Worldview of the world. The concept of worldview, types of worldview and their characteristic features
Since ancient times, people have been interested in the arrangement of the world around them, determining their place in it and their relationship both to each other and to themselves. This worldview or attitude determined a person’s position in life, his behavior and aspirations. Read more about what a worldview is in this article.
What is a person's worldview?
Man is a rational being, capable of thinking and predicting the consequences of his actions, and looking for means to realize his goals. All this determines his worldview. Natural instincts, experience, scientific and practical activities form a system of views, assessments and a figurative understanding of the world. The functions of a worldview lie in the organization, meaningfulness and purposefulness of an individual’s activities. That is, worldview is determined by beliefs, life position and moral and ethical values.
How is a worldview formed?
The overall picture of the world is formed in the process of education, training and socialization in society. In general, the formation of a worldview is a very slow and gradual process and depends on the quality of individual knowledge. Young people with insufficient experience and knowledge have an unstable worldview, which makes them an easy target for various manipulators - politicians, religious representatives, etc. As the system matures life values strengthens, determining the behavior of the individual and acting as a guide to action.
Worldview, its types and forms
There are certain components of worldview:
- Knowledge. They can be scientific, professional and practical. This is the first element of any worldview. The larger the circle of knowledge, the firmer the life position.
- Feelings. Types of worldview manifest themselves in accordance with a person’s subjective reaction to external stimuli. Depending on the mental state the reaction can be either positive, associated with joy and pleasure, or negative, associated with sadness, grief, and fear. There is also a moral aspect - this is duty, responsibility.
- Values. The concept of worldview is closely related to values. They can be significant, useful and harmful, but they are perceived through the prism of one’s own goals, interests and needs.
- Actions– positive and negative. This is how a person shows his own views and ideas in practice.
- Beliefs– firm, strong-willed. This is a set of personal and social views that are a kind of engine and basis of life.
- Character– will, faith, doubts. Based on the ability to act independently and consciously, trust in others and self-criticism, a worldview is formed and developed.
Philosophical worldview
It is defined as system-theoretical. It differs from the mythological worldview in the high role of reason: if myth uses emotions and feelings as support, then philosophy uses logic and evidence. This type of worldview studies the forces ruling the world. Philosophy and worldview simultaneously emerged in Ancient India, China and Greece. At the same time, a worldview can exist outside of philosophy, but philosophy itself forms a worldview. Philosophical knowledge is elitist and not accessible to everyone. Few pundits are interested in it.
Religious worldview
It arose from the mythological and is based on belief in supernatural forces. As religious movements developed, many mythological features faded into oblivion, but rigid dogmatism and a system of moral commandments remained. Worldview types that include piety and holiness involve dependence on higher powers. At the heart of this worldview is fear of the unknown. A holistic religious worldview was formed when indisputable systems of dogmas and commandments appeared that determined the sinfulness and holiness of certain thoughts and actions.
Mythological worldview
This type was formed under conditions primitive society, when the basis was a figurative perception of the world. Mythology is closely connected with paganism and acts as a set of myths, spiritualizing material objects and phenomena. This human worldview is mixed with the sacred and the profane, but at its core is faith. According to tradition, a follower of such a worldview is able to rise to the level of god, and all the existing myths were useful from a practical point of view and were a guide to action.
Scientific worldview
This worldview arose as the opposite of the mythological and religious. The scientific picture of the world is based on the concepts of law and regularity. The main types of worldview - mythological and religious - are based on fictitious, arbitrary and supernatural reasons, and science develops in the course of complicating work and solving practical problems. Such a progressive worldview provides an opportunity to draw new knowledge from previously acquired knowledge. Rationality, transferred to religion and mythology, gave impetus to the development of philosophy.
Everyday worldview
This attitude is formed by itself in each person and is the core of common sense. The peculiarities of the worldview lie in the fact that its development partly depends on genetic inheritance. During upbringing by parents, communication with friends and relatives, contact with environment values, priorities and life attitudes are formed, which by puberty acquire the characteristics of a certain worldview. Essential in this process, the characteristics of the native language and the degree of its assimilation, as well as labor and tool activity, have.
Historical worldview
In history, the types of worldview remain the same - mythological, religious and philosophical. For those who are interested in what kind of worldview there is, it is worth saying that the first was a myth - a fictitious plot, a figment of the people's imagination. Religion is closely related to mythology: both of them presuppose the presence of a mythological system and provide for the basis of myths on faith. Philosophy acts as a special way of cognition, because what a worldview is is a theory or science that studies the fundamental principles of being and knowledge.
How to change your worldview?
Worldview can undergo changes as a person grows up and acquires new knowledge. It often happens that after some event people completely change their lives and their views on it. Inveterate atheists become churchgoers, and experienced businessmen drop everything and retire to some quiet place. A person’s worldview can be improved, strive for moral ideals, learning new things, communicating with different people, traveling. You need to read a lot - psychological, philosophical literature.
Worldview of modern man
During the collapse of the USSR, an ideological crisis arose, which was a consequence of the collapse of ideals and new ones that did not have time to form. In the era of consumption, characteristic of the present time, such moral guidelines as duty, honor, responsibility have lost their meaning. “You deserve it,” everyone hears from the TV screens and strives to live up to it. The modern worldview in the era of globalization is to reduce the importance of national culture and alienate its values.
People began to see the meaning of life in receiving pleasure. The connection with the native land and ancestors is lost; relationships in marriage and the principles of raising children have become different. At the same time everything appears large quantity people aware of the need for change. The worldview in psychology has become more humanistic. A person wants to be in nature and other people. The number of temples is growing, charitable foundations and environmental organizations.
Books that change a person's worldview
- Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho. Of particular interest are works entitled "The Alchemist", "Pilgrimage".
- Books that change worldviews are written by many experts in psychology. Among them Louise Hay, which has helped many to survive negative emotions, change their thinking and even heal from some ailments, because what a worldview is is a system of values, and it can be changed if it worsens the quality of life.
- Another author - Alex Baihou. His work "Habit of being happy" is short course on self-development, which talks about how to manage your habits in order to achieve such a goal as happiness.
- In my manuscript « White paper» Victor Vasiliev leads psychological techniques, which provide the opportunity to change yourself as a person, because what a worldview is is your “I”, but if you add just a few touches to yours, you can change your outlook on life.
Novosibirsk College of Electronics
For the course “Social Studies”
Human worldview
Completed
student 122 groups
Prudnikov S.G.
I checked
Cherepanova E.V.
Novosibirsk 2003
Introduction........................................................ .............3
1.What is a worldview? .......................................4
2.What is the worldview? ................................4
3. Three main types of worldview...................................5
3.1 Everyday worldview……………………….5
3.2 Religious worldview……………………...6
3.3 Scientific worldview...................................................7
4. Consciously formed worldview......8
5.Society and the formation of a worldview......8
5.2 Totalitarian society...................................................8
5.1 Democratic society...................................................9
6. Worldview of our era...................................................9
7.Conclusion……………………………………………………………..10
8. List of references used...................................13
Introduction.
There are no two people in the world with the same patterns on their skin.
fingers, no two people have the same fate. Each person is individual and unique. Not even two people
with the same spiritual world. But does this mean that
does nothing unite him with the other?
Of course no. People have a lot in common: their homeland,
place of residence, position in society, language, age.
But what unites also separates: people can
be different place residence, different place in life
society, another language, age. IN spiritual world there too
uniting and separating people: spiritual inte –
resources, life positions, value orientations, level
knowledge. Analysis of monuments of spiritual culture of all stages
development of humanity, as well as the analysis of the spiritual world
of our contemporaries, shows that one of the most important -
The most important element is worldview.
1.What is a worldview?
In the simplest, most common understanding
worldview is the totality of a person’s views on
the world that surrounds him. There are other words that are close to the worldview: worldview, worldview. All of them
suggest, on the one hand, the world that surrounds
person, and on the other hand, what is associated with the activity
man: his sensations, contemplation, understanding, his cart -
vision, view of the world.
Worldview differs from other elements of spirituality
of the human world in that it, firstly, represents co-
a person's views are not on any particular side
the world, namely the world as a whole. Secondly, worldview
represents a person’s attitude towards the world around him: is he afraid, is the person afraid of this world, or is he
lives in harmony, in harmony with him?
Thus, the worldview is a complex phenomenon of spirits -
of the new human world.
2.What is the worldview?
First of all, we note that a person’s worldview is not
historical character: every era of human history -
torii has his own level of knowledge, his own problems,
facing people, their approaches to solving them,
their spiritual values.
We can say: how many people, so many worldviews.
However, this will be incorrect. After all, we have already noted that lu -
action not only separates something, but also unites a community
homeland, language, culture, history of its people, property -
military status. People are united by school, character
education, general level knowledge, common values. Poe –
it is not surprising that people can have similar, about -
leading positions in considering the world, in its awareness and evaluation -
The classification of worldview types can be once -
personal. Thus, in the history of philosophy, several approaches to the development of worldviews can be traced. Some of them give priority to God (theocentrism) or nature (nature-centrism), others - to man (anthropocentrism), or to society (sociocentrism), or to knowledge, science (knowledge-centrism, science-centrism). Sometimes worldviews are divided into progressive and reactionary.
3. Three types of worldview
The following types of world carriers are widely distinguished:
point of view: everyday, religious, scientific.
3.1 Ordinary worldview
The everyday worldview arises in a person’s life in
the process of his personal practical activity, which is why it is sometimes called the everyday worldview. Views
human rights in this case are not justified by religious arguments or scientific data. It is formed spontaneously,
especially if the person was not interested in worldview -
what questions in an educational institution, I did not study on my own -
specifically philosophy, was not familiar with the content of religion -
oznyh teachings. Of course, it cannot be completely ruled out that
knowledge of religions or achievements of science, for man is constant -
but communicates with by different people; impact is noticeable
publicly available funds mass media. But the preob -
The everyday, everyday basis works. The everyday world carrier –
vision is based on direct life experience
human - and this is its strength, but it makes little use of experience
other people, the experience of science and culture, the experience of religious
consciousness as an element of world culture - this is its strength -
The everyday worldview is very widespread,
because effort educational institutions and church pastors
often they only touch the very surface of the spirit sphere –
a person’s life and do not always leave a noticeable
3.2 Religious worldview
Religious worldview is a worldview, the main one of which is the religious teachings contained in
such monuments of world spiritual culture as the Bible,
Koran, holy books Buddhists, Talmud and a number of others.
Let us recall that religion also contains a certain picture
world, the doctrine of human destiny, commandments, for example -
involved in the formation of his certain way of life,
to save the soul. Religious worldview also has
strong and weak sides. To his strengths Can
include a close connection with world cultural heritage,
orientation towards solving problems related to spiritual
human needs, the desire to give a person faith in
opportunity to achieve set goals.
The weaknesses of the religious worldview are:
there is intransigence towards other positions in life, not -
sufficient attention to the achievements of science, and sometimes their
ignoring. True, in Lately many gods -
words express the idea that theology faces
the task of developing a new way of thinking,
“about proportionality
God to the changes brought about by science and technology.” But on -
while theologians cannot definitely say “which
it is precisely the type of consent that can be established between laboratories -
a stool and a church bench.”
3.3 Scientific worldview
Is the rightful heir to that direction of the world
Philosophical thought, which in its development is constantly
It was based on the achievements of science. It includes a scientific picture of the world, generalized results of the achievement of human knowledge, principles of relationships
people with natural and artificial habitats.
The scientific worldview also has advantages and disadvantages -
statistics. The advantages include its solid foundation -
the achievements of science, the reality contained in it
goals and ideals, organic connection with production and
social practical activities of people. But you can't
turn a blind eye to the fact that a person has not yet taken over in him -
having a place. Man, humanity, humanity -
this is true global problem present and future.
The development of this triad is an inexhaustible task, but it is impossible to
the ability of the task to be taken does not require detachment from it, but us -
steadfastness in its decision. This is the dominant feature of owls -
belt science, designed to enrich the worldview.
Turn to man, humanity, humanity, if he
will become comprehensive and may become decisive
an ennobling factor for all types of worldviews -
nia; then their main common feature will be humanistic
direction.
This worldview is most promising for activists -
of people striving to achieve the development of society along the path of scientific, technical, social and environmental
who has made progress, but humanity is still at its very best -
began the path to broad mastery of its fundamentals.
Consciously formed worldview
In society, there has long been a conscious desire -
the ability to develop a holistic and well-founded worldview,
within the framework of which the entire history of man would be comprehended
quality, its cognitive and transformative activity -
ity, culture and value orientations. Mi development –
views usually follow a certain tradition,
based on one direction or another in philosophy. Conscious -
strong desire to develop a holistic worldview
exhibit different social groups people, politics -
political parties that see in it the basis not only of their
spiritual unity, but also programs of specific actions
to transform society.
A worldview of this type can be built on the most
different philosophical foundations.
It can be both religious and non-religious, with -
than in the first case its development is carried out with software -
Worldview - a set of views and ideas of a person about the world around him, society and man’s place in the world.
Worldview structure: knowledge, spiritual values, principles, ideals, beliefs.
Forms of worldview:
attitude - a visual-sensory, figurative sense of the integrity of the world and one’s place in the world, based on personal experience, myth, social experience;
worldview - visual, but containing individual reasoning, abstract concepts, theoretical explanations, a representation of the surrounding world, its laws and oneself as part of this world;
worldview - based on a holistic theory, abstract and universal, a well-founded understanding of the essence of the world and the essence of man, a clear idea of the meaning of one’s life and a consistent pursuit of it.
Types of worldview:
ordinary, the source of which is personal experience or public opinion related to daily activities. It is specific, accessible, simple, gives clear and understandable answers to everyday questions;
religious, the source of which is a certain authority endowed with access to supernatural knowledge. It is holistic, answers spiritual questions, questions about the meaning of life;
scientific, based on rationally processed experience. It is evidence-based, clear and strict, but does not solve a person’s life problems;
philosophical, based on reason turned to itself. It is evidence-based, reasonable, holistic, but difficult to access.
1.3. Types of knowledge
Knowledge - the result of cognitive activity.
Cognition - activities aimed at gaining knowledge about the world around us, society and people.
Structure of cognition:
subject (the one who carries out cognition - a person or society as a whole);
object (what cognition is directed at);
knowledge (the result of cognition).
Forms of knowledge:
1. Sensual - cognition through the senses, giving direct knowledge about the external aspects of objects. There are three stages of sensory knowledge:
A) feeling - reflection of individual properties and qualities of objects that directly affect the senses;
b) perception - formation of a holistic image that reflects the integrity of objects and their properties that directly affect the senses;
V) performance - a generalized sensory-visual image of objects and phenomena, which is preserved in consciousness even in the absence of direct influence on the senses.
2. Rational - cognition through thinking, reflecting the essence of cognizable objects. There are three stages of rational knowledge:
a) concept - a form of thought that distinguishes objects according to essential characteristics and generalizes them into a class;
b) judgment - a form of thought that affirms or denies a certain state of affairs, a certain situation;
c) inference - a form of thought that moves from existing judgments to new ones.
Types of knowledge:
1. ordinary - knowledge acquired through practical activities and social interaction
2. mythological - figurative knowledge passed on from generation to generation
3. religious - knowledge based on belief in the supernatural
4. artistic - based on subjective creative revelation
5. scientific - systematic, theoretical, experimentally confirmed knowledge.
6. pseudoscientific - knowledge that imitates science, but is not science.
Epistemology - a branch of philosophy that studies knowledge, namely, the possibilities and limits of knowledge, methods of obtaining knowledge. In epistemology there are two main approaches:
epistemological pessimism (knowledge is impossible or significantly limited);
epistemological optimism (knowledge is possible).
Within the framework of pessimism there are:
the extreme direction is agnosticism, which considers all knowledge impossible, and all knowledge false;
and skepticism, doubting the possibilities of reliable knowledge.
Epistemological optimism is divided into empiricism and rationalism. Empiricists (sensualists) argue that cognition is based only on data from the senses. Rationalists believe that knowledge should be based only on reason.
The types of worldviews are very diverse, because pluralism now dominates in society, that is, “how many people, so many opinions.” You don't have to be a philosopher to find yourself in life. The need for self-determination is necessary for any thinking individual, but it can be realized different ways: based on emotions, thoughts, upbringing or traditions. It is these factors that determine the types of worldviews. So what is it?
View of the world
The concept and types of worldview are a deep philosophical topic. First of all, we need to understand what we are dealing with. In general terms, worldview is a search for the basis of vital human self-affirmation. The individual realizes reality, his uniqueness, difference and unity with the rest of the world. Worldview, its types and forms - this determines a person’s idea of himself and his environment, it is a set of concepts about his relationship with the world, his place in this world and his purpose. This is not just a set of knowledge, but an integral psychological, spiritual and intellectual education, since a person not only receives knowledge about certain world laws, but also evaluates them and “passes” them through himself. This is a synthesis of a number of intellectual and spiritual formations: knowledge, desires, intuition, faith, values, views, beliefs, principles, ideals, life standards, stereotypes, hopes, motivation, goals and more.
Typology
The types and types of worldviews are not just possible varieties. For classification it is necessary to identify typical features. On the basis of this, different worldviews are already being developed. A person’s worldview is a complex structure, and its typology, in comparison with the usual list, is much more capacious and logically justified as a way of familiarization for the purpose of further, more detailed study.
Types of classifications
First of all, there is a classification by structure. The types of worldviews in this typology are as follows: fragmentary, contradictory, holistic, internally consistent and inconsistent. There is also a division according to the degree of adequacy of the interpretation of reality: realistic, fantastic, distorted and adequate to reality. There is an interesting classification in relation to higher entities (their denial or recognition) - skeptical, agnostic, atheistic, religious (theistic). Types of worldview are also classified according to social characteristics, cultural and historical regions and so on. In fact, any person who is interested in philosophical issues can make his own individual adjustments to the classifications and even derive new types.
Functions
Worldview, its types and forms play a very important role important role in the life of any person. Functionally, this is a form of spiritual knowledge that integrates a person into this world and gives life guidelines. Often, a worldview is formed spontaneously: a person is born, acquires certain ideas and beliefs through his parents, environment, social connections, etc. It is the development of one’s vision that allows a person to become himself, to know his “I” - this is the main function.
Varieties
Worldview is a universal human phenomenon, since it is characteristic of every person in a normal state. Roughly speaking, it may be absent in mentally ill people, people with serious mental illnesses, and newborns. It is the character common to all people that predetermines the enormous variety of different views, since individuals see themselves and the world as a whole differently. A type of worldview is a certain category that combines a set of similar parameters and features. It also has a historical character and takes on sociocultural forms. The main types of worldviews: mythological, everyday, scientific, philosophical, artistic and religious. They are arranged in this order not because there are some bad and good, higher or lower. The order was chosen completely randomly. As we see, there is different types worldviews, table with brief characteristics which are presented below.
Ordinary
This type of worldview is a reflection of circumstances Everyday life, awareness own characteristics the existence of each individual individually and the uniqueness of people as a whole. These are lessons about society and life itself, which is why they are so compelling and clear. Other types of human worldview are not so based on everyday experience. Social nature the individual is expressed here most clearly, and carries within itself the experience of generations, the traditions of the people. It is at this level that there is ethnoscience, rituals and customs, folklore, which speaks of many values expressed and enshrined in national characteristics one or another ethnic group. The concept and types of worldview are largely based on the peculiarity of the everyday subtype - common sense. It is he who is reflected and generalized in folk sayings and proverbs, however, one must distinguish between prejudice and wisdom.
Mythological
The types of worldviews people have affect not only social aspect life, but also individually spiritual. The word "myth" has Greek origin and means "tradition". The mythological worldview is one of the earliest forms of world description, which developed from tribal primitive society. All civilizations had their own mythology - the Babylonians, Greeks, Egyptians, Slavs, Germans, Celts, Hindus and so on. All the main types of worldview, speaking in general outline, “grew” from these religious and mystical ideas of our ancestors. All mythologies can be characterized by common features:
- they reflect the dependence of people's lives and their activities on the forces of nature and sacred objects;
- people personified natural phenomena, that is, they endowed them with the properties of the human psyche (the ability to be upset and rejoice, sympathize and be angry, help, harm, forgive and take revenge), thus mastering these forces, better understanding them;
- the personification of the forces of nature and phenomena culminated in polytheism (polytheism) - all mythologies included pagan beliefs as an important component.
What is reflected in this type of worldview? Mythology is a source of information about ancient peoples; it contains important scientific problems. It is she who is the source and arsenal of rich means for creativity. This is the richest and most powerful layer of universal human culture.
Religious
Types of worldview would be incomplete without religious notes. Scientific atheism considered this term as a set of beliefs in the presence of supernatural beings, primitive cults of primitive peoples, world religions (Muslim, Christianity and Buddhism), and pagan beliefs. This definition was very convenient for criticism. In theology, a distinction is made between real (true) and imaginary (false) religion. For example, pagan mythological beliefs are imaginary. Theological terminology is vulnerable from the point of view of simple logic, but there are also correct thoughts. The term “religion” itself comes from Latin word, which meant “conscientiousness.” That is why the religious worldview is based not on belief in the supernatural, but on spiritual and moral values (pagan beliefs were deprived of them). For example, in Christianity, among the “beatitudes” (the main spiritual qualities for any believer), one can distinguish conscience - “purity of heart.” Similar points can be found in other religions. In monotheism, God is presented as the single creator of the whole world, as well as the bearer of all spiritual, moral, moral and ethical values and perfections.
Scientific
Such types of worldviews as scientific and atheistic were developed back in the nineteenth century by Engels. He predicted that in the near future, breathtaking advances in knowledge of the laws of nature will allow the scientific view to do without natural philosophy, develop its own picture of the world, and then supplement and clarify it. This is exactly how it all happened: revolutions in chemistry, biology, physics, the emergence of “smart technology” - cybernetics, space exploration, the ideas of Einstein, Tsiolkovsky, Sakharov, Vavilov, Vernadsky, Feynman and others significantly increased the potential of science in the worldview context. Now there is a purely scientific picture of the world - how it arose, how it developed, how it is structured different levels(mega, micro and macro), what are the basic laws of its being and existence. Naturally, there are still many questions, and theories are often multivariate and hypothetical, but there is already a large number of objective laws. The main value of the scientific worldview is Nature laws, society, physics, chemistry. Such a person strives to understand everything and bring it to a logical basis - both his own view and other types of worldview. A table with mathematical data, a formula, a graph - all this is a kind of sacred symbols for this kind of people.
Artistic
There are such types of artistic worldview: the artist’s own vision of the surrounding reality, the implementation of the credo of a creative personality in works of art, the experiences and impressions of the perceiving people. One feature of art - the ability to express human individuality - was once exploited by existentialism. Creativity does not simply copy individual characteristics, it expresses them as a truly existing manifestation of what is aesthetically beautiful and meaningful. It is thanks to art that a person is spiritually enriched, absorbs the idea and feeling of beauty. Beautiful is not always “physically beautiful”. It is the artistic worldview that considers life as the ideal of the beautiful and the most valuable thing that any person has. Life goals people with similar views are far from ideological, commercial, political, advertising, educational, educational. However, it turns out that art can greatly influence a person’s emotions, and elements of creativity are often used in the above areas of life.
Introduction: what is philosophy
Worldview
Origins of philosophy
Philosophical worldview
The problem of the scientific nature of the philosophical worldview
The purpose of philosophy
Philosophy is one of the most ancient areas of knowledge and spiritual culture. Originating in the 7th-6th centuries BC. in India, China, Ancient Greece, it became a stable form of consciousness that interested people in all subsequent centuries. The vocation of philosophers has become the search for answers to questions, and the very formulation of questions related to worldview.
Representatives of different professions may be interested in philosophy from at least two points of view. It is needed for better orientation in one’s specialty, but most importantly, it is necessary for understanding life in all its fullness and complexity. In the first case, the field of attention includes philosophical questions of physics, mathematics, biology, history, medical, engineering, pedagogical and other activities, artistic creativity and many others. But there are philosophical issues that concern us not only as specialists, but as citizens and people in general. And this is no less important than the first. In addition to erudition, which helps solve professional problems, each of us needs something more - a broad outlook, the ability to understand the essence of what is happening in the world, to see trends in its development. It is also important to understand the meaning and purpose own life: why are we doing this or that, what are we striving for, what will it give to people, will it lead us to collapse and bitter disappointment. General ideas about the world and man, on the basis of which people live and act, are called worldview.
To answer the question of what philosophy is, it is necessary, at least general view, clarify what a worldview is.
Concept of worldview
Worldview is a set of views, assessments, principles that determine the most general vision, understanding of the world, a person’s place in it, as well as life positions, programs of behavior, and actions of people. Worldview is a necessary component of human consciousness. This is not just one of its elements among many others, but their complex interaction. Heterogeneous “blocks” of knowledge, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, moods, aspirations, hopes, united in a worldview, form a more or less holistic understanding of the world and themselves by people. The worldview summarizes the cognitive, value, and behavioral spheres in their interrelation.
The life of people in society is historical in nature. Either slowly, or accelerated, intensively, all its components change over time: technical means and the nature of work, relationships between people and the people themselves, their feelings, thoughts, interests. People's views on the world also change, capturing and refracting the changes in their social existence. The worldview of a given time expresses its general intellectual, psychological mood, the “spirit” of the era, country, and certain social forces. This allows (on the scale of history) to sometimes conditionally speak about a worldview in a summary, impersonal form. However, in reality, beliefs, standards of life, and ideals are formed in the experience and consciousness of specific people. This means that in addition to the typical views that determine the life of the entire society, the worldview of each era lives and operates in many group and individual variants. And yet, in the diversity of worldviews, a fairly stable set of their main “components” can be traced. It's clear, we're talking about not about their mechanical connection. The worldview is integral: the connection of the components, their “fusion” is fundamentally important in it. And, as in an alloy, different combinations of elements, their proportions give different results, so something similar happens with the worldview. What are the components that make up a worldview?
Generalized knowledge—life-practical, professional, scientific—includes and plays an important role in the worldview. The degree of cognitive richness, validity, thoughtfulness, and internal consistency of worldviews varies. The more solid the stock of knowledge of a particular people or person in a particular era, the more serious support - in this regard - a worldview can receive. A naive, unenlightened consciousness does not have sufficient intellectual means to clearly substantiate its views, often turning to fantastic inventions, beliefs, and customs.
The need for world orientation makes its own demands on knowledge. What is important here is not just a collection of all kinds of information from different areas or “much learning,” which, as the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus explained, “does not teach intelligence.” The English philosopher F. Bacon expressed the conviction that painstakingly obtaining ever new facts (reminiscent of the work of an ant) without summing them up and comprehending them does not promise success in science. Raw, scattered material is even less effective for forming or substantiating a worldview. This requires generalized ideas about the world, attempts to recreate its holistic picture, and an understanding of the relationship various areas, identifying general trends and patterns.
Knowledge - despite its importance - does not fill the entire field of worldview. In addition to a special kind of knowledge about the world (including the human world), the worldview also clarifies the semantic basis of human life. In other words, value systems are formed here (ideas of good, evil, beauty, etc.), finally, “images” of the past and “projects” of the future are formed, certain ways of life and behavior are approved (condemned), and action programs are built. All three components of the worldview - knowledge, values, action programs - are interconnected.
At the same time, knowledge and values are in many ways “polar”: opposite in essence. Cognition is driven by the desire for truth - objective comprehension of the real world. Values characterize that special attitude of people to everything that happens, in which their goals, needs, interests, and ideas about the meaning of life are combined. Value consciousness is responsible for moral, aesthetic and other norms and ideals. The most important concepts with which value consciousness has long been associated are the concepts of good and evil, beautiful and ugly. Through correlation with norms and ideals, assessment of what is happening is carried out. The value system plays a very important role both in the individual and in the group and social worldview. With all their heterogeneity, the cognitive and value ways of mastering the world in human consciousness and action are somehow balanced and brought into agreement. Such opposites as intellect and emotions are also combined in their worldview.
