Edible and false honey mushrooms: how to avoid falling into a dangerous trap. False honey mushrooms: how they differ from edible ones and how to recognize them in the forest

How to recognize edible mushrooms and what types of mushrooms exist.

Edible and not edible honey mushrooms- how not to make mistakes, what places are “preferred for living” and how to grow a crop of mushrooms in a summer cottage? Read about this in the article.

Varieties of edible mushrooms: description, photo, when they appear, on which stumps they grow

The name of the mushrooms “honey mushrooms” translated from Latin means “bracelet”. Colonies of forest inhabitants really resemble decorations on old wood due to their peculiar form of growth.

• In the baskets of mushroom pickers who go quiet hunting in the forests middle zone In Russia, honey mushrooms are often found. Mushroom pickers love them because mushrooms can be used to diversify the summer menu: honey mushrooms are one of the ingredients in soups, they are salted, dried mushrooms are prepared for the winter, and fried.
• You can find a bunch of honey mushrooms in the summer on stumps, in damp places in the forest. Mushrooms grow on the bark of trees. Mushrooms like deciduous and coniferous trees. Fungus spores can also be found in dead woods - areas of the forest that are difficult for humans to reach.
• The thickets of mushrooms will provide the hunter for the forest delicacy with a hearty meal, because mushrooms grow in colonies. One expanded family of honey mushrooms can replenish an amateur’s supplies quiet hunt for 10 kg of product, and in a week a new crop of mushrooms will grow in the same place. You can collect honey mushrooms before winter.
• Since there are no legs nutritional value, then when harvesting, only the caps are cut off. To prevent the dish from becoming bitter, the honey mushrooms are lightly boiled beforehand.

You can find a bunch of honey mushrooms in the summer on stumps, in damp places in the forest

How not to confuse summer honey mushrooms with poisonous mushrooms and protect your family from health problems? After all, not everyone has extensive experience in hunting honey mushrooms.

Summer mushrooms, which can be used to diversify the menu without fear:

• thin-walled yellowish-brown cap (at the initial stage of growth, its outer edges can curl inward)
• caps grow up to 8 cm in diameter
• underneath the cap you can see a cobwebby cover
• the cap of a young honey mushroom is not flat on top, but has a bulge in the center (the older the mushroom, the smaller the bulge)
• the surface of the cap is covered with water circles
• if you turn over the cap of an edible honey mushroom, you can see white or rusty-brown plates
• the older the mushroom, the darker and more contrasting the shade of the plates appears (the intensity of the color depends on the degree of maturation of the spore powder inside the plates, which is red-brown in its mature state)
• The length of the mushroom stem can be 8 cm, but the diameter is invariably thin - up to 0.5 cm
• the leg is brown, the ring on it is also brown
• scales are located under the ring

What is the difference between good mushrooms and their inedible counterparts?

• In order not to worry and risk your well-being, you need to know the signs of honey mushrooms that are not suitable for consumption. After all, their poisonous counterparts have excellent camouflage.
  For example, while hunting for mushrooms, you may encounter sulfur-yellow false honey fungus. The body of the mushroom is bright yellow and without scales.
• The plates inside the cap of the sulphuroplasty change from whitish to bluish-gray at a young age. This is not typical for edible honey mushroom. Mushroom is not included in the group poisonous species, however, it should be boiled first.

The mushroom family includes the following mushrooms:

• gray
• pine honey mushrooms
• red honey mushrooms
• dark honey mushrooms
• honey mushrooms with pimples
• meadow
• Assumption
• Chinese
• winter
• autumn
• summer
• spring honey mushrooms
• thick-legged honey mushrooms
• mucous mushrooms
• honey mushroom

Honey fungus thick-legged

Honey fungus brick-red

Common name“honey mushrooms” we call different families and genera of mushrooms, of which there are 34 species. Of these, only 22 species have been classified. Some of the representatives of these fungi “settle” on open areas, in the grass, confusing inexperienced mushroom pickers.

Since edible representatives of honey mushrooms are of interest, there is more information about them.

Let's look at the most common forms:

• A representative of this species takes root on deciduous trees with damage. Honey mushroom colonies grow on dead parts of wood, choosing willow or poplar for colonization. You can find these mushrooms on the banks of a stream, in the garden. The forest inhabitants also inhabit the city park.
• A good harvest can be harvested in the fall. Sometimes winter honey fungus adapts to germinate under the snow. The mushroom cap, 10 cm in diameter, is flat yellow or orange-brown. Young mushrooms have a flat cap, the edges are lighter in color and the middle is darker.

Autumn honey fungus mushroom

• Many types of trees are suitable for the germination of spores of this honey mushroom. there are about 200 of them. Sometimes the fungus even sprouts on potatoes. At night you can watch an interesting sight: due to the fact that a large “mushroom family” is often located on tree stumps, they are beautifully illuminated.
• Ideal conditions for the growth of the fungus in damp forests are birch and aspen stumps, dead elm and alder wood.
• Mushrooms can be collected from last month summer and until the cold winter months, unless the air temperature drops below 10 degrees. The autumn honey fungus has an impressive size compared to its counterparts.
• The diameter of the cap is 17 cm, and the legs are 10 cm. The cap is greenish-olive or dark brown. Wavy edges can be observed in adult members of the fungal family. The surface of an immature mushroom is covered with scales. But there are very few of them. As the fungus grows, these scales disappear.

• Most often, summer honey fungus ends up in the basket. They begin to collect it from the end of March. You can bring home the harvest of these mushrooms until the last winter month.
• Summer honey mushroom grows in the forests. A dense family grows on rotten stumps. Trees with obvious damage are suitable for fungal growth.
• The dimensions of the summer honey mushroom are more modest: the cap is 6 cm in diameter, the leg is 7 cm.
• Adult mushrooms are distinguished by the presence of a wide tubercle on the surface of the cap. The caps of honey mushrooms growing in damp areas are brown and translucent. Mushrooms growing in a dry place have honey-yellow, matte caps. There are grooves along the edges of the caps. Mushrooms can produce crops all year round.

Video: Summer honey fungus (Kuehneromyces mutabilis)

Specifics of preparing honey mushrooms

• Before cooking, mushrooms should be pre-boiled. Cooking, the duration of which can vary from 30 minutes to an hour, will eliminate the inherent toxicity of honey mushrooms.
• Cooking time is determined by the size of the fruiting bodies of the mushrooms.
• The larger the mushrooms, the longer the heat treatment takes.

How to properly pre-boil mushrooms:

• the mushrooms are placed on the fire and when the water boils, it needs to be drained
• then you need to cook in a new portion of previously boiled water

Video: How do honey mushrooms differ from each other? Comparison with each other

False honey mushrooms: description, photo

You can mistake its double for a good mushroom. These are the so-called false mushrooms.

You can mistake its double for a good mushroom

Signs of inedible honey fungus:

• the cap is bright in color (a good mushroom has a cap of a muted shade and has scales on it in young mushrooms)
• the plates of the bad mushroom are yellow, greenish, olive-black
• the double of the edible honey mushroom has only the remains of a ring on the stem

Video: inedible mushrooms - gray-yellow false honey fungus

• The brick-red false honey fungus is especially dangerous. It can be found on dead wood, on a rotten stump, and can also grow on flat terrain. The mushroom has a spherical cap, by which it is easy to “calculate” during mushroom harvesting. The cap has flakes hanging down the edges. The mushroom has no smell.
• All false honey mushrooms differ in the shades of the internal plates located under the cap. They can range from dark to sulfur-yellow or black-olive. Plates of good cream-colored mushrooms. False honey mushrooms grow in large groups.

How to identify and distinguish edible honey mushrooms from false ones?

• A bad honey mushroom, unlike a good mushroom, does not have a ring - a plate-shaped skirt, which is located under the cap. You can see the remains of a bedspread on the leg.
• If the mushroom is in doubt, it is better to throw it away immediately. Send mushrooms to the basket only if you are sure that they are edible, and if you have doubts or find one of the signs of a poisonous mushroom, then give up the idea of ​​adding it to your “mushroom catch”.

What other differences exist:

• a good mushroom has a pleasant mushroom aroma, while a false one exudes an unpleasant earthy odor or no odor at all
• the cap of a bad mushroom is brightly and loudly colored, the cap of a good mushroom is an unsightly light brown color
• the caps of good mushrooms have small scales, while poisonous mushrooms have a smooth cap (however, the scales disappear over time and the caps of edible mushrooms also become smooth)
• turning the hat over inedible mushroom, you can see that its plates are yellow if the mushroom is young, or greenish, olive-black if the mushroom is old (the plates of good mushrooms are cream-colored or yellowish-white)
• false honey mushrooms with a bitter aftertaste, but you should not start assessing the taste of the mushroom you doubt (other, more obvious signs are sufficient)

For an experienced mushroom picker, it will not be difficult to distinguish a good mushroom from a bad one. But if you are a beginner mushroom picker, then it is better to look for a skirt on the stem of the mushroom.

How can you tell the difference between edible mushrooms and toadstools?

• The white and greenish tint of the body of the mushroom is the main sign of toadstool. The appearance of a forest dweller may well correspond to the description of an edible mushroom. An experienced mushroom picker will immediately recognize such a disguise.
• Throw an onion into the container in which the mushrooms are cooked. If she quickly acquired Blue colour, then all forest production is not suitable for food.
• A mushroom with an olive or pearlescent tint may be poisonous. It’s better not to take risks and immediately abandon the intention of replenishing your catch in the basket.

Can there be honey mushroom poisoning, and what are the symptoms?

• Poisonings occur mainly due to ignorance of the species of forest guests or due to improper preparation of edible mushrooms. The degree of intoxication depends on what mushrooms were eaten.
• Those who independently collect mushrooms and prepare them need to know how to identify poisoning and what medical care should be provided to the victim.

Mushrooms are divided into several groups:

• Edible: these mushrooms can be eaten without prior boiling (champignons)
  partially safe mushrooms require special processing before preparing for hatching toxic substances: soaking, boiling, drying, additional boiling (if this step is ignored, then poisoning cannot be avoided) (false honey mushrooms)
• Inedible mushrooms may be poisonous or have an unpleasant taste or odor (gall mushroom)

False mushrooms contain a white liquid in their pulp. It's called burning juice. In addition, the bad mushroom differs from the edible honey fungus by having a brighter orange cap and a thinner stump.

Video: How to recognize mushroom poisoning?

Signs of poisoning:

• intoxication appears within 1 hour or within 6 hours
• the malaise resembles food poisoning: a person begins to feel unwell, he develops nausea, vomiting and diarrhea may begin
• possible unpleasant or painful sensations in the abdomen
• if the poisoning is mild, then after a few days recovery occurs

Death does not occur from poisoning with false honey mushrooms, but serious problems due to dehydration and gastroenteritis are possible.

Intoxication appears within 1 hour or within 6 hours

• If signs of poisoning are detected, you should not hesitate to call an ambulance. After all, it is necessary to avoid the penetration of harmful toxic substances into the blood.
• After the milky juice of the mushrooms enters the liver, the patient’s condition worsens.

Video: Mushroom poisoning! Symptoms and first aid!

First aid is as follows:

• it is necessary to avoid dehydration and help get rid of symptoms of poisoning
  you should induce vomiting after drinking large amounts of warm boiled water and pressing on the root of the tongue
• It is also necessary to rinse the stomach for those who have eaten the same mushrooms, but there are no signs of poisoning until the symptoms become noticeable
• Dehydration can be detected by a change in the color of the urine, which becomes darker, and by fewer or no trips to the toilet.
• the patient should be provided drinking plenty of fluids, it's better if it's water
• if diarrhea or vomiting has already begun, then sports drinks (not energy drinks) will help.
• the patient can eat vegetables, chicken broths, which will provide the necessary replenishment of water and nutrients
• Do not drink anti-diarrhea medications (diarrhea removes toxins from the body)
• it is better for the patient to reduce physical activity and sleep more so that the body recovers faster

remember, that first aid cannot replace treatment. If you have dehydration that you cannot cope with on your own, you should consult a doctor.

Video: ALL ABOUT MUSHROOMS POISONING

When do autumn, winter, spring and summer honey mushrooms appear and how long do they grow in the forest?

See the picture below for a calendar for collecting different mushrooms by month.

How to grow honey mushrooms in the country?

• Contrary to popular belief that honey mushrooms germinate better in the forest, growing them in the country is not a fantastic idea.
• From fertile soil brought to the site, humus obtained somewhere in the forest, mushroom spores fall into the ground. However, annual digging of the site disturbs the mycelium and it eventually dies without having time to germinate.

How to get a harvest of mushrooms in the country?

• select an area for mushrooms (moist, with shade)
• prepare mushroom mycelium (in our case, honey mushrooms) and “settle” the mushrooms on the future mushroom plantation.

First stage: site preparation:

• For honey mushrooms to germinate, a stump is needed, so we stock up on old, rotten birch wood ( suitable trees: beech, hornbeam, alder, aspen, oak)
• choose wood (stump length - 20-30 cm) with chips and crevices to facilitate the process of rooting spores on the stump
• if there are no chips, then we make longitudinal notches using an ax
• immerse the selected hemp in water for 1-2 hours
• we dig in the stumps on the future mushroom plantation (entirely or only part of the stump, bury the wood vertically or lying on its side)

Preparing mycelium:

• We find overgrown mushrooms in the forest, which have large and wet caps
• immerse mushrooms in soft ground water
• leave for a couple of hours
• mix the mixture well
• stumps and logs buried in the area are treated with a liquid containing fungal mycelium
• We don’t throw away the caps, but place them on top of the treated areas of wood
• cover the caps with a piece of hemp (you can use moss from the forest or rotted sawdust for this)
• when it’s hot outside, we moisten the area so that it always remains damp
• We are waiting for the first harvest. Usually, mushrooms can be collected from a prepared plot only 2-3 years after planting.

Video: Garden head - How to grow mushrooms in your summer cottage

These mushrooms grow in large groups, forming rings. The most interesting thing is that in the honey mushroom subfamily there are mushrooms such as, for example, garlic. Like most other mushrooms, edible honey mushrooms have counterparts: inedible brick-red and sulfur-yellow false honey mushrooms, as well as poisonous mushrooms. Most of the doubles grow in the same way as real mushrooms, but there is a serious difference between them. This difference is very useful to know so as not to get poisoned or spoil the entire dish with an inedible bitter mushroom.

Honey mushrooms are false

The edible summer honey fungus has several doubles, one of them is sulfur-plated false honey fungus. This mushroom's cap color is approximately the same as that of the summer honey fungus, but the color of the plates changes and becomes gray. It is from the gray plates that the name of the mushroom comes. False honey fungus never grows on deciduous trees. It is worth noting that this mushroom is considered conditionally edible, but it must be boiled before eating.

And here is another double, false honey fungus sulfur-yellow, not suitable for food. Although this mushroom does not contain poisons, it is inedible. The pulp of the mushroom smells unpleasant and has a very bitter taste. Because of such strong bitterness, sulfur-yellow false honey fungus can ruin the entire dish like gall fungus. Main distinctive features sulfur-yellow false honey fungus:

• No ring on the leg.
• The plates are yellow-green, gray, olive-black.
• The color of the caps is too bright, practically screaming about the inedibility of the mushroom.

In addition to its conditionally edible and inedible counterparts, the summer honey fungus has a very dangerous counterpart - gallerina bordered. The similarity between this poisonous mushroom and the edible one is very serious. If the edged galerina accidentally ends up in the basket, the cost of the mistake will be high: this mushroom contains a very dangerous poison - amatoxin (the same poison is found in the pale toadstool and the spring fly agaric).

To avoid mistakes, you need to remember a few nuances. Below the ring, the stalk of the poisonous mushroom is fibrous; in addition, galerina grows exclusively on rotten coniferous trees. Knowing these nuances, a mushroom picker will distinguish summer honey fungus from galerina.

The autumn or true honey fungus has conditionally edible counterparts:

Its stems are too fibrous for cooking or pickling, so the mushroom caps are used as food.

Marinated after pre-boiling

Also known as yellow-red row, a mushroom with a bitter aftertaste that can only be removed after a good soaking and boiling.

There is also an inedible double, false brick-red honey fungus. This mushroom grows on the stumps of deciduous trees, sometimes on the wood of coniferous trees. The cap is brick-red, this color literally screams about the inedibility of the mushroom. The pulp of the false brick-red honey fungus has an unpleasant odor and bitter taste.

The meadow honey fungus, a mushroom from the genus Negniyuchnik (these honey mushrooms never grow on wood), has a very dangerous double. It's very poisonous whitish talker. It contains a lot of muscarine, more than fly agaric. You can distinguish the whitish talker from the meadow honey fungus by the color and shape of the cap, as well as by the more frequent plates. ,

Edible honey mushrooms

In spring, in mixed or deciduous forests (the dominant tree species are aspen or oak), mushrooms appear on a thin stalk - spring honey mushrooms, from the Negniuchnik family. These honey mushrooms grow on rotting leaves and rotting fallen trees. The leg is thin, elastic, the color of the cap is first brick, then yellow-brown.

It grows both on rotten wood and on living deciduous trees. Both types of mushrooms are of little value and are used as food as a kind of supplement for other mushrooms.

In April, numerous colonies appear on stumps and rotten wood summer honey fungus. This mushroom has a convex cap at first, then flat with a bulge in the center. The summer honey fungus has two distinctive features: ring on the stem, as well as the color of the plates. At first the mushroom plates are creamy, then they turn brown. The pulp of the mushroom has a pleasant taste and a pleasant smell of living wood. Summer honey fungus sometimes it is valued even higher than its autumn counterpart.

U autumn honey fungus there are a number of distinctive features:

1. The caps of adult mushrooms are very large, their diameter can reach up to 15 cm
2. A ring is clearly visible on the leg of the autumn honey fungus
3. The caps of old honey mushrooms appear moldy due to the white spores spilling out.

The color of the cap of autumn honey mushrooms is dim – gray-yellow or yellow-brown. In young mushrooms, the plates are white-yellow (cream), while in adults, the color of the plates is brown. The pulp of the mushroom has a pleasant taste and smell.

Autumn honey mushrooms are used as food both fresh and pickled.

Appear in late autumn and winter. Mushrooms grow on stumps or fallen trees. The main difference from autumn mushrooms is the absence of a ring on the stem. Wild mushrooms are boiled and then either fried and boiled, or pickled. It is also worth noting that winter honey mushrooms can be grown artificially, like champignons and oyster mushrooms. Domesticated winter honey fungus Tastier than its forest counterpart, and can also be used fresh for food.

In addition to typical honey mushrooms, there are also so-called “atypical” mushrooms that do not grow on wood. The most famous of them are meadow honey fungus and garlic. The last variety of honey mushrooms received its name because of its characteristic smell.

Meadow mushrooms are used fresh and pickled, and garlic mushrooms are not only pickled and fried, but also dried.

Honey fungus(plural number – honey mushrooms, honey mushrooms) is the popular name for a group of mushrooms belonging to different genera and families.

The mushrooms “Holy mushrooms” received their name because of their peculiarity of growth - stumps (stumps), both living and dead. But there are also several types of honey mushrooms that grow in meadows.

Description of the honey agaric

Honey mushrooms have a cap, which in youth is hemispherical in shape, which later becomes umbrella-shaped - a tubercle on top, then flat, often rounded on the sides, with a diameter of 2-10 cm. In edible honey mushrooms, the cap is covered with small scales, which practically disappear as the mushroom ages. Sometimes the cap is covered with a layer of mucus. The color of the cap ranges from cream and light yellow to reddish shades, with a darker center. The leg of honey mushrooms grows from 2 to 18 cm in length and up to 2.5 cm in width. Read other features of honey mushrooms below in the descriptions for each species.

Where to collect honey mushrooms? The habitat of most honey mushrooms is weakened or damaged trees, as well as rotten or dead wood, mainly deciduous trees (beech, oak, birch, alder, aspen, elm, willow, acacia, poplar, ash, mulberry, etc.), less often coniferous (spruce, pine, fir).

Some species, for example, meadow honey fungus, grow on the soil, occurring mainly in open grassy spaces - fields, gardens, roadsides, forest clearings, etc.

Honey mushrooms are widespread in the forests of the Northern Hemisphere (from the subtropics to the North) and are absent only in areas permafrost. Of course, increased humidity in forests also has a beneficial effect on the number of mushrooms, although they can be found in damp ravines.

Honey mushrooms grow in large families (tubers), although solitary honey mushrooms are occasionally found. The foci of growth themselves can be connected by long (up to several meters) string-like mycelia, which can be seen under the bark of the affected plant.

When do honey mushrooms grow?

The time for collecting honey mushrooms depends on the type of honey mushroom and climatic conditions. So, for example, autumn honey fungus grows from August to winter, summer honey mushroom grows from April to November, but if we generalize, the most productive time for collecting honey mushrooms is autumn, especially September and October.

What to do with honey mushrooms?

Honey mushrooms can be prepared in the following ways:

- simmer;
- cook;
- fry;
- marinate;
- salt;
- make caviar;
- dry.

Fried and pickled honey mushrooms are considered the most delicious.

Types of mushrooms

Real mushrooms. Edible honey mushrooms

Autumn honey fungus (Armillaria mellea). Synonyms: Real honey fungus.

Collection season: end of August – beginning of winter. Peak – September, with an average daily temperature of +10°C.

Description: The cap is 3-17 cm in diameter, convex at first, then opens to flat, often with wavy edges. The skin, depending on the growing conditions, is colored in various shades - from honey-brown to greenish-olive, darker in the center. The surface is covered with sparse light scales, which may disappear with age. The flesh of young caps is dense, whitish, and becomes thin with age. The flesh of the legs is fibrous, and mature mushrooms have a rough consistency. The smell and taste are pleasant. The plates are relatively sparse, adherent to the stem or slightly descending. Young ones are whitish or flesh-colored, when ripe they darken slightly to pink-brown, and may become covered with brown spots. The legs are 8-10 cm long, 1-2 cm in diameter, solid, with a light yellow-brown surface, darker in the lower part, to brownish-brown. The base may be slightly expanded, but not swollen. The surface of the stem, like the cap, is covered with flake-like scales. The fruiting bodies are often fused at the base of the stalks. Remains of the spathe: a ring in the upper part of the stem, usually right under the cap, clearly visible, filmy, narrow, whitish with a yellow edge. Volva is missing. Spore powder is white.

Honey fungus (Armillaria lutea) . Synonyms: Armillaria bulbosa, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria inflata, Armillaria mellea, Armillariella bulbosa.

Collection season: August – November.

Description: The cap is 2.5-10 cm in diameter, at the beginning wide-conical, with a rolled-up edge, then becomes flattened with a lowered edge. When young, the cap is colored in dark brown, pale brown or pinkish shades, whitish along the edge, then yellowish-brown or brown. The scales in the center of the cap are numerous, almost conical, fibrous, grayish-brown, closer to the edge - solitary, raised or recumbent, whitish or the same color as the cap. The scales in the center are usually retained in adult mushrooms. The plates are quite frequent, descending onto the stem; in young mushrooms they are whitish, then acquiring a brownish tint. The leg is usually cylindrical, with a club-shaped or bulbous thickening at the base, whitish above the ring, brownish or brown below, often grayish at the base, below the ring with scattered yellowish remains of the spathe. The ring is fibrous or filmy, white, often with brownish scales along the edge, bursting in a star-shaped manner. The pulp is whitish, with a weak or unpleasant cheesy odor and astringent taste. Spore powder white.

Summer honey fungus (Kuehneromyces mutabilis) . Synonyms: Govorushka, Cuneromyces variable, Linden honey fungus, Agaricus mutabilis, Pholiota mutabilis, Dryophila mutabilis, Galerina mutabilis.

Spreading: Summer honey fungus grows in dense colonies on rotten wood or on damaged living trees, preferably deciduous trees, occasionally pine, deciduous and mixed forests northern temperate climate.

Collection season: April-November, and in mild climates - almost all year round.

Description: The cap is 3-6 cm in diameter, convex at first, and as the mushroom ages it becomes flat, with a well-defined wide tubercle. In rainy weather, translucent, brownish, in dry weather - matte, honey-yellow; often lighter in the middle and darker at the edges. The edges of the cap have noticeable grooves; in wet weather there are concentric zones and darker fields around the tubercle. The skin is smooth, mucous. The pulp is thin, watery, pale yellow-brown in color, darker in the stem, with a mild taste and a pleasant smell of fresh wood. The plates are 0.4-0.6 cm wide, adherent or slightly descending, relatively frequent, first light brown, then brownish-brown. The stem is up to 7 cm high, 0.4-1 cm in diameter, dense, lighter in the upper part than the cap, smooth, small dark scales appear below the ring. Remains of the spathes: the ring is filmy, narrow, clearly visible at the beginning, may disappear with age, and is often colored ocher-brown by fallen spores; the volva and the remains of the coverlet on the cap are missing. Spore powder is ocher-brown.

Winter honey fungus (Flammulina velutipes) . Synonyms: Flammulina velvetypod, Collybia velutipes, Winter mushroom, Agaricus velutipes, Gymnopus velutipes, Collybia velutipes, Pleurotus velutipes, Collybidium velutipes, Myxocollybia velutipes.

Collection season: autumn - spring. It bears fruit best during winter thaws, but can often be found under the snow. Winter honey fungus is popular as a cultivation object. In stores it can be found under the names: “Enokitake”, “Inoki”.

Description: The fruit body is capped, central or slightly eccentric. The cap is flat (convex in young mushrooms), 2-10 cm in diameter, colored yellow, honey-brown or orange-brown. The edges of the cap are usually lighter than the middle. The pulp is thin, from white to light yellow in color, with a pleasant taste. The leg is 2-7 cm long, 0.3-1 cm wide, tubular, dense, characteristic velvety brown in color, yellowish-brown at the top. The plates are adherent, sparse, there are shortened plates. The color of the plates ranges from white to ocher. There are no remains of the bedspread. Spore powder is white.

Spring honey fungus (Collybia dryophila) . Synonyms: Agaricus dryophilus, Collybia aquosa var. dryophila, Collybia dryophila, Marasmius dryophilus, Omphalia dryophila.

Spreading: Spring honey fungus grows mainly as tubers.
Found in groups, from June to November, in small groups, on rotting wood or deciduous litter in mixed forests with oak and pine.

Collection season: May – October. Peak – June, July.

Description: The cap is 1-7 cm in diameter, hygrophanic, convex when young, then broadly convex and flat, colored red-brown, then fades to orange-brown or yellow-brown. Old mushrooms have a rolled edge. The pulp is white or yellowish in color, without any special taste or smell. The hymenophore is lamellar, the plates are adherent to the stalk or almost free, often located, white, sometimes with a pinkish or yellowish tint. Sometimes the ‘luteifolius’ form with yellow plates stands out. The stalk is flexible, 3-9 cm long, 0.2-0.8 cm thick, relatively smooth, sometimes widening towards the bulbous-thickened base. Spore powder is cream or white in color.

Yellow-red honey fungus, or yellow-red honey fungus (Tricholomopsis rutilans) . Synonyms: Reddened row, Yellow-red false row, Yellow-red honey fungus, red honey fungus, Pine honey fungus, Agaricus rutilans, Gymnopus rutilans, Tricholoma rutilans, Cortinellus rutilans.

Family: Ordinary or tricholomaceae (Tricholomataceae). Genus: Tricholomopsis.

Spreading: It grows in groups, mainly on dead pine wood and in coniferous forests.

Collection season: July - end of October. Peak: August-September.

Description: The cap is convex, grows to flat, 5-15 cm in diameter, colored in orange-yellow tones, velvety, dry, covered with small fibrous scales of purple or reddish-brown color. The flesh is bright yellow, dense, thick in the cap, fibrous in the stem, with a mild or bitter taste, with the smell of rotten wood, or sourish. The plates are narrowly adherent, sinuous, yellowish or bright yellow colors. The leg is solid, then hollow, with a thickening at the base, often curved, 4-10 cm long, 1-2.5 cm thick. The surface of the leg is the same color as the cap, with purple or lighter scales than those on the cap. Spore powder is white.

Honey fungus or Oudemansiella mucida . Synonyms: Agaricus mucidus, Armillaria mucida, Collybia mucida, Lepiota mucida, Mucidula mucida.

Family: Physalacriaceae. Genus: Oudemansiella.

Spreading: It grows mainly in groups, on thick branches of living deciduous trees, most often beech, maple, hornbeam, almost all over the world.

Collection season: May - September.

Description: The cap is convex in shape, hemispherical in young mushrooms, mucous, painted white, light gray or creamy brown, slightly brownish in the middle, 2-10 cm in diameter. The plates are also white, widely grown, dense, with well-defined intervals . The stalk is thin, fragile, smooth, dry above the ring, mucous under the ring, 4-8 cm high, 0.4-0.7 cm wide. The surface of the stalk in the lower part is covered with small black-brown flakes. The base of the leg is thickened. The pulp is dense, yellowish-whitish. The spore powder is white or light cream.

Honey fungus (Marasmius oreades) . Synonyms: Meadow mushroom, meadow marasmius, meadow mushroom, clove mushroom, Agaricus oreades, Agaricus caryophyllaeus, Collybia oreades, Scorteus oreades.

Family: Non-rotting insects (Marasmiaceae). Genus: Marasmius.

Beneficial features: Honey fungus contains marasmic acid, which is used against Staphylococcus aureus and other pathogenic bacteria.

Spreading: Unlike most other honey mushrooms, these honey mushrooms grow mainly in open areas, on the soil of meadows, gardens, forest clearings, roadsides, ravines, etc. They bear fruit in groups, forming arcs, rows or “witch circles.” Distributed throughout the world. It can withstand severe drying, but as soon as it receives moisture from rain, it immediately comes to life.

Collection season: May - October.

Description: The cap is smooth, 2-8 cm in diameter, hemispherical at a young age, later convex, in old mushrooms it is almost flat with a blunt tubercle in the middle. The edges of the cap are translucent, slightly ribbed, and often uneven. The cap is sticky in wet weather, yellowish-brown or reddish-ocher in color, sometimes with faintly noticeable zoning. In dry weather it takes on a lighter, pale cream color. The center of the cap is always darker than its edges. The plates are 3-6 mm wide, sparse, adherent in young mushrooms, later free, with clearly visible intermediate plates. In damp weather the plates are ocher, in dry weather they are creamy-whitish. The leg is thin, but dense, sometimes sinuous, 2-10 cm long and 0.2-0.5 cm in diameter, thickened at the base, painted in a pale ocher color. The pulp is thin, whitish or pale yellow, does not change color when cut, with a slight sweetish taste and a strong, unique odor reminiscent of cloves or bitter almonds. Spore powder is white or cream.

Garlic mushrooms, or garlic mushrooms

Common garlic (Marasmius scorodonius) . Synonyms: Agaricus scorodonius, Chamaeceras scorodonius, Gymnopus scorodonius, Marasmius rubi, Marasmius scorodonius.

Family:

Spreading: It grows in large groups, mainly on twigs and rotting bark of coniferous trees, in coniferous and mixed forests of the Northern Hemisphere. It also often grows on grassy surfaces, in dry places on the forest floor, preferring sandy and clay soils.

Collection season: July—October.

Description: The cap of young mushrooms is convex-conical or hemispherical in shape, with a tucked edge, then opens and becomes almost flat, with wavy edges, 0.5-2.5 cm in diameter. The surface of the cap is bare and smooth, less often vaguely grooved, depending on the weather, variously colored: in wet weather pinkish-brown - ocher-red, when dry - cream or ocher. The pulp is very thin, the same color as the surface, with a strong smell and taste of garlic. The plates of the hymenophore are rare, numbering 13-20, with plates, rarely intertwined or branched, almost free of stalks, painted in white - yellowish shades. The leg is shiny, bare, hard, 0.5-5 cm long, 1-2 mm thick, orangeish in the upper part below - red-brown to black. The spore print is white.

Great garlic (Marasmius alliaceus) . Synonyms: Agaricus alliaceus, Agaricus dolinensis, Chamaeceras alliaceus, Marasmius alliaceus, Marasmius alliaceus, Marasmius schoenopus, Mycena alliacea.

Family: Non-rotting insects (Marasmiaceae). Genus: Garlic (Mycetinis).

Spreading: It grows in large groups, mainly on fallen leaves, near stumps and rotting beech branches, in deciduous forests of Europe.

Collection season: June—October.

Description: The cap is 1-6.5 cm in diameter, bell-shaped or semi-prostrate, with a wide protruding tubercle, striped at the edges, whitish, turning brown in old age. The pulp is white, with a garlic-onion smell and mushroom taste. The plates are whitish, sparse, at first adherent to the stem, then free. The leg is dense, cartilaginous, thickened towards the base, sometimes root-like and elongated, brownish-brown, up to 10 cm in length and 0.2-0.3 cm in diameter. Spore powder is white.

Sometimes it can be sold under the name “honey mushrooms”.

False honey mushrooms, false honey mushrooms. Inedible honey mushrooms, poisonous honey mushrooms

False honey fungus, false honey fungus- the name of several types of poisonous or inedible mushrooms that look similar to edible honey mushrooms.

As a rule, poisonous mushrooms include the following mushrooms:
- genus Hypholoma of the Strophariaceae family;
- some representatives of the genus Psathyrella of the dung beetle family (Coprinaceae) (according to another taxonomy - Psathyrellaceae).

Sometimes certain types of false mushrooms are classified as conditionally edible mushrooms of low quality, the preparation of which requires special skills, but even in this case the safety of their consumption has not always been proven.

Poisonous honey mushrooms

Sulfur-yellow honey fungus (Hypholoma fasciculare) . Synonyms: Agaricus fascicularis, Dryophila fascicularis, Geophila fascicularis, Naematoloma fasciculare, Pratella fascicularis, Psilocybe fascicularis.

Family:

Spreading: Sulfur-yellow false honey fungus grows in large groups or bunches, mainly on old stumps or half-rotten trunks of deciduous or coniferous trees covered with moss, as well as at the base of living and dried trees. Often inhabits trunks and broken trees lying on the ground...

Collection season:

Description: The cap is 2-7 cm in diameter, at first bell-shaped, then spread out, yellowish, yellow-brown, sulfur-yellow, lighter at the edge, darker or reddish-brown in the center. The pulp is light yellow or whitish, very bitter, with an unpleasant odor. The plates are frequent, thin, adherent to the stem, first sulfur-yellow, then greenish, black-olive. The leg is smooth, fibrous, hollow, up to 10 cm long, 0.3-0.5 cm thick, light yellow. Spore powder is chocolate brown.

Brick red honey fungus (Hypholoma sublateritium) . Synonyms: Agaricus carneolus, Agaricus pomposus, Agaricus sublateritius, Dryophila sublateritia, Geophila sublateritia, Hypholoma lateritium, Naematoloma sublateritium, Pratella lateritia, Psilocybe lateritia.

Family: Strophariaceae. Genus: Hypholoma.

Spreading: It grows in groups, bunches or colonies on rotting wood, stumps or near them of deciduous trees (oak, birch, etc.) in deciduous and mixed forests.

Collection season: July – November. Peak: August-September.

Description: The cap is rounded-convex, then half-prostrate, 4-10 cm in diameter, orange, brick-red, yellow at the edges with hanging flakes from the cobweb-fibrous blanket, brick-red in the middle, with a darker center, sometimes with red-brown spots. The pulp is dense, relatively thick, yellowish, bitter. The plates are adherent, yellowish. The leg is 4-10 cm long, 0.6-1.5 cm thick, narrowed towards the base, yellowish, brown below, without a ring, sometimes with the remains of a private veil. The spores are purple-brown.

Candolle's false honey fungus, or Psathyrella candolleana . Synonyms: Candollean grasshopper, Agaricus candolleanus, Agaricus violaceolamellatus, Drosophila candolleana, Hypholoma candolleanum, Psathyra candolleanus.

Family:

Spreading: It grows in large groups and colonies, occasionally singly, on deciduous wood, on the soil near stumps, in Eurasia and North America.

Collection season: May - October.

Description: The cap is hemispherical, then bell-shaped or wide-conical, opens to a flat one, with a rounded tubercle, 3-8 cm in diameter. The edge of the cap is wavy and sinuous, often cracked. The skin is almost smooth, covered with small, quickly disappearing scales, brownish or yellow-brown in color. The cap dries quickly and becomes yellowish or creamy white, matte, especially at the edges. Dried caps are very brittle. The pulp is thin, white, fragile, without any special taste or smell or with a mushroom odor. The plates are adherent, frequent, narrow, and when ripe they change color from whitish to gray-violet and then dark brown, porphyritic, with a lighter edge. The leg is 3-9 cm high and 0.2-0.6 cm thick, with a thickened base. The surface of the leg is white or cream, smooth, silky, fluffy at the top. The remains of the spathe are noticeable in young fruiting bodies along the edges of the cap, filamentous or in the form of fibrous hanging flakes, films, white. Spore powder is brownish-violet.

Watery honey fungus or water-loving Psathyrella piluliformis . Synonyms: Psathyrella hydrophilic, Psathyrella hydrophilic, Psathyrella spherical, Agaricus hydrophilus, Agaricus piluliformis, Drosophila piluliformis, Hypholoma piluliforme, Psathyrella hydrophila.

Family: Psathyrellaceae. Genus: Psathyrella.

Spreading: It grows in clumps or large colonies on stumps or remains of wood from deciduous trees, less often from coniferous trees. Sometimes grows around stumps. Distributed in Eurasia and North America.

Collection season: September—November.

Description: The cap is bell-shaped, convex or almost flat with grooved, often cracking edges and a rounded wide tubercle, 2-5 cm in diameter. The skin is smooth, dry, dark brown, when it dries it brightens, becoming yellow-brown, starting from the center of the cap. The pulp is thin, brown, watery, mild or bitter taste, odorless. The plates are adherent, dense, light brown, then darken to brown-black with a light edge. In humid weather, the plates secrete droplets of liquid. The leg is hollow, sometimes curved, relatively dense, 4-8 cm high, 0.5-0.8 cm thick. The surface of the leg is smooth, silky, light brown underneath, top part covered with a white powdery coating. The remains of the spathe are white, flaky, visible at the edges of the cap. Spore powder is violet-brown.
The main symptoms of poisoning with poisonous honey mushrooms: after eating mushrooms, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and loss of consciousness appear after 1-6 hours. At the first signs of poisoning, immediately contact the nearest medical facility.

Edible honey mushrooms

Hypholoma capnoides . Synonyms: Pine honey fungus, Agaricus capnoides, Dryophila capnoides, Geophila capnoides, Naematoloma capnoides, Psilocybe capnoides.

Family: Strophariaceae. Genus: Hypholoma.

Spreading: It grows in large groups and colonies, occasionally singly, on stumps, rotting pines and spruces, and roots in coniferous forests.

Collection season: August—October. Peak: September–October

Description: The cap is 2-8 cm in diameter, convex, then spread out, sticky in wet weather. The color of the cap is pale yellow or dirty yellow with a lighter edge and a yellow or ocher center. As it ripens, the color changes to ocher-brownish, rusty-brown, sometimes with brownish-rusty spots. The pulp is white or pale yellow, with a pleasant smell. The plates of young mushrooms are whitish or yellowish, then bluish-gray, darkening with age. The stalk is hollow, without a ring, sometimes with the remains of a private veil, yellowish, rusty-brown below, 3-10 cm long, 0.4-0.8 cm in diameter. The spores are bluish-gray.

How to distinguish a false honey mushroom from a real one?

How to distinguish real honey mushrooms from false ones? Main difference- a ring on the stem, which is present in edible honey mushrooms. Poisonous honey mushrooms do not have a ring.

Honey mushrooms are very popular among mushroom pickers, which are pickled, fried, and made into salads and various sauces. But there is a danger of confusing edible representatives of the mushroom kingdom with false honey mushrooms.

Inedible doubles of honey mushrooms prefer to settle, like their brothers, in large families on dead wood, stumps and rotten trees.

Inedible doubles of honey mushrooms prefer to settle, like their brothers, in large families on dead wood, stumps and rotten trees. All of their types are very similar in appearance.

Mushroom stems are very thin and hollow inside. The surface of the caps is painted in bright colors, which depend on the place of growth, soil composition and time of year. The skin is smooth to the touch.

Features of false mushrooms (video)

Botanical description of the main types of false mushrooms

The group of false mushrooms includes several types of mushrooms. Since they grow in identical conditions to edible representatives, they are very easy to confuse. Some species are conditionally edible, others are inedible, and others are poisonous. Due to the danger of serious poisoning, an inexperienced mushroom picker is advised not to collect suspicious mushrooms.

Poppy honey fungus

The second name of the mushroom is honey fungus. Grows on fallen trees and pine stumps. In rare cases, it is found on rotting rhizomes. It begins to bear fruit in the last month of summer and continues until mid-autumn.

The hemispherical cap reaches a size of 7 cm. During the growth of the fruiting body, it changes its appearance to a convex-prostrate one, along the edge of which particles of the cover remain. If the fruit grows in a humid environment, the cap becomes light brown in color. In a dry place, its surface is light yellow. The middle of the cap is much brighter than the edges. The smell of the whitish pulp is reminiscent of dampness.

The plates located on the inner surface of the cap grow to the stem. In young individuals their color is pale yellow. Over time, the color changes, becoming similar to poppy seeds. The long leg (up to 10 cm) can be either straight or curved. The membranous ring quickly disappears. It has a red-red color at the base, and yellow near the cap.

Since poppy honey fungus belongs to the conditionally edible category, after processing it can be used for culinary purposes. It is not recommended to collect old mushrooms, which lose their taste with age.

Poppy honey fungus

Brick-red honey fungus

A poisonous mushroom that at a young age has a rounded-convex cap, which turns into a semi-prostrate one as it matures. The surface can be light reddish-brown tones, or red-brown and brick-red. In the central part the color is much richer. Along the edges there are white hanging fragments, which are the remains of the bedspread. Bitterish pulp of yellowish tones. The plates change color over time. In young specimens they are dirty yellow, and in mature specimens they are olive-brown. The shape of the leg can be flat or narrowed at the bottom. The color is yellowish, slightly brown at the bottom. The structure is dense.

It prefers to settle on deciduous trees in large families. Peak fruiting occurs at the end of summer - beginning of autumn.

Brick-red honey fungus

Sulfur-yellow honey fungus

The diameter of the cap of the poisonous honey mushroom is from 2 to 7 cm. In a young mushroom, its shape is similar to a bell. With age it becomes prostrate. The color can be yellow-brown or sulfur-yellow, which is reflected in its name. The central part of the cap is slightly darker than the edge.

The inside of the fruit is whitish or sulfur-yellow. The smell emanating from the pulp is unpleasant. The leg with a diameter of 0.5 cm grows up to 10 cm in length. The top is sulfur-yellow with a fibrous structure. Mushrooms grow in groups of about 50 fruits, fused at the base with stalks.

The difference between false mushrooms and autumn mushrooms (video)

How to distinguish false honey fungus from edible mushrooms

Despite the fact that the characteristics of edible honey mushrooms are in many ways similar to their false counterparts, having understood characteristic features and the differences between each type, you can learn to distinguish them. The main differences:

1. Appearance of the hat. In real mushrooms, its surface layer is covered with peculiar scales of a darker color than the cap itself. Mature mushrooms become smooth, losing their scales. But this is not scary, since such mushrooms are no longer of interest.
2. Ring or skirt. Edible young specimens have a white film under the cap, which, as the mushroom grows, turns into a ring on a stalk. False copies do not have it.
3. Skin color on the cap. False representatives are much brighter than edible mushrooms. Real honey mushrooms are usually a soft brown color. Not edible species with the addition of red and yellow-gray tones.
4. Smell. Edible mushrooms have a mushroom aroma. Dangerous doubles, on the contrary, exude an unpleasant earthy or moldy odor.
5. Records. True honey mushrooms are characterized by the presence of light plates (yellowish or beige). In inedible species they are brighter and darker (olive, greenish, yellow).

The fruits also taste different from real mushrooms. False species unpleasant and bitter, but trying them is prohibited. Having carefully studied the signs that help distinguish edible mushroom from dangerous things, you can protect yourself from the serious consequences of poisoning with toxic substances.

Toxic elements of false mushrooms negatively affect cardiovascular system and brain

Signs of poisoning by false honey mushrooms

In case of mistaken use of false honey mushrooms, intoxication of the body occurs, which manifests itself in the following symptoms:

• The first signs of poisoning appear within the first hour after eating, but there are cases when up to 12 hours pass.
• Toxic compounds that enter the body are very quickly absorbed into the blood. Then, with its current, they penetrate into all organs, causing a negative effect.
• There are complaints of discomfort in the stomach, slight dizziness, heartburn, stomach rumbling, and nausea.
• After 4-6 hours, symptoms begin to progress. Lethargy, apathy, tremors in the limbs and general weakness are added. As the nausea worsens, vomiting occurs. Stomach cramps spread to the entire abdominal area. The stool becomes frequent and watery, accompanied by sharp abdominal pain. Cold sweat is released. Cold sweat appears on the palms and soles. Blood sugar levels drop.

The most poisonous mushrooms (video)

Toxic elements negatively affect the cardiovascular system and brain. As a result, the heart rate slows down and decreases arterial pressure to a critical level. Lack of oxygen leads to blue skin (cyanosis). The patient suffers from headache and dizziness.

Intense vomiting and diarrhea dehydrate the body, so fluid balance must be replenished, otherwise vital processes will be disrupted. In the absence of the necessary help, the patient begins to delusion and hallucinations appear. There is an alternation of excitement and inhibition.

Restoring health after poisoning depends on the speed of measures taken. Timely contact with a specialist and carrying out the necessary procedures shortens the recovery time and minimizes the consequences.

Those going in search of mushrooms should remember that they should only collect in the basket those mushrooms that there is no doubt that they are edible species. Otherwise, the find must be abandoned.

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Honey mushrooms are popular among mushroom lovers. They are used for frying, pickling, pickling and freezing for the winter. Honey mushrooms are very easy to collect. They grow up in large families, closely located to each other. Finding such a family during mushroom season is not difficult. The most important thing is to distinguish real ones from false ones. How to do this?

Honey mushrooms are autumn mushrooms that grow in flocks and families. They can be found on stumps and old fallen trees, where they are located in whole clusters. Small mushrooms are considered the most valuable. They are used for frying, salting and pickling. Adult honey mushrooms look less attractive, so they are used to make mushroom caviar.

How to distinguish honey mushrooms?

The honey mushroom has a thin and flexible leg. It can reach 15 cm in length. The color of the leg can be different - light yellow and dark brown. It all depends on the age of the mushroom. On the leg you can see a skirt that rings it. But not all honey mushrooms have this sign.

The hat is neat, rounded at the bottom. It also differs in its shape, depending on age. Young mushrooms have a spherical cap with small scales. With age, it becomes like an umbrella and smoothes out. There are yellow, cream and even red caps.

These are hard workers; they love to grow on diseased and lifeless wood debris or depleted soil. They are able to process biomass into useful microelements, restore balance in the soil and make it fruitful for healthy plant growth.

In ancient times, there was a sign: where a family of mushrooms settled, a treasure was buried. In addition, honey agaric was attributed medicinal properties. Its skin was used as an adhesive plaster to heal cuts and burns.

How to distinguish edible honey mushrooms: types of honey mushrooms

To know how to distinguish honey mushrooms from false honey mushrooms, you need to know that edible honey mushrooms come in several types.

1. Summer honey fungus is a mushroom that likes to grow in families on the stumps of deciduous trees. It is small in size, its leg reaches a length of no more than 7 cm. The leg is smooth on top, covered with dark scales below. The skirt is not always present; it may disappear with age. Young honey mushrooms have a convex cap; as they grow, it evens out and a bulge forms in the center. There are plates under the cap. This species appears from April and continues until November. The mushroom pulp is very tender with a pleasant smell of natural forest.
2. Autumn honey mushroom: how to distinguish summer honey mushrooms from autumn ones? Autumn has a longer leg up to 10 cm. At the bottom the leg widens slightly. It is yellow-brown above and becomes dark brown below. U autumn mushrooms the skirt is white with yellow trim. The first honey mushrooms appear at the end of August.
3. Winter honey fungus - grows on dead deciduous trees. The leg is from 2 to 7 cm long. The cap has a brown or red-brown tint. Unlike other species, the winter honey fungus does not have a skirt under its cap. Grows from autumn to spring.