Social causes of interethnic conflicts. Causes of interethnic conflicts

Speaking about the causes of interethnic conflicts, first of all it should be noted that the most severe consequences are caused by arbitrariness and violence against any nation, the ban and persecution of religion, culture, language, and traditions. National feelings are very vulnerable, and any kind of arbitrariness towards any nation gives rise to hatred towards those who allowed violence. Bloody events in Azerbaijan, the North Caucasus, Georgia, Moldova, as well as former Yugoslavia show that interethnic conflicts have turned into interethnic wars. A civil wars, which arose on national grounds, last a very long time. The war goes on until the last Serb, Croat, Albanian, Chechen, Georgian.

The cause of interethnic conflicts can also be national prejudice towards representatives of a particular nation. According to sociological surveys in Russia, more than 1/3 of respondents said that they dislike representatives of a certain nationality. At the same time, the absolute majority named persons of “Caucasian nationality.” Some political forces and parties deliberately incite national hatred, declaring that Jews, Russians, Armenians, Chechens, etc. are to blame for all the current troubles and problems in our lives. Thus, an “image of the enemy” is formed, the culprit of all troubles. And this is very dangerous phenomenon, since fertile ground is created for strengthening the ideology of nationalism, chauvinism, and often fascism.

That's why main reason the exacerbation of interethnic conflicts is associated with attempts by various political forces to deliberately incite national hatred in order to thereby acquire a certain political capital. By inciting nationalism it is very easy to gain power. But in order to stay in power, such a regime will continue to have to base its policy on inciting national hatred. This is the main reason for the sharp escalation of interethnic conflicts on the territory of the former Soviet Union. According to a sociological survey conducted in the North Caucasus, 2/3 of respondents said that the main cause of interethnic conflicts in the region is the struggle for power. Ordinary people are beginning to understand that politicians, in the struggle for power, are capable of quarreling people of different nationalities who have lived peacefully on the same land for centuries.

After the nationalists come to power, as a rule, a regime of ethnocracy is established, when all real power passes into the hands of only one indigenous nationality, the principle applies: one state - one nation. At the same time, methods of ethnic cleansing are actively used. Serbs, Albanians, Chechens, Georgians, Estonians, Latvians are trying to clear their territories of national minorities they do not like. Thus, in Estonia and Latvia, discriminatory measures against representatives of non-indigenous nationality are legislated. They are deprived of voting rights, citizenship, they are not accepted for public service etc. All these measures are designed to achieve the expulsion of the Russian-speaking population from these states. A similar situation is typical for almost all former Soviet republics. Today all the former Soviet Union is an arena of interethnic conflicts between representatives of indigenous and non-indigenous nationalities. It is no coincidence that the number of refugees in the former Soviet Union has reached tens of millions and is constantly growing.

To prevent interethnic conflicts, the state, not in words, but in deeds, must ensure the equality of all nations. It is necessary to resolutely abandon attempts to create any benefits or advantages for one indigenous nationality, and to take into account the interests of all peoples living in this state. This is the most important principle of preventing interethnic conflicts.

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution higher vocational education

State University management

Department of State and municipal government

Test

by discipline « Social anthropology »

on the topic of: " Interethnic conflicts».

Performed:

Student of the State Medical University group 3–3

Stenina Maria

Checked:

D.I.N., professor Taisaev K.U.

Moscow 2009

1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………2

2. Causes and factors of interethnic conflicts………………...3

3. Forms of interethnic conflicts…………………………….5

4. Ways to resolve interethnic conflicts……………………….6

5. Conclusion……………………………………………………………...9

6. List of references……………………………………...11

INTRODUCTION

A multinational environment is a typical feature and condition of life modern man. Peoples not only coexist, but also actively interact with each other. Almost all modern states are multinational. All capitals of the world are multinational, big cities, and even villages. And that is precisely why, today more than ever, you need to be correct and attentive both in words and in actions. Otherwise, you can find yourself involved in completely unexpected and unreasonable vicissitudes, and sometimes even in a clearly formed interethnic conflict.

Interethnic conflict- this is a complication of relations between nations and peoples up to direct military action. As a rule, interethnic conflicts can occur at two levels interethnic relations. So one of them is related to interpersonal and family everyday relations, while the other is implemented through the interaction of federal constitutional and legal bodies and subjects of the Federation, political parties and movements.

REASONS AND FACTORS OF INTERNATIONAL

CONFLICTS

Interethnic conflicts How social phenomenon there is a conflict of interests different levels and content, and is a manifestation of complex underlying processes in relations between individual ethnic communities, groups of people, occurring under the influence of many socio-economic, political, historical, psychological, territorial, separatist, linguistic, cultural, religious and other factors.

Factors influencing interethnic conflicts:

1. National composition region of conflict (its likelihood is higher in mixed regions);

2. type of settlement (the probability is higher in big city);

3. age (extreme poles: “older-young” give a higher likelihood of conflict);

4. social status (the likelihood of conflict is higher in the presence of marginalized people);

5. level of education (the roots of the conflict are nested in the masses of a low level of education, however, it should be remembered that its ideologists are always individual representatives of the intelligentsia);

6. political views (conflicts are much higher among radicals).

Whatever the reasons, interethnic conflicts lead to massive violations of laws and citizens' rights. Objective reasons for the exacerbation of interethnic tension may be:

firstly, the consequences of serious deformations in national policy, the dissatisfaction that has accumulated over many decades, spilling out under conditions of glasnost and democratization;

secondly, the result of a serious deterioration in the economic situation in the country, which also gives rise to discontent and hostility among various segments of the population, and these negative sentiments are channeled, first of all, in the sphere of interethnic relations;

thirdly, a consequence of the ossified structure of the state structure, the weakening of the foundations on which the free federation of Soviet peoples was created.

Subjective factors are also important.

Interethnic conflicts due to the cause and nature of their origin can be:

● socio-economic (unemployment, delays and non-payment of wages, social benefits, which do not allow the majority of citizens to meet the necessary needs, monopoly of representatives of one of the ethnic groups in any service sector or industry National economy, etc.);

● cultural and linguistic (related to the protection, revival and development of the native language, national culture and guaranteed rights of national minorities);

● ethnodemographic (relatively rapid change in the population ratio, i.e. an increase in the proportion of newcomers, of other ethnicities due to the migration of internally displaced persons and refugees);

●ethno-territorial-status (non-coincidence of state or administrative borders with the boundaries of settlement of peoples, demands of small nations to expand or acquire a new status);

● historical (relationships in the past – wars, past relations of politics "domination – subordination", deportations and associated negative aspects of historical memory, etc.);

● interreligious and interconfessional (including differences in the level of the modern religious population);

● separatist (demand to create their own independent statehood or reunification with a neighboring “mother” or related state from a cultural and historical point of view).

Reason any thoughtless or deliberately provocative statements by politicians, national leaders, representatives of the clergy, the media, domestic incidents, cases of

Conflicts over national values ​​and the most important life attitudes in the sphere of interethnic relations are among the most difficult to resolve; it is here that the problem of ensuring and protecting the civil, socio-cultural rights of individuals and representatives of certain ethnic groups may be most acute.

According to A.G. Zdravomyslova, And source of conflict is the measure and form of distribution of power and positions available in the hierarchy of power and management structures.

FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS

There are civilized and uncivilized forms of interethnic conflicts:

a) local wars (civil, separatist);

b) mass riots accompanied by violence, gross and numerous violations of individual rights and freedoms;

c) religious fundamentalism.

Depending on the motives (reasons), characteristics of the subjective composition, interethnic conflicts can be presented as follows:

1) national-territorial conflicts. In many cases, these conflicts contain attempts to solve problems of the “historical homeland” (the original territories of residence or the reunification of different ethnic communities);

2) conflicts related to the desire of national minorities to realize the right to self-determination;

3) conflicts, the source of which is the desire of deported peoples to restore their rights;

4) conflicts based on the clash of ruling national elites in the economic and political spheres;

5) conflicts related to discrimination against any nation, ethnic group, violation of its rights or the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of its representatives;

6) conflicts due to affiliation (by nationality) to different religious communities, movements, i.e. on confessional grounds;

7) conflicts based on divergences and clashes of national values ​​(legal, linguistic, cultural, etc.)1.

The importance of researching and preventing conflicts on an ethnic and interethnic basis is evidenced by the following figures: according to some unofficial sources, in the period from 1991 to 1999 the number of deaths in interethnic conflicts increased by post-Soviet space amounted to more than one million people.

WAYS TO SOLUTION INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS

Interethnic conflicts are one of those types of conflicts for which it is impossible to find a standard approach or solution, since each of them has its own peculiarity, basis. World experience shows that such situations are best resolved only through peaceful means. So the most famous of them include:

1. deconsolidation (separation) of the forces involved in the conflict, which, as a rule, is achieved through a system of measures that make it possible to cut off (for example, by discrediting in the eyes of the public) the most radical elements or groups and support forces prone to compromise and negotiations.

2. interruption of the conflict- a method that allows you to expand the effect of pragmatic approaches to its regulation, and as a result of which the emotional background of the conflict changes and the intensity of passions decreases.

3. negotiation process- a method for which there are special rules. In order to achieve success in it, pragmatization of negotiations is necessary, which consists of dividing the global goal into a number of sequential tasks. Usually the parties are ready to conclude agreements on vital needs, for which a truce is established: for the burial of the dead, the exchange of prisoners. Then they move on to the most pressing economic and social issues. Political issues, especially those with symbolic meaning, are postponed and decided on last. Negotiations should be conducted in such a way that each side strives to find satisfactory solutions not only for itself, but also for the partner. As conflict experts say, it is necessary to change the “win-lose” model to the “ win-win" Each step in the negotiation process should be documented.

4. participation in negotiations of intermediaries or mediators. In particular difficult situations confirmation of the legality of the agreements is given by the participation of representatives international organizations.

Conflict resolution- this is always a complex process bordering on art. It is much more important to prevent developments that lead to conflicts. The sum of efforts in this direction is defined as conflict prevention. In the process of their regulation, ethnosociologists and political scientists act as experts to identify and test hypotheses about the causes of the conflict, to assess “ driving forces", the mass participation of groups in one or another scenario, to assess the consequences of decisions made

CONCLUSION

A conflict is always a confrontation between two (or more) parties, bringing with it nothing but discomfort. This phenomenon usually does not pass away, but with each subsequent time it becomes widespread. The same principle applies to interethnic conflict. Of all types of conflicts, it is truly one of the largest. Since, as time passes, the number of people taking part in it only increases, discontent increases, and the amount of damage and losses only becomes more impressive.

Having done great job over the abstract, I was once again convinced and came to the conclusion that:

1) interethnic conflict is an undesirable and extremely destructive phenomenon in the life of society, which is a kind of brake in solving problems public life people of different nationalities.

2) The basis of interethnic conflict lies in both objective and subjective contradictions.

3) It is extremely difficult to extinguish a conflict that has broken out; it can last for months or years; fade, then flare up with new strength.

4) The negative consequences of interethnic conflicts are not limited to direct losses. Since mass movements of migrants occur, which significantly changes the quantitative composition of the population.

Also, the consequences of conflicts include unemployment among young people, land shortage, lumpenization (a socially regressive phenomenon characteristic, as a rule, of a catastrophic society and consisting in the complete loss of people from social life and the simultaneous formation of a vast “social bottom”, consisting of disadvantaged, impoverished sections of the population.) a significant part of the population.

5) It is extremely difficult to avoid interethnic conflict, since within each nation there are always groups interested in establishing their nation and at the same time grossly violating the principles of justice, equality of rights, and sovereignty of others. True, in some countries such groups often determine the main direction of interethnic relations; in others, they always receive a decisive rebuff. Now thinkers and progressive politicians are conducting an intense search for ways out of numerous modern ethnic crises. The advanced part of the world community has realized and recognized the value of a humanistic approach to ethnic problems. Its essence lies in the voluntary search for consent, in the renunciation of national violence in all its types and forms, and secondly, in consistent development democracy. Legal principles in the life of society. Ensuring individual rights and freedoms, regardless of nationality, is a condition for the freedom of any people.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Babakov V.G. Interethnic contradictions and conflicts in Russia" // Socio-political magazine. 1994, No. 8, pp. 16-30

2. Zdravomyslov A.G. Sociology of conflict. M., 1997, pp. 90-92.

3. Tutinas E.V. Individual rights and interethnic conflicts. Monograph. Rostov-on-Don, Regional Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2000, p.20

4. Zdravomyslov A.G. Interethnic conflicts in Russia// Social Sciences and modernity. 1996, No. 2, pp. 153-164

6. D. ist. D., professor, K.U. Taisaev: course of lectures on social anthropology.

Relations between nations and peoples were often tense and even dramatic. Russian lands, for example, were of interest to many invaders. They were attacked and Mongol nomads, and German knights, and Polish conquerors. Tamerlane's troops encroached on Central Asia and Transcaucasia. When Columbus discovered America, many Indian tribes were destroyed. Colonizers captured the peoples of Africa. And these are not all examples from the history of Europe. Interethnic conflicts also broke out during the world wars of the 20th century.

National problems

Interethnic conflict is a historical enmity that has left its mark on the national consciousness. And today, prejudices become the cause of hostility, the roots of which go back to the past. Previous options for solving the nation's problems have now exhausted themselves, since hostility and mistrust are the result of political mistakes and blunders that have accumulated over the years.

Growing international conflict

The heightened self-awareness of nations and intolerance to even minor violations of equality - all this provokes interethnic conflicts in Europe. It is no coincidence that since the second half of the twentieth century national question again appeared where it had previously been exhausted: Wales and Scotland, Canada and Quebec, France and Corsica, and so on. The world was amazed by the rapid growth of conflict in the early 1990s. A new threat has emerged for which the community of nations, which have been holding back nuclear challenges for 45 years, was not prepared.

National security

Interethnic conflicts pose a threat to people and nations, therefore the activities of states should be aimed at ensuring national security. In big Soviet encyclopedia the security of the nation was considered as protection from external enemies, but in reality it is necessary to protect both the external and internal spheres of the state, including both material and spiritual aspects. For example, the main factors of the defeat fascist Germany became tenacity and unity Soviet people, his faith in ideas.

Interethnic conflicts: the cause of their occurrence

The main reason for the emergence of disagreements between peoples is the clash of interests of nationalities, national groups and others. If conflicts that arise are not resolved consistently or in a timely manner, a conflict arises. And nationalization and politicization of the interests of peoples become strong catalysts for its development. Interethnic conflicts mixed with political interests, reach the highest stage of exacerbation, which, in turn, provokes national antagonism.

Consequences of aggravated relations between nations and peoples

Every ethnic conflict leads to tragedies in the destinies of entire nations. In addition, there is a danger that past grievances and misunderstandings will be carried over into the memory of new generations. This can be avoided by giving a proper legal assessment of the situation that has arisen, since public censure can subsequently lead to unjust actions in resolving even simple matters.

Interethnic conflict

Interethnic conflict- a conflict between representatives of ethnic communities usually living in close proximity in a state.

Causes and stages of development

Although the majority of interethnic conflicts are based on completely rational reasons, the basis for their emergence is the very concepts of ethnicity, ethnic culture and ethnic identity, the division into “friends and foes” based on nationality. This does not require direct contact between representatives of certain nationalities - opinions about certain ethnic groups can be formed in absentia (through means mass media and etc.).

The conflict enters the “explicit phase” after the beginning of the establishment of ethno-social relations, when the comparison of “us” and “strangers” begins in terms of social status, level of income, education, etc. Corruption arises (patronage to representatives of one’s own nationality, “fraternity” and nepotism) . The conflict begins to take on an economic and political connotation- access to certain resources begins to be determined by nationality. When certain factors are combined, changing this order becomes possible only by force, which is what is happening.

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The concept of interethnic conflicts, causes and forms of their occurrence, possible consequences and ways out of them are the main keys to solving the serious problem of relationships between people of different nationalities.

In the world in which we live, interethnic conflicts are increasingly emerging. People resort to the use of various means, most often the use of force and weapons, to establish a dominant position in relation to other inhabitants of the planet.

Based on local conflicts Armed uprisings and wars arise, leading to the death of ordinary citizens.

What it is

Researchers of the problem of interethnic relations in defining conflicts between peoples converge on one general concept.

Interethnic conflicts are confrontation, rivalry, intense competition between people of different nationalities in the struggle for their interests, which are expressed in different demands.

In such situations, two sides collide, defending their point of view and trying to achieve their own goals. If both sides are equal, as a rule, they strive to reach an agreement and solve the problem peacefully.

But in most cases, in a conflict between peoples, there is a dominant side, superior in some respects, and an opposite side, weaker and more vulnerable.

Often a third force intervenes in a dispute between two peoples, which supports one or another people. If the mediating party pursues the goal of achieving a result by any means, then the conflict often escalates into an armed clash or war. If its goal is peace settlement dispute, diplomatic assistance, then bloodshed does not happen, and the problem is resolved without infringing on anyone’s rights.

Causes of interethnic conflicts

Interethnic conflicts arise due to various reasons. The most common are:

• social dissatisfaction peoples within the same or different countries;
• economic superiority and expansion of business interests; extending beyond the borders of one state;
• geographical unconformity on establishing the boundaries of settlement of different peoples;
• political forms of behavior authorities;
• cultural and linguistic claims peoples;
• historical past, in which there were contradictions in relations between peoples;
• ethnodemographic(numerical superiority of one nation over another);
• struggle for Natural resources and the possibility of using them for the consumption of one people to the detriment of another;
• religious and confessional.

Relations between peoples are built in the same way as between ordinary people. There are always right and wrong, satisfied and dissatisfied, strong and weak. Therefore, the causes of interethnic conflicts are similar to those that are the prerequisites for confrontation between ordinary people.

Stages

Any conflict between peoples goes through the following stages:

1. Origin, the emergence of a situation. It can be hidden and invisible to the average person.
2. Pre-conflict, the preparatory stage, during which the parties assess their strengths and capabilities, material and informational resources, look for allies, outline ways to solve the problem in their favor, develop a scenario of real and possible actions.
3. Initialization, the event is the reason for the beginning of a conflict of interests.
4. Development conflict.
5. Peak, a critical, culminating stage, at which the most acute moment in the development of relations between peoples occurs. This point of conflict may contribute to further developments.
6. Permission conflict can be different:

• elimination of causes and extinction of contradictions;
• making a compromise decision, agreement;
• deadlock;
• armed conflict, terror.

Kinds

Exist different types interethnic conflicts, which are determined by the nature of mutual claims of ethnic groups:

1. State-legal: the nation’s desire for independence, self-determination, and its own statehood. Examples – Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Ireland.
2. Ethnoterritorial: definition geographical location, territorial borders (Nagorno-Karabakh).
3. Ethnodemographic: the desire of the people to preserve national identity. Occurs in multinational states. In Russia, such a conflict happened in the Caucasus.
4. Socio-psychological: violation of the traditional way of life. It occurs at the everyday level between internally displaced persons, refugees and local residents. Currently, relations between indigenous people and representatives of Muslim peoples are becoming strained in Europe.

What is the danger: consequences

Any ethnic conflict arising on the territory of one state or covering different countries, dangerous. It threatens peace, the democracy of society, and violates the principles of universal freedom of citizens and their rights. Where weapons are used, such a conflict entails mass deaths of civilians, destruction of houses, villages and cities.

The consequences of ethnic hatred can be seen throughout to the globe. Thousands of people lost their lives. Many were injured and became disabled. The saddest thing is that in the war of interests of adults, children suffer; they remain orphans and grow up to be physically and mentally crippled.

Ways to overcome

Most ethnic conflicts can be prevented if you start to negotiate and try to use humane methods of diplomacy.

It is important to eliminate the resulting contradictions between individual peoples at the initial stage. For this statesmen and people in power must regulate interethnic relations and suppress attempts by some nationalities to discriminate against others, characterized by smaller numbers.

The most effective way to prevent various kinds conflict lies in unity and mutual understanding. When one people respects the interests of another, when the strong begin to support and help the weak, then people will live in peace and harmony.

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