Collection of statistical information. Procedure for collecting crime statistics
As a result of mastering this topic, the student should: know
- subject of statistics in economics and social sphere;
- features of the organization and tasks of the Federal State Statistics Service and its territorial bodies;
- the main stages of the formation and development of official statistics in Russia; be able to
- formulate the main stages of conducting statistical research and requirements for the system of statistical indicators;
- calculate absolute and relative indicators; own
- methods for constructing relative indicators in space and time;
- the specifics of the statistical study of socio-economic phenomena;
- techniques for obtaining statistical data from various sources.
Definition and basic concepts of statistics
Statistics is one of the oldest branches of knowledge that arose on the basis of economic accounting. Statistics arose with the advent of statehood in connection with the need to solve practically state and economic problems. This required the collection and processing of data on the population, crafts (industry and agriculture).
Statistics originally meant the collection of data about a state. The word “statistics” has the same root as the word “state” ( state), and originally it meant the art and science of management. The first teachers of statistics at universities in Germany in the 18th century. today would be called specialists in social (political) sciences.
Today, statistics is the art and science of collecting, processing and analyzing data, and since data refers to any type of recorded information, statistics plays an important role in all areas of human activity. In the management process, statistical methods make it possible to develop informed decisions that combine specialist intuition with a thorough analysis of available information.
In the modern world, statistics are designed to provide quantitative estimates and forecasts of key macroeconomic indicators, as well as microeconomic indicators such as sales volumes, the degree of risk in banking, insurance and manufacturing, characteristics of consumer behavior of the population, socio-demographic situation, etc. So what are statistics?
Statistics - this is an area of knowledge, studying the quantitative side of mass phenomena and combining the principles and methods of working with numerical data, characterizing these phenomena.
The phenomena and processes studied by statistics are diverse. Statistical tools allow not only to collect and process statistical data, but also to give a meaningful interpretation of the results obtained. Statistical methods and research techniques are largely universal and are used in almost all areas of human activity: economics, sociology, psychology, medicine, biology, marketing, logistics, business, etc.
Statistics studies everything related to economic activity society, including the production and sale of industrial and agricultural products, construction, transport and communications, the formation and movement of financial flows, innovative and investment activity, markets for goods and services.
Statistical methods are also widely used in analysis of social processes and phenomena - employment and unemployment, the level and quality of life of the population, studying public opinion etc. Statistics play an important role in technology And production activities , for example, statistical analysis of technological processes and product quality control.
The term “statistics” has a number of other meanings. Statistics is also understood as a branch of practical activity for collecting, processing, analyzing and publishing statistical information about the life of society both in the country as a whole and in its individual regions. In most countries, this work is carried out by special government agencies. In Russia this is the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat).
Statistics are often seen as a synonym for data. It is in this sense that they say: “fertility and mortality statistics”, “crime statistics” or “there are good statistics”. In this regard, statistics is included in the sections of a wide variety of natural and technical sciences, as they are associated with the collection and processing of large arrays of observations, experiences and experiments. We are surrounded by quantitative data about the weather, exchange rates, inflation rates, sporting events, ratings results, etc.
Knowledge of statistics allows you to work more competently with data, which often contains a lot of information that is not obvious. Statistics make it possible to extract and understand this information and gain new knowledge. At the same time, statistics are increasingly becoming one of the significant components of the decision-making process, allowing us to develop informed strategic decisions that combine specialist intuition with a thorough analysis of available information. The use of statistics is becoming an important competitive advantage.
Subject of research economic statistics serve as quantitative patterns of phenomena and processes occurring in the economy, identifying the main proportions and trends economic development. Economic statistics studies both the process of reproduction of material goods and services, as well as its results, as well as their impact on the standard of living of the population. Distinguish macroeconomic statistics, the object of study of which is the economy as a whole as a set of its industries, sectors and regions, and microeconomic statistics, studying a group of enterprises, a separate enterprise or production, households.
A separate branch of statistics - population statistics - studies the numerical composition, distribution, structure and reproduction of the population of the country as a whole or its individual groups.
Social processes and phenomena occurring in society are the object of research social statistics.
In order to get a general understanding of statistical methodology, it is necessary to consider the process of statistical research itself, which includes five main stages.
I. Determination of the purpose and objectives of the study.
II. Collection of statistical material.
III. Pre-processing of data.
IV. Calculation and interpretation of general statistical indicators.
V. Modeling and forecasting.
At the first, initial stage, the purpose and objectives of the study are formulated, a system of indicators is constructed that characterize each element of the analyzed population.
At the second stage, primary statistical material is collected and its reliability and completeness are checked. For this purpose, methods of continuous and non-continuous statistical observation. The final results of the entire statistical study largely depend on the quality of the obtained initial statistical data.
At the third stage, preliminary data processing, calculation of group and general results, and calculation of some relative indicators are carried out. The main method used at this stage is grouping method. As a result of its implementation, there is a transition from large arrays of statistical data to compact and convenient statistical groups for analysis.
At the fourth stage, they calculate average values, indicators of variation, structures, relationships And speakers. The results obtained are analyzed.
During the implementation of the fifth stage, modeling, taking into account relationships between socio-economic indicators, a multidimensional classification of observations is carried out, models, reflecting the main trends in the dynamics of the studied indicators.
The statistical techniques and methods used in the implementation of all stages generally constitute the statistical research methodology, which includes methods: descriptive statistics, probability theory, mathematical statistics, multivariate statistical analysis and econometrics.
Let's consider key concepts and terminology that form the basis for the description of statistical techniques and research methods.
A sign is an objective characteristic of a unit of a statistical population, its characteristic feature or property. This property can be measured and reflected by an indicator, and the characteristic is included in the qualitative content of the indicator. An indicator characterizing specific properties of the object being studied is often considered in statistical studies as a synonym for a characteristic.
The values of various features are observed and recorded at the statistical observation stage.
The characteristics that characterize an industrial enterprise include: revenue from sales of products, profit, the cost of fixed assets, the number of personnel, etc. The characteristics that characterize a person are: age, gender, place of residence, profession, average monthly income, etc. For any objects and phenomena around us, it is possible to identify a fairly large number of signs that are observed or potentially can be observed in the process of statistical research.
Calculated, or secondary, they call a characteristic that is not directly measured, but calculated as a certain function of the initial, directly measurable characteristics of a given object. For example, dividing the volume of output by the number of employees, we obtain labor productivity.
As a result measurements property, sign of the object of observation, we obtain one of the probable values, called option, or the value of the attribute.
For example, during an exam, a teacher measures (evaluates) a student’s knowledge of the discipline being studied, which is characterized by the “examination score” indicator, and assigns one of five possible values for the attribute: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.
Let us introduce another important statistical concept.
Statistical aggregate name a set of objects or observations, possessing common features , of which one or more characteristics do not vary.
Statistics deals with aggregates of industrial, agricultural, construction and trading enterprises, commercial banks, and the population of a country or a separate region. For example, all residents of Moscow can be considered as a statistical population, since one attribute - city of residence - will not vary. In terms of other characteristics - gender, age, social status - the elements of the population may differ.
Unit of the aggregate called an individual component of a statistical population, acting as a carrier of the studied characteristics.
For an industry, the unit of aggregate will be a separate enterprise, for banking system- a separate bank, when studying the gender and age structure of the population, an individual person is taken as a unit, and when studying income, housing provision, durable goods (washing machine, refrigerator, etc.) the unit is a household.
The volume of the population call the total number of units, forming a statistical population.
One of the most important characteristics of a statistical population is its homogeneity. Homogeneous a set is recognized whose elements are similar in the values of the characteristics, or they belong to the same type. Many methods and techniques of statistical research are applicable only to homogeneous populations.
Statistical research, regardless of its scale and goals, always ends with the calculation and analysis of statistical indicators of various types and forms of expression.
Indicator (indicator) is determined on the basis of characteristics and represents a quantitative characteristic of a socio-economic phenomenon or process, directly related to its essence.
Its construction depends on the research problem. The average age of employees of an enterprise and one of its divisions are indicators that represent the age characteristics of groups of employees.
TO indicators of specific properties of the object being studied include, for example, the volume of products sold by the enterprise, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the state, the birth rate of the region, the per capita income of a city resident, etc. The peculiarity of these indicators is that their qualitative content is determined by such areas of knowledge as economics and demography. Statistics is responsible here for the methodology for recording and calculating the quantitative side of these indicators.
At the same time for indicators of statistical properties, such as average values, variation indicators, structures, distribution patterns, etc., statistics develops methods for their calculation and analysis.
Statistical indicators are divided into absolute and relative.
Absolute indicators reflect either the total number of units in the population or the total property of the object. For example, the number of machine-building enterprises in the federal district, the area sown with buckwheat in the country, and the fixed assets of the enterprise. Absolute indicators are expressed in natural units of measurement: thousand hectares, million rubles. etc.
Relative indicators obtained by comparison, comparison of indicators in space (between objects), in time (for the same object) or comparison of indicators different properties analyzed object.
The following types of relative indicators characterizing:
structure of the object of analysis. This is the specific gravity (share), which is the ratio of a part to the whole. For example, the ratio of the cost of dairy products sold by a store to the total cost of food products sold, the ratio of the number of employees with higher education to the total number of employees in the company. Shares are often expressed as percentages;
- dynamics of the process. This is the ratio of indicators characterizing an object in a current, later period to similar indicators of the same object in an earlier period of time. Such indicators are called growth rate And growth rate;
- the relationship between different features of one object. These indicators are often called intensity indicators; they are identical to the calculated characteristics. For example, an indicator of labor productivity is the ratio of the volume of products produced to the labor costs for this production, or the ratio between the height and weight of a person, characterizing the proportionality of his body;
- the ratio of the observed values of a characteristic to its normative value, maximum or optimal values. These are indicators of production, consumption of material and other resources that are common in production. The ratio of the observed values of a characteristic to its maximum possible value often characterizes the quality of a process or machine. For example, the degree of intensity of work in the assembly shop;
- relationship of identical features of different objects. It is used, for example, when comparing the yield of the same crop in different regions, comparing production indicators or living standards of the population of different countries.
As a rule, economic and social phenomena are quite complex, and their essence can be reflected through not one, but a combination of indicators. In such cases, a system of statistical indicators is used.
System of statistical indicators - a set of interrelated indicators characterizing the analyzed object or phenomenon, which has a single-level or multi-level structure and is built depending on the purpose of the study and the tasks being solved.
Standardization of system indicators makes it possible to solve problems of comparing the state of the same object at different points in time or different, but qualitatively similar objects at a specific point in time.
For example, entity industrial enterprise consists in the production of products based on the interaction of means of production and labor resources, therefore, to characterize the efficiency of its functioning, it is necessary to use a system that includes such indicators as profit, profitability, number of industrial production personnel, labor productivity, capital-labor ratio, etc.
Topic 1. Subject and method of statistics
1. The main task of statistics as a science is:
A) development of calculation methods and comparative analysis economy and social development various countries;
B) information support for the process of Russia’s integration into world economy;
C) development of a system of indicators of social development processes and methods for measuring them.
Statisticsis a social science that studies phenomena and processes public life, it reveals the laws of the emergence and development of these phenomena and their relationships.
statistical science– all practical human activities in collecting, processing, accumulating and analyzing digital data that characterize education, the country’s economy, its culture and other vital phenomena in the life of society;
2. The subject of statistical science is:
A) study of the quantitative side of mass social phenomena;
B) study of the socio-economic content of mass social phenomena;
B) analysis quality features social phenomena.
Subject statistical science are:
1) massive socio-economic phenomena of life;
2) the quantitative side of these phenomena in specific conditions of place and time.
3. The main method of statistics is:
A) analysis of dynamics and mathematical forecasting of mass social phenomena;
B) selective statistical observation, processing and analysis of the data obtained;
C) correlation and regression analysis of statistical indicators.
Statistical research is divided into three successive stages:
1) statistical observation, i.e. collection of primary statistical material;
2) summary and development of observation results, i.e. their processing;
3) analysis of the obtained summary materials.
4. Statistical indicators are:
A) quantitative assessment of the properties of the mass phenomenon being studied;
B) qualitative characteristics of the development of the phenomena being studied;
C) a characteristic property of the phenomenon being studied that distinguishes it from other phenomena.
Primary statistical information is expressed primarily in the form of absolute indicators, which are the quantitative basis of all forms of accounting.
5. A statistical population is:
A) many units of the phenomenon being studied, united by a single qualitative basis;
B) socio-economic types of the mass phenomenon being studied;
C) a variety of statistical indicators describing the phenomenon being studied.
Statistical population- this is a set of units (objects, phenomena), united by a single pattern and varying within the limits of general quality.
A specific property of a statistical population is mass of units, since the phenomenon is characterized by a mass process and all the variety of causes and forms that determine it.
Under units of the population its indivisible primary elements are understood, expressing its qualitative homogeneity, i.e., being carriers of characteristics.
Under qualitative homogeneity of units aggregate is understood as the similarity of units (objects, phenomena) according to some essential characteristics, but differing in some other characteristics.
Topic 2. Methods for collecting statistical information
1. Statistical observation is:
A) systematization of facts describing the phenomenon being studied;
B) registration of established facts in accounting documents for their subsequent generalization;
C) scientifically organized work to collect mass primary data on the phenomena and processes of social life.
Statistical observation- this is organized work to collect primary information about the mass phenomena and processes of social life being studied. Statistical observation is carried out in an organized manner and according to a pre-developed program and plan.
2. Sample observation is:
A) observation, in which data collection is based on the principle of voluntary filling out questionnaires;
B) observation, in which that part of the population units in which the value of the studied characteristic is predominant in the entire volume is subjected to examination;
C) observation, in which the characteristics of the entire set of facts are given based on some part of it, selected at random.
This observation is based on the idea that a certain part of the units selected at random can represent the entire population of the phenomenon being studied according to the characteristics of interest to the researcher. The purpose of sample observation is to obtain information primarily to determine the summary general characteristics of the entire population being studied.
3. The statistical observation program is:
A) list of indicators to be studied;
B) a set of explanations and instructions for filling out reporting documents;
C) forms of certain forms of accounting and reporting.
Developing a plan for conducting statistical observation is the most important stage preparation of statistical observation. The plan must contain the formulation and solution of organizational issues, such as establishing the goals and objectives of observation, developing observation programs, defining the object and unit of observation, choosing the type and method of observation.
The purpose of surveillance is to obtain the main result of a statistical study.
In order to organize statistical observation, it is necessary to accurately establish the object of observation.
The collections of units about which statistical data must be collected are called objects of statistical observation.
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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Kazakh National Technical University named after Kanysh Satpayev
Institute of Engineering and Economics
Department of Management and Marketing
ACCEPTED FOR PROTECTION
Head of the department
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Professor
S.S. Satybaldy
"___"___________20___
GRADUATE WORK
Topic: “Managing the processes of organizing the collection and synthesis of statistical data using the example of Almaty regional administration statistics"
Standardization ConsultantHead
senior lecturer econ. Sciences, Associate Professor
R.Kh.Dzhumagazieva________T.S.Sokira
"___"_______________20___"___"_____________20___
ReviewerStudent: Golm M.V.
__________________________Specialty:0709
Group:OP - 95
"___"_______________20___
Almaty 2001
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION1 THEORETICAL BASIS FOR COLLECTION AND SUMMARY OF STATISTICAL DATA
2 ORGANIZATION OF COLLECTION AND SUMMARY OF STATISTICAL DATA IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
2.1 Historical aspect of the activities of statistical authorities of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2.2 Reform and planning of statistical activities in Kazakhstan
2.3 The role of statistics in effective management
2.4 Improving the regional structure of state statistical bodies
3MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE AND DATA SYNTHESIS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE ALMATY REGIONAL STATISTICS DEPARTMENT
3.1 Almaty regional statistics department as the subject of collecting and summarizing statistical information
3.2 The process of collecting and summarizing statistical data using the example of the household statistics department.
3.3 Experience and planning problems.
3.4 Ways to improve and develop management of the collection and synthesis of statistical data
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
For statistical practice in Kazakhstan and CIS countries in last years the most important issue was adequate information reflection of new socio-economic phenomena. This, in particular, includes the organization of obtaining and analyzing data characterizing changes in forms of ownership and the privatization process, non-state employment and unemployment, the activities of market financial and credit structures and radical reform of the tax system, new types of migration of citizens and support for the emerging poor social groups, as well as much more. In addition, in order to track implementation market relations and the emerging realities of serious adjustments, required a system of indicators, collection and development of data in traditional areas of statistical observation: taking into account the main results of industrial and agricultural production, domestic and foreign trade, object activities social sphere etc. At the same time, the urgent need to obtain adequate and unambiguous information is currently systematically increasing.
The relevance of the topic of work is determined by the need to reform state statistics in order to improve the quality of the output data, their reliability and accessibility.
Official statistics are an important tool for building a democratic society with a free market economy.
The role of statistics is increasingly increasing, which is associated with the increasing pace of economic transformations in the country, the complication of the tasks being solved, and the growth of socio-political activity.
Unique, in its own way, statistics operated in the Soviet Union. It seemed to have two levels. The first, often strictly classified, included the collection and analysis of information about the actual state of affairs in the state for a narrow circle political leadership. The second, prepared, brightly colored, bearing the tone of victorious reports - for “the broad masses of the working people,” as they said then. It is to those statistics that the well-known ironic English saying applies: statesman and the writer G. Disraeli: “There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies and statistics.”
With Kazakhstan gaining independence, the picture changed radically. And it couldn’t be otherwise. To successfully implement fundamental changes in the country’s economy and socio-political reform, objective data are needed that allow building a proven strategy and tactics. In accordance with the requirements of the time, the statistical service of Kazakhstan has been reformed and continues to reform.
The purpose of this work is to consider the process of organizing the collection and synthesis of statistical data using the example of the Almaty Regional Statistics Department.
General the goal is achieved by solving the following particular problems:
- consider the theoretical aspects of collecting and summarizing statistical data, the stages of its implementation, purpose, program, forms, methods, types and errors;
Study the problems of collecting and summarizing statistical data in the Republic of Kazakhstan by reviewing the history of statistical activities in the republic, analyzing the results of reforming statistics, the role of statistics in effective management, and the development of regional structures;
-
identify and summarize the experience of the Almaty Regional Statistics Department as a regional unit, its departmentalization, activities using the example of one of the departments, the role of planning in statistical activities;
- give practical recommendations for improving work in the field of state statistics.
When performing this thesis, the following software packages were used:Microsoft Office: MicroSoft Word, MicroSoft Excel.
1 THEORETICAL BASIS FOR COLLECTION AND SUMMARY OF STATISTICAL DATA
1.1 The concept of collecting and summarizing statistical data, their goals and stages
To study socio-economic phenomena and processes of social life, one must first of all collect the necessary information about them - statistical data. Statistical data (information) is understood as a set of quantitative characteristics of socio-economic phenomena and processes obtained as a result of statistical observation, their processing or corresponding calculations.
Statistical information is necessary for both government authorities and private entrepreneurs. Thus, data on the economic situation in the country, the existing purchasing power of the population, its composition and number, the profitability of enterprises in various industries National economy, the dynamics of unemployment, changes in price indices for individual goods are needed by government services to improve the taxation system for enterprises and individuals, make changes to customs and investment policies, and develop measures to social protection various segments of the population. The same information is also required by private entrepreneurs for planning and organizing production.
The main properties of statistical information are its mass nature and stability. The first feature is related to the peculiarities of the subject of research of statistics as a science, and the second suggests that once collected information remains unchanged and, therefore, has the ability to become outdated. Therefore, conclusions about the state and development of the phenomenon, made on the basis of an analysis of information obtained several years ago, may be incomplete and even incorrect.
An important part of any statistical study is statistical observation.
Statistical observation is a mass, systematic, scientifically organized observation of the phenomena of social and economic life, which consists of recording selected characteristics for each unit of the population.
An example of statistical observation is public opinion polls, which have become especially popular in Kazakhstan in recent years. Such observation is undertaken with the aim of identifying people's attitudes towards certain issues of interest or controversial events. The study of public opinion is the basis common system market research is its important integral part. Such observation requires interviewing a number of individuals according to a predetermined program.
The collection and synthesis of statistical data can be carried out by state statistics bodies, research institutes, economic services of banks, exchanges, and firms.
The process of collecting and summarizing statistical data includes the following stages:
Observation preparation;
Conducting mass data collection;
Preparing data for automated processing;
Development of proposals for improving statistical work.
Any statistical survey requires careful, thoughtful preparation. The reliability and reliability of information and the timeliness of its receipt will largely depend on it.
Preparation of statistical observation is a process that includes different types works First, it is necessary to resolve methodological issues, the most important of which are the determination of the purpose and object of the study, the composition of the characteristics to be registered, the development of documents for data collection, the choice of the reporting unit and the unit for which observation will be carried out, as well as methods and means of obtaining data.
In addition to methodological issues, it is necessary to solve problems of an organizational nature, for example, to determine the composition of the bodies conducting observation, to select and train personnel for its implementation, to draw up a work schedule for the preparation, conduct and processing of observation materials, to replicate documents for data collection.
Carrying out mass data collection includes work directly related to filling out statistical forms. It begins with the distribution of census forms, questionnaires, forms, statistical reporting forms and ends with their delivery after completion to the bodies conducting surveillance.
The collected data at the stage of their preparation for automated processing is subject to arithmetic and logical control. Both of these controls are based on knowledge of the relationships between indicators and qualitative characteristics. At the final stage of the work, the reasons that led to the incorrect completion of statistical forms are analyzed, and proposals are developed to improve observation. This is very important for organizing future surveys.
Obtaining information during a statistical survey requires a lot of financial and labor resources, as well as time.
Statistical surveys most often pursue a practical goal - obtaining reliable information to identify patterns of development of phenomena and processes. For example, the purpose of the 1999 Kazakhstan population census was to obtain data on the size and composition of the population, and its living conditions.
The task of collecting and summarizing statistical data predetermines its program and forms of organization. An unclear goal can lead to the fact that during the observation process unnecessary data will be collected or, conversely, the information necessary for analysis will not be obtained.
When preparing an observation, in addition to the purpose, it is necessary to determine exactly what is to be examined, that is, to identify the object.
The object of observation is understood as a certain statistical aggregate in which the socio-economic phenomena and processes under study occur. The object of observation can be a set of individuals (the population of a particular region, country; persons employed at industry enterprises), physical units (machines, cars, residential buildings), legal entities (enterprises, farms, commercial banks, educational institutions).
To determine the object of a statistical survey, it is necessary to establish the boundaries of the population being studied. To do this, you should indicate the most important features that distinguish it from other similar objects. For example, before conducting a survey of the profitability of industrial enterprises, it is necessary to determine the forms of ownership, legal forms of enterprises, industries and regions to be monitored.
Every object of statistical observation consists of individual elements - units of observation.
In statistics, a unit of observation (in foreign literature the term “elementary unit” is used) is a composite element of an object, which is the bearer of characteristics that are subject to registration. For example, in demographic surveys the unit of observation may be the individual, but it may also be the family; for budget surveys – family or household.
The observation unit must be distinguished from the reporting unit. The reporting unit is the entity from which data on the observation unit is received. Thus, when organizing statistical observation in capital construction, information can be obtained from design or contracting organizations, or from developer enterprises.
The observation unit and the reporting unit can be the same. For example, if it is necessary to determine the volume of capital investments disbursed in a year, then the developer enterprise will be both an observation unit and a reporting organization. However, when studying the process of concentration of capital investments, the reporting unit will still be the developer, and the observation unit will be the construction sites and objects the construction of which is carried out by this developer .
1.2 Program and organizational work for collecting and summarizing statistical data
Every phenomenon has many different characteristics. Collecting information on all characteristics is impractical and often impossible. Therefore, it is necessary to select those features that are essential and fundamental to characterize the object, based on the purpose of the study. To determine the composition of recorded characteristics, a survey program is developed.
A data collection and synthesis program is a list of items (or questions) to be recorded during the survey process. The quality of the information collected largely depends on how well the statistical survey program is developed.
In order to draw up a correct observation program, the researcher must clearly understand the objectives of examining a specific phenomenon or process, determine the composition of the methods used in the analysis, the necessary groupings, and based on this, identify those signs that can be determined during the work. Usually the program is expressed in the form of questions on a census (questionnaire) form.
The following requirements apply to the statistical survey program:
The program must contain essential features that directly characterize the phenomenon being studied, its type, main features, properties; the program should not include features that are of secondary importance in relation to the purpose of the survey or the values of which will obviously be unreliable or absent, for example, in primary accounting or the reporting units are not interested in providing such information, since it is the subject of a trade secret;
The program questions must be precise and unambiguous, otherwise the answer received may contain incorrect information, and also easy to understand in order to avoid unnecessary difficulties in obtaining answers;
When developing a program, you should not only determine the composition of the questions, but also their sequence; a logical order in the sequence of questions (signs) will help to obtain reliable information about phenomena and processes;
The observation should cover a certain territory (for example, when collecting information on the cost of the consumer basket in Almaty and Taldy-Kurgan, the location of the survey will be the territories of these two largest cities in the region).
The choice of observation time involves solving two issues:
Establishing a critical moment (date) or time interval;
Determination of the observation period (period).
The critical moment (date) is understood as a specific day of the year, hour of the day, as of which the registration of characteristics should be carried out for each unit of the population under study. For example, the critical moment of the population census of Kazakhstan in 1999 was 0 hours on the night of January 24-25, 1999. The critical point is established in order to obtain comparable statistical data. In the case of studying the variation of stock quotes at trading on currency exchanges in different cities of Kazakhstan, it is necessary to have data on the rates of the US dollar, Japanese yen, German mark and other currencies registered on the same day. If it is necessary to analyze the change in the volume of sales of any currency on the exchange market in the reporting month compared to the previous month, then it is not the critical moment that is established, but the time interval for which statistical data should be obtained.
The choice of a critical moment or time interval is determined, first of all, by the purpose of the study.
The survey period (period) is the time during which statistical forms are filled out, i.e., the time required for mass data collection. This period is determined based on the volume of work (the number of registered characteristics and units in the surveyed population), the number of personnel involved in collecting information. It should be taken into account that moving the observation period away from the critical moment or time interval may lead to a decrease in the reliability of the information obtained. For example, the census mentioned earlier was conducted over ten days from February 1 to February 14, 1999.
The success of any statistical survey depends not only on the thoroughness of methodological preparation, but also on the correct and timely solution of a wide range of organizational issues.
The most important place in organizational work is occupied by personnel training, during which various kinds of briefings are carried out with employees of statistical bodies, with organizations submitting data, on filling out statistical documents, preparing observation materials for automated processing, and so on.
If conducting a survey involves large expenditures of labor resources, then persons from among the unemployed (including the unemployed) and certain categories of students (students of higher educational institutions, senior students of technical schools) are invited to register information during the period of its conduct. When conducting a population census, such persons are called enumerators. Training is usually provided for temporary staff. It is carried out to develop skills in correctly filling out statistical forms by enumerators.
Reproduction of documentation of the survey itself, documentation for conducting briefings and distributing them to republican, regional, regional committees and statistics departments also relate to organizational issues of observation.
During the preparation period, a large role is given to mass explanatory work: holding lectures, conversations, organizing speeches in the press, on radio and television about the meaning, goals and objectives of the upcoming survey.
To coordinate the activities of all services involved in preparing and conducting observations, it is advisable to draw up a calendar plan, which is a list (name) of work and deadlines for their execution separately for each organization involved in conducting the survey.
1.3 Forms, methods, types of collecting and summarizing statistical data and errors arising from this
At the stage of preparing the survey, you need to find out how often it will be carried out, whether all units of the population will be surveyed or only part of them, how to obtain information about the object (by telephone interviews, by mail, simple observation, etc.). In other words, it is necessary to determine the forms, methods and types of statistical observation.
In domestic statistics, three organizational forms (types) of statistical observation are used:
Reporting (enterprises, organizations, institutions, etc.);
Specially organized statistical observation (censuses, one-time counts, continuous and non-continuous surveys);
Registers.
Reporting is the main form of statistical surveys, with the help of which statistical authorities, within a certain time frame, receive from enterprises, institutions and organizations the necessary data in the form of legally established reporting documents, sealed with the signatures of persons responsible for their presentation and the reliability of the information collected. Thus, reporting is an official document containing statistical information about the work of an enterprise, institution, organization, etc.
Reporting as a form of statistical observation is based on primary accounting and is its generalization. Primary accounting is a registration of various facts and events, carried out as they occur, usually on a special document called a primary accounting document.
The characteristic feature of reporting is that, firstly, it is approved by state statistics bodies. Submission of information on unapproved forms is a violation of reporting discipline. Secondly, it is mandatory, that is, all enterprises, institutions, organizations must submit it within the specified time frame; legal force because it is signed by the head of the enterprise (institution, organization); documentary validity, since all data is based on primary accounting documents.
Current statistical reporting is divided into standard and specialized. The composition of indicators in standard reporting is the same for enterprises in all sectors of the national economy. In specialized reporting, the composition of indicators changes depending on the characteristics of individual sectors of the economy.
According to the reporting deadlines, there are daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, quarterly and annual. In addition to annual reporting, all of the listed types represent current reporting.
According to the method of presenting information, reporting is divided into telegraph, teletype, and postal.
Specially organized observation is carried out in order to obtain information missing from the reporting or to verify its data. Most simple example such surveillance is a census. Kazakhstan practical statistics conducts censuses of population, material resources, perennial plantings, uninstalled equipment, unfinished construction sites, equipment and more.
A census is a specially organized observation, repeated, as a rule, at regular intervals, in order to obtain data on the number, composition and condition of the object of statistical observation for a number of characteristics.
The characteristic features of the census are: the simultaneity of its conduct throughout the entire territory that should be covered by the survey; unity of the surveillance program; registration of all observation units at the same critical point in time. The observation program, techniques and methods of obtaining data should, if possible, remain unchanged. This makes it possible to ensure comparability of the information collected and the summary indicators obtained during the development of census materials. Then it is possible not only to determine the size and composition of the population under study, but also to analyze its quantitative changes in the period between two surveys.
Of all the censuses, the most famous are the population censuses. The purpose of the latter is to establish the size and distribution of the population throughout the country, characterizing its composition by gender, age, occupation and other indicators. The first general population census of Kazakhstan was conducted in 1897, and the last one in 1999.
During the period of preparation for the general census, a trial census is carried out to clarify and test programmatic, methodological and organizational issues of observation. For example, such a census was carried out in December 1996. This survey did not cover all, but only five percent of the country's population. Recording of information during a population census is always carried out on the basis of a survey (without the requirement to present any documents confirming the correctness of the answer).
Censuses have become widespread in foreign statistics. Among them, the most interesting are the censuses of sectors of the national economy systematically conducted in the United States, in particular the census of the manufacturing industry, called qualifications. (It should be borne in mind that the word “qualification” has several meanings. It is not only a synonym for the word “census”. It also means a number of characteristics, the presence of which, when organizing observation, serves as the basis for classifying a particular unit as a population under study). American censuses cover all businesses and are conducted once every five years (in years ending with the number two or seven). Between censuses, annual sample surveys are conducted to fill data gaps.
The program of such censuses provides for obtaining data on the number of employed people, wages, man-hours worked, supply costs; information on electricity consumption, capital investments, cost and quantity of shipped products, finished product inventories, cost of work in progress, materials and fuel at the end of the year, and also contains special questions about the type of enterprise, its equipment, and so on.
Survey forms are sent to businesses to complete by mail four to seven months before the census begins. This allows reporting units to fill out census forms in a timely and correct manner.
In addition to censuses, statistics also conduct other specially organized observations, in particular budget surveys that characterize the structure of consumer spending and family income.
Register observation is a form of continuous statistical observation of long-term processes that have a fixed beginning, a stage of development and a fixed end. It is based on maintaining a statistical register. The register is a system that constantly monitors the state of the observation unit and evaluates the impact force various factors on the studied indicators. In the register, each observation unit is characterized by a set of indicators. Some of them remain unchanged throughout the observation period and are recorded once; other indicators, the frequency of change of which is unknown, are updated as they change; the third ones are dynamic series of indicators with a previously known update period. All indicators are stored until the completion of the survey per unit of the surveyed population.
Organizing and maintaining a register is impossible without resolving the following issues:
When to enter and exclude population units from the register.
What information should be stored.
From what sources should the data be taken?
How often to update and supplement information.
In statistical practice, a distinction is made between population registers and enterprise registers.
Population register is a named and regularly updated list of the country's inhabitants. The survey program is limited to general characteristics, such as gender, date and place of birth, date of marriage (these data remain unchanged throughout the observation period) and marital status (a variable characteristic). As a rule, registers store information only on those variable characteristics, the change in values of which is documented.
Information is entered into the register for each person born and arriving from abroad. If a person died or left for permanent place residence from the country, then information about it is removed from the register. Population registers are maintained for individual regions of the country. When changing place of residence, information on a population unit is transferred to the register of the corresponding territory. Due to the fact that the registration rules are quite complex and maintaining a register is expensive, this form of surveillance is practiced in countries with a small population and a highly cultured population (mainly European countries).
It should be noted that the population register, like any register covering a significant population of units, contains data on a limited number of characteristics. Therefore, maintaining a register involves conducting specially organized surveys, including population censuses.
The Enterprise Register includes all types economic activity and contains the values of the main characteristics for each unit of the observed object for a certain period or point in time. Enterprise registers contain data on the time of creation (registration of the enterprise), its name and address, telephone number, organizational and legal form, structure, type of economic activity, number of employees (this indicator reflects the size of the enterprise) and others.
In our country, three registers have been developed: industrial enterprises, construction sites and contracting organizations. Their introduction into statistical practice significantly increased the information and analytical levels of statistics and made it possible to solve a number of economic and statistical problems for which other forms of statistical observation are unsuitable. Currently, work is underway to create unified register for all business units. He is given important in introducing the system of national accounts into statistical practice.
The Unified State Register of Enterprises and Organizations of All Forms of Ownership (USRPO) makes it possible to organize continuous observation of a limited range of statistical indicators of enterprises registered on the territory of Kazakhstan, and makes it possible to obtain continuous series of indicators in the event of changes in the territorial, sectoral and other structures of the population.
The register contains data on all enterprises, organizations, institutions and associations, regardless of their form of ownership, including enterprises with foreign investment, banking institutions, public associations and other legal entities.
The information fund of the register contains, firstly, the register code of the subject; secondly, information about the sectoral, territorial affiliation of the subject, its subordination, type of ownership, organizational form; thirdly, background information (names of managers, addresses, telephone numbers, fax numbers, etc., information about the founders) and, finally, fourthly, economic indicators. The values of the latter will be entered into the register on the basis of accounting and statistical reports submitted to regional statistical bodies. The register contains data on the following indicators: average number of employees; funds allocated for consumption; residual value of fixed assets; balance sheet profit (loss); authorized capital. Since the register is maintained according to individual territories, then regional statistical services can expand the composition of economic indicators if necessary.
The USRPO will allow for the selection and grouping of any set of units according to one or more characteristics.
Data collection on observation units is carried out in the process of their state registration and subsequent accounting.
When closing an enterprise, the liquidation commission notifies the register maintenance service about this within ten days.
Users of the register can be any legal or individuals interested in information.
Statistical information can be obtained in various ways, the most important of which are direct observation, documentary recording of facts and surveys.
Direct observation is such observation in which the registrars themselves, by directly measuring, weighing, counting or checking work, and so on, establish the fact to be recorded, and on this basis make entries in the observation form. This method is used when monitoring the commissioning of residential buildings.
The documentary method of observation is based on the use of various kinds of documents, usually of an accounting nature, as a source of statistical information. With proper control over the establishment of primary accounting and correct filling out of statistical forms, the documentary method gives the most accurate results.
A survey is a method of observation in which the necessary information is obtained from the words of the respondent. It involves addressing the direct bearer of signs that are subject to registration during observation, and is used to obtain information about phenomena and processes that are not amenable to direct direct observation.
The following types of surveys are used in statistics: oral (expeditionary), self-registration, correspondent, questionnaire and personal.
During an oral (forwarding) survey, specially trained workers (counters, recorders) receive the necessary information based on a survey of the relevant persons, and themselves record the answers in the observation form. In terms of the form of conduct, an oral survey can be direct (as is the case in the population census), when the enumerator meets “face to face” with each respondent, and indirect, for example, by telephone.
During self-registration, the forms are filled out by the respondents themselves, and the enumerators hand out the questionnaire forms to them, explain the rules for filling them out, and then collect them.
The correspondent method consists in the fact that information is provided to the bodies conducting surveillance by a staff of voluntary correspondents.
This type of survey requires the least cost, but does not provide confidence that the material received is of high quality, since it is not always possible to check the correctness of the answers received directly on the spot.
The questionnaire method involves collecting information in the form of questionnaires. A certain circle of respondents are given special questionnaires (questionnaires) either in person or by publication in periodicals. Completion of these questionnaires is voluntary and is usually done anonymously. Typically, fewer questionnaires are returned than are sent out. This method of collecting information is used for incomplete observation. Questionnaire surveys are used in surveys where high accuracy is not required, but approximate, indicative results are needed, for example, when studying public opinion about the work of urban transport, trading enterprises, and so on.
The in-person method involves submitting information to authorities that conduct observation in person, for example, when registering marriages, births, divorces, and so on.
When choosing the type of survey, it is necessary to take into account the accuracy with which observations must be made; opportunity practical application one way or another; material opportunities.
Statistical observations can be divided into groups according to the following criteria:
Time of registration of facts;
Coverage of population units.
Depending on the time of registration of facts, there are continuous (current), periodic and one-time observations. With ongoing observation, changes in relation to the phenomena being studied are recorded as they occur, for example, when registering births, deaths, and marital status. Such observation is carried out in order to study the dynamics of a phenomenon.
Data reflecting site changes may be collected over multiple surveys. They are usually carried out using a similar program and tools and are called periodic. This type of observation includes population censuses, which are carried out every ten years, and registration of producer prices for individual goods, which is currently carried out monthly.
A one-time survey provides information about the quantitative characteristics of a phenomenon or process at the time of its study. Repeated registration is carried out after some time (undetermined in advance) or may not be carried out at all. The one-time survey was an inventory of unfinished industrial construction in 1994.
Based on the coverage of population units, statistical observation can be continuous or not continuous. The task of continuous observation is to obtain information about all units of the population under study.
Until recently, the Kazakh system of state statistics relied primarily on continuous observation. However, this type of observation has serious disadvantages: the high cost of obtaining and processing the entire amount of information; high labor costs; insufficient efficiency of information, since it takes a lot of time to collect and process it. And finally, not a single continuous observation, as a rule, provides complete coverage of all units of the population without exception. A larger or smaller number of units necessarily remain unobserved, both during one-time surveys and during such a form of observation as reporting. For example, at present, a significant part of non-state sector enterprises do not provide the necessary information to state statistical bodies, even despite the adopted Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On liability for violation of the procedure for submitting state statistical reporting.”
The number and proportion of units not covered depend on many factors: the type of survey (by mail, by oral interview); reporting unit type; registrar qualifications; the content of the questions provided for in the observation program; time of day or year when the survey is carried out, and others.
Non-continuous observation initially assumes that only a portion of the units of the population being studied are subject to survey. When conducting it, it is necessary to determine in advance what part of the population should be subjected to observation and how to select those units that should be surveyed.
One of the advantages of non-continuous observations is the ability to obtain information in a shorter time and with less resources than with continuous observation. This is due to a smaller volume of collected information, and therefore lower costs for its acquisition, verification, processing, and analysis.
There are several types of non-continuous observation. One of them is a sample survey. This is a fairly common type, based on the principle of random selection of those units of the population being studied that should be subjected to observation. At proper organization A sample survey gives fairly accurate results that are quite suitable for characterizing the entire population under study. This is the advantage of a sample survey compared to other types of non-continuous observation.
The size of the sample population depends on the nature (character) of the socio-economic phenomenon being studied. The sample population must represent all types of units present in the population under study. Otherwise, the sample population will not accurately reproduce the proportions and dependencies characteristic of the population in its entirety.
A type of sampling survey is the method of momentary observations. Its essence is that information is collected by recording the values of characteristics of units of the sample population at some predetermined points in time. Therefore, the method of momentary observations involves selecting not only units of the population under study (sampling in space), but also moments in time at which the state of the object under study is recorded (sampling in time).
This type of observation is used when conducting population income surveys.
The next type of non-continuous observation is the main array method. In this case, the most significant, usually the largest units of the population being studied are examined, which, according to the main (for a specific study) characteristic, have the largest share in the population. It is this type that is used to organize monitoring of the work of city markets.
A monographic survey is a type of non-continuous observation in which individual units of the population under study, usually representatives of some new types of phenomena, are subjected to a thorough examination. It is carried out with the aim of identifying existing or emerging trends in the development of this phenomenon.
A monographic survey, limited to individual units of observation, studies them with a high degree of detail, which cannot be achieved with a continuous or even sample survey. A detailed statistical and monographic study of one factory, farm, family budget, and so on makes it possible to capture those proportions and connections that escape the field of view during mass observations.
Thus, during a monographic survey, individual units of a population are subjected to statistical observation, and they can represent both truly isolated cases and populations of small size. A monographic survey is often carried out to design a new mass surveillance program. We can say that there is a close connection between continuous (or selective) and monographic observations. On the one hand, to select observation units that should be subjected to monographic study, data from mass surveys are used. On the other hand, the results of monographic surveys make it possible to clarify the structure of the population under study and, what is very important, the relationship between individual features characterizing the phenomenon under study. This allows us to refine the mass surveillance program, character traits and main features of the research object.
The accuracy of statistical observation is the degree of correspondence of the value of any indicator (the value of any attribute), determined from the materials of statistical observation, to its actual value.
The discrepancy between the calculated and actual values of the studied quantities is called observation error.
Data accuracy is a basic requirement for a statistical survey. To avoid observation errors, prevent, identify and correct their occurrence, it is necessary:
Provide quality training to personnel who will conduct the survey;
Organize special partial or complete control checks of the correctness of filling out statistical forms;
Carry out logical and arithmetic control of the received data after completing information collection.
Depending on the reasons for their occurrence, registration errors and representativeness errors are distinguished.
Registration errors are deviations between the value of an indicator obtained during statistical observation and its actual, actual value. This type of error can occur in both continuous and non-continuous examinations.
Systematic registration errors always have the same tendency to either increase or decrease the value of indicators for each unit of observation, and therefore the value of the indicator for the population as a whole will include the accumulated error. An example of a statistical registration error when conducting sociological surveys of the population is the rounding of the age of the population, as a rule, on numbers ending in five and zero. Many respondents, for example, instead of 48-49 and 51-52 years old, say that they are 50 years old.
Unlike registration errors, representativeness errors are typical only for non-continuous surveys. They arise because the selected and surveyed population does not accurately reproduce (represent) the entire original population as a whole.
The deviation of the value of an indicator in the surveyed population from its value in the original population is called a representativeness error.
Representativeness errors can also be random or systematic. Random errors occur when the sampled population does not fully replicate the population as a whole. Its magnitude can be estimated.
Systematic errors of representativeness arise due to a violation of the principles of selecting units from the original population that should be subjected to observation. To identify and eliminate errors made during registration, counting and logical control of the collected material can be used; representativeness (as well as registration errors) can be random and systematic.
Accounting control consists of checking the accuracy of arithmetic calculations used in reporting or filling out survey forms.
Logical control consists of checking the answers to the questions of the observation program by logical comprehension of them or by comparing the data obtained with other sources on the same issue.
An example of a logical comparison would be census forms. So, for example, in the census form a two-year-old boy is shown to be married, and a nine-year-old child is shown to be literate. It is clear that the answers to the questions received are incorrect. Such records require clarification of information and correction of errors. An example of comparison could be information about the wages of employees of an industrial enterprise, which are available in the labor report and in the production cost report. In trade, an example of such logical control can be a comparison of information on the wage fund contained in both the labor reporting and the distribution costs report.
After receiving the statistical forms, you should first of all check the completeness of the collected data, that is, determine whether all reporting units filled out the statistical forms, and whether the values of all indicators are reflected in them. The next stage of information accuracy control is arithmetic control. It is based on the use of quantitative relationships between the values of various indicators. For example, if among the collected data there is information about the number of industrial production personnel, production commercial products on average per worker and the cost of marketable products, then the product of the first two indicators should give the value of the third indicator. If arithmetic control shows that this dependence is not satisfied, this will indicate the unreliability of the collected data. Therefore, it is advisable to include in the statistical survey program indicators that make it possible to carry out arithmetic control.
Usually, to correct errors identified during logical control, it is necessary to re-turn to the source of information.
Statistical observation- it is massive (it covers a large number of cases of manifestation of the phenomenon under study in order to obtain truthful statistical data), systematic (carried out according to a developed plan, including issues of methodology, organization of collection and control of the reliability of information), systematic (carried out systematically, either continuously or regularly), scientifically organized (to increase the reliability of the data, which depends on the observation program, the content of the questionnaires, the quality of the preparation of instructions) observation of the phenomena and processes of socio-economic life, which consists of collecting and recording individual characteristics for each unit of the population.
Stages of statistical observation
- Preparation for statistical observation(solving scientific, methodological, organizational and technical issues).
- determination of the purpose and object of observation;
- determining the composition of features to be registered;
- development of documents for data collection;
- selection and training of personnel to conduct surveillance;
2. Collection of information
- direct filling of statistical forms (forms, questionnaires);
Statistical information is primary data on the state of socio-economic phenomena, formed in the process of statistical observation, which is then systematized, summarized, analyzed and generalized.
The composition of information is largely determined by the needs of society in this moment. Changes in forms of ownership and methods of regulating the economy led to changes in the policy of statistical observation. If earlier information was available only to government agencies, now it is in most cases publicly available. The main consumers of statistical information are the government, commercial structures, international organizations and the public.
Specially organized surveillanceIt consists of obtaining data that, for one reason or another, was not included in the reporting or to verify reporting data. Represents the collection of data through censuses and one-time counts.
Register surveillanceIt is based on maintaining a statistical register, with the help of which continuous statistical accounting is carried out for long-term processes that have a fixed beginning, stage of development and a fixed end.
| Forms of statistical research | Types of statistical observations | Methods for obtaining statistical information | |
| by data recording time | by completeness of coverage of population units | ||
| Statistical reporting | Current observation | Continuous observation | Direct observation |
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Specially organized observation:
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Intermittent observation:
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Anecdotal observation:
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Documentary |
| Register surveillance |
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Types of statistical observation
Statistical observations are divided into types according to the following criteria:- by time of data recording;
- by completeness of coverage;
Types of statistical observation by registration time:
Ongoing (continuous) surveillance- carried out to study current phenomena and processes. Facts are recorded as they occur. (registration of family marriages and divorces)
Intermittent observation- carried out as necessary, while temporary gaps in data recording are allowed:
Based on the completeness of coverage of population units, the following types of statistical observation are distinguished:
Continuous observation— represents the collection and receipt of information about all units of the population being studied. It is characterized by high material and labor costs and insufficient information efficiency. Used in population censuses, when collecting data in reporting format covering large and medium-sized enterprises different forms property.
Partial observation- based on the principle of random selection of units of the population being studied, while all types of units present in the population must be represented in the sample population. It has a number of advantages over continuous observation: reduction of time and money costs.
Continuous observation is divided into:- Selective observation- based on a random selection of units that are observed.
- Monographic observation— consists of examining individual units of a population characterized by rare qualitative properties. An example of monographic observation: characteristics of the work of individual enterprises to identify shortcomings in work or development trends.
- Main Array Method- consists of studying the most significant, largest units of the population, which, according to their main characteristic, have the largest share in the population under study.
- Momentary Observation Method— consists of conducting observations at random or constant intervals of time with notes on the state of the object under study at one time or another.
Methods of statistical observation
Ways to obtain statistical information:
Direct statistical observation- observation in which the registrars themselves, by direct measurement, weighing, and counting, establish the fact to be recorded.
Documentary observation- based on the use of various types of accounting documents.
Includes reporting method of observation - in which enterprises represent statistical reports about their activities in a strictly mandatory manner.
The following types of survey exist:Survey- consists in obtaining the necessary information directly from the respondent.
Expeditionary— registrars receive the necessary information from the persons being interviewed and record it in the forms themselves.
Self-registration method— the forms are filled out by the respondents themselves, the registrars only hand out the forms and explain the rules for filling them out.
Correspondent— information is provided to the relevant authorities by a staff of voluntary correspondents.
Questionnaire— information is collected in the form of questionnaires, which are special questionnaires, convenient in cases where high accuracy of results is not required.
Private- consists of providing information to the relevant authorities in person.
Errors in statistical observation
Information obtained during statistical observation may not correspond to reality, and the calculated values of indicators may not correspond to actual values.
The discrepancy between the calculated value and the actual value is called observation error.
Depending on the causes of occurrence there are distinguished registration errors and representativeness errors. Registration errors are typical for both continuous and non-continuous observations, and representativeness errors are typical only for non-continuous observations. Registration errors, like representativeness errors, can be random and systematic.
Registration errors- represent deviations between the value of the indicator obtained during statistical observation and its actual value. Registration errors can be random (the result of random factors - for example, strings are mixed up) and systematic (they appear constantly).
Representativeness errors- arise when the selected population does not accurately reproduce the original population. They are characteristic of incomplete observation and consist in the deviation of the value of the indicator of the studied part of the population from its value in the general population.
Control methods:Random errors- are the result of random factors.
Systematic errors- always have the same tendency to increase or decrease the indicator for each observation unit, as a result of which the value of the indicator for the population as a whole will include the accumulated error.
- Counting (arithmetic) - checking the correctness of an arithmetic calculation.
- Logical - based on the semantic relationship between features.
Sociological research.
Desk and field studies are the most widely used in a comprehensive study of the market for mechanical engineering products. Desk research is the analysis of secondary information about the market, which is contained in official sources, statistical reference books, periodicals, advertising brochures and newsletters. When using this method, the general economic conditions for the functioning of external and internal markets are studied. Secondary information, as a rule, arrives late and must be clarified by primary information about the sales conditions of a particular product in a particular market or its segment and the reaction of consumers to it, as well as the sales activities of competing enterprises. Field research is obtaining primary information through questioning, demand, interviewing consumers, employees of intermediary organizations and sales services, as well as persons informing
During the survey, information is systematically collected from the interviewees through contact with them in person, by telephone or by mail. A type of survey is a questionnaire, the purpose of which is to identify the socio-psychological reaction of the population to various phenomena, events and activities. The survey procedure consists of developing and analyzing questionnaires. Questionnaires can be conducted either orally or verbally. writing. During data analysis, the forms are first coded and scored, and then examined. Coding is the process by which each completed form is numbered and response categories are classified. Analysis consists of evaluating the answers, usually using statistical methods related to the problem at hand.
There are various methods of collecting economic data through surveys, questionnaires and interviews, obtaining official statistical reports, etc. Most countries have statistical agencies that collect, process, disseminate and publish essential data. Many specialized government and private agencies are also involved in this activity.
Exist various ways collection of statistical data, census, statistical reporting of enterprises and organizations, surveys, questionnaires, customs and tax control, etc. Each method of data collection has its own shortcomings that cause errors in the values of empirical indicators. These errors can be divided into three groups: systematic errors, for example, underestimation of income received, random errors, due to both the selective nature of the collected data and inaccurate (for various reasons) response subjects to questions, as well as rounding errors. All these errors must be assessed and taken into account when statistically processing data.
Although it has much in common with interview questions, a biographical questionnaire nevertheless differs from this method. According to Richard, the differences are that the collected data can be assessed statistically, the applicant has the opportunity to avoid antipathy on the part of the interviewer, a negative reaction cannot be overestimated. According to Shants, by structuring information in questionnaires, it is possible to avoid interference that arises in interviews for an objective assessment of the candidate.
Marketing research is a separate scientific direction that has developed at the intersection of a number of sciences. It has a rather complex methodology, which is a complex alloy of statistical, econometric, sociometric, qualimetric, behavioral and marketing methods themselves. Information collection is entirely subject to rules
