snowy all month in February. (B. Pasternak)
2. There hasn’t been a winter like this for a long time, / There hasn’t been a cold like this for a long time. (D. Samoilov)
3. The candle was blown from the corner. (B. Pasternak)
II. Explanation of new material. Impersonal sentences, despite the apparent ease of the topic, actually pose a difficulty for children, primarily because the morphological ways of expressing predicates are very diverse in them. And besides, among these methods there are those that did not attract sufficient attention from teachers in the morphology course at the secondary level. These are primarily impersonal verbs and predicative adverbs or, in the terminology of L.V. Shcherby, words of the state category. In addition, the difficult material is the distinction between impersonal verbs themselves and personal verbs in the meaning and form of impersonal ones. That is why I consider it appropriate to devote a separate lesson to this topic. The main thing here is to show the special semantics of impersonal verbs and the presence of only three forms, as well as to teach to distinguish between impersonal and personal verbs in the meaning and form of impersonal ones.
We begin the explanation of a new topic, as always, with observational material (you need to find predicates and determine the morphological ways of expressing them).
1. It’s getting light!.. Oh, how quickly the night has passed! (A. Griboyedov)
2. Here the cold dampness blew in from the east. (M. Lermontov)
3. Snoozes sweetly in the crib. (A. Blok)
4. You won’t be able to catch up with the crazy three. (N. Nekrasov)
5. How few roads have been traveled, / How many mistakes have been made. (S. Yesenin)
6. It’s hot under the canopy of the dark barn. (A. Akhmatova)
7. Hey, it’s not a pity to give your soul / For the look of a black-browed beauty. (A. Pushkin)
8. There is no return to dreams and years. (A. Pushkin)
9. Not a breeze, not a bird's cry. (A. Blok)
10. But we are destined to be separated. (A. Blok)
In the first example, the predicate is expressed by an impersonal verb, that is, one that denotes a self-performing action and has only three forms: the infinitive, an analogue of the 3rd person singular form of the present tense (dawn) and an analogue of the past tense singular neuter form (it was getting light).
In the second sentence, the predicate is already expressed by a personal verb in an impersonal meaning. This action seems to us to be self-performing, since there is no subject performing it, but this verb can also denote an ordinary subjective action, so it is a personal verb used in in this case in an impersonal meaning and, accordingly, in one of three impersonal forms.
The third example is very important, since it involves an impersonal verb formed according to the productive modern language models: by adding a postfix to a regular verb -xia.
In the fourth sentence the predicate is expressed by an infinitive. In some manuals, such constructions are separated into a separate - infinitive - type, but I believe that for school course In grammar, such a distinction is inappropriate, especially since these constructions satisfy all the conditions of an impersonal sentence.
In the fifth example, the predicates are expressed by short passive participles.
In the sixth sentence, the predicate is expressed by a predicative adverb. The complexity of this case lies in the fact that such adverbs can have ordinary adverbs as homonyms, which will denote a sign of some action (cf. breathed hot), as well as short adjectives (cf. breath is hot). Perhaps such cases should be examined separately. I am sure that in a strong class it is necessary to do this. With predicative adverbs, there may be auxiliary verbs that change the meaning of the present tense to the past or future (cf. It was/will be hot under the canopy of the dark barn). Students should also pay attention to this. Such predicates belong to the category of compound nominal ones.
In the seventh example, the predicate is expressed by a predicative adverb it's a pity(cf. it's a pity) with an adjacent infinitive. In general, the adjacent infinitive is a frequently occurring structural part of the predicate in impersonal sentences.
The eighth and ninth examples give various shapes negation as a predicate in an impersonal sentence. The word most often used here is No and genitive case forms of nouns with a particle neither. Usually in such constructions the functions of a particle and a conjunction are combined in one word, as in the example given.
The last, tenth example gives a complex and rare case of using a short adjective used as a short participle as a predicate in an impersonal sentence. But this case can only be considered in a very strong class as an optional one.
As homework, you can ask children to come up with or select 2 examples for each method of morphological expression of the predicate in an impersonal sentence.
Nominative (nominative) sentences
I. Reinforcing the material learned in the previous lesson can be carried out in a combination of individual tasks with frontal work, two people work at the board and write down examples.
The following examples can be analyzed with the class.
1. It’s not a sin for an old man to rest.
2. They were sad, but never bored. (I. Krylov)
II. Further consolidation of the material carried out in the form of grammatical work.
On the board, one student writes out sentences with impersonal verbs from the dictated examples, the other - sentences with personal verbs in the meaning of impersonal.
1. Small ripples sparkled along the sleepy river. (N. Leskov)
2. And the yard has already turned white. (A. Griboyedov)
3. I somehow felt sad in the monotonous steppe. (M. Koltsov)
4. It was beginning to get dark when I arrived at the commandant’s house. (A. Pushkin)
5. At this very time he was shivering and breaking down. (L. Tolstoy)
III. Explanation of new material: I recommend explaining the topic “Nominative sentences” using handouts in the form of cards on which A. Fet’s poem is printed.
Wonderful picture
How dear you are to me:
White plain,
Full moon.Light high heavens,
And shining snow
And distant sleighs
Lonely running.
The poem is copied into a notebook, all the sentences are found. Apart from the first two verses, which are a two-part sentence complicated by inversion, all other verses are nominative sentences. By asking appropriate questions, I lead students to formulate the definition of these structures.
As homework, you can ask students to select 10–15 examples of these structures.
SECONDARY MEMBERS OF THE SENTENCE
After studying general issues the structure of a simple sentence and the structure of its grammatical basis, we can move on to studying the minor members of the sentence.
Definition as a minor member of a sentence.
Types of definitions
I. Fixing the material by an impersonal proposal or by a nominative proposal. Two people work on individual tasks, examples of which are given below.
A slender bridge made of openwork iron, / Glazed with fragments of the azure sky. (D. Samoilov)
Find the grammatical basis of the sentence, determine its type and the morphological way of expressing the predicate.
A slow flash of white lightning. (G. Kalashnikov)
Find the grammatical basis of the sentence, determine its type and morphological way of expressing the predicate
As a class, you can review other sentences or check on homework.
1. It’s boring and sad, and there’s no one to give a hand to / In a moment of spiritual adversity. (M. Lermontov)
2. Cool air lining. / The icy underside of water. (G. Kalashnikov)
II. Studying a new topic, as usual, we start with observation material (students coming to the board must determine the syntactic functions of the same word in the examples given).
1. Autumn was late this year. (N. Nekrasov)
2. Late fall. The rooks flew away. (N. Nekrasov)
Using these sentences we demonstrate that an adjective can be either the main member of a sentence or a secondary one. We continue to record material for observation; in the examples given, students find phrases with the meaning “an object and its attribute”, built on the basis of the connection coordination, and determine the morphological affiliation of dependent words.
3. B That evening near our fire / We saw black horse (I. Brodsky)
4.
And with each in the fall I bloom again. (A. Pushkin)
5. B last once, for third pass / The coachman disappeared, ringing and not dusting. (A. Fet)
6. From bright illuminated room, the door to the left led into the living room.
7. And on the pine tree, overgrown moss, / A squirrel's tail flashes fluffy. (A. Fet)
Questions
1. What do dependent words mean?
2. What question is being answered?
3. What parts of speech are they?
After analyzing these aspects, children formulate a definition.
Continuation of observation material
In the sixth example, find a phrase with the same meaning (“an object and its attribute”), but built on the basis of the connection adjacencies, and write it out separately.
In the seventh example, find a phrase with the same meaning, but built on the basis of the connection control, write it out separately.
8. There were no larger and more important events in his life.
Questions
1. By means of what subordinating connection are the defined words and definitions connected here? (events larger and more important; his life)?
Based on this, formulate which definitions are called consistent and which are inconsistent.
As homework, you can ask students to come up with or select 10 examples of consistent and inconsistent definitions.
To be continued
The contrast between two-part and one-part sentences is associated with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.
Two-Part Sentences contain two The main members are the subject and the predicate.
The boy is running; The earth is round.
One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).
Evening; It's getting dark.
Types of one-part sentences
| Principal term expression form | Examples | Correlative constructions two-part sentences |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Sentences with one main member - PREDICATE | ||
| 1.1. Definitely personal proposals | ||
| Predicate verb in the 1st or 2nd person form (there are no past tense or conditional forms, since in these forms the verb has no person). |
I love the storm in early May. |
I I love the storm in early May. |
| 1.2. Vaguely personal proposals | ||
| Verb-predicate in the third person plural form (in the past tense and conditional mood, verb-predicate in the plural). |
They knock on the door. |
Somebody knocks on the door. |
| 1.3. Generalized personal proposals | ||
| They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Isolated by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a specific person (speaker) is habitual, repetitive, or presented in the form of a generalized judgment (the predicate verb is in the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person). |
You can't take the fish out of the pond without difficulty(definitely personal in form). |
Any ( any) can’t easily take the fish out of the pond. |
| 1.4. Impersonal offer | ||
| 1) Predicate verb in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form). |
A) It's getting light; It was getting light; I'm lucky; |
b) Snow is melting; |
| 2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
A) It's cold outside ; |
a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; |
| 3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
A) To me sorry to leave with you; |
A) I I don't want to leave with you; |
| 4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a short passive participle of the past tense in the singular form, neuter. |
Closed . |
The shop is closed . |
| 5) The predicate no or a verb in an impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences). |
No money . |
|
| 6) The predicate no or a verb in the impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences). |
There is not a cloud in the sky. |
The sky is cloudless. |
| 1.5. Infinitive sentences | ||
| The predicate is an independent infinitive. |
Everyone keep quiet! |
Everyone keep quiet. |
| 2. Sentences with one main member - SUBJECT | ||
| Nominative (nominative) sentences | ||
| The subject is a name in the nominative case (there cannot be a circumstance or addition in the sentence that would relate to the predicate). |
Night . |
Usually there are no correlative structures. |
Notes
1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There's not a cloud in the sky) are monocomponent only when expressing negation. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence will become two-part: the genitive case form will change to the nominative case form (cf.: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).
2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There's not a cloud in the sky) is considered part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually treated as an addition.
3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be a thunderstorm!) a number of researchers classify them as impersonal. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor. In infinitive sentences the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea!).
4) Many researchers classify denominative (nominative) sentences as two-part sentences with a zero connective.
Note!
1) In negative impersonal sentences with an object in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a penny) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a penny).
In this case, we can talk about one-component and at the same time incomplete sentence(with the predicate omitted).
2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is a statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only when the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate be.
Wed: It was night ; It will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.
3) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain adverbials, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in denominative (nominative) sentences). If a sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to parse such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.
Wed: The pharmacy is / is located around the corner; I rushed / ran to the window.
4) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that are correlated with the predicate. If there are such additions in the sentence ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to parse these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.Wed: I'm walking/following you.
Plan for parsing a one-part sentence
- Determine the type of one-part sentence.
- Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that allow the sentence to be classified specifically as this type of one-part sentence.
Sample parsing
Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).
The sentence is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by a verb in the second person imperative mood.
A fire was lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).
The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by a verb in the plural past tense.
With a kind word you can melt a stone(proverb).
The proposal is one-part. The form is definitely personal: predicate melt it expressed by a verb in the second person future tense; by meaning - generalized-personal: the action of a predicate verb refers to any acting person(cf.: A kind word will melt any stone).
It smelled wonderful of fish.(Kuprin).
The sentence is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by a verb in an impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).
Soft Moonlight (Zastozhny).
The sentence is one-part (nominal). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of two main members (subject and predicate) are called two-part.
Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member are called one-part sentences. One-piece sentences have a complete meaning, and therefore the second main member is not needed or even impossible.
For example: In the summer I will go to the sea. Dark. It's time to go. Magic night.
Single-part sentences, unlike incomplete ones, are understandable out of context.
There are several types of one-part sentences:
Definitely personal
vaguely personal,
generalized-personal,
impersonal,
nominative (nominative).
Each type of one-part sentence differs in its meaning and form of expression of the main member.
Definitely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of a certain person (speaker or interlocutor).
In definitely personal sentences the main member is expressed by a verb in the form of 1st and 2nd person singular and plural indicative mood(present and future tense), and in the imperative mood ; the producer of the action is defined and can be called personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons I , You , We , You .
For example: I love thunderstorm in early May(Tyutchev); We will endure trials patiently(Chekhov); Go, bow down fish(Pushkin).
In definitely personal sentences the predicate cannot be expressed by a 3rd person singular verb and a verb in the past tense. In such cases, the proposal does not indicate certain person and the sentence itself is incomplete.
Compare: Do you know Greek too? - I studied a little(Ostrovsky).
Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of an indefinite subject.
In vaguely personal sentences the main member is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural form (present and future tense in the indicative mood and in the imperative mood), the plural form of the past tense of the indicative mood and the similar form of the conditional mood of the verb.
The producer of the action in these sentences is unknown or unimportant.
For example: In the house knocked stove doors(A. Tolstoy); On the streets somewhere far away they're shooting (Bulgakov); Would you give person relax in front of the road(Sholokhov).
Generalized-personal proposals
Generalized-personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of a generalized subject (the action is attributed to each and every individual).
The main member in a generalized personal sentence may have the same methods of expression as in definite personal and indefinite personal sentences, but most often expressed by a 2nd person singular and plural present and future tense verb or a 3rd person plural verb.
For example: Good for bad don't change (proverb); Not very old these days respect (Ostrovsky); What sow, then you will reap (proverb).
Generalized personal sentences are usually presented in proverbs, sayings, catchphrases, aphorisms.
Generalized-personal sentences also include sentences containing the author’s generalization. To give a generalized meaning, the speaker uses a 2nd person verb instead of a 1st person verb.
For example: You're going out sometimes outside and you're surprised air transparency.
Impersonal offers
Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying actions or states that arise regardless of the producer of the action.
In such sentences it is impossible to substitute the subject .
The main member of an impersonal sentence may be similar in structure to a simple verbal predicate and is expressed:
1) impersonal verb, only syntactic function which is to be the main member of impersonal one-part sentences:
For example: It's getting colder / it was getting cold /it will get colder .
2) a personal verb in an impersonal form:
For example: It's getting dark .
3) the verb to be and the word not in negative sentences:
For example: Winds did not have / No .
Main member, similar in structure to the compound verbal predicate , may have the following expression:
1) modal or phase verb in impersonal form + infinitive:
For example: Outside the window it started to get dark
.
2) linking verb to be in impersonal form (in the present tense in the zero form) + adverb + infinitive:
For example: It's a pity
/ it was a pity to leave with friends.
It's time to get ready on the road.
Main member, similar in structure to the compound nominal predicate , is expressed:
1) linking verb in impersonal form + adverb:
For example: It was a pity
old man.
On the street. it was becoming freshly.
2) linking verb in impersonal form + short passive participle:
For example: In the room it was smoky .
A special group among impersonal sentences is formed by infinitive sentences .
The main member of a one-part sentence can be expressed by an infinitive that does not depend on any other member of the sentence and denotes an action possible or impossible, necessary, inevitable. Such sentences are called infinitive.
For example: Him tomorrow be on duty. Everyone stand up! I'd like to go to Moscow!
Infinitive sentences have different modal meanings: obligation, necessity, possibility or impossibility, inevitability of action; as well as inducement to action, command, order.
Infinitive sentences are divided into unconditional (Be silent!) And conditionally desirable (I'd like to read).
Nominative (nominative) sentences- these are one-part sentences that convey the meaning of being (existence, presence) of the subject of speech (thought).
The main member in a nominative sentence can be expressed by a noun in the nominative case and a quantitative-nominal combination .
For example: Night, Street, flashlight, pharmacy .Pointless and dull light (Block); Three wars, three hungry pores, what the century has awarded(Soloukhin).
Denominative sentences may include demonstrative particles over there , Here , and to introduce an emotional assessment - exclamation particles WellAnd , Which , like this :
For example: Which weather! Well rain! Like this storm!
Distributors nominative sentence There can be agreed and inconsistent definitions:
For example: Late autumn
.
If the disseminator is a circumstance of place, time, then such sentences can be interpreted as two-part incomplete:
For example: Soon autumn
. (Compare: Soon autumn will come
.)
On the street rain
. (Compare: On the street it's raining
.)
Denominative (nominative) sentences can have the following subtypes:
1) Proper existential sentences expressing the idea of the existence of a phenomenon, object, time.
For example: April 22 years old. Sineva. The snow has melted.
2) Demonstrative-existent sentences. The basic meaning of beingness is complicated by the meaning of indication.
For example: Here mill.
3) Evaluative-existential (Dominance of evaluation).
For example: Well day! Oh yes...! And character!
+ particles well, then, also for me, and also.
The main member can be an evaluative noun ( beauty . Nonsense .)
4) desirable-existential (particles only, if only).
For example: If only health. Not just death. If happiness.
5) incentive (incentive-desirable: Attention ! Good afternoon ! and incentive-imperative: Fire ! and so on.).
It is necessary to distinguish constructions that coincide in form with them from nominative sentences.
The nominative case in the role of a simple name (name, inscription). They can be called proper-nominal - there is absolutely no meaning of beingness.
For example: "War and Peace".
The nominative case as a predicate in a two-part sentence ( Who is he? Familiar.)
The nominative case of the topic can be classified as an isolated nominative, but in terms of content they do not have the meaning of existentiality, do not perform a communicative function, and form a syntactic unity only in combination with the subsequent construction.
For example: Moscow. How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart... Autumn. I especially love this time of year.
Definitely personal sentences are one of the varieties of a one-part sentence with a predicate, which is expressed by a verb. It belongs to this type because grammatical form, which this verb takes. You can tell by the name what form it is, but there are many nuances that require careful consideration.
Signs and features of definitely personal proposals
These are syntactic units that do not need a subject that would indicate a person, since it is already indicated by a certain form of the verb - most often it is in the first or second person, and the number can be either singular or plural. As for tense and mood, it is usually future or present, indicative. It is precisely because the personal pronoun does not in any way affect the meaning and understanding of such sentences that they are considered not incomplete two-part sentences, but rather one-part sentences.
The person in such sentences is implied; it can be indicated by a personal pronoun, for example - I love you (that is, (I) love you).
There are other types of definite-personal sentences, for example, when the verb that is expressed by the predicate is put in the imperative mood. Yes, in a sentence “Forget it already!” the presence of the second person plural pronoun “you” is implied.
Thus, it is easy to understand that the main feature of definite-personal sentences is that the predicate indicates a specific person with its form (which is actually expressed by the ending). That is, it shows which subject could be used in this proposal, if it were two-part.
In this case, the predicate verb in the third person form is not used in definite personal sentences, since it is not a definite person.
As for the past tense form, it does not imply any person at all, which means that a verb in this form cannot in any way be used in a definite personal sentence.
Examples of definitely-personal sentences will help you better understand all of the above.
Are you going to school tomorrow?– a one-part sentence, the predicate in it is expressed by a verb in the second person form, which means that this sentence belongs to the category of definitely personal.
Did you go to karaoke?- the sentence is also one-part, with a predicate verb, but since it is in the past tense form, it cannot be classified as a definite-personal sentence.
Definite personal sentences are actually synonymous with two-part sentences, where the subject is used rather than simply indicated by the person, but they have stylistic differences. Thus, one-part sentences in this case make speech or narration more dynamic, give it an energetic tone and add excellent conciseness. They are also often used in those cases. when it is necessary to avoid unnecessary repetitions.
What have we learned?
A definite-personal sentence is a type of one-part sentence where the predicate verb is in a form indicating a person. In such sentences, a subject that could indicate this person is not required. The verb is always in the first or second person form (since the third is not definite), and also only in the present or future tense due to the fact that in the past tense verbs have no person form at all. A definite-personal sentence can be easily replaced by a two-part sentence, in which a pronoun indicating a person will be used, but this will not change anything, except for some stylistic features.
