What are dangerous natural phenomena. Various natural phenomena

Grishin Denis

Natural disasters have threatened the inhabitants of our planet since the beginning of civilization. Somewhere more, elsewhere less. There is no 100% security anywhere. Natural disasters can cause enormous damage. In recent years, the number of earthquakes, floods, landslides and other natural Disasters is constantly growing. In my essay, I want to consider dangerous natural processes in Russia.

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NIZHNY NOVGOROD CITY ADMINISTRATION

Municipal budgetary educational institution

secondary school No. 148

Scientific Society of Students

Dangerous natural phenomena in Russia

Completed by: Grishin Denis,

6th grade student

Supervisor:

Sinyagina Marina Evgenievna,

geography teacher

Nizhny Novgorod

27.12.2011

PLAN

Page

Introduction

Chapter 1. Hazardous natural phenomena (emergencies natural character).

1.1. concept emergencies.

1.2 Natural disasters of a geographical nature.

1.3 Natural disasters of a meteorological nature.

1.4 Natural disasters of a hydrological nature.

1.5. Natural fires.

Chapter 2. Natural disasters in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Chapter 3. Measures to combat natural disasters.

Conclusion

Literature

Applications

Introduction

In my essay, I want to consider dangerous natural processes.

Natural disasters have threatened the inhabitants of our planet since the beginning of civilization. Somewhere more, elsewhere less. There is no 100% security anywhere. Natural disasters can cause enormous damage.

Natural emergencies (natural disasters) have been on the rise in recent years. Volcanoes are becoming more active (Kamchatka), earthquakes are becoming more frequent (Kamchatka, Sakhalin, the Kuriles, Transbaikalia, the North Caucasus), and their destructive power is increasing. Floods have become almost regular (Far East, Caspian lowland, Southern Urals, Siberia), landslides are not uncommon along rivers and in mountainous areas. Ice, snowdrifts, storms, hurricanes and tornadoes visit Russia every year.

Unfortunately, in the zones of periodic flooding, the construction of multi-storey buildings continues, which increases the concentration of the population, underground communications are being laid, and dangerous industries are operating. All this leads to the fact that the usualfloods in these places, causing more and more catastrophic consequences.

In recent years, the number of earthquakes, floods, landslides and other natural disasters has been constantly increasing.

The purpose of my essay is to study natural emergencies.

The purpose of my work is to study dangerous natural processes(natural emergencies) and disaster protection measures.

1. The concept of natural emergencies

1.1.Natural emergencies -the situation in a certain territory or water area as a result of the occurrence of a source of natural emergencies that may or will entail human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant losses and disruption of people's living conditions.

Natural emergencies are distinguished by the nature of the source and scale.

Natural emergencies themselves are very diverse. Therefore, based on the causes (conditions) of occurrence, they are divided into groups:

1) dangerous geophysical phenomena;

2) dangerous geological phenomena;

3) dangerous meteorological phenomena;

4) marine dangerous hydrometeorological phenomena;

5) dangerous hydrological phenomena;

6) natural fires.

Below I want to take a closer look at these types of natural emergencies.

1.2. Natural disasters of a geophysical nature

Natural disasters associated with geological natural phenomena are divided into disasters caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

EARTHQUAKE are earth tremors and vibrations earth's surface caused mainly by geophysical reasons.

Complex processes are constantly taking place in the bowels of the earth. Under the action of deep tectonic forces, stresses arise, the layers of earth rocks are deformed, compressed into folds and, with the onset of critical overloads, they are displaced and torn, forming faults in the earth's crust. The gap is made by an instantaneous shock or a series of shocks that have the nature of a blow. During an earthquake, the energy accumulated in the depths is discharged. The energy released at depth is transmitted through elastic waves in the thickness of the earth's crust and reaches the surface of the Earth, where destruction occurs.

Two main seismic belts are known: the Mediterranean-Asian and the Pacific.

The main parameters characterizing an earthquake are their intensity and focus depth. The intensity of the manifestation of an earthquake on the surface of the Earth is estimated in points (see Fig. Table 1 in the Appendices).

Earthquakes are also classified according to the reason they occur. They can arise as a result of tectonic and volcanic manifestations, landslides (rock bursts, landslides) and, finally, as a result of human activity (filling reservoirs, pumping water into wells).

Of considerable interest is the classification of earthquakes not only by magnitude, but also by number (recurrence frequency) during the year on our planet.

Volcanic activity

arises as a result of constant active processes occurring in the depths of the Earth. After all, the inside is constantly in a heated state. During tectonic processes, cracks form in the earth's crust. Magma rushes along them to the surface. The process is accompanied by the release of water vapor and gases, which create enormous pressure, removing obstacles in their path. When reaching the surface, part of the magma turns into slag, and the other part pours out in the form of lava. From the vapors and gases released into the atmosphere, volcanic rocks called tephra are deposited on the ground.

According to the degree of activity, volcanoes are classified into active, dormant and extinct. The active ones include those that erupted in historical time. Extinct, on the contrary, did not erupt. Dormers are characterized by the fact that they periodically manifest themselves, but it does not come to an eruption.

The most dangerous phenomena that accompany volcanic eruptions are lava flows, tephra fallout, volcanic mud flows, volcanic floods, scorching volcanic clouds and volcanic gases.

lava flows - These are molten rocks with a temperature of 900 - 1000 °. The flow rate depends on the slope of the cone of the volcano, the degree of viscosity of the lava and its amount. The speed range is quite wide: from a few centimeters to several kilometers per hour. In some and most dangerous cases, it reaches 100 km, but most often does not exceed 1 km / h.

Tephra is made up of fragments of hardened lava. The largest ones are called volcanic bombs, the smaller ones are called volcanic sand, and the smallest ones are called ash.

mud streams - these are powerful layers of ash on the slopes of the volcano, which are in an unstable position. When new portions of ash fall on them, they slide down the slope

Volcanic floods. When glaciers melt during eruptions, huge amounts of water can form very quickly, which leads to floods.

A scorching volcanic cloud is a mixture of hot gases and tephra. Damage it is due to the appearance of a shock wave ( strong wind), propagating at speeds up to 40 km/h, and a shaft of heat with temperatures up to 1000°.

Volcanic gases. The eruption is always accompanied by the release of gases mixed with water vapor - a mixture of sulfur and sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in gaseous state, as well as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in high concentrations, deadly to humans.

Classification of volcanoesproduced according to the conditions of their occurrence and the nature of the activity. On the first basis, four types are distinguished.

1) Volcanoes in subduction zones or zones of subduction of the oceanic plate under the continental one. Due to thermal concentration in the bowels.

2) Volcanoes in rift zones. They arise in connection with the weakening of the earth's crust and the bulging of the boundary between the crust and mantle of the earth. The formation of volcanoes here is associated with tectonic phenomena.

3) Volcanoes in zones of large faults. There are ruptures (faults) in many places in the earth's crust. There is a slow accumulation of tectonic forces that can turn into a sudden seismic explosion with volcanic manifestations.

4) Volcanoes of "hot spots" zones. In some areas under the ocean floor in the earth's crust, "hot spots" are formed, where a particularly high thermal energy. In these places, rocks melt and come to the surface in the form of basalt lava.

According to the nature of activity, volcanoes are divided into five types (see Fig. Table 2)

1.3. Natural disasters of a geological nature

Natural disasters of a geological nature include landslides, mudflows, snow avalanches, collapses, subsidence of the earth's surface as a result of karst phenomena.

Landslides is the sliding displacement of the masses rocks downhill under the influence of gravity. They are formed in various rocks as a result of a violation of their balance or a weakening of strength. Caused by both natural and artificial (anthropogenic) causes. The natural ones include: an increase in the steepness of the slopes, washing away their bases with sea and river waters, seismic tremors. Artificial are the destruction of slopes by road cuts, excessive removal of soil, deforestation, unreasonable management Agriculture on the slopes. According to international statistics, up to 80% of modern landslides are associated with human activities. they are at any time of the year, but mostly in the spring and summer.

Landslides are classifiedon the scale of the phenomenon, the speed of movement and activity, the mechanism of the process, the power and place of formation.

Landslides are classified according to their scale into large, medium and small scale.

Large ones are caused, as a rule, by natural causes and are formed along the slopes for hundreds of meters. Their thickness reaches 10 - 20 or more meters. The landslide body often retains its solidity.

Medium and small scale are smaller and are characteristic of anthropogenic processes.

The scale is often characterized by the area involved in the process. The speed of movement is very different.

By activity, landslides are divided into active and inactive. The main factors here are the rocks of the slopes and the presence of moisture. Depending on the amount of moisture, they are divided into dry, slightly wet, wet and very wet.

According to the mechanism of the process, they are divided into: shear landslides, extrusion, viscoplastic, hydrodynamic removal, sudden liquefaction. Often have signs of a combined mechanism.

According to the place of formation, they are divided into mountain, underwater, adjacent and artificial earth structures (pits, channels, rock dumps).

Mudflow (mudflow)

A turbulent mud or mud-stone stream, consisting of a mixture of water and rock fragments, suddenly arising in the basins of small mountain rivers. It is characterized by a sharp rise in the water level, wave movement, a short duration of action (on average from one to three hours), and a significant erosive-accumulative destructive effect.

The immediate causes of graying are showers, intense snowmelt, breakthrough of reservoirs, less often earthquakes, volcanic eruptions.

All mudflows are divided into three types according to the mechanism of origin: erosion, breakthrough and landslide-landslide.

In the case of erosion, the water flow is first saturated with clastic material due to flushing and erosion of the adjacent soil, and then a mudflow wave is already formed.

During a landslide, the mass breaks down to saturated rocks (including snow and ice). The saturation of the flow in this case is close to the maximum.

In recent years, technogenic factors have been added to the natural causes of the formation of mudflows: violation of the rules and norms of mining enterprises, explosions during the laying of roads and the construction of other structures, logging, improper agricultural work and violation of the soil and vegetation cover.

When moving, mudflow is a continuous stream of mud, stones and water. On the basis of the main factors in the occurrence of mudflows are classified as follows;

Zonal manifestation. The main factor in the formation is climatic conditions (precipitation). They are zonal. The descent occurs systematically. The paths of movement are relatively constant;

regional manifestation. The main factor in the formation geological processes. The descent occurs episodically, and the paths of movement are inconsistent;

Anthropogenic. It is the result of human activity. Occur where the greatest load on the mountain landscape. New mudflow basins are being formed. The gathering is episodic.

snow avalanches - snow masses falling from the slopes of the mountains under the influence of gravity.

Snow accumulating on mountain slopes, under the influence of gravity and weakening of structural bonds within the snow mass, slides or falls off the slope. Having started its movement, it quickly picks up speed, capturing new snow masses, stones and other objects along the way. The movement continues to more gentle sections or the bottom of the valley, where it slows down and stops.

The formation of avalanches occurs within the avalanche focus. An avalanche center is a section of a slope and its foot, within which an avalanche moves. Each focus consists of 3 zones: origin (avalanche collection), transit (tray), avalanche stop (removal cone).

Avalanche-forming factors include: the height of old snow, the state of the underlying surface, the growth of freshly fallen snow, snow density, snowfall intensity, snow cover settling, snowstorm redistribution of snow cover, air temperature and snow cover.

The release range is important for assessing the possibility of hitting objects located in avalanche zones. Distinguish maximum range emission and the most probable, or long-term average. The most probable range of release is determined directly on the ground. It is evaluated if it is necessary to place structures in the avalanche zone for a long period. It coincides with the boundary of the avalanche source fan.

The frequency of avalanches is an important temporal characteristic of avalanche activity. Distinguish between the average long-term and intra-annual recurrence of the descent. The density of avalanche snow is one of the most important physical parameters, which determines the impact force of the snow mass, labor costs for its clearing or the ability to move along it.

How are they classified?

According to the nature of movement and depending on the structure of the avalanche source, the following three types are distinguished: trough (moves along a specific runoff channel or avalanche chute), wasp (snow landslide, does not have a specific runoff channel and slides across the entire width of the site), jumping (arises from trough where there are sheer walls or sections with a sharply increasing steepness in the drain channel).

According to the degree of repetition, they are divided into two classes - systematic and sporadic. Systematic descend every year or once every 2-3 years. Sporadic - 1-2 times in 100 years. It is rather difficult to determine their place in advance.

1.4. Natural disasters of a meteorological nature

All of them are divided into disasters caused by:

blown by the wind including a storm, a hurricane, a tornado (at a speed of 25 m/s or more, for the Arctic and Far Eastern seas - 30 m/s or more);

heavy rain (with precipitation of 50 mm or more for 12 hours or less, and in mountainous, mudflow and rainy areas - 30 mm or more for 12 hours or less);

large hail (with a hailstone diameter of 20 mm or more);

Heavy snowfall (with precipitation of 20 mm or more in 12 hours or less);

- heavy snowstorms(wind speed 15 m/s or more);

dust storms;

frost (when the air temperature drops below 0°C during the growing season on the soil surface);

- severe frost or extreme heat.

These natural phenomena, in addition to tornadoes, hail and squalls, lead to natural disasters, as a rule, in three cases: when they occur in one third of the territory of the region (krai, republic), cover several administrative regions and last at least 6 hours.

Hurricanes and storms

In the narrow sense of the word, a hurricane is defined as a large wind destructive force and of considerable duration, the speed of which is approximately equal to 32 m/s or more (12 points on the Beaufort scale).

A storm is a wind that is slower than a hurricane. Losses and destruction from storms are significantly less than from hurricanes. Sometimes a strong storm is called a storm.

The most important characteristic of a hurricane is its wind speed.

The average duration of a hurricane is 9 - 12 days.

A storm is characterized by a lower wind speed than a hurricane (15-31 m/s). Duration of storms- from several hours to several days, width - from tens to several hundreds of kilometers. Both of them are often accompanied by fairly significant precipitation.

Hurricanes and storm winds in winter conditions often lead to snowstorms, when huge masses of snow move at high speed from one place to another. Their duration can be from several hours to several days. Especially dangerous are snowstorms that take place simultaneously with snowfall, at low temperatures or with sharp changes in it.

Classification of hurricanes and storms.Hurricanes are usually divided into tropical and extratropical. Besides, tropical hurricanes often divided into hurricanes originating over the Atlantic Ocean and over the Pacific. The latter are called typhoons.

There is no generally accepted, established classification of storms. Most often they are divided into two groups: vortex and flow. Vortexes are complex eddy formations caused by cyclonic activity and extending to large areas. Streams are local phenomena of small distribution.

Vortex storms are subdivided into dust, snow and squall storms. In winter they turn into snow. In Russia, such storms are often called blizzard, snowstorm, snowstorm.

Tornado - this is an ascending vortex, consisting of extremely rapidly rotating air mixed with particles of moisture, sand, dust and other suspensions. It is a rapidly rotating air funnel hanging from a cloud and falling to the ground in the form of a trunk.

Occurs both above the water surface and over land. Most often - during hot weather and high humidity, when air instability in the lower layers of the atmosphere appears especially sharply.

Funnel - main component tornado. It is a spiral vortex. Its inner cavity in diameter is from tens to hundreds of meters.

It is extremely difficult to predict the place and time of the appearance of a tornado.Tornado classification.

Most often they are subdivided according to their structure: dense (sharply limited) and vague (indistinctly limited). In addition, tornadoes are divided into 4 groups: dust whirlwinds, small short-term action, small long-term action, and hurricane whirlwinds.

Small short-acting tornadoes have a path length of no more than a kilometer, but have significant destructive power. They are relatively rare. The length of the path of small long-acting tornadoes is estimated at several kilometers. Hurricane whirlwinds are larger tornadoes and travel several tens of kilometers during their movement.

Dust (sand) stormsaccompanied by a transfer a large number soil and sand particles. They arise in desert, semi-desert and plowed steppes and are capable of carrying millions of tons of dust over hundreds and even thousands of kilometers, covering an area of ​​several hundred thousand square kilometers.

Dustless storms. They are characterized by the absence of dust entrainment into the air and a relatively smaller scale of destruction and damage. However, with further movement, they can turn into a dust or snow storm, depending on the composition and condition of the earth's surface and the presence of snow cover.

snow storms characterized by significant wind speeds, which contributes to the movement of huge masses of snow through the air in winter. Their duration varies from several hours to several days. They have a relatively narrow band of action (up to several tens of kilometers).

1.5. Natural disasters of a hydrological nature and marine hazardous hydrometeorological phenomena

These natural phenomena are divided into disasters caused by:

High water level - floods, in which the lowered parts of cities and other settlements, crops are flooded, damage to industrial and transport facilities;

Low water level, when navigation, water supply of cities and national economic facilities, irrigation systems are disrupted;

Mudflows (during the breakthrough of dammed and moraine lakes that threaten settlements, road and other structures);

Snow avalanches (in case of a threat to settlements, automobile and railways, power lines, industrial and agricultural facilities);

Early freezing and the appearance of ice on navigable water bodies.

To marine hydrological phenomena: tsunamis, strong waves on the seas and oceans, tropical cyclones(typhoons), pressure of ice and their intensive drift.

floods - this is flooding with water adjacent to a river, lake or reservoir area, which causes material damage, damages the health of the population or leads to death of people. If flooding is not accompanied by damage, it is a flood of rivers, lakes, reservoirs.

Particularly dangerous floods are observed on the rivers of rain and glacier feeding or a combination of these two factors.

High water is a significant and rather long rise in the water level in the river, which repeats annually in the same season. Usually floods are caused by spring snowmelt on the plains or rainfall.

A flood is an intense, relatively short-term rise in the water level. It is formed by heavy rains, sometimes by melting snow during winter thaws.

The most important basic characteristics are the maximum level and maximum flow of water during the flood. FROM the area, layer and duration of flooding of the area are related to the maximum level. One of the main characteristics is the rate of rise of the water level.

For large river basins, an important factor is one or another combination of flood waves of individual tributaries.

For flood cases, the factors affecting the values ​​of the main characteristics include: the amount of precipitation, their intensity, duration, coverage area preceding precipitation, basin moisture content, soil water permeability, basin topography, river slopes, presence and depth of permafrost.

Ice jams and ice jams on rivers

Congestion An accumulation of ice in a channel that limits the flow of a river. As a result, water rises and spills.

The jam is usually formed at the end of winter and in the spring when rivers open up during the destruction of the ice cover. It consists of large and small ice floes.

Zazhor - a phenomenon similar to ice jam. However, firstly, a jam consists of an accumulation of loose ice (sludge, small ice floes), while a jam is an accumulation of large and, to a lesser extent, small ice floes. Secondly, ice jam occurs at the beginning of winter, while ice jam occurs at the end of winter and in spring.

The main reason for the formation of congestion is the delay in the opening of ice on those rivers where the edge of the ice cover in the spring shifts from top to bottom. At the same time, crushed ice moving from above meets on its way an ice cover that has not yet been broken. The sequence of opening the river from top to bottom is necessary, but insufficient condition congestion occurs. The main condition is created only when the surface velocity of the water flow during the opening is quite significant.

Zazhors are formed on the rivers during the formation of the ice cover. A necessary condition for the formation is the occurrence of in-water ice in the channel and its involvement under the edge of the ice cover. In this case, the surface velocity of the current, as well as the air temperature during the freezing period, are of decisive importance.

Surges is the rise in water level caused by the action of wind on the water surface. Such phenomena occur in sea estuaries. major rivers as well as on large lakes and reservoirs.

The main condition for the occurrence is a strong and prolonged wind, which is typical for deep cyclones.

Tsunami are long waves resulting from underwater earthquakes, as well as volcanic eruptions or landslides on the seabed.

Their source is at the bottom of the ocean,

In 90% of cases, tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes.

Often, before a tsunami begins, water recedes far from the coast, exposing the seabed. Then the impending one becomes visible. At the same time, thunderous sounds are heard, created by an air wave, which the water mass carries in front of it.

The possible scale of consequences is classified by severity:

1 point - the tsunami is very weak (the wave is recorded only by instruments);

2 points - weak (it can flood a flat coast. Only specialists notice it);

3 points - average (noted by all. The flat coast is flooded. Light ships may be washed ashore. Port facilities may receive minor damage);

4 points - strong (the coast is flooded. Coastal buildings are damaged. Large sailing and small motor vessels can be washed ashore, and then washed back into the sea. Human casualties are possible);

5 points - very strong (coastal areas are flooded. Breakwaters and breakwaters are badly damaged, Large ships are washed ashore. There are casualties. Material damage is great).

1.6. natural fires

This concept includes forest fires, fires of steppe and grain massifs, peat and underground fires of fossil fuels. We will focus only on forest fires, as the most common phenomenon that brings enormous losses and sometimes leads to human casualties.

Forest fires - this is an uncontrolled burning of vegetation, spontaneously spreading through the forest area.

In hot weather, if there is no rain for 15 to 18 days, the forest becomes so dry that any careless handling of fire causes a fire that quickly spreads through the forest area. A negligible number of fires occur from lightning discharges and spontaneous combustion of peat chips. The possibility of forest fires is determined by the degree of fire danger. For this purpose, a "Scale for assessing forest areas according to the degree of risk of fires in them" was developed (see. Table 3)

Forest fire classification

Depending on the nature of the fire and the composition of the forest, fires are divided into grassroots, riding, soil. Almost all of them at the beginning of their development are grassroots and, if certain conditions are created, they pass into upland or soil.

The most important characteristics are the speed of propagation of ground and crown fires, the depth of burning underground. Therefore, they are divided into weak, medium and strong. According to the speed of the spread of fire, grassroots and horseback are divided into stable and runaway ones. The intensity of burning depends on the state and stock of combustible materials, the slope of the terrain, the time of day, and especially the strength of the wind.

2. Natural emergencies in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

The territory of the region has a fairly large variety of climatic, landscape and geological conditions, which causes the occurrence of various natural phenomena. The most dangerous of them are those that can cause significant material damage and lead to death of people.

- dangerous meteorological processes:squally and hurricane winds, heavy rain and snow, showers, large hail, strong blizzard, hard frost, ice-frost deposits on wires, heatwave(high fire hazard due to weather conditions);agrometeorological,such as frost, drought;

- dangerous hydrological processes,such as high water (in the spring period, the rivers of the region are characterized by high water levels, possible separation of coastal ice floes, jamming phenomena), rain flood, low levels water (in summer, autumn and winter, water levels are likely to drop to unfavorable and dangerous levels);hydrometeorological(separation of coastal ice floes with people);

- natural fires(forest, peat, steppe and wetland fires);

- dangerous geological phenomena and processes:(landslides, karsts, subsidence of loess rocks, erosion and abrasion processes, slope washouts).

Over the past thirteen years, of all registered natural phenomena that had a negative impact on the life of the population and the operation of economic facilities, the share of meteorological (agrometeorological) hazards was 54%, exogenous-geological - 18%, hydrometeorological - 5%, hydrological - 3%, large forest fires - 20%.

The frequency of occurrence and the territory of distribution of the above natural phenomena in the region are not the same. The actual data of 1998 - 2010 make it possible to classify meteorological phenomena (damaging squally wind increases, the passage of thunderstorm fronts with hail, ice-frost deposits on wires) as the most common and frequently observed - annually, on average, 10 - 12 cases are recorded.

At the end of winter and the spring period of each year, events are held to rescue people from detached coastal ice floes.

Natural fires occur annually and water levels rise during the flood period. Adverse consequences of the passage of forest fires and high water levels are recorded quite rarely, which is due to pre-planned preparations for the flood and the fire hazard period.

spring flood

The passage of high water in the region is observed from the end of March to May. According to the degree of danger, the flood in the region belongs to a moderately dangerous type, when the maximum levels of water rise by 0.8 - 1.5 m exceed the levels of the beginning of flooding, flooding of coastal areas (emergency situations at the municipal level). The floodplain area of ​​the river is 40 - 60%. Settlements are usually subject to partial flooding. The frequency of exceeding the water level above the critical level is every 10 - 20 years. Excesses of critical levels on most of the region's rivers were registered in 1994, 2005. In varying degrees, the action of processes of a hydrological nature during the period spring flood 38 districts of the region are affected. The results of the processes are flooding and flooding of residential buildings, livestock and agricultural complexes, destruction of road sections, bridges, dams, dams, damage to power lines, and activation of landslides. According to recent data, the areas most prone to floods were Arzamas, Bolsheboldinsky, Buturlinsky, Vorotynsky, Gaginsky, Kstovsky, Perevozsky, Pavlovsky, Pochinkovsky, Pilninsky, Semenovsky, Sosnovsky, Urensky and Shatkovsky.

Increased ice thickness can cause congestion on rivers during the opening period. The number of ice jams on the rivers of the region reaches an average of 3-4 per year. The floods (floods) caused by them are most likely in settlements x located along the banks of rivers flowing from south to north, the opening of which occurs in the direction from the source to the mouth.

Forest fires

In total, there are 304 settlements in the region in 2 urban districts and 39 municipal areas, which may be subject to negative impact forest peat fires.

The danger of wildfires is associated with the occurrence of large wildfires. Fires, the area of ​​which reaches 50 hectares, account for 14% of the total number of large forest fires, fires from 50 to 100 hectares occupy 6% of the total, fires from 100 to 500 hectares - 13%; the proportion of large forest fires exceeding 500 hectares is small - 3%. This ratio changed significantly in 2010, when the bulk (42%) of large forest fires reached an area of ​​more than 500 ha.

The number and area of ​​wildfires vary significantly from year to year, because they directly depend on weather conditions and anthropogenic factor (forest attendance, preparation for the fire season, etc.).

It should be noted that in almost the entire territory of Russia in the period up to 2015. to be expected in summer periods an increase in the number of days with high air temperatures. At the same time, the probabilities of extremely long periods with critical air temperatures will increase significantly. As a result, by 2015 compared to the current values, an increase in the number of days with a fire hazard is predicted.

1. DISASTER PROTECTION MEASURES.

For many centuries, humanity has developed a fairly coherent system of measures to protect against natural disasters, the implementation of which in various parts of the world could significantly reduce the number of human casualties and the amount of material damage. But until today, unfortunately, we can only talk about individual examples of successful opposition to the elements. Nevertheless, it is advisable to once again list the main principles of protection against natural disasters and compensation for their consequences. A clear and timely forecast of the time, place and intensity of a natural disaster is necessary. This makes it possible to timely notify the population about the expected impact of the elements. A well-understood warning allows people to prepare for dangerous phenomenon either by temporary evacuation, or by building protective engineering structures, or by fortifying one's own houses, livestock buildings, etc. The experience of the past must be taken into account, and its hard lessons must be brought to the attention of the population with the explanation that such a disaster may happen again. In some countries, the state is buying up land in areas of potential natural disasters and organizing subsidized transfers from hazardous areas. Importance to reduce losses due to natural disasters has insurance.

An important role in the prevention of damage from natural disasters belongs to the engineering-geographical zoning of zones of possible natural disasters, as well as the development of building codes and regulations that strictly regulate the type and nature of construction.

IN various countries sufficiently flexible legislation on economic activity in areas of natural disasters has been developed. If a natural disaster occurred in a populated area and the population was not evacuated in advance, emergency rescue operations are carried out, followed by repair and restoration.

Conclusion

So, I studied natural emergencies.

I have come to the conclusion that there is a wide variety of natural disasters. These are dangerous geophysical phenomena; dangerous geological phenomena; dangerous meteorological phenomena; marine dangerous hydrometeorological phenomena; dangerous hydrological phenomena; natural fires. There are 6 types and 31 species in total.

Natural emergencies can lead to human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant losses and disruption of people's living conditions.

From the point of view of the possibility of carrying out preventive measures, hazardous natural processes, as a source of emergency situations, can be predicted with a very short lead time.

In recent years, the number of earthquakes, floods, landslides and other natural disasters has been constantly increasing. This cannot go unnoticed.

List of used literature

1. V.Yu. Mikryukov "Ensuring life safety" Moscow - 2000.

2. Hwang T.A., Hwang P.A. Life safety. - Rostov n / a: "Phoenix", 2003. - 416 p.

3. Reference data on emergencies of technogenic, natural and ecological origin: At 3 o'clock - M.: GO USSR, 1990.

4. Emergencies: a brief description of and classification: Proc. allowance / Ed. allowances A.P. Zaitsev. - 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - M.: Zhurn. "Military knowledge", 2000.

| Materials for life safety lessons for grade 7 | Schedule for the academic year | Natural emergencies

Fundamentals of life safety
7th grade

Lesson 1
Natural emergencies

Distinguish concepts "dangerous natural phenomenon" And "disaster".

Dangerous natural phenomenon - this is an event of natural origin or the result of the activity of natural processes, which, by their intensity, scale of distribution and duration, can have a damaging effect on people, economic facilities and the natural environment.

TO natural hazards include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, storms, tornadoes, landslides, mudflows, forest fires, sharp thaws, sharp cold snaps, warm winters, severe thunderstorms, droughts, etc. But not all, but only those that adversely affect people's livelihoods, the economy and the natural environment.

Such phenomena cannot include, for example, an earthquake in a desert area where no one lives, or a powerful landslide in an uninhabited mountainous area. They also do not include phenomena that occur in places where people live, but do not cause abrupt change their living conditions, do not lead to the death or injury of people, the destruction of buildings, communications, etc.

Disaster - this is a destructive natural and (or) natural-anthropogenic phenomenon or process of a significant scale, as a result of which a threat to life and health of people may arise or arise, destruction or destruction of material assets and components of the natural environment may occur.

They arise under the influence atmospheric phenomena(hurricanes, heavy snowfalls, heavy rains), fire (forest and peat fires), changes in water levels in reservoirs (floods, floods), processes occurring in the soil and the earth's crust (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, mudflows, landslides, tsunamis).

An approximate ratio of the frequency of occurrence of natural hazards by their types.

Natural disasters are usually natural emergencies. They can occur independently of each other, and sometimes one natural disaster leads to another. As a result of earthquakes, for example, avalanches or landslides can occur. And some natural disasters happen due to human activity, sometimes unreasonable (a cigarette butt left unextinguished or an unextinguished fire, for example, often leads to a forest fire, explosions in mountainous areas when laying roads - to landslides, landslides, snow avalanches).

So, the occurrence of a natural emergency is a consequence of a natural phenomenon, in which there is a direct threat to the life and health of people, material values ​​​​and the natural environment are destroyed and destroyed.

Typification of natural phenomena according to the degree of danger

Such phenomena can have a different origin, which became the basis for the classification of natural emergencies shown in Scheme 1.

Each natural disaster affects a person and his health in its own way. People suffer the most from floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and droughts. And only about 10% of the damage caused by them falls on other natural disasters.

The territory of Russia is exposed to the most various types dangerous natural phenomena. At the same time, there are significant differences in their manifestation in comparison with other countries. Thus, the historically established zone of the main settlement of the population of Russia (from the European part along the south of Siberia to the Far East) approximately coincides with the zone of the least manifestation of such natural hazards as earthquakes, hurricanes and tsunamis (except for the Far East). At the same time, the high prevalence of unfavorable and dangerous natural processes and phenomena is associated with cold, snowy winters. In general, the damage caused by natural emergencies in Russia is below the world average due to a significantly lower population density and the location of hazardous industries, as well as as a result of the adoption of preventive measures.

Changes are constantly taking place in nature and weather, sometimes it snows, sometimes it rains, sometimes the sun bakes, sometimes clouds appear. All these are called natural phenomena or phenomena of nature. Natural phenomena are changes that occur in nature regardless of the will of man. Many natural phenomena are associated with the change of seasons (seasons), so they are called seasonal. For each season, and we have 4 of them - this is spring, summer, autumn, winter, its natural and weather phenomena are characteristic. Nature is usually divided into living (these are animals and plants) and non-living. Therefore, phenomena are also divided into phenomena of living nature and phenomena inanimate nature. Of course, these phenomena intersect, but some of them are especially characteristic of a particular season.

In the spring, after a long winter, the sun warms up more and more, ice drifts on the river, thawed patches appear on the ground, buds swell, the first green grass grows. The day is getting longer and the night is getting shorter. It is getting warmer. Migratory birds begin their journey to the regions where they will raise their chicks.

What natural phenomena occur in spring?

Snowmelt. As more heat comes from the Sun, the snow begins to melt. The air around is filled with the murmur of streams, which can provoke the onset of floods - a clear sign of spring.

thawed patches. They appear wherever the snow cover was thinner and where more sun fell on it. It is the appearance of thawed patches that indicates that winter has given up its rights, and spring has begun. The first greenery quickly breaks through the thawed patches; on them you can find the first spring flowers - snowdrops. Snow will lie in crevices and depressions for a long time, but on the hills and in the fields it melts quickly, exposing the land islands to the warm sun.

Frost. It was warm and suddenly it froze - frost appeared on the branches and wires. These are frozen crystals of moisture.

Ice drift. In spring it becomes warmer, the ice crust on rivers and lakes begins to crack, and gradually the ice melts. Moreover, there is more water in the reservoirs, it carries the ice floes downstream - this is an ice drift.

High water. Streams of melted snow flow from everywhere to the rivers, they fill the reservoirs, the water overflows the banks.

Thermal winds. The sun gradually warms the earth, and at night it begins to give off this heat, winds are formed. While they are still weak and unstable, but the warmer it gets around, the more they move air masses. Such winds are called thermal, they are typical for the spring season.

Rain. The first spring rain is cold, but not as cold as snow :)

Thunderstorm. At the end of May, the first thunderstorm can thunder. Not as strong yet, but bright. Thunderstorms are discharges of electricity in the atmosphere. Thunderstorms often occur when warm air is displaced and lifted by cold fronts.

Grad. This is a drop from a cloud of ice balls. Hail can range in size from a tiny pea to chicken egg, then it can even break through the glass of the car!

These are all examples of inanimate phenomena.

Flowering is a spring phenomenon of wildlife. The first buds on the trees appear in late April - early May. The grass has already broken through its green stems, and the trees are getting ready to put on green clothes. The leaves will bloom quickly and suddenly, and the first flowers are about to bloom, exposing their centers to awakened insects. Summer will come soon.

In summer, the grass turns green, flowers bloom, leaves turn green on the trees, you can swim in the river. The sun warms well, it can be very hot. Summer is the longest day and the shortest night of the year. Berries and fruits ripen, the harvest ripens.

In summer, there are natural phenomena, such as:

Rain. In the air, water vapor is supercooled, forming clouds consisting of millions of small ice crystals. Low temperature in the air, below zero degrees, leads to the growth of crystals and to the weighting of frozen drops, which melt in the lower part of the cloud and fall in the form of raindrops to the surface of the earth. In summer, the rain is usually warm, it helps to water the forests and fields. Thunderstorms often accompany summer rain. If at the same time it's raining and the sun is shining, they say it's "Mushroom rain". Such rain happens when the cloud is small and does not cover the sun.

Heat. In summer, the rays of the Sun fall on the Earth more vertically and heat its surface more intensively. And at night, the earth's surface gives off heat to the atmosphere. Therefore, in summer it is hot during the day and sometimes even at night.

Rainbow. Occurs in the atmosphere high humidity, often after a rain or a downpour with a thunderstorm. Rainbow - optical phenomenon nature, for the observer appears as a multi-colored arc. At refraction sun rays optical distortion occurs in water droplets, which consists in the deviation different colors, white color is broken down into a spectrum of colors in the form of a multi-colored rainbow.

Flowering begins in spring and continues all summer.

In autumn, you no longer run outside in a T-shirt and shorts. It's getting colder, the leaves are turning yellow, falling off, flying away migratory birds, insects disappear from sight.

Autumn is characterized by such natural phenomena:

Leaf fall. As plants and trees go through their year-round cycle, they shed their leaves in autumn, exposing their bark and branches, in preparation for hibernation. Why does a tree get rid of leaves? So that the fallen snow does not break the branches. Even before the leaf fall, the leaves of the trees dry, turn yellow or redden and, gradually, the wind throws the leaves to the ground, forming a leaf fall. This is an autumn phenomenon of wildlife.

fogs. The earth and water are still heated during the day, but in the evening it is already getting colder, fog appears. At high air humidity, for example, after rain or during a damp, cool season, the cooled air turns into small droplets waters hovering above the ground - this is the fog.

Dew. These are droplets of water from the air that have fallen in the morning on the grass and leaves. During the night, the air cools down, the water vapor that is in the air comes into contact with the surface of the earth, grass, tree leaves and settles in the form of water droplets. On cold nights, the dew drops freeze, causing it to turn to frost.

Shower. It's heavy, torrential rain.

Wind. This is the movement of air currents. In autumn and winter the wind is especially cold.

As in spring, there is frost in autumn. It means on the street light frost- frosts.

Fog, dew, downpour, wind, frost, frost - autumn phenomena inanimate nature.

In winter it snows and it gets cold. Rivers and lakes are frozen over. In winter, the longest nights and shortest days, it gets dark early. The sun hardly heats up.

Thus, the phenomena of inanimate nature characteristic of winter are:

Snowfall is the fall of snow.

Blizzard. It's snowfall with wind. Being outdoors in a snowstorm is dangerous, it increases the risk of hypothermia. A strong blizzard can even knock you down.

Freezing is the formation of a crust of ice on the surface of the water. The ice will last all winter until spring, until the snow melts and the spring ice drifts.

Another natural phenomenon - clouds - happens at any time of the year. Clouds are water droplets that have collected in the atmosphere. Water, evaporating on the ground, turns into steam, then, together with warm air currents, rises above the ground. So water is transported over long distances, the water cycle is ensured in nature.

Unusual natural phenomena

There are also very rare unusual phenomena nature, such as Northern Lights, ball lightning, tornadoes and even fish rain. One way or another, such examples of the manifestation of inanimate natural forces cause both surprise and, at times, alarm, because many of them can harm a person.

Now you know a lot about natural phenomena and you can accurately find those characteristic of a particular season :)

Materials prepared for the lesson on the subject The world in the 2nd grade, the programs Perspective and the School of Russia (Pleshakov), but will be useful to any teacher primary school, and parents of preschoolers and younger students in home schooling.

The report of natural phenomena Grade 7 will briefly tell what natural phenomena are and what their consequences may be.

Message about natural phenomena

Natural phenomena accompany us wherever we go. Rain, snow, scorching sun, storm, storm are an integral part of nature. A report on natural phenomena will help you understand their types in more detail and understand what's what.

According to the place of occurrence, natural phenomena are divided into the following groups:

1. Geological

Natural hazards report open earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, rock falls and snow avalanches.

• Earthquake is a natural phenomenon that is associated with the geological processes occurring in the Earth's lithosphere. It manifests itself in the form of vibrations of the earth's surface and tremors that occur after sudden breaks and displacements in the upper part of the mantle or the earth's crust.
• Volcano is a conical mountain, from which a red-hot substance, magma, periodically comes to the surface.
• Landslide This is a sliding downward displacement of soil masses under the influence of gravity. Occurs on slopes in violation of the stability of rocks or soil. May occur naturally after an earthquake or fallout heavy rainfall and artificially after human activity (soil excavation, deforestation).
• collapses this is the separation and fall of rocks with a large mass, their overturning and rolling on slopes. In the process of rolling, they can be crushed into smaller pieces. The causes of collapses are: the activity of water, geological processes and cracks or layering of the rocks that make up the mountain, washing away the underlying rocks.
• snow avalanche is a collapse on the mountain slopes of a large mass of snow. The angle of inclination is at least 15°. The causes of this natural phenomenon are intensive snowmelt, human activity, earthquake, prolonged snowfall.

1. Meteorological

1. Hydrological

1. Biological

A brief report on natural hazards is completed by forest fires, epidemics, epizootics and epiphytoties.

• forest fire. This is an uncontrolled burning of vegetation cover, which spreads through the forest area at high speed. It can be upland (the surface of the earth burns) and grassroots, underground (peat ignites in marshy and swampy soils).
• Epidemic. The mass spread of an infectious disease among the population with a significant excess of the incidence rate recorded in the area.
• Epizootic. This is a massive spread of an infectious disease among animals. For example, swine fever, chicken flu, foot and mouth disease, bovine brucellosis.
• Epiphytoties. Widespread infectious disease among plants. For example, wheat rust, powdery mildew, late blight.

We hope that the “Natural Phenomena” short message helped you prepare for the lesson. And you can leave a short message about natural phenomena through the comment form below.

natural catastrophic danger emergency

On the territory of Russia there are more than 30 natural hazards and processes, among which the most destructive are floods, storm winds, downpours, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, forest fires, landslides, mudflows, snow avalanches. Most of the social and economic losses are associated with the destruction of buildings and structures due to insufficient reliability and protection from natural hazards. The most frequent on the territory of Russia are natural catastrophic atmospheric phenomena - storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, squalls (28%), followed by earthquakes (24%) and floods (19%). Dangerous geological processes, such as landslides and collapses account for 4%. The remaining natural disasters, among which forest fires have the highest frequency, total 25%. The total annual economic damage from the development of the 19 most dangerous processes in urban areas in Russia is 10-12 billion rubles. in year.

Of the geophysical extreme events, earthquakes are one of the most powerful, terrible and destructive natural phenomena. They arise suddenly, it is extremely difficult, and most often impossible, to predict the time and place of their appearance, and even more so to prevent their development. In Russia, zones of increased seismic hazard occupy about 40% of the total area, including 9% of the territory belong to 8-9-point zones. More than 20 million people (14% of the country's population) live in seismically active zones.

There are 330 settlements within seismically dangerous regions of Russia, including 103 cities (Vladikavkaz, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, etc.). The most dangerous consequences of earthquakes are the destruction of buildings and structures; fires; releases of radioactive and emergency chemically hazardous substances due to the destruction (damage) of radiation and chemically hazardous facilities; transport accidents and disasters; defeat and loss of life.

A striking example of the socio-economic consequences of strong seismic events is the Spitak earthquake in Northern Armenia, which occurred on December 7, 1988. This earthquake (magnitude 7.0) affected 21 cities and 342 villages; 277 schools and 250 healthcare facilities were destroyed or were in emergency condition; more than 170 industrial enterprises ceased to function; about 25 thousand people died, 19 thousand received varying degrees mutilation and injury. The total economic losses amounted to $14 billion.

From geological emergency events great danger due to the massive nature of the distribution, they represent landslides and mudflows. The development of landslides is associated with the displacement of large masses of rocks along the slopes under the influence of gravitational forces. Precipitation and earthquakes contribute to the formation of landslides. IN Russian Federation 6 to 15 emergencies associated with the development of landslides are created annually. Landslides are widespread in the Volga region, Transbaikalia, the Caucasus and Ciscaucasia, Sakhalin and other regions. Urbanized areas are especially hard hit: 725 Russian cities are subject to landslides. Mudflows are powerful streams, saturated with solid materials, descending through mountain valleys at great speed. The formation of mudflows occurs with rainfall in the mountains, intensive melting of snow and glaciers, as well as a breakthrough of dammed lakes. Mudflow processes are manifested in 8% of the territory of Russia and develop in the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, in Kamchatka, the Northern Urals and the Kola Peninsula. Under the direct threat of mudflows in Russia there are 13 cities and 42 more cities are located in potentially mudflow-prone areas. The unexpected nature of the development of landslides and mudflows often leads to the complete destruction of buildings and structures, accompanied by casualties and large material losses. Of the hydrological extreme events, floods can be one of the most common and dangerous natural phenomena. In Russia, floods rank first among natural disasters in terms of frequency, area of ​​distribution, material damage, and second after earthquakes in terms of the number of victims and specific material damage (damage per unit area affected). One severe flood covers an area of ​​the river basin of about 200 thousand km2. On average, up to 20 cities are flooded every year and up to 1 million inhabitants are affected, and in 20 years almost the entire territory of the country is covered by serious floods.

On the territory of Russia, from 40 to 68 crisis floods occur annually. The threat of floods exists for 700 cities and tens of thousands of settlements, a large number of economic facilities.

Floods are associated with significant material losses every year. In recent years, two major floods have occurred in Yakutia on the river. Lena. In 1998, 172 settlements were flooded here, 160 bridges, 133 dams, 760 km of roads were destroyed. The total damage amounted to 1.3 billion rubles.

Even more devastating was the flood in 2001. During this flood, the water in the river. Lene rose to 17 m and flooded 10 administrative districts of Yakutia. Lensk was completely flooded. About 10,000 houses were under water, about 700 agricultural and more than 4,000 industrial facilities were damaged, and 43,000 people were resettled. The total economic damage amounted to 5.9 billion rubles.

A significant role in increasing the frequency and destructive power of floods is played by anthropogenic factors - deforestation, irrational agriculture and economic development of floodplains. Floods can be caused by improper implementation of flood protection measures leading to dam failures; destruction of artificial dams; emergency discharges of reservoirs. The aggravation of the problem of floods in Russia is also associated with the progressive aging of fixed assets of the water sector, the placement of economic facilities and housing in flood-prone areas. In this regard, the development and implementation of effective flood prevention and protection measures may be an urgent task.

Among the atmospheric hazardous processes occurring on the territory of Russia, the most destructive are hurricanes, cyclones, hail, tornadoes, heavy rains, snowfalls.

Traditional in Russia is such a disaster as a forest fire. Every year, from 10 to 30 thousand forest fires occur in the country on an area of ​​0.5 to 2 million hectares.