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Speech ethics. Etiquette of speech communication and etiquette formulas of speech

§ 9. Ethics of speech communication and etiquette formulas of speech

Ethics verbal communication begins with compliance with the conditions of successful verbal communication: with a friendly attitude towards the addressee, demonstration of interest in the conversation, “understanding understanding” - attuned to the world of the interlocutor, sincere expression of one’s opinion, sympathetic attention. This prescribes expressing your thoughts in a clear form, focusing on the world of knowledge of the addressee. In idle-speech spheres of communication in dialogues and polylogues of an intellectual, as well as “game” or emotional nature, the choice of topic and tone of conversation becomes especially important. Signals of attention, participation, correct interpretation and sympathy are not only regulatory cues, but also paralinguistic means - facial expressions, smile, gaze, gestures, posture. Special role when conducting a conversation belongs to the gaze.
Thus, speech ethics are the rules of proper speech behavior, based on moral norms and national and cultural traditions.
Ethical norms are embodied in special etiquette speech formulas and expressed in statements by a whole ensemble of multi-level means: both full-nominal word forms and words of incomplete-nominal parts of speech (particles, interjections).
The main ethical principle of verbal communication - respect for parity - is expressed from greeting to farewell throughout the conversation.
1. Greeting. Appeal.
Greetings and addresses set the tone for the entire conversation. Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, the degree of their closeness, you-communication or you-communication is chosen and, accordingly, greetings hello or hello, good afternoon (evening, morning), hello, fireworks, greetings, etc. Important role The communication situation also plays a role.
The address performs a contact-establishing function and is a means of intimacy, therefore throughout the entire speech situation the address should be pronounced repeatedly; this also indicates good feelings to the interlocutor, and about attention to his words. In phatic communication, in the speech of close people, in conversations with children, the address is often accompanied or replaced by periphrases, epithets with diminutive suffixes: Anechka, you are my bunny; darling; kitty; killer whales, etc. This is especially true for the speech of women and people of a special type, as well as for emotional speech.
National and cultural traditions prescribe certain forms of addressing strangers. If at the beginning of the century the universal methods of address were citizen and citizen, then in the second half of the 20th century dialectal southern forms of address based on gender - woman, man - became widespread. IN Lately often in casual conversational speech, when addressing unknown woman the word lady is used, but when addressing a man the word gentleman is used only in an official, semi-official, club setting. Developing equally acceptable addresses to men and women is a matter of the future: sociocultural norms will have their say here.
2. Etiquette formulas.
Each language has fixed methods and expressions of the most frequent and socially significant communicative intentions. So, when expressing a request for forgiveness, an apology, it is customary to use a direct, literal form, for example, Sorry (those), Forgive (those). When expressing a request, it is customary to represent one’s “interests” in an indirect, non-literal statement, softening the expression of one’s interest and leaving the addressee the right to choose an action; for example: Could you go to the store now?; Aren't you going to the store now? When asked How to get through..? Where is..? You should also preface your question with a request: Could you say?; You will not say..?
There are etiquette formulas for congratulations: immediately after the address, the reason is indicated, then the wishes, then assurances of the sincerity of feelings, and a signature. The oral forms of some genres of colloquial speech also largely bear the stamp of ritualization, which is determined not only by speech canons, but also by the “rules” of life, which takes place in a multidimensional, human “dimension.” This applies to such ritualized genres as toasts, gratitude, condolences, congratulations, and invitations.
Etiquette formulas, phrases for the occasion - important component communicative competence; knowledge of them is an indicator of a high degree of language proficiency.
3. Euphemization of speech.
Maintaining a cultural atmosphere of communication, the desire not to upset the interlocutor, not to offend him indirectly, not. cause an uncomfortable state - all this obliges the speaker, firstly, to choose euphemistic nominations, and secondly, a softening, euphemistic way of expression.
Historically in language system There have developed ways of periphrastic nomination of everything that offends taste and violates cultural stereotypes of communication. These are paraphrases regarding death, sexual relations, physiological functions; for example: he left us, died, passed away; the title of Shahetdzhanyan's book "1001 questions about this" about intimate relationships.
Mitigating techniques for conducting a conversation are also indirect information, allusions, hints that make it clear to the addressee real reasons similar form of expression. In addition, mitigation of a refusal or reprimand can be realized by the technique of “changing the addressee,” in which a hint is made or the speech situation is projected onto a third participant in the conversation. In the traditions of Russian speech etiquette, it is forbidden to speak about those present in the third person (he, she, they), thus, all those present find themselves in one “observable” deictic space of the speech situation “I - YOU (YOU) - HERE - NOW." This shows respect for all participants in communication.
4. Interruption.
Counter remarks. Polite behavior in verbal communication requires listening to the interlocutor’s remarks to the end. However high degree emotionality of communication participants, demonstration of their solidarity, agreement, introduction of their assessments “in the course” of the partner’s speech - a common phenomenon in dialogues and polylogues of idle speech genres, stories and stories-memories. According to the observations of researchers, interruptions are typical for men, while women are more correct in conversation. In addition, interrupting the interlocutor is a signal of a non-cooperative strategy. This kind of interruption occurs when there is a loss of communicative interest.
Cultural and social norms of life, the subtleties of psychological relationships require the speaker and listener to actively create a favorable atmosphere of verbal communication, which ensures the successful resolution of all issues and leads to agreement.
5. YOU-communication and YOU-communication. In Russian, YOU-communication in informal speech is widespread. Superficial acquaintance in some cases and distant long-term relationships of old acquaintances in others are shown by the use of the polite “you”. In addition, YOU communication demonstrates respect for the participants in the dialogue; So, you-communication is typical for long-time friends who have deep feelings of respect and devotion for each other. More often you communicate during a long acquaintance or friendly relations observed among women. Men of different social classes are “more often inclined to You-communication. Among uneducated and uncultured men, You-communication is considered the only acceptable form social interaction. When a You-communication relationship is established, they make attempts to deliberately reduce the social self-esteem of the addressee and impose You-communication. This is a destructive element of verbal communication, destroying communicative contact.
It is generally accepted that You-communication is always a manifestation of spiritual harmony and spiritual intimacy and that the transition to You-communication is an attempt to intimate relationships; Wed Pushkin’s lines: “You are empty with a heartfelt You, having mentioned, replaced...”. However, during You-communication, the sense of the uniqueness of the individual and the phenomenal nature of interpersonal relationships is often lost. Wed. in the "Chrestomathy" correspondence between Yu. M. Lotman and B. F. Egorov.
Parity relationships as the main component of communication do not negate the possibility of choosing You-communication and You-communication depending on the nuances of social roles and psychological distances.
The same participants in communication different situations may use the pronouns “you” and “you” in informal settings. This may indicate alienation, a desire to introduce elements of ritual treatment into the speech situation (cf.: Shouldn’t you put some salad, Vitaly Ivanovich?).
Summary
Among the functional varieties of language, colloquial speech occupies a special place. Colloquial speech is such speech of native speakers of a literary language, which is realized spontaneously (without any preliminary thinking) in an informal setting with the direct participation of communication partners. Colloquial speech has significant features at all linguistic levels, and therefore it is often considered as a special language system. Because the language features colloquial speech is not recorded in grammars and dictionaries; it is called uncodified, thereby contrasting with codified functional varieties of language. It is important to emphasize that colloquial speech is a special functional variety of the literary language (and not some kind of non-literary form). It is wrong to think that the linguistic features of colloquial speech are speech errors which should be avoided. This implies an important requirement for the culture of speech: in conditions of manifestation of colloquial speech, one should not strive to speak in writing, although one must remember that in colloquial speech there may be speech errors; they must be distinguished from colloquial features.
The functional variety of language “colloquial speech” has historically developed under the influence of the rules of linguistic behavior of people in various life situations, i.e. under the influence of the conditions of communicative interaction between people. All the nuances of the phenomenon human consciousness find their expression in the genres of speech, in the ways of its organization. talking man always declares himself as an individual, and only in this case is it possible to establish contact with other people.
Successful verbal communication is the implementation of the communicative goal of the initiators of communication and the achievement of agreement by the interlocutors. Required terms successful communication are the interest of the interlocutors in communication, the attunement to the world of the addressee, the ability to penetrate into the communicative intention of the speaker, the ability of the interlocutors to fulfill the strict requirements of situational speech behavior, to unravel the “creative handwriting” of the speaker when reflecting the real state of affairs or “picture of the world”, the ability to predict the “vector” of a dialogue or polylogue Therefore, the central concept of successful verbal communication is the concept of linguistic competence, which presupposes knowledge of the rules of grammar and vocabulary, the ability to express meaning by everyone possible ways, knowledge of sociocultural norms and stereotypes of speech behavior, which allows one to correlate the relevance of a particular linguistic fact with the speaker’s intention and, finally, makes it possible to express one’s own understanding and individual presentation of information.
The reasons for communication failures are rooted in ignorance language norms in the difference in the background knowledge of the speaker and the listener, in the difference in their sociocultural stereotypes and psychology, as well as in the presence of “external interference” (alien communication environment, distance of interlocutors, presence of strangers).
The communicative goals of the interlocutors determine speech strategies, tactics, modality and techniques of dialogue. The components of speech behavior include expressiveness and emotiveness of statements.
Techniques of speech expressiveness are the basis of techniques fiction And oratory; Wed techniques: anaphors, antitheses, hyperboles, litotes; chains of synonyms, gradations, repetitions, epithets, unanswered questions, questions of self-verification, metaphors, metonymies, allegories, hints, allusions, periphrases, redirection to a third participant; such means of expressing the author's subjective modality as introductory words and sentences.
Colloquial speech has its own aesthetic atmosphere, which is determined by the deep processes that connect a person with society and culture.
Historically, relatively stable forms of speech communication have developed - genres. All genres are subject to the rules of speech ethics and linguistic canons. The ethics of verbal communication prescribes the speaker and listener to create a favorable tone of conversation, which leads to agreement and success of the dialogue.

The ethics of verbal communication begins with compliance with the conditions of successful verbal communication: with a friendly attitude towards the addressee, a demonstration of interest in the conversation, “understanding understanding” - an attunement to the world of the interlocutor, a sincere expression of one’s opinion, sympathetic attention. This prescribes expressing your thoughts in a clear form, focusing on the world of knowledge of the addressee. In idle-speech spheres of communication in dialogues and polylogues of an intellectual, as well as “game” or emotional nature, the choice of topic and tone of conversation becomes especially important. Signals of attention, participation, correct interpretation and sympathy are not only regulatory cues, but also paralinguistic means - facial expressions, smile, gaze, gestures, posture. A special role in conducting a conversation belongs to the gaze.

Thus, speech ethics are the rules of proper speech behavior based on moral norms and national and cultural traditions. Russian language in its functioning. Levels of language. M., 1996

Ethical norms are embodied in special etiquette speech formulas and expressed in statements by a whole ensemble of multi-level means: both full-nominal word forms and words of incomplete-nominal parts of speech.

The main ethical principle of verbal communication - respect for parity - is expressed from greeting to farewell throughout the conversation.

Greetings. Appeal

Greetings and addresses set the tone for the entire conversation. Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, the degree of their closeness, you-communication or you-communication is chosen and, accordingly, greetings hello or hello, good afternoon, hello, fireworks, greetings, etc. The communication situation also plays an important role.

The address performs a contact-establishing function and is a means of intimacy, therefore, throughout the entire speech situation, the address should be pronounced repeatedly; this indicates both good feelings towards the interlocutor and attention to his words.

Recently, in casual conversational speech, when addressing an unfamiliar woman, the word lady is often used, but when addressing a man, the word master is used only in an official, semi-official, club setting. Developing equally acceptable addresses to men and women is a matter of the future: sociocultural norms will have their say here.

The emergence of etiquette as such and speech etiquette, in particular, is firmly associated with the development of the state as the main regulatory and management system of society. The state, which by its nature implies a hierarchical structure of power and institutions of power, various shapes social stratification, various forms of subordination, requires norms and rules of behavior that would in practice serve as means of differentiation and recognition of different social groups, layers, institutions. The system of ranks, ranks, titles, ranks and other attributes of a hierarchical system of power necessarily requires tools that will accompany the communication of representatives of different layers and groups that differ according to the above definitions. Over time, the activities of those in power and public structures is so formalized and normalized, the differences between different social strata and groups appear so clearly that communication in the state and society is overloaded with a huge number of unsystematized norms and rules. All this leads to confusion and confusion. From this moment on, a huge number of norms and rules begin to be classified and systematized. This point in the development of the state and society can be considered the birth of a system of norms and rules that regulate and normalize human behavior in society, i.e. etiquette. And since the order of behavior in society is brought up from childhood in each of its members by the family, school, and the entire environment, etiquette becomes part of the moral rules studied by science - ethics.

In every society, etiquette gradually developed as a system of rules of behavior, a system of permissions and prohibitions, organizing moral standards in general: protect your younger ones, take care of your wife, respect your elders, be kind to others, do not offend or insult those who depend on you, be hardworking , conscientious - etc. and so on. This is how etiquette and ethics are united: it is not without reason that dictionaries define the second meaning of the word ethics as a system of norms of moral behavior for a person, a class, a social or professional group.

Naturally, etiquette and speech are closely related. Manner of speech, style, permission or prohibition to say one thing and not say another, the choice of linguistic means as a mark of one’s belonging to the environment - all this is noticeable in our everyday speech manifestations.

The term “norm” in relation to language has firmly entered into everyday use and has become the central concept of speech culture. In modern linguistics, the term “norm” is understood in two meanings: firstly, the norm is the generally accepted use of various linguistic means, regularly repeated in the speech of speakers (reproduced by speakers), and secondly, prescriptions, rules, instructions for use, recorded in textbooks, dictionaries , reference books.

“Hello” makes us happy. Be that as it may, this is the norm of etiquette, and we need a sign of greeting at least to say: I notice you. From this we can draw a conclusion regarding what etiquette is. These are a wide variety of verbal and non-verbal signs that notify others that a person belongs to one or another, wider or narrower, environment or group. Signs of etiquette constitute a certain system of rules that are mandatory for execution in a given society. Those who do not follow etiquette rules fall out of this environment. And since the order of behavior in society is brought up from childhood in each of its members by family and school, the entire environment, etiquette becomes part of the moral rules studied by science - ethics.

If etiquette, as a set of rules established in society, regulates our behavior in accordance with social requirements, then speech etiquette can be defined as the regulating rules of speech behavior. This is a wide zone of units of language and speech, which verbally expresses the etiquette of behavior, puts into our hands those linguistic riches that have accumulated in every society to express a non-conflict, “normal” attitude towards people, and this means a friendly attitude. On the other hand, etiquette regulates the complex choice of the most suitable, most appropriate means for a given person, for his specific addressee, in a given specific case, in a given situation and setting of communication. In one case, the text turns out: Tanya, Tanya, let’s run to the cinema!, and in the other: Dear Tatyana Sergeevna, allow me to invite you to New film. Every day and many times we use expressions of speech etiquette: we address people, greet them, say goodbye, thank them, apologize, congratulate them on a holiday, wish them success, etc. and so on. We sympathize and condole, approve and give compliments, we advise something, invite someone, ask for something - and all this in such a way that we take into account both the official or informal situation of communication, and our own roles relative to the roles of the interlocutor, and specific communication situation, and national habits and customs. And all this is habitual, automatic, because “that’s how it’s supposed to be.”

Due to the thousand-fold repetition in typical situations Speech etiquette is embodied in stereotypes, in set expressions, communication formulas, which we do not build anew every time we need to use them, but use ready-made ones, deposited in our linguistic consciousness. In general, speech etiquette is a zone of stable, stereotypical communicative units of language, although each specific choice in each specific speech act, like any choice, is a creative matter.

speech etiquette conversational business

The ethics of verbal communication begins with compliance with the conditions of successful verbal communication: with a friendly attitude towards the addressee, demonstration of interest in the conversation, “understanding understanding” - attuned to the world of the interlocutor, sincere expression of one’s opinion, sympathetic attention. This prescribes expressing your thoughts in a clear form, focusing on the world of knowledge of the addressee. In idle-speech spheres of communication in dialogues and polylogues of an intellectual, as well as “game” or emotional nature, the choice of topic and tone of conversation becomes especially important. Signals of attention, participation, correct interpretation and sympathy are not only regulatory cues, but also paralinguistic means - facial expressions, smile, gaze, gestures, posture. A special role in conducting a conversation belongs to the gaze.

Thus, speech ethics are the rules of proper speech behavior based on moral norms and national and cultural traditions.

The main ethical principle of verbal communication - respect for parity - finds its expression, from greeting to farewell throughout the conversation.

1. Greeting. Appeal.

Greetings and addresses set the tone for the entire conversation. Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, the degree of their closeness, you-communication or you-communication is chosen and, accordingly, greetings hello or hello, good afternoon (evening, morning), hello, fireworks, greetings, etc. The communication situation also plays an important role.

The address performs a contact-establishing function and is a means of intimacy, therefore throughout the entire speech situation the address should be pronounced repeatedly; this indicates both good feelings towards the interlocutor and attention to his words. In phatic communication, in the speech of close people, in conversations with children, the address is often accompanied or replaced by periphrases, epithets with diminutive suffixes: Anechka, you are my bunny; darling; kitty; killer whales, etc. This is especially true for the speech of women and people of a special type, as well as for emotional speech.

National and cultural traditions prescribe certain forms of addressing strangers. If at the beginning of the century the universal methods of address were citizen and citizen, then in the second half of the 20th century dialectal southern forms of address based on gender - woman, man - became widespread. Recently, the word lady is often used in casual colloquial speech, when addressing an unfamiliar woman, but when addressing a man, the word gentleman is used only in an official, semi-official, club setting. Developing equally acceptable addresses to men and women is a matter of the future: sociocultural norms will have their say here.

2. Etiquette formulas.

Each language has fixed methods and expressions of the most frequent and socially significant communicative intentions. So, when expressing a request for forgiveness, an apology, it is customary to use a direct, literal form, for example, Sorry (those), Forgive (those).

When expressing a request, it is customary to represent one’s “interests” in an indirect, non-literal statement, softening the expression of one’s interest and leaving the addressee the right to choose an action; for example: Could you go to the store now?; Aren't you going to the store now? When asked How to get through..? Where is..? You should also preface your question with a request: Could you say?; You will not say..?

There are etiquette formulas for congratulations: immediately after the address, the reason is indicated, then the wishes, then assurances of the sincerity of feelings, and a signature. The oral forms of some genres of colloquial speech also largely bear the stamp of ritualization, which is determined not only by speech canons, but also by the “rules” of life, which takes place in a multidimensional, human “dimension.” This applies to such ritualized genres as toasts, gratitude, condolences, congratulations, and invitations.

Etiquette formulas and phrases for the occasion are an important part of communicative competence; knowledge of them is an indicator of a high degree of language proficiency.

3. Euphemization of speech.

Maintaining a cultural atmosphere of communication, the desire not to upset the interlocutor, not to offend him indirectly, not. cause an uncomfortable state - all this obliges the speaker, firstly, to choose euphemistic nominations, and secondly, a softening, euphemistic way of expression.

Historically, the language system has developed ways of periphrastic nomination of everything that offends taste and violates cultural stereotypes of communication. These are paraphrases regarding death, sexual relations, physiological functions; for example: he left us, died, passed away; the title of Shahetjanyan’s book “1001 questions about this” about intimate relationships.

Mitigating techniques for conducting a conversation are also indirect information, allusions, and hints that make it clear to the addressee the true reasons for this form of statement. In addition, mitigation of a refusal or reprimand can be realized by the technique of “changing the addressee,” in which a hint is made or the speech situation is projected onto a third participant in the conversation. In the traditions of Russian speech etiquette, it is prohibited to speak about those present in the third person (he, she, they), thus, all those present find themselves in one “observable” deictic space of the speech situation “I – YOU (YOU) – HERE – NOW.” This shows respect for all participants in communication.

4. Interruption.

Counter remarks. Polite behavior in verbal communication requires listening to the interlocutor’s remarks to the end. However, a high degree of emotionality of the participants in communication, demonstration of their solidarity, agreement, introduction of their assessments “in the course” of the partner’s speech is a common phenomenon in dialogues and polylogues of idle speech genres, stories and stories-memories. According to the observations of researchers, interruptions are typical for men, while women are more correct in conversation. In addition, interrupting the interlocutor is a signal of a non-cooperative strategy. This kind of interruption occurs when there is a loss of communicative interest.

Cultural and social norms of life, the subtleties of psychological relationships require the speaker and listener to actively create a favorable atmosphere of verbal communication, which ensures the successful resolution of all issues and leads to agreement.

5. V S-communication and T S-communication. In Russian, YOU-communication in informal speech is widespread. Superficial acquaintance in some cases and distant long-term relationships of old acquaintances in others are shown by the use of the polite “You”.

In addition, YOU communication demonstrates respect for the participants in the dialogue; So, you-communication is typical for long-time friends who have deep feelings of respect and devotion for each other. More often, you-communication during long-term acquaintance or friendships is observed among women. Men from different social strata are more likely to engage in You-communication. Among uneducated and uncultured men, You-communication is considered the only acceptable form of social interaction. When You-communication relationships are established, they attempt to deliberately reduce the social self-esteem of the recipient and impose You-communication. This is destructive element of speech communication that destroys communicative contact.

It is generally accepted that You-communication is always a manifestation of spiritual harmony and spiritual intimacy and that the transition to You-communication is an attempt to intimate relationships; Wed Pushkin’s lines: “You are empty with a heartfelt You, having said something, replaced ....” However, during You-communication, the sense of the uniqueness of the individual and the phenomenal nature of interpersonal relationships is often lost. Wed. in the "Chrestomathy" correspondence between Yu. M. Lotman and B. F. Egorov.

Parity relationships as the main component of communication do not negate the possibility of choosing You-communication and You-communication depending on the nuances of social roles and psychological distances.

The same participants in communication in different situations can use the pronouns “you” and “you” in an informal setting. This may indicate alienation, a desire to introduce elements of ritual treatment into the speech situation (cf.: Shouldn’t you put some salad, Vitaly Ivanovich?).

Control questions

1. What is the main ethical principle of verbal communication?

2. What functions does the appeal perform?

3. What etiquette formulas are used when expressing a request? ,

What role do euphemisms play?

5. What techniques of indirect information do you know?

6. What are the specifics of YOU-communication and YOU-communication in Russian?

7. How to create a cultural atmosphere of dialogue?

Summary

Among the functional varieties of language, colloquial speech occupies a special place. Colloquial speech is such speech of native speakers of a literary language, which is realized spontaneously (without any preliminary thinking) in an informal setting with the direct participation of communication partners. Spoken speech has significant features at all linguistic levels, and therefore it is often considered as a special language system. Since the linguistic features of spoken language are not recorded in grammars and dictionaries, it is called uncodified, thereby contrasting with codified functional varieties of language. It is important to emphasize that colloquial speech is a special functional variety of the literary language (and not some kind of non-literary form). It is wrong to think that linguistic features of colloquial speech are speech errors that should be avoided. This implies an important requirement for the culture of speech: in conditions of manifestation of colloquial speech, one should not strive to speak in writing, although one must remember that in colloquial speech there may be speech errors; they must be distinguished from colloquial features.

The functional variety of language “colloquial speech” has historically developed under the influence of the rules of linguistic behavior of people in various life situations, i.e. under the influence of the conditions of communicative interaction of people. All the nuances of the phenomenon of human consciousness find their expression in the genres of speech, in the ways of its organization. A speaking person always declares himself as an individual, and only in this case is it possible to establish contact with other people.

Successful verbal communication is the implementation of the communicative goal of the initiators of communication and the achievement of agreement by the interlocutors. Mandatory conditions for successful communication are the interlocutors’ interest in communication, an attunement to the recipient’s world, the ability to penetrate into the speaker’s communicative intent, the ability of interlocutors to fulfill the strict requirements of situational speech behavior, to unravel the “creative handwriting” of the speaker when reflecting the real state of affairs or “pictures of the world”, the ability to predict “vector” » dialogue or polylogue. Therefore, the central concept of successful verbal communication is the concept of linguistic competence, which presupposes knowledge of the rules of grammar and vocabulary, the ability to express meaning in all possible ways, knowledge of sociocultural norms and stereotypes of speech behavior, which allows one to correlate the relevance of a particular linguistic fact with the speaker’s intention and, finally, makes it possible to express one's own understanding and individual presentation of information.

The reasons for communicative failures are rooted in ignorance of language norms, in the difference in background knowledge of the speaker and the listener, in the difference in their sociocultural stereotypes and psychology, as well as in the presence of “external interference” (alien communication environment, distance of interlocutors, presence of strangers).

The communicative goals of the interlocutors determine speech strategies, tactics, modality and techniques of dialogue. The components of speech behavior include expressiveness and emotiveness of statements.

Techniques of speech expressiveness are the basis of the techniques of fiction and oratory; Wed techniques: anaphors, antitheses, hyperboles, litotes; chains of synonyms, gradations, repetitions, epithets, unanswered questions, questions of self-verification, metaphors, metonymies, allegories, hints, allusions, periphrases, redirection to a third participant; such means of expressing the author's subjective modality as introductory words and sentences.

Colloquial speech has its own aesthetic atmosphere, which is determined by the deep processes that connect a person with society and culture.

Historically, relatively stable forms of speech communication have developed - genres. All genres are subject to the rules of speech ethics and linguistic canons. The ethics of verbal communication prescribes the speaker and listener to create a favorable tone of conversation, which leads to agreement and success of the dialogue.

Speech and etiquette

2. ETIQUETTE OF SPEECH COMMUNICATION AND ETIQUETTE FORMULAS OF SPEECH.

The etiquette of verbal communication begins with observing the conditions for successful verbal communication: with a friendly attitude towards the addressee, demonstrating interest in the conversation, and understanding.

Attunement to the world of the interlocutor, sincere expression of one’s opinion, sympathetic attention. Signals of attention, participation, correct interpretation and sympathy are not only regulatory cues, but also paralinguistic means - facial expressions, smiles, glances,

Thus, speech ethics are the rules of proper speech behavior based on moral norms and scientific and cultural traditions.

Ethical norms are embodied in special ethical speech formulas and expressed in statements by a whole ensemble of multi-level means: both full-nominal word farms and words of non-nominative parts of speech (particle, interjection).

The main ethical principle of verbal communication - maintaining parity - finds its expression, from greeting to farewell, throughout the conversation.

1.Greeting. Appeal.

Greetings and greetings set the tone for the entire conversation. Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, and accordingly the greeting, hello or hello, good afternoon (evening, morning), hello, salute, greetings, etc. The communication situation also plays an important role.

The address performs a contact-establishing function and is intimate, therefore, throughout the entire speech situation, the address should be pronounced repeatedly; this indicates both good feelings towards the interlocutor and attention to his words.

In phatic communication, in the speech of close people, in conversations with children, addresses are often accompanied or replaced by paraphrases, epithets with diminutive suffixes: Olenka, my bunny, kitty, darling, etc.

This is especially true for the speech of women and people of a special type, as well as for emotional speech.

National and cultural traditions prescribe certain forms of addressing strangers.

2. Label formulas.

Each language has fixed ways of expressing the most frequent and socially significant communicative intentions.

So, when expressing a request for forgiveness, an apology, take a direct, literal form, for example, sorry (those), forgive (those).

There are etiquette formulas for congratulations: immediately after the address, the reason is indicated, then wishes, then assurances of the sincerity of feelings, and a signature.

3.Euphemization of speech.

Maintaining a cultural atmosphere of communication, the desire not to upset the interlocutor, not to offend him indirectly, not to cause an uncomfortable state - all this obliges the speaker, firstly, to choose euphemistic nominations, and secondly, a softening, euphemistic way of expression.

Historically, the language system has developed ways of periphrastic nomination of everything that offends taste and violates cultural stereotypes of communication. These are paraphrases regarding death, sexual relations, physiological poisoning, for example, he left us, died, passed away.

Mitigating techniques for conducting a conversation are also indirect information, illusions, hints, which make it clear to the addressee the true reasons for this form of statement.

In the traditions of Russian speech etiquette, it is prohibited to speak about those present in the third person (he, she, they), thus, all those present find themselves in one observable deictic space of the speech situation I-YOU (YOU)-HERE-NOW. This shows respect for all participants in communication.

4. Interruption. Counter remarks.

Polite behavior in verbal communication requires listening to the interlocutor’s remarks to the end. However, there is a high degree of emotionality among the participants in communication, demonstrating their solidarity, agreement, introducing their assessments as the partner speaks. According to the observations of researchers, interruptions are typical for men, while women are more correct in conversation. In addition, interrupting the interlocutor is a signal of a non-cooperative strategy. This kind of interruption occurs when there is a loss of communicative interest.

Cultural and social norms life, the subtleties of psychological relationships require the speaker and listener to actively create a favorable atmosphere of verbal communication, which ensures the successful resolution of all issues and leads to agreement.

5. YOU are communication and YOU are communication.

In Russian, YOU-communication in informal speech is widespread. Superficial acquaintance in some cases and distant long-term relationships of old acquaintances in others are shown by the use of the polite YOU; in addition, YOU - communication testifies to the respect of the participants in the dialogue, so YOU - communication is typical for long-time friends who nurture deep feelings of respect and devotion for each other. More often YOU - communication during long-term acquaintance or friendships are observed among women. Men of different social classes are more likely to engage in YOU communication. Among uneducated and poorly cultured men, YOU - communication is considered the only acceptable form of social interaction. Once the YOU-communication relationship has been established, they make attempts to deliberately reduce the social self-esteem of the recipient and impose YOU-communication. This is a destructive element of verbal communication, destroying communicative contact. Accept that YOU - communication is always a manifestation of spiritual harmony and spiritual intimacy, and that the transition to YOU - communication is an attempt to intimate relationships; Wed Pushkin's lines:

Let YOU be replaced by the heartfelt YOU...

However, with YOU communication, part of the feeling of a unique personality and the phenomenal nature of interpersonal relationships is lost, cf. V. Readers' correspondence with Yu.N. Lotman and B.F. Egorov.

Parity relationships as the main corresponding communication do not negate the possibility of choosing YOU - communication and YOU - communication, depending on the nuances of social roles and psychological distances in various situations, you can use the pronoun you and you in an informal setting. This may indicate alienation, a desire to introduce elements of ritual communication into the speech situation (word: Shouldn’t you put some salad, Vitaly Ivanovich?).

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