The highest temperature on earth reaches. Temperature minimums and maximums - temakashin

Normal human body temperature is 36.6 degrees. Therefore, he automatically perceives everything that is higher as hotter. The only question is how hot. For example, a shower with a temperature of 40 degrees is a pleasure, but the skin can no longer tolerate 45 degrees. Hot tea at a temperature of 45-50 degrees warms and relaxes, but at 60-70 it can already burn.

But these values ​​are only slightly different from normal temperature bodies, whereas even on our planet, familiar and cozy, they can be much higher. And if you want to know when and where the highest temperature on Earth was recorded, read this article.

Air

In summer in Russia the temperature does not even reach 30-35 degrees everywhere, but even this is perceived by many as a branch of hell.

At the same time, there are much hotter places on our planet. For example, in the Libyan desert near the surface of the earth in 2005, a temperature of 70.1 degrees was recorded. It was simply physically impossible to walk on it barefoot. And being in the sun in this weather is not very pleasant. It wasn't much better in the shade - about 60 degrees.

But this weather has a big advantage. In this weather, it is quite possible to do without a kitchen: heat the water to 60-65 degrees to brew green tea, fry eggs on the hood of the car, make hot sandwiches with melted cheese. But in this weather, it’s unlikely that anyone will want hot tea and sizzling scrambled eggs. Here, ice cream and water with ice are more likely to do.

Water

But even such high temperatures may seem like only a temporary inconvenience compared to how hot the water can become. And now we are not talking about a gentle warm sea or a small warm river. We will tell you about their older brothers – geysers.

These underground springs burst into the air, carrying the heat of the deep layers. As a result, even in cold countries and during cold seasons, their temperatures can reach impressive temperatures. There are many such sources in Iceland, where enterprising locals decided to use them to heat cities.

The main thing is not to get too close to him

Some offer healing (and most importantly, warm) baths, but some are not recommended to be approached close to. For example, the Deildartunguhver spring is near its boiling point even in winter. The water temperature in it is 97 degrees. A person will simply cook in it, but some bacteria feel quite comfortable.

Fire

Of course, neither air nor water can compare in temperature with the third element - fire. And there is plenty of it on earth too.

Volcanoes are one of the the most beautiful phenomena nature. And one of the most terrible ones too. The basis of the eruption is lava - molten to a liquid state rocks. In fact, lava is rocks that are liquid from heat.

The temperature of lava can vary depending on composition, pressure, type of volcanoes and other parameters. The hottest in the world are Hawaiian, where lava can reach a temperature of 1200 degrees. For comparison, the flame obtained from combustion has approximately the same temperature natural gas.

Earth

But, of course, the highest temperature was recorded not on the surface of the Earth, but in its very center. Monstrous pressure causes a sharp rise in temperature. Not only stones are melted here, but also metals. Actually, from liquid metal and consists of the central part of our planet. The conditions there are so different from what we are used to that in their own way physical properties This metal is more like water.

But if you still overcome this resistance and descend even deeper, you can stumble upon something dense - the solid metallic central part of the planet. It is this core that has the maximum possible temperature at 6000 degrees Celsius. There was nothing hotter than this on the planet.

Plasma

It wasn't until a man came along. He was not satisfied with the maximum temperatures for normal elements, and he decided to create something even hotter - plasma. In fact, plasma is the fourth state of aggregation any substance heated beyond its gaseous state. Perhaps the only example is a lightning strike.

But if plasma occurs in nature, then people managed to create something even hotter - quark-gluon plasma. It existed in the Universe only a few moments after the Big Bang, but man managed to recreate it in the Large Hadron Collider. True, for the same fractions of seconds, but even they were enough to record the highest temperature possible - 10 trillion degrees.

In such heat, not only do stones or metal melt, but molecules, atoms and even their nuclei melt into a uniform broth of basic elementary particles– quarks and gluons.

So far, this is the absolute recorded maximum not only for our planet, but also for the Universe. Of course, unless somewhere there lives its own civilization, which also studies the physics of elementary particles. Then, perhaps, they managed to conquer or even surpass this milestone. Indeed, under the existing laws of physics, there can only be an absolute minimum temperature (-273 Celsius, when interatomic processes freeze), but not a maximum.

Recently, scientists working in Antarctica recorded a temperature record - the lowest temperature for the entire period of meteorological observations.

The new record was minus 91.2 degrees. The previous record stood for thirty years. In 1983, meteorologists recorded a temperature of minus 89.2 degrees in Antarctica. It should be noted that the 1983 record was recorded by Soviet researchers in Antarctica at the Vostok station.

The latest record set by nature was certified by Japanese polar explorers at the Fuji Dome station and was confirmed by satellite data. Antarctica fully lives up to the name “Pole of Cold” - the coldest part of the Earth.

The North Pole in this regard is significantly inferior to the South Pole; there the temperature minimum reached only about minus 70 degrees.

The fact of the temperature record is somewhat inconsistent with the theory of global warming of the earth. While there is abnormal heat in the northern hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere may suffer from abnormal cold weather. Scientists do not deny this fact.

The temperature record also thwarted the plans of one of the heirs to the British crown, Prince Harry, to reach it on foot. South Pole. Because of weather conditions the prince and his companions were forced to cancel the event. The prince was preparing for the trip in a freezer with a temperature of minus 35 degrees, but here it was minus ninety. They didn’t take risks with someone of royal blood.

The science

Temperature is one of the fundamental concepts in physics; it plays a huge role in concerns earthly life of all forms. At very high or very low temperatures, things can behave very strangely. We invite you to learn about a number of interesting facts related to temperatures.

What is the highest temperature?

The highest temperature ever created by man was 4 billion degrees Celsius. It's hard to believe that the temperature of a substance can reach such incredible levels! This temperature 250 times higher temperature of the Sun's core.

An incredible record was set in Brookhaven Natural Laboratory in New York at the ion collider RHIC, the length of which is about 4 kilometers.

Scientists forced gold ions to collide in an attempt to reproduce conditions big bang, creating quark-gluon plasma. In this state, the particles that make up the nuclei of atoms—protons and neutrons—break apart, resulting in a “soup” of constituent quarks.

Extreme Temperatures in the Solar System

The temperature of the environment in the solar system is different from what we are used to on Earth. Our star, the Sun, is incredibly hot. At its center the temperature is about 15 million Kelvin, and the surface of the Sun has a temperature of only about 5700 Kelvin.

Temperature at the core of our planet is approximately the same as the surface temperature of the Sun. Hottest planet solar system– Jupiter, whose core temperature 5 times higher than the surface temperature of the Sun.

The most cold temperature in our system is recorded on the Moon: in some craters in the shadow the temperature is only 30 Kelvin above absolute zero. This temperature is lower than the temperature of Pluto!

Temperature of the human environment

Some peoples live in very extreme conditions And unusual places, not entirely convenient for life. For example, some of the coldest settlements are the village of Oymyakon and the city of Verkhnoyansk in Yakutia, Russia. The average winter temperature here is minus 45 degrees Celsius.

The coldest is more Big City is also located in Siberia - Yakutsk with a population of about 270 thousand people. The temperature there in winter is also about minus 45 degrees, but in summer it can rise up to 30 degrees!

The tallest average annual temperature was spotted in the abandoned city Dallol, Ethiopia. In the 1960s, the average temperature was recorded here - 34 degrees Celsius above zero. Among large cities, the city is considered the hottest Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, where average temperature is also in March-May about 34 degrees.

The most extreme temperatures where people work are seen in gold mines Mponeng V South Africa. The temperature at about 3 kilometers underground is plus 65 degrees Celsius. Measures are taken to cool the mines, such as using ice or insulating wall coverings, so miners can work without overheating.

What is the coldest temperature?

Trying to get lowest temperature, scientists were faced with a number of important things for science. Man has managed to obtain the coldest things in the Universe, which are much colder than any thing created by nature and the cosmos.

Freezing allows the temperature to drop to several milliKelvins. The most low temperature which was achieved in artificial conditions - 100 picoKelvin or 0.0000000001 K. To achieve this temperature, it is necessary to use magnetic cooling. Also, such low temperatures can be achieved using lasers.

At these temperatures, the material behaves completely differently than under normal conditions.

What is the temperature in space?

If, for example, you take a thermometer into outer space and leave it there for a while in a place far from a source of radiation, you may notice that it shows the temperature 2.73 Kelvin or so minus 270 degrees Celsius. This is the lowest natural temperature in the Universe.

Temperature stays the same in space above absolute zero due to the radiation that remained after the Big Bang. Although space is very cold by our standards, it is interesting to note that one of the the most important problems that astronauts encounter in space is heat.

The bare metal from which objects in orbit are made can heat up to 260 degrees Celsius due to free sun rays. To lower the temperature of ships, they need to be wrapped in a special material that can only lower the temperature by 2 times.

The temperature of outer space, however, constantly falling. Theories about this have been around for a long time, but only recent measurements have confirmed that the Universe is cooling by about by 1 degree every 3 billion years.

The temperature of space will approach absolute zero, but will never reach it. Temperature on Earth does not depend on the temperature that exists in space today, and we know that our planet Lately gradually warms up.

What is caloric?

Warm – mechanical property material. The hotter an object, the more energy its particles have while moving. Atoms of substances in a hot solid state they vibrate faster than atoms of the same but cooled substances.

Will the substance remain in liquid or gaseous state depends on to what temperature should it be heated?. Today, any schoolchild knows about this, but until the 19th century, scientists believed that heat itself was a substance - weightless fluid, named caloric.

Scientists believed that this fluid evaporated from the warm material, thereby cooling it. It can flow from hot objects to cold ones. Many predictions based on this theory are actually correct. Despite misconceptions about heat, many have actually been made correct conclusions and scientific discoveries . The caloric theory was finally defeated at the end of the 19th century.

Is there a highest temperature?

Absolute zero- a temperature below which it is impossible to fall. What is the highest possible temperature? Science cannot yet answer this question accurately.

The highest temperature is called Planck temperature. This is exactly the temperature that existed in the Universe at the moment of the Big Bang, according to ideas modern science. This temperature is 10^32 Kelvin.

For comparison: if you can imagine, this temperature billions of times higher than the highest temperature, obtained artificially by man, which was mentioned earlier.

According to standard model, The Planck temperature still remains the highest possible temperature. If there is something even hotter, then the laws of physics we are used to will stop working.

There are suggestions that the temperature may rise even higher than this level, but science cannot explain what will happen in this case. In our model of reality, anything hotter cannot exist. Maybe reality will become different?

Photo: Bochkareva Bolota/RIA Novosti

Starting from Sunday January 14 Severe frosts came to the territory of Yakutia. In Oymyakon the temperature on Sunday dropped to -59 degrees Celsius. The republican authorities canceled classes in schools in 13 districts. Forecasters expect a further drop in temperatures in the coming days, brought by the Arctic anticyclone. The level is called - 65 degrees. There are already victims. On January 14, the press service of the Investigative Directorate of the Russian Federation for the Republic of Sakha disseminated information that the circumstances of the death of two men who froze on the road as a result of a car breakdown were being studied.

How to count correctly

Temperature records are usually recorded using a thermometer. It is understood that this must be done in the process of observation with recording of temperature changes using instruments. Data obtained by some other method will have to be classified as unofficial records.

So, December 9, 2013 At a conference of the American Geophysical Union, a group of American researchers reported that on August 10, 2010, the air temperature at one point in Antarctica dropped to −135.8 degrees Fahrenheit (−93.2 degrees Celsius). This information was identified as a result of analysis of NASA satellite data. But the speaker himself, Ted Sambos, made a reservation that this temperature record cannot be recorded as official.

Oymyakon or Verkhoyansk

Verkhoyansk weather station. Photo: V. Yakovlev/RIA Novosti

The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) remains a unique region for the Northern Hemisphere of the planet. Its territory, 40% of which is located beyond the Arctic Circle, is a supplier temperature records. Suffice it to say that The temperature difference between the coldest month - January and the warmest - July is 70 - 75 degrees in the republic.

Two Yakuts are fighting for the right to be called the “Pole of Cold” of the Earth’s Northern Hemisphere settlements – Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon. Lowest temperature – minus 77.8 degrees Celsius - was recorded in 1938 in Oymyakon. But these data did not receive official status. In Verkhoyansk in January 1892, the temperature dropped to -69.8 degrees. Therefore, the authorities of the republic give it the title of the coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, the largest amplitude was noted in Verkhoyansk annual temperatures: the maximum summer temperature here reached +37 degrees(temperature difference is almost 107 degrees).

Earth's absolute pole of cold

Antarctic station "Vostok". Photo: G. Kolosov/RIA Novosti

The title of the Earth's absolute pole of cold belongs to the Antarctic Russian station "Vostok", where weather observations are carried out regularly.On July 21, 1983, a record low temperature was recorded there: −89.2 degrees Celsius. True, meteorologists point out that the station is located at an altitude 3488 meters above sea level. If we bring temperature indicators to sea level, then Antarctica will lose to both Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon. But here in terms of average annual temperature, which at the station is −60.2 degrees Celsius, Vostok has no equal.

For those who want to warm up

Death Valley. USA. Photo: Zuma/TASS

If someone is frozen from reading such a text, urgently go to the hottest places on the planet . On September 13, 1922, a temperature of +58.2 degrees Celsius was recorded in the town of Al-Aziziya, Libya. But today this result is not considered sufficiently reliable. Therefore, the World Meteorological Organization considers the temperature recorded July 10, 1913 at the Greenland Ranch in Death Valley (California, USA) – plus 56.7 degrees. It is difficult to find a name more suitable for being considered the hottest place on the planet. Again, according to unofficial data, on the same day at Saudi Arabia(location unknown) +58.4 degrees Celsius was recorded. But unofficial ones are unofficial.

The most warm place on Earth can be considered Dallol village in Ethiopia. For 7 years, from 1960 to 1966, an average annual temperature of +34.4 degrees Celsius.

But the hottest place in Russia is the Utta weather station in Kalmykia . On July 12, 2010, the temperature was recorded here +45.4 degrees Celsius, which is a record high temperature in the history of weather observations in Russia.

Naturally, the practice of recording results only using stationary instruments is not entirely correct. Many scientists believe that there are places on Earth where above-zero temperatures are much higher than the current records. But there are no meteorological observations there. So, as the possible hottest place on the planet it is called Dasht-Lut desert in the central part of the Iranian Plateau in eastern Iran. Some experts, citing satellite observation data, claim that temperatures in the area reach 70 degrees Celsius. It remains to confirm this using a regular thermometer.

Sergey Anisimov

Photo: Bochkareva Bolota/RIA Novosti

Starting from Sunday January 14 Severe frosts came to the territory of Yakutia. In Oymyakon the temperature on Sunday dropped to -59 degrees Celsius. The republican authorities canceled classes in schools in 13 districts. Forecasters expect a further drop in temperatures in the coming days, brought by the Arctic anticyclone. The level is called - 65 degrees. There are already victims. On January 14, the press service of the Investigative Directorate of the Russian Federation for the Republic of Sakha disseminated information that the circumstances of the death of two men who froze on the road as a result of a car breakdown were being studied.

How to count correctly

Temperature records are usually recorded using a thermometer. It is understood that this must be done in the process of observation with recording of temperature changes using instruments. Data obtained by some other method will have to be classified as unofficial records.

So, December 9, 2013 At a conference of the American Geophysical Union, a group of American researchers reported that on August 10, 2010, the air temperature at one point in Antarctica dropped to −135.8 degrees Fahrenheit (−93.2 degrees Celsius). This information was revealed as a result of analysis of NASA satellite data. But the speaker himself, Ted Sambos, made a reservation that this temperature record cannot be recorded as official.

Oymyakon or Verkhoyansk

Verkhoyansk weather station. Photo: V. Yakovlev/RIA Novosti

The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) remains a unique region for the Northern Hemisphere of the planet. Its territory, 40% of which is located beyond the Arctic Circle, is a supplier of temperature records. Suffice it to say that The temperature difference between the coldest month - January and the warmest - July is 70 - 75 degrees in the republic.

Two Yakut settlements are fighting for the right to be called the “pole of cold” of the Earth’s Northern Hemisphere – Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon. Lowest temperature – minus 77.8 degrees Celsius - was recorded in 1938 in Oymyakon. But these data did not receive official status. In Verkhoyansk in January 1892, the temperature dropped to -69.8 degrees. Therefore, the authorities of the republic give it the title of the coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, the largest amplitude of annual temperatures was noted in Verkhoyansk: the maximum summer temperature here reached +37 degrees(temperature difference is almost 107 degrees).

Earth's absolute pole of cold

Antarctic station "Vostok". Photo: G. Kolosov/RIA Novosti

The title of the Earth's absolute pole of cold belongs to the Antarctic Russian station "Vostok", where weather observations are carried out regularly.On July 21, 1983, a record low temperature was recorded there: −89.2 degrees Celsius. True, meteorologists point out that the station is located at an altitude 3488 meters above sea level. If we bring temperature indicators to sea level, then Antarctica will lose to both Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon. But here in terms of average annual temperature, which at the station is −60.2 degrees Celsius, Vostok has no equal.

For those who want to warm up

Death Valley. USA. Photo: Zuma/TASS

If someone is frozen from reading such a text, urgently go to the hottest places on the planet . On September 13, 1922, a temperature of +58.2 degrees Celsius was recorded in the town of Al-Aziziya, Libya. But today this result is not considered sufficiently reliable. Therefore, the World Meteorological Organization considers the temperature recorded July 10, 1913 at the Greenland Ranch in Death Valley (California, USA) – plus 56.7 degrees. It is difficult to find a name more suitable for being considered the hottest place on the planet. Again, according to unofficial data, on the same day, +58.4 degrees Celsius was recorded in Saudi Arabia (location unknown). But unofficial ones are unofficial.

The warmest place on Earth can be considered Dallol village in Ethiopia. For 7 years, from 1960 to 1966, an average annual temperature of +34.4 degrees Celsius.

But the hottest place in Russia is the Utta weather station in Kalmykia . On July 12, 2010, the temperature was recorded here +45.4 degrees Celsius, which is a record high temperature in the history of weather observations in Russia.

Naturally, the practice of recording results only using stationary instruments is not entirely correct. Many scientists believe that there are places on Earth where above-zero temperatures are much higher than the current records. But there are no meteorological observations there. So, as the possible hottest place on the planet it is called Dasht-Lut desert in the central part of the Iranian Plateau in eastern Iran. Some experts, citing satellite observation data, claim that temperatures in the area reach 70 degrees Celsius. It remains to confirm this using a regular thermometer.

Sergey Anisimov