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Research work "Study of the flight properties of various models of paper airplanes." Research project “My paper plane takes flight”

Municipal autonomous educational institution

secondary school No. 41 village. Aksakovo

municipal district Belebeevsky district

I. Introduction _____________________________________________pages 3-4

II. History of aviation _______________________ pages 4-7

III ________p.7-10

IV.Practical part: Organization of an exhibition of models

aircraft made from different materials and carrying

research _______________________________________ pages 10-11

V. Conclusion __________________________________________ page 12

VI. References. _________________________________ page 12

VII. Application

I.Introduction.

Relevance:“Man is not a bird, but strives to fly”

It just so happens that man has always been drawn to the sky. People tried to make wings for themselves, and later aircraft. And their efforts were justified, they were still able to take off. The advent of airplanes did not in the least diminish the relevance of the ancient desire.. modern world aircraft have taken pride of place; they help people travel long distances, transport mail, medicine, humanitarian aid, put out fires and save people. So who built and performed controlled flight on it? Who took this step, so important for humanity, which became the beginning of a new era, the era of aviation?

I find the study of this topic interesting and relevant.

Goal of the work: study the history of aviation and the history of the appearance of the first paper airplanes, explore models of paper airplanes

Research objectives:

Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky built an “aeronautical projectile” in 1882. This was written in the patent for it in 1881. By the way, the patent for the aircraft was also the first in the world! The Wright brothers patented their device only in 1905. Mozhaisky created a real airplane with all the parts it needed: a fuselage, a wing, a power plant of two steam engines and three propellers, a landing gear, and a tail unit. It was much more like a modern airplane than the Wright brothers' airplane.

Takeoff of Mozhaisky's plane (from a drawing by the famous pilot K. Artseulov)

a specially constructed inclined wooden deck, took off, flew a certain distance and landed safely. The result, of course, is modest. But the possibility of flight on a device heavier than air was clearly proven. Further calculations showed that Mozhaisky’s plane simply did not have enough power from the power plant for a full flight. Three years later he died, and he long years stood in Krasnoye Selo under the open sky. Then it was transported near Vologda to the Mozhaisky estate and there it burned down in 1895. Well, what can I say. It's a pity…

III. The history of the first paper airplanes

The most common version of the time of invention and the name of the inventor is 1930, Northrop is a co-founder of Lockheed Corporation. Northrop used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the design of real airplanes. Despite the seeming frivolity of this activity, it turned out that flying airplanes is a whole science. It was born in 1930, when Jack Northrop, co-founder of Lockheed Corporation, used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the design of real aircraft.

And sports competitions for launching paper airplanes, Red Bull Paper Wings, are held at the world level. They were invented by Briton Andy Chipling. For many years he and his friends created paper models and eventually founded the Paper Aircraft Association in 1989. It was he who wrote the set of rules for launching paper airplanes. To create an airplane, a sheet of A-4 size paper should be used. All manipulations with the airplane must involve bending the paper - it is not allowed to cut or glue it, or use foreign objects for fixation (paper clips, etc.). The rules of the competition are very simple - teams compete in three disciplines (flight range, flight time and aerobatics - a spectacular show).

The World Paper Airplane Championship took place for the first time in 2006. It takes place every three years in Salzburg, in a huge spherical glass building called Hangar 7.

The Airplane Glider, although it looks like a perfect flyer, glides well, so at the World Championships, pilots from some countries launched it in a competition for the longest flight time. It is important to throw it not forward, but upward. Then it will descend smoothly and for a long time. Such an aircraft certainly does not need to be launched twice; any deformation is fatal for it. The world gliding record is now 27.6 seconds. It was installed by American pilot Ken Blackburn .

While working, we came across unfamiliar words that are used in construction. We looked into encyclopedic Dictionary, here's what we found out:

Glossary of terms.

Aviette- a small-sized aircraft with a low-power engine (engine power does not exceed 100 horsepower), usually one or two-seater.

Stabilizer– one of the horizontal planes that ensures the stability of the aircraft.

Keel- this is a vertical plane that ensures the stability of the aircraft.

Fuselage- the body of the aircraft, which serves to accommodate the crew, passengers, cargo and equipment; connects the wing, tail, sometimes the landing gear and the power plant.

IV. Practical part:

Organizing an exhibition of aircraft models made of different materials and conducting tests .

Well, which child hasn't made airplanes? In my opinion, such people are very difficult to find. It was a great joy to launch these paper models, and they were interesting and easy to make. Because a paper airplane is very easy to make and does not require any material costs. All you need for such an airplane is to take a piece of paper, and after spending a few seconds, become the winner of the yard, school or office in competitions for the farthest or longest flight

We also made our first airplane - Kid in a technology lesson and flew them right in the classroom during recess. It was very interesting and fun.

Our homework was to make or draw a model of an airplane from any

material. We organized an exhibition of our aircraft, where all the students performed. There were airplanes drawn there: with paints and pencils. Application made of napkins and colored paper, airplane models made of wood, cardboard, 20 matchboxes, plastic bottle.

We wanted to know more about airplanes, and Lyudmila Gennadievna suggested that one group of students find out who built it and made a controlled flight on it, and the other - the history of the first paper airplanes. We found all the information about the planes on the Internet. When we learned about the paper airplane launch competition, we also decided to hold such a competition for the longest distance and the longest planning.

To participate, we decided to make airplanes: “Dart”, “Glider”, “Baby”, “Arrow”, and I myself came up with the “Falcon” airplane (plane diagrams in Appendix No. 1-5).

The models were run 2 times. The winner was the airplane “Dart”, he was a prolemeter.

The models were run 2 times. The winning airplane was the Glider, it was in the air for 5 seconds.

The models were run 2 times. The winner was an airplane made from office paper.

paper, he flew 11 meters.

Conclusion: Thus, our hypothesis was confirmed: “Dart” flew the farthest (15 meters), “Glider” was in the air the longest (5 seconds), airplanes made of office paper fly best.

But we really enjoyed learning everything new and new that we found on the Internet new model aircraft from modules. The work, of course, is painstaking - it requires accuracy and perseverance, but it is very interesting, especially assembling. We made 2000 modules for the aircraft. An aircraft designer" href="/text/category/aviakonstruktor/" rel="bookmark">an aircraft designer and will design an airplane on which people will fly.

VI. References:

1.http://ru. wikipedia. org/wiki/Paper airplane...

2. http://www. *****/news/detail

3 http://ru. wikipedia. org›wiki/Airplane_Mozhaisky

4. http://www. ›200711.htm

5. http://www. *****›avia/8259.html

6. http:// ru. wikipedia. org›wiki/Wright Brothers

7. http:// locals. md› 2012 /stan-chempionom-mira…samolyotikov/

8 http:// *****› from MK aircraft modules

APPLICATION

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Being the father of almost a graduate high school, was drawn into a funny story with an unexpected ending. It has an educational part and a touching life-political part.
Fasting on the eve of Cosmonautics Day. Physics of a paper airplane.

Shortly before the New Year, my daughter decided to check her own academic performance and found out that the physics teacher, when filling out the journal after the fact, had given some extra B's and the six-month grade was hanging between "5" and "4". Here you need to understand that physics in the 11th grade is, to put it mildly, a non-core subject, everyone is busy with training for admission and the terrible Unified State Exam, but it affects the overall score. With a creaking heart, for pedagogical reasons, I refused to intervene - like figure it out yourself. She pulled herself together, came to find out, rewrote some independent work right there and received a six-month five. Everything would be fine, but the teacher asked, as part of resolving the issue, to register for Povolzhskaya scientific conference(Kazan University) to the “physics” section and write a report. The student’s participation in this shit counts towards the annual certification of teachers, and it’s like, “Then we’ll definitely close the year.” The teacher can be understood; in general, this is a normal agreement.

The child loaded up, went to the organizing committee, and took the rules of participation. Since the girl is quite responsible, she began to think and come up with some topic. Naturally, she turned to me, the closest technical intellectual of the post-Soviet era, for advice. On the Internet we found a list of winners of past conferences (they give diplomas of three degrees), this gave us some guidance, but did not help. The reports were of two types, one - “nanofilters in oil innovations”, the second - “photos of crystals and an electronic metronome”. For me, the second variety is normal - children should cut a toad, and not earn points for government grants, but we haven’t really gotten any more ideas. I had to follow the rules, something like “preference is given to independent work and experiments.”

We decided that we would make some kind of funny report, visual and cool, without gibberish or nanotechnology - we would amuse the audience, participation was enough for us. It was a month and a half long. Copy-paste was fundamentally unacceptable. After some thought, we decided on the topic - “Physics of a paper airplane.” I spent my childhood in aircraft modeling, and my daughter loves airplanes, so the topic is more or less close. It was necessary to complete a practical physical research and, in fact, write a paper. Next I will post the abstract of this work, some comments and illustrations/photos. At the end there will be an end to the story, which is logical. If you are interested, I will answer the questions in already expanded fragments.

It turned out that the paper plane has a tricky flow stall at the top of the wing, which forms a curved zone, similar to a full-fledged airfoil.

For the experiments we took three different models.

Model No. 1. The most common and well-known design. As a rule, most people imagine exactly this when they hear the expression “paper plane.”
Model No. 2. “Arrow” or “Spear”. Characteristic model with a sharp wing angle and expected high speed.
Model No. 3. Model with a high aspect ratio wing. Special design, assembled along the wide side of the sheet. It is assumed that it has good aerodynamic properties due to the high aspect ratio wing.
All planes were assembled from identical sheets of A4 paper. The mass of each aircraft is 5 grams.

To determine the basic parameters, a simple experiment was carried out - the flight of a paper airplane was recorded by a video camera against the background of a wall with metric markings applied. Since the frame interval for video shooting is known (1/30 of a second), the gliding speed can be easily calculated. Based on the drop in altitude, the glide angle and aerodynamic quality of the aircraft are found in the corresponding frames.
On average, the speed of an airplane is 5–6 m/s, which is not so little.
Aerodynamic quality - about 8.

To recreate flight conditions, we need laminar flow of up to 8 m/s and the ability to measure lift and drag. The classic method for such research is the wind tunnel. In our case, the situation is simplified by the fact that the airplane itself has small dimensions and speed and can be directly placed in a pipe of limited dimensions. Therefore, we are not bothered by the situation when the blown model differs significantly in size from the original, which, due to the difference in Reynolds numbers, requires compensation during measurements.
With a pipe cross-section of 300x200 mm and a flow speed of up to 8 m/s, we will need a fan with a capacity of at least 1000 cubic meters/hour. To change the flow speed, you need an engine speed controller, and to measure it, an anemometer with appropriate accuracy. The speed meter does not have to be digital; it is quite possible to get by with a deflectable plate with an angle graduation or a liquid anemometer, which has greater accuracy.

The wind tunnel has been known for quite a long time; Mozhaisky used it in research, and Tsiolkovsky and Zhukovsky have already developed in detail modern experimental techniques, which have not changed fundamentally.

The desktop wind tunnel was implemented on the basis of a fairly powerful industrial fan. Behind the fan there are mutually perpendicular plates that straighten the flow before entering the measuring chamber. The windows in the measuring chamber are equipped with glass. A rectangular hole for holders is cut in the bottom wall. A digital anemometer impeller is installed directly in the measuring chamber to measure the flow velocity. The pipe has a slight narrowing at the outlet to “back up” the flow, which reduces turbulence at the cost of reducing speed. The fan speed is controlled by a simple household electronic controller.

The characteristics of the pipe turned out to be worse than calculated, mainly due to the discrepancy between the fan performance and the specifications. The flow back-up also reduced the speed in the measurement area by 0.5 m/s. As a result maximum speed- slightly above 5 m/s, which, nevertheless, turned out to be sufficient.

Reynolds number for pipe:
Re = VLρ/η = VL/ν
V (speed) = 5m/s
L (characteristic)= 250mm = 0.25m
ν (coefficient (density/viscosity)) = 0.000014 m^2/s
Re = 1.25/ 0.000014 = 89285.7143

To measure the forces acting on the aircraft, elementary aerodynamic scales with two degrees of freedom were used based on a pair of electronic jewelry scales with an accuracy of 0.01 grams. The plane was fixed on two stands at the desired angle and installed on the platform of the first scales. Those, in turn, were placed on a movable platform with a lever transmitting horizontal force to the second scales.
Measurements have shown that the accuracy is quite sufficient for basic modes. However, it was difficult to fix the angle, so it was better to develop an appropriate fastening scheme with markings.

When blowing the models, two main parameters were measured - the drag force and the lift force, depending on the flow speed at a given angle. A family of characteristics with fairly realistic values was constructed to describe the behavior of each aircraft. The results are summarized in graphs with further normalization of the scale relative to the speed.

Model No. 1.
Golden mean. The design corresponds as closely as possible to the material - paper. The strength of the wings corresponds to their length, the weight distribution is optimal, so a properly folded aircraft aligns well and flies smoothly. It was the combination of such qualities and ease of assembly that made this design so popular. The speed is less than that of the second model, but greater than that of the third. At high speeds, the wide tail, which previously perfectly stabilized the model, begins to interfere.
Model No. 2.
The model with the worst flight characteristics. The large sweep and short wings are designed to work better at high speeds, which is what happens, but the lift does not increase enough and the plane really flies like a spear. Additionally, it does not stabilize properly in flight.
Model No. 3.
Representative of the “engineering” school - the model was specially conceived with special characteristics. High aspect ratio wings actually work better, but the drag increases very quickly - the plane flies slowly and does not tolerate acceleration. To compensate for the insufficient rigidity of the paper, numerous folds are used in the toe of the wing, which also increases resistance. However, the model is very impressive and flies well.

Some results on vortex visualization
If you introduce a smoke source into the flow, you can see and photograph the flows that go around the wing. We did not have special smoke generators at our disposal; we used incense sticks. A photo processing filter was used to increase contrast. The flow rate also decreased because the smoke density was low.
Formation of flow at the leading edge of the wing.

Turbulent “tail”.

Flows can also be examined using short threads glued to the wing, or a thin probe with a thread at the end.

It is clear that a paper airplane is, first of all, just a source of joy and a wonderful illustration for the first step into the sky. A similar principle of soaring is used in practice only by flying squirrels, which do not have great national economic importance, at least in our region.

A more practical similarity to a paper airplane is the “Wing suite” - a wing suit for paratroopers that allows horizontal flight. By the way, the aerodynamic quality of such a suit is less than that of a paper airplane - no more than 3.

I came up with a topic, a plan - 70 percent, theory editing, hardware, general editing, a speech plan.
She collected all the theory, right down to translating articles, measurements (very labor-intensive, by the way), drawings/graphs, text, literature, presentation, report (there were many questions).

I'm skipping the section where general view Problems of analysis and synthesis are considered that make it possible to construct the reverse sequence - designing an airplane according to given characteristics.

Taking into account the work done, we can add coloring to the mind map indicating the completion of the assigned tasks. Green here are points that are at a satisfactory level, light green - issues that have some limitations, yellow - areas touched upon but not adequately developed, red - promising ones that need additional research (funding is welcome).

A month flew by unnoticed - my daughter was surfing the Internet, running a pipe on the table. The scales were tilting, the airplanes were blowing past the theory. The output was 30 pages of decent text with photographs and graphs. The work was sent to the correspondence round (only several thousand works in all sections). Another month later, horror of horrors, they posted a list of in-person reports, where ours was adjacent to the rest of the nanocrocodiles. The child sighed sadly and began to make a presentation for 10 minutes. They immediately excluded reading - speaking, so vividly and meaningfully. Before the event, there was a run-through with timing and protests. In the morning, the sleep-deprived speaker, with the correct feeling of “I don’t remember or know anything,” went to KSU for a saw.

By the end of the day I began to worry, no answer - no hello. There is such a precarious state when you don’t understand whether the risky joke was a success or not. I didn’t want the teenager to somehow end up with this story. It turned out that everything was delayed and her report came at 4 pm. The child sent an SMS: “I told you everything, the jury is laughing.” Well, I think, okay, thank you, at least they don’t scold me. And after about another hour - a “first degree diploma”. This was completely unexpected.

We thought about anything, but against the backdrop of absolutely wild pressure from lobbied topics and participants, to receive the first prize for good, but informal work is something from a completely forgotten time. Later she said that the jury (quite authoritative, by the way, no less than the Faculty of Mathematical Sciences) killed the zombified nanotechnologists with lightning speed. Apparently, everyone has been so fed up in scientific circles that they have unconditionally put up an unspoken barrier to obscurantism. It got to the point of ridiculousness - the poor child read out some wild science, but could not answer what the angle was measured in his experiments. Influential scientific supervisors turned slightly pale (but quickly recovered), it’s a mystery to me why they would organize such a disgrace, and even at the expense of children. As a result, all the prizes were given to nice guys with normal lively eyes and good topics. The second diploma, for example, was received by a girl with a model of a Stirling engine, who quickly started it up in the department, quickly changed modes and intelligently commented on all sorts of situations. Another diploma was given to a guy who was sitting on a university telescope and looking for something under the guidance of a professor who definitely did not allow any outside “help.” This story gave me some hope. The fact that there is a will of ordinary, normal people to the normal order of things. Not a habit of predetermined injustice, but a readiness to make efforts to restore it.

The next day, at the award ceremony, the chairman of the admissions committee approached the winners and said that all of them had been early enrolled in the physics department of KSU. If they want to enroll, they simply have to bring documents outside the competition. This benefit, by the way, actually existed once, but now it has been officially cancelled, just as additional preferences for medalists and Olympiads have been canceled (except, it seems, for the winners of Russian Olympiads). That is, it was a pure initiative of the academic council. It is clear that now there is a crisis of applicants and they are not eager to study physics; on the other hand, this is one of the most normal faculties with a good level. So, correcting the four, the child ended up in the first line of those enrolled. I can’t imagine how she will manage this, but if I find out, I’ll write it down.

Would your daughter be able to do this kind of work alone?

She also asked - like dad, I didn’t do everything myself.
My version is like this. You did everything yourself, you understand what is written on every page and you can answer any question - yes. Do you know more about the region than those present here and your acquaintances - yes. I understood the general technology of a scientific experiment from the inception of an idea to the result + side research - yes. She did a significant job - no doubt. Nominated this work for general principles without protection - yes. Defended - ok. The jury is qualified - without a doubt. Then this is your reward for the school conference.

I am an acoustics engineer, a small engineering company, I graduated from aviation systems engineering, and then studied.

Scientific historical research work
Completed by: 11th grade student Ruzilya Zaripova
Scientific supervisor: Sarbaeva A.A.
MBOU secondary school in Krasnaya Gorka village

Introduction

Even the simplest airplane model is a miniature airplane with all its properties. Many famous aircraft designers began with a hobby of aircraft modeling. It takes a lot of work to build a good flying model. Everyone has at one time or another made paper airplanes and sent them flying. Paper airplanes are gaining popularity all over the world. This led to the introduction of the new term aerogami. Aerogami is the modern name for the production and launch of paper airplane models, one of the directions of origami (the Japanese art of paper folding).
The relevance of this work is due to the opportunity to use the acquired knowledge to conduct lessons in primary school in order to arouse students’ interest in the world of aviation and develop the necessary qualities and abilities to use creative experience and knowledge in the study and development of aviation.
Practical significance determined by the opportunity to conduct a master class on folding paper airplanes of various models with primary school teachers, as well as the opportunity to hold competitions among students.
Object of study are paper airplane models.
Subject of research is the emergence and development of aerogi.
Research hypotheses:
1) paper airplane models are not only a fun toy, but something more important for the world community and the technical development of our civilization;
2) if the shape of the wing and nose of a paper airplane is changed during modeling, the range and duration of its flight may change;
3) the best speed characteristics and flight stability are achieved by aircraft with a sharp nose and narrow long wings, and an increase in the wingspan can significantly increase the flight time of the glider.
Purpose of the study: trace the history of the development of aerogami, find out what impact this hobby has on society, what assistance paper aviation provides in the technical activities of engineers.
In accordance with this goal, we formulated the following tasks:

Study information on this issue;
Get acquainted with various models of paper airplanes and learn how to make them;
Study the range and flight time of different models of paper airplanes.

Aerogami - paper aviation

Aerogami originates from the world famous origami. After all, the basic techniques, technology, philosophy come from him. The date of creation of paper airplanes should be recognized as 1909. However, the most common version of the time of invention and the name of the inventor is 1930, Jack Northrop, founder of the Lockheed Corporation.

Northrop used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the design of real airplanes. He concentrated on developing "flying wings", which he considered the next stage in the development of aviation. Nowadays, paper aviation, or aerogami, has gained worldwide fame. Every person knows how to fold a basic airplane and launch it. But today it is no longer just fun for one or two people, but a serious hobby for which competitions are held all over the world.

Red Bull Paper Wings is perhaps the biggest paper aviator competition in the world. The championship debuted in Austria in May 2006, with athletes from 48 countries taking part. The number of participants in qualifying rounds held around the world exceeded 9,500 people. Participants traditionally compete in three categories: “Flight range”, “Flight duration” and “Aerobatics”.

Ken Blackburn - world record holder for launching airplanes

The name of Ken Blackburn is known to all fans of paper aviation and this is not surprising, because he created models that broke records for range and flight time, talked about how a small airplane is an exact copy of a large one and that it is subject to the same laws of aerodynamics as to real ones. World record holder Ken Blackburn was first introduced to the design of square paper airplanes at the age of just 8 while visiting his favorite aviation section. He noticed that planes with a larger wingspan flew better and higher than conventional dart planes. To the displeasure of his school teachers, young Ken experimented with the design of airplanes, devoting a lot of time to this. In 1977, he received the Guinness Book of Records as a gift and was determined to break the current 15-second record: his planes sometimes stayed in the air for more than a minute. The path to the record was not easy.
Blackburn, studying aviation at the University of North Carolina, tried to achieve his goal. By then he realized that the result depended more on the force of the throw than on the design of the aircraft. Several attempts brought his result to the level of 18.8 seconds. By that time, Ken had already turned 30. In January 1998, Blackburn opened the Book of Records and discovered that he had been knocked off the pedestal by a pair of Britons who showed a result of 20.9 seconds.
Ken couldn't allow this to happen. This time, a real sports coach took part in preparing the aviator for the record. In addition, Ken tested many aircraft designs and selected the best ones. The result of the last attempt was phenomenal: 27.6 s! Ken Blackburn decided to stop there. Even if his record is broken, which is bound to happen sooner or later, he has earned his place in history.

What forces act on a paper airplane?

Why do heavier-than-air vehicles fly - airplanes and their models? Remember how the wind blows leaves and pieces of paper along the street and lifts them up. A flying model can be compared to an object driven by a stream of air. Only the air here is still, and the model rushes, cutting through it. In this case, the air not only slows down the flight, but under certain conditions creates lift. Look at Figure 1(Appendix). Shown here is a cross section of an airplane wing. If the wing is positioned so that there is a certain angle a (called the angle of attack) between its lower plane and the direction of movement of the aircraft, then, as practice shows, the speed of the air flow flowing around the wing from above will be greater than its speed from below the wing. And according to the laws of physics, in the place of the flow where the speed is greater, the pressure is less, and vice versa. This is why, when the plane moves fast enough, the air pressure under the wing will be greater than above the wing. This pressure difference keeps the plane in the air and is called lift.
Figure 2 (Appendix) shows the forces acting on an airplane or model in flight. The total effect of air on an aircraft is represented as an aerodynamic force R. This force is the resulting force acting on individual parts of the model: wing, fuselage, tail, etc. It is always directed at an angle to the direction of movement. In aerodynamics, the action of this force is usually replaced by the action of its two components - the lift force and the drag force.
The lifting force Y is always directed perpendicular to the direction of movement, the drag force X is directed against the movement. The force of gravity G is always directed vertically downwards. Lift depends on the wing area, flight speed, air density, angle of attack and aerodynamic perfection of the wing profile. The drag force depends on the geometric dimensions of the fuselage cross-section, flight speed, air density and the quality of surface treatment. All other things being equal, the model whose surface is finished more carefully flies farther. The flight range is determined by the aerodynamic quality K, equal to the ratio of the lift force to the drag force, that is, the aerodynamic quality shows how many times the lift force of the wing is greater than the drag force of the model. In a gliding flight, the lifting force of the model Y is usually equal to the weight of the model, and the drag force X is 10-15 times less, so the flight range L will be 10-15 times greater than the altitude H from which the gliding flight began. Consequently, the lighter the model, the more carefully it is made, the greater the flight range can be achieved.

Experimental study of paper airplane models in flight

Organization and research methods

The study was carried out in the municipal budgetary educational institution secondary school in the village of Krasnaya Gorka.

In the study we set ourselves the following tasks:

Review the instructions for various paper airplane models. Find out what difficulties arise when assembling models.
Conduct an experiment to study paper airplanes in flight. Are all models equally obedient when launched, how long do they spend in the air and what is their flight range?

A set of methods and techniques that we used to conduct the research:

Simulation of many paper airplane models;
Simulation of paper airplane model launch experiments.

During the experiment, we planned the following sequencing:
1.Select the types of aircraft that interest us. Make paper airplane models. Conduct flight tests of aircraft in order to determine their flight qualities (range and accuracy in flight, time in flight), launch method and ease of execution. Enter the data into the table. Select the models that showed the best results.
2.Three of best models made from different types of paper. Carry out tests and enter the data into the table. Conclude which paper is best suited for making paper airplane models.
Forms for recording research results - record experimental data in tables.
Primary processing and analysis of the research results was carried out as follows:

Entering the experimental results into the appropriate record forms;
Schematic, graphical, illustrative presentation of results (preparing a presentation).
Writing conclusions.

Description, analysis of research results and conclusions about the dependence of the flight duration of a paper airplane on the model and launch method

Experiment 1 Purpose: to collect information about paper airplane models; check how difficult it is to assemble models of different types; check the made models in flight.
Equipment: office paper, assembly diagrams for paper airplane models, tape measure, stopwatch, forms for recording results.
Location: school corridor.
After studying a lot of instructions for paper airplane models, we chose five models that I liked. Having studied the instructions for them in detail, we made these models from A4 office paper. After completing these models, we tested them in flight. We entered the data from these tests into a table.

Table 1

	Paper airplane model name	Model drawing	Difficulty of assembling the model (from 1 to 10 points)	Flight range, m (maximum)	Flight time, s (maximum)	Features at launch
1	Basic Dart		3	6	0,93	Twisting
2			4	8,6	1,55	Flying in a straight line
3	Fighter (Harrier Paper Airplane)		5	4	3	Poorly managed
4	Falcon F-16(F-16 Falcon Paper Airplane)		7	7,5	1,62	Poor planning
5	Space Shuttle Paper Airplane		8	2,40	0,41	Poor planning

Based on the data from these tests, we made the following conclusions:

Assembling models is not as easy as you might think. When assembling models, it is very important to make symmetrical folds; this requires certain dexterity and skills.
All models can be divided into two types: models suitable for long-range launching, and models that perform well when launching long-range.
Model No. 2 Supersonic Fighter (Delta Fighter) behaved best when launching at range.

Experiment 2

Purpose: compare which paper models are shown top scores by flight range, by flight time.
Materials: office paper, notebook sheets, newsprint, tape measure, stopwatch, forms for recording results.
Location: school corridor.
We made the three best models from different types of paper. Tests were carried out and the data was entered into a table. We concluded which paper is best to use for making paper airplane models.

table 2

	Supersonic fighter (Delta Fighter)	Flight range, m (maximum)	Flight time, s (maximum)	Additional Notes
1	Office paper	8,6	1,55	Long range
2	Newsprint	5,30	1,13
3	Notebook sheet of paper	2,6	2,64	Making a model from checkered paper is easier and faster; very long flight time

Table 3

	Falcon F-16(F-16 Falcon Paper Airplane)	Flight range, m (maximum)	Flight time, s (maximum)	Additional Notes
1	Office paper	7,5	1,62	Long range
2	Newsprint	6,3	2,00	Smooth flight, plans well
3	Notebook sheet of paper	7,1	1,43	It’s easier and faster to make a model using checkered paper

Table 4

	Basic Dart	Flight range, m (maximum)	Flight time, s (maximum)	Additional Notes
1	Office paper	6	0,93	Long range
2	Newsprint	5,15	1,61	Smooth flight, plans well
3	Notebook sheet of paper	6	1,65	Making a model from checkered paper is easier and faster; very long flight time

Based on the data obtained during the experiment, we made the following conclusions:

It is easier to make models from checkered notebook sheets than from office or newsprint paper, but when tested they do not show very good results;
Models made of newsprint fly very beautifully;
To obtain high results in terms of flight range, models made from office paper are more suitable.

conclusions
As a result of our research, we became familiar with various models of paper airplanes: they differ in the complexity of folding, flight range and altitude, and flight duration, which was confirmed during the experiment. The flight of a paper airplane is influenced by various conditions: the properties of the paper, the size of the airplane, the model. The experiments carried out made it possible to develop the following recommendations for assembling paper airplane models:

Before you start assembling a paper airplane model, you need to decide what type of model is needed: for duration or flight range?
In order for the model to fly well, the folds must be made evenly, the dimensions specified in the assembly diagram must be followed exactly, and all bends must be made symmetrically.
It is very important how the wings are curved; the duration and range of the flight depends on this.
Folding paper models develops a person's abstract thinking.
As a result of our research, we learned that paper airplanes are used to test new ideas in the design of real airplanes.

Conclusion
This work is devoted to studying the prerequisites for the development of the popularity of paper aviation, the importance of origami for society, identifying whether a paper airplane is an exact copy of a large one, and whether the same laws of aerodynamics apply to it as to real airplanes.
During the experiment, the hypothesis we put forward was confirmed: the best speed characteristics and flight stability are achieved by aircraft with a sharp nose and narrow long wings, and an increase in the wingspan can significantly increase the flight time of the glider.
Thus, our hypothesis that paper airplane models are not only a fun toy, but something more important for the world community and the technical development of our civilization, was confirmed.

List of information sources
http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/nauka_i_tehnika/aviaciya_i_kosmonavtika/PLANER.html
http://igrushka.kz/vip95/bumavia.php http://igrushka.kz/vip91/paperavia.php
http://danieldefo.ru/forum/showthread.php?t=46575
Paper airplanes. – Moscow // Cosmonautics news. – 2008 –735. – 13 s
Article "Paper #2: Aerogami", Print Fan
http://printfun.ru/bum2

Application

Aerodynamic forces

Rice. 1. Section of an airplane wing
Lift -Y
Resistance force X
Gravity - G
Angle of attack - a

Rice. 2. Forces acting on an airplane or model in flight

Creative moments

Making a paper airplane from office paper

I sign

Preparation

Making a paper airplane from newspaper

Making a paper airplane from a piece of notebook paper

Research (Stopwatch on the left)

I measure the length and write the results in a table

My planes

In order to make a paper airplane, you will need a rectangular paper sheet, which can be either white or colored. If desired, you can use notebook, photocopier, newspaper or any other paper that is available.

It is better to choose the density of the base for the future aircraft closer to medium, so that it flies far and at the same time it is not too difficult to fold (on paper that is too thick, it is usually difficult to fix the folds and they turn out uneven).

Folding the simplest airplane figurine

Beginning origami lovers should start with the simplest airplane model, familiar to everyone from childhood:

For those who were unable to fold the plane according to the instructions, here is a video master class:

If you got tired of this option back in school and you want to expand your paper airplane making skills, we’ll tell you how to step by step complete two simple variations of the previous model.

Long-haul aircraft

Step-by-step photo instructions

Fold a rectangular sheet of paper in half along the larger side. We bend the two upper corners to the middle of the sheet. We turn the resulting corner “valley”, that is, towards ourselves.

We bend the corners of the resulting rectangle towards the middle so that a small triangle looks out in the middle of the sheet.

We bend the small triangle upward - it will fix the wings of the future aircraft.

We fold the figure along the axis of symmetry, taking into account that the small triangle should remain outside.

We bend the wings on both sides to the base.

We set both wings of the plane at an angle of 90 degrees so that it can fly far.

Thus, without spending a lot of time, we get a long-flying airplane!

Folding pattern

Fold a rectangular paper sheet in half along its larger side.

We bend the two upper corners to the middle of the sheet.

We wrap the corners with a “valley” along the dotted line. In the origami technique, a “valley” is the process of bending a section of a sheet along a certain line in the “toward” direction.

Fold the resulting figure along the axis of symmetry so that the corners are on the outside. Be sure to make sure that the contours of both halves of the future airplane coincide. How it will fly in the future depends on this.

We bend the wings on both sides of the plane, as shown in the figure.

Make sure the angle between the airplane's wing and its fuselage is 90 degrees.

The result is such a fast airplane!

How to make an airplane fly far?

Do you want to learn how to properly launch a paper airplane that you just made with your own hands? Then carefully read the rules of its management:

If all the rules are followed, but the model still does not fly as you would like, try improving it as follows:

If the plane constantly strives to soar upward, and then, making a dead loop, sharply goes down, crashing its nose into the ground, it needs an upgrade in the form of increasing the density (weight) of the nose. This can be done by bending the nose of the paper model slightly inward, as shown in the picture, or by attaching a paper clip to the bottom.
If during flight the model does not fly straight as it should, but to the side, equip it with a rudder by bending part of the wing along the line shown in the figure.
If an airplane goes into a tailspin, it urgently needs a tail. Armed with scissors, give it a quick and functional upgrade.
But if the model falls to one side during testing, most likely the reason for the failure is the lack of stabilizers. To add them to the structure, just bend the wings of the aircraft along the edges along the dotted lines indicated.

We also bring to your attention video instructions for making and testing an interesting model of an aircraft that is capable of not only flying far, but also for an incredibly long time:

Now that you are confident in your abilities and have already gotten your hands on folding and launching simple airplanes, we offer instructions that will tell you how to make a paper airplane of a more complex model.

Stealth aircraft F-117 ("Nighthawk")

Bomb carrier

Execution diagram

Take a rectangular piece of paper. Fold the upper part of the rectangle into a double triangle: to do this, bend the upper right corner of the rectangle so that its upper side coincides with the left side.
Then, by analogy, we bend the left corner, aligning the upper part of the rectangle with its right side.
We make a fold through the intersection point of the resulting lines, which ultimately should be parallel to the smaller side of the rectangle.
Along this line, fold the resulting side triangles inward. You should get the figure shown in Figure 2. Draw a line in the middle of the sheet at the bottom, similar to Figure 1.

We designate a line parallel to the base of the triangle.

We turn the figure over to the reverse side and bend the corner towards ourselves. You should get the following paper design:

Again we shift the figure to the other side and bend two corners up, having first bent the upper part in half.

Turn the figure over and bend the corner up.

We fold the left and right corners, circled in the figure, in accordance with picture 7. This scheme will allow you to achieve the correct bending of the corner.

We bend the corner away from ourselves and fold the figure along the middle line.

We bring the edges inward, again fold the figure in half, and then on itself.

In the end, you will end up with a paper toy like this - a bomb carrier plane!

Bomber SU-35

Razorback Hawk Fighter

Step-by-step execution scheme

Take a piece of rectangular paper, bend it in half along the larger side and mark the middle.

We bend two corners of the rectangle towards ourselves.

Bend the corners of the figure along the dotted line.

Fold the figure crosswise so that the acute angle is in the middle of the opposite side.

We turn the resulting figure over to the reverse side and form two folds, as shown in the figure. It is very important that the folds are not folded towards the midline, but at a slight angle to it.

We bend the resulting corner towards ourselves and at the same time turn forward the corner, which after all the manipulations will be on the back side of the layout. You should end up with a shape as shown in the figure below.

We bend the figure in half away from ourselves.

We lower the wings of the airplane along the dotted line.

We bend the ends of the wings a little to obtain the so-called winglets. Then we straighten the wings so that they form a right angle with the fuselage.

The paper fighter is ready!

Gliding Hawk Fighter

Manufacturing instructions:

Take a rectangular piece of paper and mark the middle by folding it in half along the larger side.

We bend the two upper corners of the rectangle inward towards the middle.

We turn the sheet over to the reverse side and fold the folds towards ourselves towards the center line. It is very important that the upper corners do not bend. You should get a figure like this.

Fold the top of the square diagonally towards you.

Fold the resulting figure in half.

We outline the fold as shown in the figure.

We fill the rectangular part of the fuselage of the future airplane inside.

Bend the wings down along the dotted line at a right angle.

The result is a paper airplane! It remains to see how it flies.

F-15 Eagle fighter

Airplane "Concorde"

Following the given photo and video instructions, you can make a paper airplane with your own hands in a few minutes, playing with which will be a pleasant and entertaining pastime for you and your children!

Paper plane(airplane) - a toy plane made of paper. It is probably the most common form of aerogami, a branch of origami (the Japanese art of paper folding). In Japanese, such a plane is called 紙飛行機 (kami hikoki; kami=paper, hikoki=plane).

This toy is popular because of its simplicity - it is easy to make even for a beginner in the art of paper folding. The simplest airplane requires only six steps to fold completely. You can also make a paper airplane out of cardboard.

The use of paper to create toys is believed to have begun 2,000 years ago in China, where making and flying kites was a popular pastime. Although this event can be seen as the origin of modern paper airplanes, it is impossible to say with certainty where exactly the invention of the kite occurred; As time passed, more and more beautiful designs appeared, as well as types of kites with improved speed and/or load-lifting characteristics.

The earliest known date for the creation of paper airplanes is 1909. However, the most common version of the time of invention and the name of the inventor is 1930, Jack Northrop - co-founder of Lockheed Corporation. Northrop used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the design of real airplanes. On the other hand, it is possible that paper airplanes were known back in Victorian England.

In the early 20th century, flying magazines used images of paper airplanes to explain the principles of aerodynamics.

In his quest to build the first aircraft, capable of carrying a person, the Wright brothers used paper airplanes and wings in wind tunnels.

September 2, 2001 on Deribasovskaya street famous athlete(fencer, swimmer, yachtsman, boxer, football player, bicycle, motorcycle and racing driver of the early 20th century) and one of the first Russian aviators and test pilots Sergei Isaevich Utochkin (July 12, 1876, Odessa - January 13, 1916, St. Petersburg ) a monument was unveiled - a bronze aviator standing on the stairs of the house (22 Deribasovskaya St.), which housed the cinema opened by the Utochkin brothers - "UtochKino", thought about it, about to launch a paper airplane. Utochkin’s great merits were in popularizing aviation in Russia in 1910-1914. He made dozens of demonstration flights in many cities Russian Empire. His flights were observed by future famous pilots and aircraft designers: V. Ya. Klimov and S. V. Ilyushin (in Moscow), N. N. Polikarpov (in Orel), A. A. Mikulin and I. I. Sikorsky (in Kiev), S. P. Korolev (in Nezhin), P. O. Sukhoi (in Gomel), P. N. Nesterov (in Tbilisi), etc. “Of the many people I have seen, he is the most striking figure in originality and spirit,” the editor wrote about him "Odessa News", writer A.I. Kuprin. V.V. also wrote about him. Mayakovsky in the poem “Moscow-Könisberg”:
From drawing matters
Leonardo saddles,
so that I can fly
where do I need it?
Utochkin was injured,
so close, close,
just a little bit from the sun,
soar over Dvinsk.
The authors of the monument are Odessa masters Alexander Tokarev and Vladimir Glazyrin.

In the 1930s, English artist and engineer Wallis Rigby designed his first paper airplane. This idea seemed interesting to several publishers, who began to collaborate with him and publish his paper models, which were quite easy to assemble. It is worth noting that Rigby tried to make not just interesting models, but also flying ones.

Also in the early 1930s, Jack Northrop of the Lockheed Corporation used several paper models of airplanes and wings for testing. This was done before the creation of real large aircraft.

During World War II, many governments restricted the use of materials such as plastic, metal and wood, as they were considered strategically important. Paper became widely available and very popular in the toy industry. This is what made paper modeling popular.

In the USSR, paper modeling was also very popular. In 1959, P. L. Anokhin’s book “Paper Flying Models” was published. As a result, this book became very popular among modellers for many years. In it one could learn about the history of aircraft construction, as well as about paper modeling. All the paper models were original; for example, you could find a flying paper model of the Yak airplane.
In 1989, Andy Chipling founded the Paper Airplane Association, and in 2006 the first paper airplane championship was held. The incredible popularity of the competition is evidenced by the number of participants. The first such championship was attended by 9,500 students from 45 countries. And just 3 years later, when the second tournament in history took place, more than 85 countries were represented in Austria at the finals. Competitions are held in three disciplines: the longest distance, the longest gliding and aerobatics.

The children's film Paper Airplanes by Robert Connolly won the Grand Prix at the Australian film festival CinéfestOz. “Parents will also enjoy this charming children's film. Children and adults play wonderfully. And I simply envy the director for his level and talent,” said festival jury chairman Bruce Beresford. Director Robert Connolly decided to spend the $100,000 award on working trips around the world for the young actors involved in the film. The film "Paper Airplanes" tells the story of a little Australian who went to the world paper airplane championship. The film is director Robert Connolly's debut in children's feature films.

Numerous attempts to increase the time a paper airplane stays in the air from time to time lead to the breaking of new barriers in this sport. Ken Blackburn held the world record for 13 years (1983-1996) and again won it on October 8, 1998, by throwing a paper airplane indoors so that it stayed in the air for 27.6 seconds. This result was confirmed by representatives of the Guinness Book of Records and CNN reporters. The paper airplane used by Blackburn can be classified as a glider.

There are competitions for launching paper airplanes called Red Bull Paper Wings. They are held in three categories: “aerobatics”, “flight range”, “flight duration”. The last world championship was held on May 8-9, 2015 in Salzburg, Austria.

By the way, on April 12, Cosmonautics Day, paper airplanes were once again launched in Yalta. The Second Festival of Paper Airplanes “Space Adventures” was held on the Yalta Embankment. Mostly schoolchildren aged 9-10 years old took part. They lined up to take part in competitions. They competed in flight range and how long the aircraft remained in the air. The originality of the model and the creativity of the design were assessed separately. New for the year are the nominations: “The most fabulous aircraft” and “Flight around the Earth”. The role of the Earth was played by the pedestal of the Lenin monument. Whoever spent the least number of attempts to fly around it won. The chairman of the festival organizing committee, Igor Danilov, told a correspondent of the Crimean News Agency that the format of the project was suggested to them historical facts. “It is a well-known fact that Yuri Gagarin (maybe the teachers didn’t really like this, but nevertheless) often launched paper airplanes in class. We decided to build on this idea. Last year it was more difficult, it was a crude idea. We had to come up with competitions and even just remember how paper airplanes are assembled,” shared Igor Danilov. It was possible to build a paper airplane right on the spot. Beginning aircraft designers were helped by experts.

And a little earlier, on March 20-24, 2012, the championship for launching paper airplanes was held in Kyiv (at NTU "KPI"). The winners of the all-Ukrainian competition represented Ukraine in the Red Bull Paper Wings final, which took place in the legendary Hangar-7 (Salzburg, Austria), under the glass domes of which legendary aviation and automotive rarities are stored.

On March 30, the national finals of the Red Bull Paper Wings 2012 World Championship for launching paper airplanes took place in the capital in the Mosfilm pavilion. The winners of the regional qualifying tournaments from fourteen Russian cities arrived in Moscow. Out of 42 people, three were chosen: Zhenya Bober (nomination “most beautiful flight”), Alexander Chernobaev (“longest flight”), Evgeny Perevedentsev (“longest flight”). The performance of the participants was evaluated by the jury, which included professional pilots Aibulat Yakhin (major, senior pilot of the Russian Knights State Aircraft Company) and Dmitry Samokhvalov (leader of the First Flight aerobatic team, international master of sports in aircraft modeling), as well as VJ of TV channel A -One Gleb Bolelov.

And so that you can take part in such competitions,

And to make it easier for you to assemble airplanes, Arrow, an electronics development company, has released ads, in which a working mechanism from a LEGO constructor is filmed, which independently folds and launches paper airplanes. The video was intended to be shown at the 2016 Super Bowl. It took inventor Arthur Sacek 5 days to create the device.

The duration of the flight and the range of the aircraft will depend on many nuances. And if you want to make a paper airplane with your child that flies for a long time, then pay attention to the following elements:

tail. If the tail of the product is folded incorrectly, the plane will not hover;
wings. The curved shape of the wings will help increase the stability of the craft;
paper thickness. You need to take lighter material for the craft and then your “aviation” will fly much better. Also paper product must be symmetrical. But if you know how to make an airplane out of paper, everything will work out correctly.

By the way, if you think that doing paper aircraft modeling is a gimmick, then you are very wrong. To dispel your doubts, I will finally cite an interesting, I would say, monograph.

Physics of a paper airplane

From me: Despite the fact that the topic is quite serious, it is told in a lively and interesting way. Being the father of a high school senior, the author of the story was drawn into a funny story with an unexpected ending. It has an educational part and a touching life-political part. The following will be spoken in the first person.

Shortly before the New Year, my daughter decided to monitor her own academic performance and found out that when filling out the journal in retrospect, the physics teacher had given some extra B’s and the six-month grade was hanging between “5” and “4”. Here you need to understand that physics in the 11th grade is, to put it mildly, a non-core subject, everyone is busy with training for admission and the terrible Unified State Exam, but it affects the overall score. With a creaking heart, for pedagogical reasons, I refused to intervene - like figure it out yourself. She pulled herself together, came to find out, rewrote some independent work right there and received a six-month five. Everything would be fine, but the teacher asked, as part of resolving the issue, to register for the Volga Scientific Conference (Kazan University) in the “physics” section and write some kind of report. The student’s participation in this shit counts towards the annual certification of teachers, and it’s like, “Then we’ll definitely close the year.” The teacher can be understood; in general, this is a normal agreement.

The child loaded up, went to the organizing committee, and took the rules of participation. Since the girl is quite responsible, she began to think and come up with some topic. Naturally, she turned to me, the closest technical intellectual of the post-Soviet era, for advice. On the Internet we found a list of winners of past conferences (they give diplomas of three degrees), this gave us some guidance, but did not help. The reports were of two types, one was “nanofilters in oil innovations”, the second was “photos of crystals and an electronic metronome”. For me, the second type is normal - children should cut a toad, and not earn points for government grants, but we haven’t really gotten any more ideas. I had to follow the rules, something like “preference is given to independent work and experiments.”

We decided that we would make some kind of funny report, visual and cool, without gibberish or nanotechnology - we would amuse the audience, participation was enough for us. It was a month and a half long. Copy-paste was fundamentally unacceptable. After some thought, we decided on the topic - “Physics of a paper airplane.” I spent my childhood in aircraft modeling, and my daughter loves airplanes, so the topic is more or less close. It had to be done case study physical orientation and, in fact, write a paper. Next I will post the abstract of this work, some comments and illustrations/photos. At the end there will be an end to the story, which is logical. If you are interested, I will answer the questions in already expanded fragments.

Taking into account the work done, we can add coloring to the mind map indicating the completion of the assigned tasks. Green indicates areas that are at a satisfactory level, light green indicates issues that have some limitations, yellow indicates areas that have been touched upon but not adequately developed, and red indicates promising areas that require additional research (funding is welcome).

It turned out that the paper plane has a tricky flow stall at the top of the wing, which forms a curved zone, similar to a full-fledged airfoil.

For the experiments we took 3 different models.

All planes were assembled from identical sheets of A4 paper. The mass of each aircraft is 5 grams.

On average, the speed of an airplane is 5–6 m/s, which is not so low.

Aerodynamic quality - about 8.

With a pipe cross-section of 300x200 mm and a flow speed of up to 8 m/s, we will need a fan with a capacity of at least 1000 cubic meters/hour. To change the flow speed, you need an engine speed controller, and to measure it, an anemometer with appropriate accuracy. The speed meter does not have to be digital; it is quite possible to get by with a deflectable plate with an angle graduation or a liquid anemometer, which has greater accuracy.

The characteristics of the pipe turned out to be worse than calculated, mainly due to the discrepancy between the fan performance and the specifications. The flow back-up also reduced the speed in the measurement area by 0.5 m/s. As a result, the maximum speed is slightly higher than 5 m/s, which, nevertheless, turned out to be sufficient.

Reynolds number for pipe:
Re = VLρ/η = VL/ν
V (speed) = 5m/s
L (characteristic)= 250mm = 0.25m
ν (coefficient (density/viscosity)) = 0.000014 m2/s
Re = 1.25/ 0.000014 = 89285.7143

Measurements have shown that the accuracy is quite sufficient for basic modes. However, it was difficult to fix the angle, so it was better to develop an appropriate fastening scheme with markings.

Model No. 1.
Golden mean. The design matches the material—paper—as closely as possible. The strength of the wings corresponds to their length, the weight distribution is optimal, so a properly folded aircraft aligns well and flies smoothly. It was the combination of such qualities and ease of assembly that made this design so popular. The speed is less than that of the second model, but greater than that of the third. At high speeds, the wide tail, which previously perfectly stabilized the model, begins to interfere.

Model No. 2.
The model with the worst flight characteristics. The large sweep and short wings are designed to work better at high speeds, which is what happens, but the lift does not increase enough and the plane really flies like a spear. Additionally, it does not stabilize properly in flight.

Model No. 3.
A representative of the “engineering” school, the model was specially conceived with special characteristics. High aspect ratio wings actually work better, but the drag increases very quickly - the plane flies slowly and does not tolerate acceleration. To compensate for the insufficient rigidity of the paper, numerous folds are used in the toe of the wing, which also increases resistance. However, the model is very impressive and flies well.

Some results on vortex visualization

If you introduce a smoke source into the flow, you can see and photograph the flows that go around the wing. We did not have special smoke generators at our disposal; we used incense sticks. A photo processing filter was used to increase contrast. The flow rate also decreased because the smoke density was low.

Flows can also be examined using short threads glued to the wing, or a thin probe with a thread at the end.

Relationship between parameters and design solutions. Comparison of options reduced to a rectangular wing. The position of the aerodynamic center and the center of gravity and the characteristics of the models.

It has already been noted that paper as a material has many limitations. For low flight speeds, long narrow wings have best quality. It is no coincidence that real gliders, especially record-breaking ones, also have such wings. However, paper airplanes have technological limitations and their wings are less than optimal.

To analyze the relationship between the geometry of models and their flight characteristics, it is necessary to reduce a complex shape to a rectangular analogue using the area transfer method. The best way to deal with this is computer programs, allowing you to present different models in a universal form. After the transformations, the description will be reduced to basic parameters - span, chord length, aerodynamic center.

The mutual relationship between these quantities and the center of mass will allow us to fix characteristic values For various types behavior. These calculations are beyond the scope of this work, but can be easily done. However, it can be assumed that the center of gravity for a paper airplane with rectangular wings is at a distance of one in four from nose to tail, for an airplane with delta wings it is at one half (the so-called neutral point).

I came up with a topic, a plan - 70%, theory editing, hardware, general editing, a speech plan.

She collected all the theory, right down to translating articles, measurements (very labor-intensive, by the way), drawings/graphs, text, literature, presentation, report (there were many questions).

As a result of the work, the theoretical basis for the flight of paper airplanes was studied, experiments were planned and carried out, which made it possible to determine the numerical parameters for different designs and the general relationships between them. Complex flight mechanisms are also touched upon, from the point of view of modern aerodynamics.

The main parameters affecting the flight are described and comprehensive recommendations are given.
In the general part, an attempt was made to systematize the field of knowledge based on a mind map, and the main directions for further research were outlined.

A month flew by unnoticed - my daughter was surfing the Internet, running a pipe on the table. The scales were tilting, the airplanes were blowing past the theory. The output was 30 pages of decent text with photographs and graphs. The work was sent to the correspondence round (only several thousand works in all sections). Another month later, horror of horrors, they posted a list of in-person reports, where ours was adjacent to the rest of the nanocrocodiles. The child sighed sadly and began to make a presentation for 10 minutes. They immediately excluded reading - speaking so vividly and meaningfully. Before the event, there was a run-through with timing and protests. In the morning, the sleep-deprived speaker, with the correct feeling of “I don’t remember or know anything,” went to KSU for a saw.

By the end of the day I began to worry, no answer, no hello. There is such a precarious state when you don’t understand whether the risky joke was a success or not. I didn’t want the teenager to somehow end up with this story. It turned out that everything was delayed and her report came at 4 pm. The child sent an SMS: “I told you everything, the jury is laughing.” Well, I think, okay, thank you, at least they don’t scold me. And after about another hour - “first degree diploma.” This was completely unexpected.

We thought about anything, but against the backdrop of absolutely wild pressure from lobbied topics and participants, to receive the first prize for good, but informal work is something from a completely forgotten time. Later she said that the jury (quite authoritative, by the way, no less than the Faculty of Mathematical Sciences) killed the zombified nanotechnologists with lightning speed. Apparently, everyone has been so fed up in scientific circles that they have unconditionally put up an unspoken barrier to obscurantism. It got to the point of ridiculousness - the poor child read out some wild science, but could not answer what the angle was measured in his experiments. Influential scientific supervisors turned slightly pale (but quickly recovered), it’s a mystery to me why they would organize such a disgrace, and even at the expense of children. As a result, all the prizes were given to nice guys with normal lively eyes and good topics. The second diploma, for example, was received by a girl with a model of a Stirling engine, who quickly started it up in the department, quickly changed modes and intelligently commented on all sorts of situations. Another diploma was given to a guy who was sitting on a university telescope and looking for something under the guidance of a professor who definitely did not allow any outside “help.” This story gave me some hope. In what is the will of ordinary people, normal people to the normal order of things. Not a habit of predetermined injustice, but a readiness to make efforts to restore it.

Would your daughter be able to do this kind of work alone?
She also asked - like dad, I didn’t do everything myself.
My version is like this. You did everything yourself, you understand what is written on every page and you can answer any question - yes. Do you know more about the region than those present here and your acquaintances - yes. Understood the general technology of a scientific experiment from the inception of an idea to the result + spin-off research- Yes. She did a significant job, no doubt. She put forward this work on a general basis without patronage - yes. Defended - ok. The jury is qualified - without a doubt. Then this is your reward for the school conference.

I am an acoustics engineer, a small engineering company, I graduated from aviation systems engineering, and then studied.

In 1977, Edmond Xi developed a new paper airplane called the Paperang. It is based on the aerodynamics of hang gliders and is similar to a stealth bomber. This aircraft is the only one with long narrow wings and working aerodynamic surfaces. The Paperang design allows you to change every parameter of the airplane's shape. This model uses a paperclip in its construction, which is why it is prohibited in most paper airplane competitions.

The guys who created the electric paper airplane Conversion Kit went further. They equipped a paper airplane with an electric motor. Why, you may ask? To fly better and longer! The Electric Paper Airplane Conversion Kit can fly for several minutes! The range of the aircraft is up to 55 meters. Turning in the horizontal plane is done using the steering wheel, and in the vertical plane - by changing the engine thrust. PowerUp 3.0 is a tiny control board with a Bluetooth Low Energy radio module and a LiPo battery, connected by a carbon fiber rod to the motor and rudder. The toy is controlled from a smartphone; a microUSB connector is used for charging. Although initially the application for controlling the aircraft was only available for iOS, the success of the crowdfunding campaign made it possible to quickly raise money for an additional goal - an application for Android, so that it will be possible to fly with any smartphone with Bluetooth 4.0 on board. The set can be used with any aircraft of a suitable size - there will be room for your imagination to run wild. True, the basic set on Kickstarter costs as much as $30. But... these are their American jokes... By the way, American Shai Goitein, a pilot with 25 years of experience, has been working for several years at the intersection of children's hobbies and modern technologies.

Peter Sachs, a lawyer and drone enthusiast, made an inquiry about the possibility of using a paper airplane with an attached motor for commercial purposes. His goal was to find out whether the agency would extend its jurisdiction to paper airplanes? According to the FAA, if such an aircraft has an engine installed and its owner applies for the appropriate documents, the answer is a resounding “yes.” The permit allows Sachs to launch the Tailor Toys Power Up 3.0, a smartphone-controlled propeller that attaches to a paper airplane. The device costs about $50, has a range of about 50 meters and a flight time of up to 10 minutes. Sachs requested permission to use an airplane for aerial photography; there are cameras small and light enough to accomplish this purpose. The FAA issued Sachs a certificate allowing him to do this, but it also spelled out 31 restrictions on the use of this aircraft, including:

it is prohibited to fly at a speed of more than 160 kilometers per hour (we are talking about a paper airplane!);
the permissible weight of the device should not exceed 24 kilograms (how often do you see such paper airplanes?);
The aircraft should not rise above 120 meters (remember, the maximum flight radius of Power Up 3.0 is 50 meters).

Apparently, the FAA doesn't make any distinction between drones and the DIY toy that Power Up 3.0 is. Do you agree that it is somewhat strange when the state tries to regulate the flights of paper airplanes?

However, “there is no smoke without fire.” The Cicada (Covert Autonomous Disposable Aircraft) military spy drone project, named after the insect that inspired the invention, was launched by the US Naval Research Laboratory back in 2006. In 2011, the first test flights of the device were carried out. But the Cicada drone is constantly being improved, and the developers presented a new version of the device at the Lab Day event organized by the US Department of Defense. The drone, or as it is officially called “hidden autonomous disposable aircraft,” looks like an ordinary toy airplane, easily fitting in the palm of your hand. About 5 to 6 drones can fit into a 6-inch cube, said Aaron Kahn, a senior engineer at the Naval Research Laboratory, making them useful for monitoring large areas. Above territories probable enemy Hundreds of such machines will hover. It is assumed that the enemy will not be able to shoot down everything at once. Even if only a few units “survive”, that’s good. They will be enough to collect the necessary information. In addition, it flies almost silently, since it does not have a motor (power comes from the battery). Due to its silent and small size, this device is ideal for reconnaissance missions. From the ground, the glider drone looks like a bird flying down. In addition, the design of the device, consisting of only 10 parts, turned out to be surprisingly reliable. Cicada can withstand speeds of up to 74 km/h, can bounce off tree branches, land on asphalt or sand - and remain unharmed. "Cicada Drone" is controlled with compatible iOS or Android devices. During testing, the drone was equipped with temperature, pressure and humidity sensors. But in combat conditions, the filling can be completely different. For example, a microphone with a radio transmitter or other lightweight equipment. “These are carrier pigeons of the robotics era. You tell them where to go and they go there,” says Daniel Edwards, an aerospace engineer at the US Naval Research Laboratory. Moreover, not just anywhere, but according to given GPS coordinates. The landing accuracy is impressive. During testing, the drone landed 5 meters from the target (after 17.7 km of travel). “They flew through trees, hit the asphalt of runways, fell on gravel and sand. The only thing we found that could stop them was the bushes in the desert,” adds Edwards. Small drones can track traffic on roads behind enemy lines using a seismic sensor or a microphone. Magnetic sensors can track the movements of submarines. And, of course, using microphones you can listen to conversations between enemy soldiers or operatives. In principle, a video camera can be installed on a drone, but video transmission requires too much channel bandwidth; this technical problem has not yet been solved. Drones will also find application in meteorology. In addition, Cicada is characterized by its low cost. Creating a prototype cost the Laboratory a tidy sum (about $1000), but engineers noted that when mass production is established, this price will be reduced to $250 per unit. At a scientific and technological exhibition at the Pentagon, many people showed interest in this invention, including intelligence agencies.

They can't do that

On March 21, 2012, a paper airplane of incredible size flew over the American desert of Arizona - 15 meters long and with a wingspan of 8 meters. This mega-plane is the world's largest paper aircraft. Its weight is about 350 kg, so, naturally, it would not be possible to launch it with a simple wave of the hand. It was lifted by helicopter to a height of about 900 m (and according to some sources, up to 1.5 kilometers), and then launched into free flight. The flying paper “colleague” was also accompanied by several real airplanes - in order to record its entire path and emphasize the scale of this, albeit of no practical value, but very interesting project. Its value lies elsewhere - it was the embodiment of the dream of many boys to launch a huge paper airplane. In fact, it was invented by a child. The 12-year-old winner of a local newspaper themed competition, Arturo Valdenegro, was awarded the opportunity to implement his design project with the help of a team of engineers from the private Pima Air & Space Museum. The specialists who took part in the work admit that the creation of this paper airplane awakened their real childhood and therefore their creativity was especially inspired. The plane was named after its chief designer - it bears the proud name “Arturo - the Desert Eagle”. The flight of the aeronautic vehicle went well; while gliding, it managed to reach a speed of 175 kilometers per hour, after which it made a smooth landing in the desert sands. The organizers of this show regret that they missed the opportunity to record the flight of the world's largest paper airplane in the Guinness Book of Records - representatives of this organization were not invited to the tests. But Pima Air & Space Museum director Yvonne Morris hopes the sensational flight will help revive a dying feeling in young Americans. last years interest in aviation.

Here are some more paper airplane records

In 1967, Scientific American sponsored the International Paper Airplane Competition, which attracted nearly twelve thousand participants and resulted in the Great International Book of Paper Airplanes. Art manager Klara Hobca relaunched the competition 41 years later, publishing her own “Book of Paper Airplanes for the New Millennium.” To participate in this competition, Jack Vegas entered this flying cylinder in the children's airplane class, which combines elements of glider style and dart style. He then stated, "Sometimes he exhibits amazing floating properties, and I'm sure he will win!" However, the cylinder did not win. Bonus points for originality.

The most expensive paper plane was used in the space shuttle during its next flight into space. The cost of the fuel used to get the plane into space on the shuttle alone is enough to call this paper plane the most expensive.

In 2012 Pavel Durov ( former head VK) on City Day in St. Petersburg decided to stir up the festive mood of the people and began launching airplanes made from five thousand dollar bills into the crowd. In total, 10 banknotes worth 50 thousand rubles were thrown away. They say that people are preparing an action called: “Give back the change to Durov,” planning to shower the generous media tycoon with small metal coins.

The world record for the longest flight of a paper airplane is 27.6 seconds (see above). Owned by Ken Blackburn from the United States of America. Ken is one of the most famous paper airplane modelers in the world.

The world record for the longest flight distance of a paper airplane is 58.82 m. The result was set by Tony Flech from Wisconsin, USA, on May 21, 1985 and is a world record.

In 1992, high school students teamed up with NASA engineers to create three giant paper airplanes with wingspans of 5.5, 8.5 and 9 meters. Their efforts were aimed at breaking the world record for the largest paper airplane. The Guinness Book of World Records stipulated that the plane must fly more than 15 meters, but the largest model built, shown in the photo, greatly exceeded this figure, flying 35 meters before landing.

A paper airplane with the largest wingspan of 12.22 m was built by students from the Faculty of Aeronautical and Rocket Engineering at Delft University. technical university in the Netherlands. The launch took place indoors on May 16, 1995. The model was launched by 1 person, the plane flew 34.80 m from a three-meter height. According to the rules, the plane had to fly about 15 meters. If not for the limited space, he would have flown much further.

The smallest origami paper airplane model was folded under a microscope with tweezers by Mr. Naito from Japan. To do this, he needed a piece of paper measuring 2.9 square millimeters. Once made, the airplane was placed on the tip of a sewing needle.

Dr James Porter, medical director of robotic surgery in Sweden, folded a small paper airplane using a da Vinci robot, demonstrating how the device gives surgeons greater precision and dexterity than existing tools.

Project Spaceplane. This project was to launch one hundred paper airplanes down to Earth from the edge of space. Each airplane was required to carry a Samsung flash card between its wings with a message written on it. Project Spaceplane was conceived in 2011 as a stunt to demonstrate how durable the company's flash cards were. In the end, Samsung announced the success of the project even before all the launched aircraft were received back. Our impression: great, some company is throwing airplanes to Earth from space!

At all times, man has strived to get off the ground and soar like a bird. Therefore, many people subconsciously have a love for machines that can lift them into the air. And the image of an airplane refers us to the symbolism of freedom, lightness and heavenly power. In any case, the plane has positive value. Most often the image paper airplane It is small in size and is the choice of girls. The dotted line that complements the drawing creates the illusion of flight. Such a tattoo will tell about a cloudless childhood, innocence and some naivety of the owner. It symbolizes the naturalness, lightness, airiness and ease of a person.
For some reason I keep all our meetings in my memory.
For God's sake, forgive me for this stupid letter.
I just want to know how you live without me.

Of course, you’ll hardly remember my address on the envelope,
And I remember yours by heart... Although, it would seem, why?
You didn’t promise to write, or even remember,
They nodded briefly, “Bye,” and waved at me.

I'll finish my letter, fold a paper airplane,
And at midnight I’ll go out onto the balcony and let him fly.
Let it fly to where you, missing me, don’t shed tears,
And, languishing in loneliness, do not hit the ice like a fish.

As if in a stormy sea with a simple nutshell
My white-winged postman floats in the midnight silence.
Like the groan of a wounded soul, like a thin ray of fragile hope,
Which has been shining for me both day and night for so many years.

Let the gray rain drum on the roofs of the night city,
A paper plane is flying, because there is an ace pilot at the controls,
He carries a letter, and in that letter there are only three cherished words,
Insanely important for me, but, unfortunately, not for you.

It would seem a simple route - from heart to heart, but only
That plane, once again, will be carried somewhere by the wind...
And if you don’t receive the letter, you won’t be at all sad,
And you won’t know that I love you... That’s all...