History of the development of cathodic protection stations. Cathodic corrosion protection

One of the commonly used methods electrochemical protection A variety of metal structures are protected from rust by cathodic protection. In most cases, it is used in conjunction with the application of special coatings to metal surfaces.

1 General information about cathodic protection

Such protection of metals was first described in the 1820s by Humphry Davy. Based on his reports, in 1824, on the ship HMS Samarang, the theory provided was tested. Iron anode protectors were installed on the copper plating of the ship, which significantly reduced the rate of rusting of copper. The technique began to be developed, and today the cathode of all kinds of metal structures (pipelines, car parts, etc.) is recognized as the most effective and widely used.

In industrial conditions, such protection of metals (it is often called cathodic polarization) is carried out using two main methods.

1. The structure, which is protected from destruction, is connected to an external current source. IN in this case The metal product acts as a cathode. And anodes are inert additional electrodes. This technique is usually used to protect pipelines, welded metal foundations, and drilling platforms.
2. Cathodic polarization of galvanic type. With this scheme, the metal structure is in contact with a metal that has a higher electronegative potential (aluminum, magnesium, aluminum alloys, zinc). In this case, the anode refers to both metals (main and protective). Dissolution (meaning purely electrochemical process) electronegative material leads to the flow of the necessary cathode current. Over time, the “protector” metal is completely destroyed. Galvanic polarization is effective for structures that have an insulating layer, as well as for relatively small metal products.

The first technique found wide application Worldwide. It is quite simple and economically feasible, making it possible to protect metal from general corrosion and from many of its varieties - intergranular corrosion of “stainless steel”, pitting, cracking of brass products due to the stresses under which they operate.

The galvanic circuit has found greater use in the USA. In our country it is used less frequently, although its effectiveness is high. The limited use of sacrificial protection for metals in Russia is due to the fact that many pipelines in our country do not have a special coating applied, and this is prerequisite for the implementation of anti-corrosion galvanic techniques.

2 How does standard cathodic polarization of metals work?

Cathodic corrosion protection is achieved through the use of superimposed current. It is supplied to the structure from a rectifier or other source of (external) current, where industrial-frequency alternating current is modified into the required direct current. The object being protected is connected to rectified current (to the “minus” pole). The structure is thus a cathode. The anodic grounding (second electrode) is connected to the “plus”.

It is important that there is good electrolytic and electronic contact between the secondary electrode and the structure. The first is provided by the soil, where the anode and the protected object are immersed. The soil in this case acts as an electrolytic medium. Electronic contact is achieved using conductors made of metallic materials.

Regulation of cathodic anti-corrosion protection is carried out by maintaining the protective potential between the electrolytic medium and the polarization potential indicator (or the structure itself) at a strictly defined value. The indicator is measured with a voltmeter with a high-resistance scale.

Here it is necessary to understand that the potential has not only a polarization component, but also another component - a drop in (ohmic) voltage. This drop occurs due to the flow of cathode current through the effective resistance. Moreover, the quality of cathodic protection depends solely on the polarization on the surface of the product, which is protected from rusting. For this reason, two characteristics of the security of a metal structure are distinguished - the highest and lowest polarization potentials.

Effective regulation of the polarization of metals, taking into account all of the above, becomes possible in the case when the indicator of the ohmic component is excluded from the value of the resulting potential difference. This can be achieved using a special circuit for measuring the polarization potential. We will not describe it within the framework of this article, since it is replete with many specialized terms and concepts.

As a rule, cathode technology is used in conjunction with the application of special protective materials to the external surface of products protected from corrosion.

To protect uninsulated pipelines and other structures, it is necessary to use significant currents, which is economically unprofitable and technically difficult.

3 Cathodic protection of vehicle elements

Corrosion is an active and very aggressive process. High-quality protection of car components from rust causes many problems for car enthusiasts. All vehicles without exception are subject to corrosive destruction, because rusting begins even when a small scratch appears on the paintwork of the car.

Cathodic technology for protecting a car from corrosion is quite common these days. It is used along with the use of all kinds of mastics. This technique refers to the application of electrical potential to the surface of a particular car part, which leads to an effective and long-term inhibition of rusting.

With the described protection vehicle The cathode is made up of special plates that are placed on its most vulnerable components. And the role of the anode is played by the car body. Such a distribution of potentials ensures the integrity of the machine body, since only the cathode plates are destroyed, and the base metal does not corrode.

Under vulnerabilities vehicles that can be protected using the cathodic method understand:

• rear and front parts of the bottom;
• rear wheel arch;
• areas for fixing sidelights and headlights themselves;
• wing-wheel joints;
• internal areas of doors and thresholds;
• space behind the wheel guards (front).

To protect the car, you need to purchase a special electronic module (some craftsmen make it themselves) and protector plates. The module is mounted in the car interior and connected to the on-board network (it must be powered when the car engine is turned off). Installing the device takes literally 10–15 minutes. Moreover, it takes a minimum of energy, and guarantees very high-quality anti-corrosion protection.

Protective plates can be of different sizes. Their number also differs depending on where in the car they are mounted, as well as on the geometric parameters of the electrode. In practice, the fewer plates you need, the more larger size has an electrode.

Car corrosion protection using the cathodic method is also carried out by other comparative in simple ways. The most basic one is to connect the positive wire of the car battery to a regular metal garage. Please note that you must use a resistor for connection.

4 Protection of pipelines using cathodic polarization method

Depressurization of pipelines of various purposes occurs in many cases due to their corrosion destruction caused by the appearance of ruptures, cracks and cavities. Underground communications are especially susceptible to rust. Zones with different potentials (electrodes) are formed on them, which is caused by the heterogeneity of the soil and the heterogeneous composition of the metals from which the pipes are made. Due to the appearance of these zones, the process of active formation of corrosive galvanic components begins.

Cathodic polarization of pipelines, carried out according to the schemes described at the beginning of the article (galvanization or an external energy source), is based on reducing the rate of dissolution of the pipe material during their operation. Such a reduction is achieved by shifting the corrosion potential to a zone that has more negative indicators in relation to the natural potential.

Back in the first third of the 20th century, the potential for cathodic polarization of metals was determined. Its indicator is -0.85 volts. In most soils, the natural potential of metal structures is in the range of -0.55 to -0.6 volts.

This means that to effectively protect pipelines, it is necessary to “move” the corrosion potential into negative side at 0.25-0.3 volts. With such a magnitude, the practical effect of rusting on the condition of communications is almost completely leveled out (corrosion per year has a rate of no more than 10 micrometers).

The technique using a current source (external) is considered labor-intensive and quite complex. But it provides high level protection of pipelines, its energy resource is not limited by anything, while the resistance (specific) of the soil has minimal impact on the quality of protective measures.

Power sources for cathodic polarization are usually overhead power lines at 0.4; 6 and 10 kV. In areas where there are none, it is allowed to use gas, thermal and diesel generators as energy sources.

The “protector” current is distributed unevenly along the length of the pipelines. Its greatest value is noted at the so-called drainage point - at the place where the source is connected. The greater the distance from this point, the less protected the pipes are. At the same time, excessive current directly in the connection area has Negative influence on the pipeline - there is a high probability of hydrogen cracking of metals.

The method using galvanic anodes demonstrates good efficiency in soils with low resistivity (up to 50 ohm*m). It is not used in soils of the high-resistivity group, since it does not give any special results. It is worth adding here that anodes are made from alloys based on aluminum, magnesium and zinc.

5 Briefly about cathodic protection stations (CPS)

For anti-corrosion protection of pipelines laid underground, SCPs are installed along their route, including:

• anodic grounding;
• current source;
• control and measurement point;
• cables and wires performing connecting functions.

Stations are connected to electrical networks or to autonomous devices. It is allowed to install several grounding connections and energy sources at the VCS when two or more pipeline lines are laid in one underground corridor. This, however, entails an increase in costs for anti-corrosion measures.

If only one installation is installed on multi-line communications, its connection to the pipes is carried out using special blocks. They do not allow the formation of strong galvanic couples that occur when installing blind jumpers on pipe products. These blocks isolate pipes from each other, and also make it possible to select the required potential on each pipeline element, guaranteeing maximum protection of the structure from rust.

The output voltage at cathode stations can be adjusted automatically (the installation in this case is equipped with thyristors) or manually (the operator switches the transformer windings if necessary). In situations where VSCs operate under time-varying conditions, it is recommended to operate stations with automatic voltage regulation.

They themselves monitor the resistance indicators of (specific) soil, the appearance of stray currents and other factors that have an impact. negative impact on the quality of protection, and automatically adjust the operation of the VCS. But in systems where the protective current and the resistance value in its circuit remain unchanged, it is better to use settings with manual adjustment of the output voltage.

Let us add that regulation in automatic mode is carried out according to one of two indicators:

• protection current (galvanostatic converters);
• according to the potential of the object that is being protected (potentiostatic converters).

6 Information on known cathodic protection stations

Among the popular domestic VCSs, several installations can be distinguished. The station is in great demand Minerva–3000– a powerful system developed by French and Russian engineers for Gazprom facilities. One Minerva is enough to reliably protect up to 30 kilometers of pipelines from rust. The station has the following main advantages:

• unique manufacturability of all its components;
• increased power of the VCS (it is possible to protect communications with very poor protective coating);
• self-healing (after emergency overloads) of station operating modes for 15 seconds;
• availability of high-precision digital equipment for monitoring operating conditions and a thermal control system;
• the presence of protective circuits against overvoltage of measuring and input circuits;
• absence of moving parts and tightness of the electrical cabinet.

In addition, to Minerva–3000 you can connect installations for remote control over the operation of the station and remote control her equipment.

The systems also have excellent technical performance ASKG-TM– modern telemechanized adaptive stations for the protection of electrical cables, city and main pipelines, as well as tanks in which gas and oil products are stored. Such devices are produced with different indicators(from 1 to 5 kilowatts) output power. They have a multifunctional telemetry complex that allows you to select a specific VCS operating mode, monitor and change station parameters, as well as process incoming information and send it to the operator.

Benefits of use ASKG-TM:

• possibility of integration into SCADA complexes due to support of OPC technology;
• backup and main communication channel;
• selection of power value (output);
• increased fault tolerance;
• wide operating temperature range;
• unique accuracy of setting output parameters;
• voltage protection of system power outputs.

There are SKZ and other types, information about which is easy to find on specialized sites on the Internet.

7 What objects can be protected using cathodic polarization?

In addition to protecting cars and pipelines, the polarization techniques under consideration are actively used to protect reinforcement included in reinforced concrete structures (buildings, road facilities, foundations, etc.) from corrosion. Typically, the fittings are a single electrical system, which actively corrodes when chlorides and water enter it.

Cathodic polarization in combination with concrete sanitation stops corrosion processes. In this case, it is necessary to use two types of anodes:

• the main ones are made of titanium, graphite or their combination with a metal oxide coating, as well as silicon cast iron;
• distribution rods – rods made of titanium alloys with an additional layer of metal protection or with a non-metallic electrically conductive coating.

By regulating the external current supplied to the reinforced concrete structure, the potential of the reinforcement is selected.

Polarization is considered an indispensable technique for the protection of stationary structures located on continental shelf, in the gas and oil fields. The original protective coatings on such objects cannot be restored (they require dismantling and transportation to dry hangars), which means that there is only one option left - cathodic protection of metals.

To protect against sea corrosion, galvanic polarization of civilian ships is used using anodes made of zinc, magnesium, and aluminum alloys. On shore (during repairs and moorings), ships are connected to SCZ, the anodes for which are made of platinized titanium.

Cathodic protection is also used to protect against destruction of the internal parts of vessels and containers, as well as pipes that come into contact with wastewater. industrial waters and other aggressive electrolytes. Polarization in this case increases the time of maintenance-free use of these structures by 2–3 times.

Passive protection underground gas pipelines insulating coatings are complemented by electrical protection. The tasks of electrical protection are as follows.

1. Removal of stray electric currents from the protected gas pipeline and their organized return to electrical installations and DC networks, which are the source of these currents.
2. Suppression of currents flowing through a gas pipeline at the places where they exit into the ground (anode zones) by currents from an external source, as well as currents arising due to soil electrochemical corrosion, by creating a galvanic circuit and a protective electrical potential on the gas pipeline pipes.
3. Preventing the spread of electric currents through gas pipelines by sectioning them with insulating flanges.

The problem of removing stray currents can be solved by creating:

1. additional grounding to drain currents into the ground. Disadvantage - opportunity harmful influence to neighboring pipelines of currents flowing from the protected gas pipeline;
2. simple or direct drainage protection, i.e. electrical connection of the protected gas pipeline with the rails of a tram or electric railway in order to return currents through them to their source. Simple drainage has two-way conductivity, i.e. can pass current back and forth, and is therefore used in stable anodic zones. The disadvantage of this protection is the need to turn off the drainage if the polarity of the current has changed or if the potential on the gas pipeline has become less than on the rails;
3. polarized drainage protection, i.e. drainage with one-sided conductivity, excluding reverse current current from the rails to the protected gas pipeline;
4. enhanced drainage protection, i.e. such protection, in the circuit of which an external current source is included to increase efficiency. Thus, enhanced drainage is a combination of polarized drainage with cathodic protection.

The problem of suppressing currents flowing through the protected gas pipeline can be solved using:

1. Cathodic protection by external current (electrical protection), i.e. connecting the protected gas pipeline to an external current source - to its negative pole as a cathode. The positive pole of the current source is connected to grounding - the anode. A closed circuit is created in which current flows from the anode through the ground to the protected gas pipeline and then to the negative pole of the external current source. In this case, the anodic groundings are gradually destroyed, but the gas pipeline is protected due to its cathodic polarization and the prevention of current flow from the pipes into the ground. Cathodic protection stations (CPS) can be used as an external source;
2. Protective protection, i.e. protection by using protectors made of metals in the electrical circuit that have a more negative potential in a corrosive environment than pipeline metal. An electric current occurs in the tread protection system, just as in a galvanic cell, with the electrolyte being soil containing moisture, and the electrodes being the gas pipeline and the tread metal. The resulting protective current suppresses electrochemical corrosion currents and ensures the creation of a protective electrical potential on the gas pipeline.

Schematic diagram of cathodic protection of an underground gas pipeline

1 - anodic grounding; 2.4 - drainage cables; 3 — external source of electric current; 5 — connection point for the drainage cable; 6 - protected gas pipeline

Schematic diagram of tread protection for an underground gas pipeline

1 - protected gas pipeline; 2 - insulated cables; 3 - control output; 4 — protector; 5 - filler for tread

The problem of electrical sectioning of pipelines is solved by installing insulating flanges with paronite or textolite gaskets, textolite bushings and washers. An example of the design of insulating flanges is shown in the figure below.

Installation of insulating flanges

1— insulating textolite or paronite bushing; 2— insulating washer made of textolite, rubber or vinyl chloride; 3 — steel washer; 4 — lead washers; 5—textolite ring-gasket

The main factors characterizing the degree of corrosion impact on underground steel gas pipelines, are:

• the magnitude and direction of stray currents in the soil;
• the magnitude and polarity of the gas pipeline potential relative to other metal underground communications and electrified transport rails;
• direction and strength of currents flowing through the gas pipeline;
• state of anti-corrosion protection of gas pipelines;
• specific value electrical resistance pound.

All these factors are subject to periodic monitoring.

The frequency of electrical measurements is as follows:

• in the areas of electrical protection installations for gas pipelines and other protected structures, as well as near traction substations and electric transport depots, near the rails of the railway and electrified railways and at places where gas pipelines intersect with them - at least once every 3 months, as well as when there are changes in the modes of electrical protection installations, protected structures or sources of stray currents;
• in areas that are not hazardous from the point of view of electrical protection - at least once a year summer time, as well as in case of any changes in conditions that can cause electrocorrosion.

For tread protection, protectors made of non-ferrous metals are used - usually magnesium, zinc, aluminum and their alloys.

Monitoring the operation of electrical protective installations and measuring potentials at the contacts are carried out (at least): on drainage installations - 4 times a month; at cathode installations - 2 times a month; on tread units - once a month.

Parameter name	Meaning
Article topic:	Cathodic protection
Rubric (thematic category)	Industry

Cathodic protection ta is the most common type of electrochemical protection. It is used in cases where the metal is not prone to passivation, that is, it has an extended region of active dissolution, a narrow passive region, high values ​​of passivation current (i p) and passivation potential (p p).

Cathodic polarization can be carried out by connecting the protected structure to the negative pole of an external current source. Cathodic protection is carried out by an external current. .

The cathodic protection diagram is shown in Fig. 4. The negative pole of the external current source 4 is connected to the protected metal structure 1, and the positive pole is connected to the auxiliary electrode 2, which works as an anode. During the protection process, the anode is actively destroyed and is subject to periodic restoration.

Cast iron, steel, coal, graphite, and metal scrap (old pipes, rails, etc.) are used as anode materials. The sources of external current for cathodic protection are cathodic protection stations, the obligatory elements of which are: a converter (rectifier) ​​that generates current; current supply to the protected structure, reference electrode, anode grounding conductors, anode cable.

Cathodic protection of factory equipment (refrigerators, heat exchangers, capacitors, etc.) exposed to an aggressive environment is carried out by connecting an external current source to the negative pole and immersing the anode in this environment.

Cathodic protection with external current is impractical in conditions of atmospheric corrosion, in a vaporous environment, in organic solvents, since in this case the corrosive environment does not have sufficient electrical conductivity.

Tread protection. Sacrificial protection is a type of cathodic protection. The pipeline protection scheme is shown in Fig. 5. A more electronegative metal, protector 3, is attached to the protected structure 2, which, dissolving in the environment, protects the main structure from destruction.

Once the protector has completely dissolved or lost contact with the structure being protected, it is extremely important to replace the protector.

Figure 5 Pipeline sacrificial protection scheme

The protector works effectively if the transition resistance between it and the environment is low. During operation, a protector, for example zinc, can become covered with a layer of insoluble corrosion products, which isolate it from environment and sharply increase the contact resistance. To combat this, the protector is placed in filler 4 - a mixture of salts, which creates a certain environment around it that facilitates the dissolution of corrosion products and increases the efficiency and stability of the protector in the ground.

In comparison with cathodic protection by external current, it is advisable to use sacrificial protection in cases where obtaining energy from the outside is difficult or if the construction of special power lines is not economically profitable.

Today, tread protection is used to combat corrosion of metal structures in sea and river water, soil and other neutral environments. The use of tread protection in acidic environments is limited by the high rate of self-dissolution of the tread.

Metals can be used as protectors: Al, Fe, Mg, Zn. At the same time, it is not always advisable to use pure metals as protectors. To give protectors the required performance properties, alloying elements are introduced into their composition.

Cathodic protection - concept and types. Classification and features of the Cathodic Protection category 2017, 2018.

SKZ - basic information.

Cathodic protection station (CPS) is a complex of structures designed for cathodic polarization of a gas pipeline by external current.

The main structural elements of the SCP (Fig. 12.4.1.) are:

Ø source of direct (rectified) current (cathode station) 5 ;

Ø anode grounding 2 , buried in the ground at some distance from the pipeline 1 ;

Ø connecting power lines 3 connecting the positive pole of the current source to the anode grounding, and the negative pole to the pipeline;

Ø gas pipeline cathode outlet 8 and drainage point 7 ;

Ø protective grounding 4 .

Figure – 12.4.1. - Schematic diagram of the SKZ

The potential of the pipeline under the influence of the incoming current becomes more electronegative, the exposed sections of the gas pipeline (in places where the insulation is damaged) become cathodicly polarized and, depending on the value of the established potential, become fully or partially protected from corrosion. At the same time, at the anodic grounding, under the influence of the flowing current, the process of anodic polarization occurs, accompanied by the gradual destruction of the anodic grounding.

VMS DC sources are divided into two groups. The first group includes network converting devices - rectifiers, powered from power lines (power lines) of alternating current of industrial frequency 50 Hz with a rated voltage of 0.23 to 10 kV. The second group includes autonomous sources - direct current generators and electrochemical elements that generate electricity directly on the gas pipeline route near the place where it is necessary to install the VPS (wind power generators, electric generators driven by gas turbines, from an internal combustion engine, thermoelectric generators, batteries).

On main gas pipelines, network cathode stations with single-phase alternating current rectifiers with a voltage of 127/220 V and a frequency of 50 Hz have become widespread. If there are AC power lines with a rated voltage of 0.23; 0.4; 6 and 10 kV, the use of such stations is appropriate and economically justified. When powered by a 6 or 10 kV power line, the rectifier unit is connected to the supply line through a step-down transformer.

Figure – 12.4.2. – Simplified circuit diagram typical non-automatic power source VMS

On Fig.12.4.2. simplified typical diagram network cathode station with rectifier. AC mains is connected to the terminals 1 And 2 . Electricity consumption is metered using an electric meter 3 . Machine 4 serves to turn on the installation, and the fuses 5 provide protection against short circuit currents and overloads from alternating current. A step-down transformer 6 powers the rectifier 7 , assembled from individual rectifier elements using a full-wave bridge rectification circuit or a full-wave single-phase rectification circuit with a zero terminal. Protection against short circuit and overload on the side of the rectified current circuit is provided by a fuse 9 . The operating mode of the installation is controlled using an ammeter 10 and voltmeter 12 . Connecting cable from the pipeline 11 connects to the “-” terminal, and from the anode grounding to the “+” terminal. All elements of the installation are mounted in a metal cabinet, locked with a padlock.

To provide safe conditions during operation, all metal parts of the station structure are grounded using protective grounding 8 .

Rectifier units have devices for regulating voltage or current. Most installations use step voltage regulation by switching individual sections of the transformer windings. On some types of rectifiers, the voltage is smoothly regulated using an autotransformer or magnetic shunts in the transformer windings. Triac voltage regulation is also used in the primary winding and thyristor voltage regulation in the secondary.

When cathodic protection of gas pipelines located in the area of ​​stray currents, the operating mode of non-automatic AC rectifiers is usually selected taking into account the average value of the “pipe-ground” potential difference, which is determined from measurement data over a certain period of time (usually the average daily value) and does not exclude emissions potential in the anodic or cathodic region. To suppress anode emissions, the rectifier must be configured in overprotection mode. Deep cathodic polarization leads to excessive energy consumption, peeling and cracking of the insulating coating, and hydrogenation of the metal surface (due to the intense release of hydrogen at the cathode). This nature of changes in gas pipeline potentials leads to the need to create automatic cathodic protection stations, which must maintain the potential in the protective range with minimal power consumption and maximum use protective properties of stray currents. VMSs consist of devices for setting a given potential difference value (master devices), devices for measuring the actual potential difference (measuring devices with stationary reference electrodes), power amplifiers, executive bodies, changing the current strength in the VMS circuit.

There are various methods for treating metal pipes, but the most effective of them is cathodic protection of pipelines against corrosion. It is necessary to prevent their premature depressurization, which will lead to the formation of cracks, cavities and ruptures.

Metal corrosion is a natural process in which the atoms of a metal change. As a result, their electrons pass to oxidizing agents, which leads to destruction of the structure of the material.

For underground pipelines, an additional factor of corrosion influence is the composition of the soil. It contains areas of different electrode potential, which causes the formation of corrosive galvanic cells.

There are several types of corrosion, including:

• Solid. It is distinguished by a large continuous area of ​​distribution. In rare cases, it causes damage to the pipeline, since it often does not penetrate deep into the metal structure;


• Local corrosion – becomes the most common cause gaps, as it does not cover large area, but penetrates deeply. It is divided into pitting, filamentous, through, subsurface, spotty, knife, intergranular, corrosion brittleness and cracking.

Methods for protecting underground pipelines

Protection against metal corrosion can be either active or passive. Passive methods involve creating conditions for the pipeline in which it will not be affected by the surrounding soil. For this purpose, special protective compounds which become a barrier. The most commonly used coatings are bitumen, epoxy resins, polymer tapes or coal tar pitch.

For the active method, cathodic protection of pipelines against corrosion is most often used. It is based on the creation of polarization, which makes it possible to reduce the rate of metal dissolution. This effect is realized by shifting the corrosion potential to a more negative area. To do this, an electric current is passed between the metal surface and the soil, which significantly reduces the corrosion rate.

Methods for implementing cathodic protection:

• Using external current sources that are connected to the protected pipe and to anode grounding;


• Using the galvanic method (magnesium sacrificial anode protectors).

Cathodic protection of pipelines against corrosion using external sources is more complex. Since it requires the use of special designs that provide direct current. The galvanic method, in turn, is implemented using protectors that make it possible to provide effective protection only in soils with low electrical resistance.

Can be used to protect the pipeline and the anodic method. It is used in conditions of contact with an aggressive chemical environment. The anodic method is based on converting the active state of the metal into a passive one and maintaining it due to the influence of an external anode.

Despite certain difficulties in implementation, this method is actively used where cathodic protection of pipelines against corrosion cannot be implemented.

Examples of cathodic protection of pipelines against corrosion at the exhibition

Experience of use and new developments in this area are highlighted at the annual industry exhibition "Neftegaz", which takes place at the Expocentre Fairgrounds.

The exhibition is a major industry event and an excellent platform for introducing specialists to new developments, as well as launching new projects. The Neftegaz exhibition will be held at the Expocentre Fairgrounds in Moscow on Krasnaya Presnya.

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