What is more profitable to recycle from waste. Waste recycling as a business: profitability and prospects
Waste collection and recycling with due support from the state is a huge market, an attractive sector for investment and the creation of eternal businesses. Waste processing activities have every chance of success if in the near future an uncorrupted competitive waste management system is created in Russia, and the participation of SMEs is envisaged in it.
Waste recycling as a business is part of the emerging waste management industry in Russia. Over the past 20 years, the leading economies of Europe and Asia have been seriously addressing waste issues: reducing generation and efficient disposal. Japan, South Korea The USA and EU countries are investing in technologies, replacing them with more environmentally friendly ones. Russia has lost this time in terms of the development of the industry.
In 2017, the “garbage business” in the country finally got off the ground: the reform of the waste management system began, in which recycling is assigned the main role. Let's see how profitable this area is for SMEs today.
Business relevance
Situation on the waste processing market in Russia and the world
RF accumulates industrial and household waste at a high rate. If in 2005 it was about the formation of 3 billion tons, then in 2015 the volume exceeded 5 billion. transport and communications, utilities) accounts for 2.5%.
In 2015, 53% (2.7 billion tons) of all waste was used and neutralized in the country, the rest was buried and placed for storage (2.3 billion tons). According to the Ministry of Industry and Trade, 60 million tons of solid utility costs (MSW) are generated annually in the Russian Federation, which are practically not sorted, therefore, little processed - only 7-15% of MSW is involved in circulation, the rest goes to landfills.
MSW is the main source of commercially valuable waste fractions. It is a gold mine containing glass, plastics, rubber, waste paper, textiles and used machinery. The waste processing business is mainly built on MSW.
MSW - waste of the residential sector, second-hand goods that have lost consumer properties... This also includes garbage generated from the activities of legal entities. persons and individual entrepreneurs, similar in composition to household waste nat. persons.
In the civilized world, garbage is considered a strategic resource, a source of energy, non-ferrous and rare metals, and secondary materials. This is a commodity that governments purchase for processing. World market household waste is estimated at $ 120 billion.
The base of production and consumption waste accumulated in the Russian Federation can satisfy the long years forward. There are only 310 waste sorting, processing and incineration plants in the country today. The economic prerequisites are as follows: each new waste processing enterprise is in demand, and investments in the industry will pay off quickly (in 2-3 years) and a hundredfold. The market size, according to various experts, is 50 billion rubles. in year.
In general, waste processing as a business in Russia is one of the most promising areas of the economy, which will remain relevant in the coming decades. It is advisable to start a business on the rise of the industry, then it will be more difficult to integrate.
Legislative regulation of the industry
The industry is regulated by:
- Law N7-FZ of 10.01.02 (as amended on 03.07.16) "On environmental protection";
- Law No. 89-FZ of 24.06.1998 (as amended on 28.12.16) "On Production and Consumption Waste" (a document not of direct action, it is concretized by more than a dozen by-laws);
- Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N1062 of 03.10.15 "On licensing activities for the collection, transportation, processing, disposal, disposal, disposal of waste of I - IV hazard classes", etc.
In terms of development of the processing sector, innovations are important recent years:
- Transfer of authority to work with MSW to regional operators (RO) during 2017-2019. The constituent entities of the Russian Federation choose RO on the basis of a competition, the contract is concluded for 10 years. The unified RO will contract licensed companies to deal with waste.
- Introduction from 01.01.16 of the ecological fee. All manufacturers and importers of goods (according to the government list) are required to pay a fee, unless they recycle waste on their own or under contracts with third parties. Mandatory recycling should create a demand for recycling services. The proceeds from the collection will be used to implement regional programs for waste management.
- The gradual introduction of a ban on the disposal of valuable waste fractions to be processed. It was planned to start in 2017 with non-ferrous, ferrous scrap metal and mercury-containing products. Until 2024, the banned list should include waste paper, tires and unsorted waste. The adoption of the resolution has been postponed.
- From 01.01.16 for legal entities. persons and individual entrepreneurs working with hazardous waste I-IV class (any kind of activity), it is obligatory to obtain a license.
- From 01.01.16 it is forbidden to fill / reclaim pits with MSW.
Challenges for SMEs
- Gradual monopolization of the industry by 2019 with the introduction of the institute of regional operators. If ROs have full authority on waste management, SMEs may fall out of the “garbage chain”. After all, it is the regional operators that choose contractors for a specific area, and the priority or at least mandatory participation in processing for SMEs is not legally enshrined.
Waste is new oil. This market is actively interested in a large Russian business, including the company "Rostec", buying up "garbage" assets (head - state oligarch Sergei Chemezov). At the same time, the main financial interest of the giants is not in processing, but in the export of briquetted waste divided into fractions to China, which promises a lot of easy money. The situation may develop in such a way that in the next decade Russia will not acquire its own innovative technologies deep processing of garbage, and will add to its essentially raw material economy one more exported resource - waste.
- Lack of selective collection of MSW hinders the development of the industry. Throughout the civilized world, a technologically equipped small business "sits" on sorting, carrying out the collection and primary processing / processing of waste. Separate collection from the population has not yet been implemented in Russia. Small business, on the other hand, which is able to quickly cope with sorting waste at the sources of education, does not figure in the new waste management system.
- Lack of government support. Technological backwardness of SMEs. In terms of primary waste processing (sorting and briquetting by fractions), the problem is that processing enterprises large volumes of raw materials are needed. SMEs cannot cope with such volumes without special equipment. For deeper processing of waste, high-tech equipment is required, otherwise the products produced will be uncompetitive. Small businesses have no role to play in the garbage reform. For them, state support in the form of subsidies or soft loans has not yet been provided.
Waste recycling will be a promising industry for SMEs if the best domestic technologies become available to it, and its mandatory participation in the “garbage business” will be enshrined in law. Today the system of unified regional operators has not yet been launched. The work of small businesses is hindered by the corruption of the waste collection system, surges in tariffs for raw materials, and the lack of suitable industrial facilities. sites for the creation of processing facilities.
Following the meeting of the State Council "On the environmental development of the Russian Federation in the interests of future generations," the President demanded to provide for the participation of SMEs in waste management. The order must be completed by 01.06.17. Let's see if the solution is useful for small businesses.
The essence of the business
Waste recycling refers to production activities with OK codes 029-2014 (NACE Rev. 2):
- 38.21 "Treatment and disposal of non-hazardous waste";
- 38.22 "Treatment and disposal of hazardous waste";
- 38.32 "Disposal of sorted materials".
In Russia, waste is divided into 5 classes of hazard, which decreases from the first class to the fifth. Any manipulation of I-IV hazard class waste requires a license. As a rule, all waste is multi-component. Therefore, when determining the waste class as a whole, it is necessary to find out the "harmfulness" of each component, which requires the involvement of specialists.
| Hazard Class | Waste type |
|---|---|
|
|
| Waste batteries. |
|
| Used car fuel and oil filters. |
|
| III-IV (depending on the source of education) | |
|
|
| IV-V (there are discrepancies) | Waste paper. |
|
MSW structure differs from region to region, depends on climatic features, the standard of living of the population and other factors. The average composition of MSW in cities with a population of one million is similar to that produced by the Moscow region. The basis municipal waste are four fractions: food waste - 21%, paper - 17%, glass - 16%, plastic - 13%. When processing these materials, it makes sense to "join" MSW: to collect from the population and enterprises, to gain access to sorting.
Business model
From the point of view of the production process, waste processing is divided according to the directions:
- Recycling is the return of waste to the processes of technogenesis, i.e. secondary resources that can replace natural. If food cans are turned into tin for cars and cardboard into toilet paper, this is recycling.
- Regeneration - recovery, including cleaning waste to the level of secondary raw materials. In particular, it is effective for petroleum products, for example, waste oil can be reused after recovery.
- Recovery - recovery of valuable components from waste. For example, zinc and manganese can be obtained from batteries, and silver and gold can be obtained from computer microcircuits.
There are more cardinal methods converting garbage. For example, pyrolysis, i.e. low-temperature combustion of waste organic raw materials to obtain energy and synthetic fuel. While not recycling per se, this method, due to its commercially valuable result, is a promising option for a recycling business.
Raw materials
The following are used as raw materials for processing:
- production waste and production defects: building materials, wood waste, defective glass containers and PET products;
- waste of trade and service organizations: containers, cardboard, tires;
- motley composition of solid municipal waste (MSW) generated by the population and enterprises.
Today, entrepreneurs should rely mainly on purchased sources. An exception is when the processor enters into recycling contracts with organizations that reduce ecological fee... In this case, you can receive two types of income: from services for the disposal and sale of processed products.
Thus, it is beneficial for waste paper recyclers to cooperate with large retail chains (Metro Group, X5 Retail Group), battery recyclers can take raw materials from Ikea. It should be noted that retailers with foreign participation usually select contractors through tenders.
Business features
There are two main conditions for a stable processing activity: a sufficient supply of raw materials and a stable demand for products. Therefore, before starting, it is worth identifying distribution channels and sources of raw materials formation. It is necessary to clearly understand where, in what volumes and at what price the finished product can be sold.
For any direction of processing, not only equipment and workshops will be required, but also a rational warehouse system (for raw materials and products), corresponding to SanPiN 2.1.7.1322-03 " Hygiene requirements to the placement and disposal of production and consumption waste ".
An organization can use collection points for recyclable materials as a source of source codes. The standards for their placement are established by the regional Waste Management Rules. Typically, collection points are subject to requirements for the availability of scales, fire extinguishers, hygiene products, storage areas, a stand with information about the organization and a list of raw materials accepted.
Working with I-IV hazard class waste requires licensing. To do this, you need to obtain a SEZ for production facilities, buildings and equipment, and employees of the organization (and individual entrepreneurs, if there is no legal entity) must undergo training on the right to work with waste and have certificates of this.
Processing directions: technology, product, customers
In terms of waste recycling, small businesses are able to master inexpensive low-tonnage technologies with a capacity of up to 6,000 tons per year, while they can concentrate on one type of waste or their combination.
Starting a waste recycling business from a mini-plant in one direction is the right idea with an initial capital of up to 10 million rubles.
| Waste type | Technologies used | |
|---|---|---|
| Waste paper | fiberizing, mixing with fire retardants and antiseptics | |
| wet machining, introduction of a binder (cement, gypsum), board forming | mineral paper boards |
|
| dissolving in water, cleaning from impurities, forming, wringing and drying | fiber boards |
|
| chipboard, base roll paper |
||
| mixing sawdust / shavings with mineral binder (cement, gypsum) | ||
| mechanical crushing | ||
| sorting of flakes by color and type, granulation, polycondensation | PET granulate |
|
| extrusion of wood-polymer composites (extrusion from a mixture of shredded wood and plastic of any shape) | wood-polymer boards |
|
| Textile waste | cleaning and fiberizing | nonwovens, including thermal insulation |
| disposal organic waste in thermolysis reactors with a lack of oxygen | thermal energy, liquid synthetic fuels, metals |
Let's take a closer look at some business options.
Recycling tires
Turning tires into rubber crumb- one of the most promising areas in connection with the ease of searching for raw materials (sources - service stations, motor transport companies, unauthorized tire dumps, etc.), as well as the availability of relatively inexpensive Russian equipment. For processing, transportation and collection of used tires (IV class of hazard), a license is required.
Russian manufacturers offer quality tire shredding equipment. A mini-plant (line for processing) with an annual capacity of 4,000 tons will require investments of up to 10 million rubles, while only 3 people are needed for maintenance and an area of 80 sq. m (excluding warehouses).
- companies for the improvement of sports and playgrounds, manufacturers of coatings for such playgrounds (for example, the Masterfiber factory);
- road construction companies (use crumb in the production of asphalt).
Waste paper recycling
There is strong competition in the segment, but there is a wide range of production areas. You can engage in low-margin activities - pressing or making pulp for printing plants. More profitable deep processing- manufacture of toilet paper, cardboard or building materials.
The initial raw materials are office paper, newspapers, paper packaging, cardboard, printing scrap and scrap of printing plants. Organization of self-collection of waste paper from individuals and legal entities is real in small settlements - in cities with 300 thousand inhabitants and above, the market has already been divided. Therefore, the main source of raw materials is buying from collectors.
At the cost of the equipment. It all depends on its annual productivity. For example, the Russian line for the production of ecowool with a capacity of 2,000 tons per year costs about 3 million rubles, it fits in a shop of 80 square meters. m. Equipment can be serviced by 2-3 people, you will also need about 200 sq. m of storage facilities.
End product consumers:
- building materials stores and construction organizations(for thermal insulation materials and plates);
- retail chains(cardboard).
Recycling plastics
The most recyclable plastic in the world is polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Therefore, the raw materials for the most promising direction- a regular plastic bottle for drinks and food.
Manufactured products: flex (PET flakes) or granules. Clients: manufacturers of packaging, non-woven fabrics, building materials, PET bottles.
The equipment is offered by Russian, European and Chinese manufacturers. The processing line price depends on the processing depth and capacity, on average it is equal to 10 million rubles.
Non-recyclable waste
Raw materials - waste with a high concentration of organic matter: "tails" of solid waste (not amenable to sorting and processing), industrial waste. enterprises. Worn tires and sleepers are also suitable. Processing is carried out in pyrolysis plants, Russian equipment is available.
For example, JSC "Tourmaline" offers synthesizers PROK (incl. mobile versions) to obtain synthetic fuel from waste. Installation cost - from 5 million rubles. In one cycle, the PROK reactor produces about 50% of the loaded organic matter mass.
- converters of pyrolysis liquid into gasoline, diesel fuel;
- boiler rooms;
- private individuals (used for stove heating).
As a conclusion
Waste processing is a high-tech production that will require at least 3 million rubles. investments in:
- purchase / maintenance of equipment;
- bringing the processing facility in line with the requirements of SanPiN;
- obtaining a license;
- training of personnel.
Small business has prospects if the organization provides paid services for waste disposal and established sales channels for its products. In the regions where the United RO has already been selected, it is possible to work only if an agreement is concluded with the RO for participation in waste management.
Now the country is witnessing a rapid growth of megalopolises and cities, the number of inhabitants is increasing, and with it the waste per capita. It is calculated how much an average citizen throws out garbage annually - up to 350 kg, while the share of solid domestic waste (MSW) is about 40%. This is the garbage that does not decompose, but accumulates in landfills for years.
The mountains household waste grow, polluting the environment, reducing the area for agricultural needs. In addition, fires, landslides often occur at landfills, and the number of rats and stray dogs is growing. All this suggests that our country is sorely lacking waste recycling enterprises.
Many entrepreneurs do not even suspect that this business is quite profitable, and many useful products can be produced from recycled materials, for example:
In addition, there is a lot of scrap metal in landfills, not only steel, but also non-ferrous metals.
When organizing a waste recycling business, you can get government support in the form of a one-time cash grant, an interest-free loan for the purchase of equipment, or a tax grace period.
Basic methods of processing solid waste
The most common methods for the disposal of solid waste are the following:
- burial at landfills;
- natural decomposition;
- thermal processing.
Today the first two methods prevail in Russia. Food waste is processed into compost, and non-degradable waste is disposed of in landfills.
All over the world there is a tendency towards maximum processing of all waste, this is what stimulates manufacturers of machinery and equipment to create specialized mini-factories that have many advantages over landfills:
TV program "Business from scratch
Equipment options
The complete set of mini-plants for sorting and recycling of waste depends on the type of raw material:
- household waste;
- construction waste;
- tires and rubber.
The most functional is the equipment for processing solid waste.
The MPZ-5000 mini-incineration plant from Sifania (Russia) can process up to 5,000 tons of waste per year. One such complex can serve an area of the city with a population of 25 thousand people. Its main purpose:
- sorting solid waste;
- crushing of plastic bottles;
- waste paper packaging;
- there is a pyrolysis plant for burning non-degradable raw materials.
How much does this option cost? Basic configuration - RUB 10,000,000
There are more productive options that can process up to 10 tons per hour. At the same time, the sorting station is capable of separating 16 types of waste from the total volume of solid waste. Such a plant will employ up to 40 people. For example, a processing complex from the JSSORT company. To accommodate it, a site 80 m long and 40 m wide will be required, while it will accept up to 15 garbage trucks in an eight-hour shift.
How much does such a complex cost? The total cost of the equipment, together with the construction of the workshop, will cost 30 million rubles.
The rubber and tire crumbling plant is also quite profitable business... The final product - granular rubber powder is widely used in the production of:
- asphalt;
- anti-corrosion mastics;
- soundproof materials;
- road speed limiters;
- construction industry products.
The capacity of such a plant is up to 3 tons per hour.
How much does this mini tire recycling plant cost? The price of imported equipment is 25,500,000 rubles.
The composition of the mini-plant and the main technological stages
Processing plants have similar components, differing only in power and degree of automation. The processing conveyor includes the following modules:
To separate scrap metal, you can equip the receiving shop with a magnet - this will greatly facilitate the sorting process.
The work of the mini-plant is carried out as follows:
Packaged secondary raw materials are ready for sale or further processing if it is provided for in the business plan of the plant. The line can be supplemented with equipment for pelletizing PET raw materials or a workshop for the production of toilet paper.
Waste recycling business plan
Any business requires financial plan, in which the main capital investments, production costs, profit will be calculated.
The business plan of a mini-plant for the processing of solid waste, with a capacity of up to 10 tons of processed raw materials per hour, contains the following financial indicators:
The business plan includes the calculation of the turnover of the sale of secondary raw materials:
The preliminary plan drawn up shows quite good results. If, at the same time, you organize your own production of products from secondary raw materials, you can get a double profit.
Video: Waste recycling plant
In the 21st century, the topic of ecology and waste recycling is becoming very relevant. After all, much that is thrown away by a person could find a second life, thereby causing less environmental damage to the environment, and bring a good economic effect. The waste recycling business plan presented here will show you how to start such a company from scratch. Our example will help you create your own business plan.
Rationale for a business plan
The business is planned to be organized in large city(population - at least 1 million people). V this region there are already two large waste management companies operating. The market for the supply of these services is assessed as developing, and a study of information on the need for waste processing shows that there is a need for another organization of this kind. Among the basic needs potential clients:
- Convenient location in terms of logistics.
- Compliance with environmental requirements.
- Work with different kinds raw materials.
For stable work on the market, commercial offers are sent to management companies, homeowners' associations, as well as to companies that transport solid waste and KGO. Also, information about their organization is posted on the Internet and city business directories.
Having decided on the target audience, we will consider the risks and possible pitfalls in our business plan:
- Searching for areas for our enterprise in a place where our neighborhood will not interfere with the surrounding housing stock and violate the norms of the SES.
- The reluctance of companies transporting solid waste and KGO to switch from working with a waste disposal site to recycling waste.
- Large investments are required at the start.
To solve the first possible problem we will focus on finding unused industrial premises away from the residential sector, but at the same time in a convenient location for our potential clients. Ideally, this is best done near a waste disposal site. To address the second potential risk, we will hire experienced development managers who will interact directly with organizations potentially interested in our services. Since MSW recycling is profitable and efficient business, large investments return quickly enough, subsequently turning into income.
Registration
In our case, it is planned to invest our own funds in opening a company.
Form of activity: LLC.
Taxation system: USN 15%. The choice is explained by the fact that the waste processing enterprise has significant labor costs, as well as the costs associated with this type of production.
OKVED 38.21 "Treatment and disposal of non-hazardous waste" is selected as the main one. It is planned to allocate 450 thousand rubles to obtain a license, register a company and train employees and the director on the norms of working with waste. Obtaining a license takes approximately three months.
Personnel search
Since most of the employees working with waste processing do not require any special qualifications, problems with finding them are not planned. We also need competent managers to develop and maintain a client base. It is planned to take three people for this position with at least 5 years of experience in such work. We also need an accountant, secretary and production manager. The position of director will be taken by the founder.
Premises for rent
It is planned to rent two premises for the activities of the company. The first is an office located in a residential area, easily accessible for future clients. It should consist of the following parts:
- Standard office space (20 sq. M).
- Reception (10 sq. M.).
- Director's office (10 sq. M.).
Total area of the premises: 40 sq. m.
The average rental cost of such premises is 20 thousand rubles per month. It is supposed to pay rent immediately 3 months in advance.
The second room should be located in an industrial area, be a workshop or hangar. The following requirements are imposed on this room:
- Convenient access of freight transport to the territory.
- Multiple gates big size for the passage of trucks.
- The possibility of installing special equipment, as well as a sufficiently powerful power supply.
The cost of one month of renting such premises is 100,000 rubles. It is supposed to pay rent immediately 3 months in advance.
To get started, you will need the following equipment: sorting line, crusher, press. It will also be necessary to equip a staff room with a shower and a changing room. Of the technology, a front-end loader will be needed.
In total, 6 125 000 rubles will be needed at launch.
Business promotion
Business promotion is planned to be carried out on the Internet and offline methods.
Will play a key role active sales... The development department staff will be looking for organizations that need to sell waste. One of the main tasks of development managers will be to retain existing customers and be flexible in their approach to stable work firms.
For the purpose of online promotion, a business card site is created, SEO-promotion, targeting and contextual advertising campaigns are carried out.
Since the company is focused on business partners, social networks it is not planned to use it as a way of promotion.
Cost calculation
On launch
Starting costs can be seen in the table:
As originally planned, they use their own cash, which will shorten the payback period due to the absence of interest for a loan or lease.
Monthly
How much business brings
The taxable base will be:
2,850,000 - 2,372,000 = 478,000 rubles.
Let us subtract from it the expenses for the UST and get 478,000 - 222,000 = 256,000 rubles.
256,000 x 0.15 = 38,400 rubles will be the monthly tax.
The net profit, therefore, will be:
478,000 - 38,400 = 439,600 rubles per month.
Business profitability is:
(439,600 / 2,850,000) x 100 = 15.42%.
This indicator is very good for the first year of operation. With the competent work of the managers of the development department, it will not be difficult to ensure the full workload of the enterprise, since at the moment there is a great demand for such services. In addition, it should be noted that waste recycling is a very promising business and enjoys great support from the state. With the competent development of the enterprise, it is possible to increase the volume of recycled waste, as well as increase profits by expanding the range of materials for recycling and even the ability to produce such popular goods as toilet paper, plastic bags and PET bottles.
Based on the calculations from a profit of 439,600 rubles per month, we will calculate the return on business, provided that 30% will be spent on the development of the company and bonuses to employees, and 70% will go to return the money invested.
439,600 x 70% = 307,720 rubles per month will be used for return on investment.
Accordingly: 8,305,000 / 307,720 = 28.
As a result, a full return on investment will occur in 28 months.
Business outlook
The prospects for the development of the waste processing plant are very positive. The need of society for waste recycling is growing every year, as more and more more nature contaminated by waste disposal sites. And in developed countries is the rule to use secondary raw materials, and it is in great demand. Many materials can be recycled multiple times, thereby reducing the extraction of natural resources and improving the environmental situation by reducing the amount of waste that is disposed of. Separate collection of waste is also very promising, which significantly reduces the burden on processing, thereby increasing profitability.
Eventually
Waste treatment plant is very profitable and promising business, which can be started with a relatively small investment in relation to production, and has a very large potential for modernization and increasing the volume of recycled waste. It is not for nothing that 2017 has been declared the year of ecology in Russia, this shows the urgent need of the state and society as a whole for modern technologies, affecting the environmental sphere, one of which is waste processing.
This business plan for waste recycling with calculations shows that one of the main expenses is the cost of disposing of unrefined waste, which can be reduced by using additional equipment. The second item of expenditure is wage, which can also be reduced by upgrading equipment and reducing manual labor.
The market for waste processing services is very promising, thereby providing stable, long-term income to organizations operating in this area, and competition is minimal.
Site observer Elizaveta Semyonova figured out how to build a business in the field of recycling and waste recycling, what funds and resources will be needed for this, how things are with competition in this area and whether it is possible to make money on such a business.
Garbage is a unique resource: people are willing to pay for both its purchase and sale. Moreover, this resource is inexhaustible.
Recycling - headache municipal authorities, a potentially knowledge-intensive industry with practically zero competition and a highly profitable business.
None of the regions of Russia has a developed waste management system. To understand the magnitude of the problem: at the moment, there are more than 31 billion tons of unused waste in the country. Non-utilized means those with whom nothing was done: they were not burnt, not buried, and even less processed - they are simply located on the territory of Russia.
The problem of recycling waste in the 21st century seems especially ridiculous because at every stage of this process money can be made - literally from nothing.
Legal side of the issue
State participation in recycling includes environmental supervision, licensing, reporting, monitoring compliance with standards and setting tariffs for waste disposal.
Legal regulation of waste relations (Federal Law "On production and consumption waste") is conditioned by five classes: from "extremely hazardous" waste of the first class to "practically non-hazardous" fifth. The categorization is based on the level of damage to the environment (examples in decreasing order of damage: mercury, asbestos dust - oil products, acids - pig manure, diesel - tires, paper - shells, sawdust), but for commercial analysis it is more convenient to group classes by origin. The first three classes are industrial and construction garbage, and the fourth and fifth - household (the so-called MSW - solid household waste).
The owner of waste of 1–4 classes can transfer the right to dispose of them to a person only if he has an appropriate license: for their use, neutralization, transportation, disposal. From January 1, 2016, any unlicensed activity of this kind will be considered illegal. In addition, all people involved in such a business must have a certificate confirming their professional training.
To find out what class of waste will have to be dealt with, their owner (legal entity) must order an examination. In addition to the fact that the garbage is considered property, he also has a passport.
The law does not say anything about solid waste of the fifth, non-hazardous class. Thus, no permits are needed if the business works with food waste, metals, waste paper, wood, plastic containers, plastic wrap.
There are several main stages in the utilization and processing of solid waste.
Transportation
The primary task of waste disposal is their direct disposal from the consumer's territory.
Canadian Brian Scudamore's company started with a $ 700 used truck and the slogan "We" ll stash your trash in a flash! " ("We'll destroy your trash in no time!") In 1989. Saving money for college, Skudamord at free time took away garbage that the local authorities could not cope with. Clients freed from the problem willingly paid, and the entrepreneur in the end chose rubbish over study. Today, his company 1-800-GOT-JUNK has annual revenues of more than $ 100 million, and franchises operate in the United States, Canada and Australia.
Pros: there is no need for rent, complex equipment and expensive specialists.
Minuses: a significant item of expenditure is fuel costs. In addition, it will not work to unload garbage on the side of the road, you need to negotiate with the landfill.
Profitability: the cost of exporting a standard container (0.8 cubic meters) in Moscow is from 330 rubles. One garbage truck contains 25-60 such containers. Pricing in this area is subject to the laws of the market, but strongly depends on tariffs for storage (disposal) of waste.
Starter kit: special vehicles, drivers.
Competition: garbage disposal of individuals is included in the "maintenance of residential premises" and is under the jurisdiction of municipalities, while in servicing legal entities, competition is quite high - about 500 official companies are registered in Moscow alone.
Peculiarities: the main problem this business is the reduction in transport costs. The solution is achieved in two ways, and both are associated with an increase in the capacity of garbage containers: a garbage truck with a press (several times increases the productivity of transportation and reduces the cost of disposal), a trash can with a press (beneficial for the client, since it reduces the frequency of garbage removal).
Pressing
In 2004, the American company Seahorse Power took over the development of urns with a press, showing the world BigBelly autonomous pressing plants with solar batteries. The operation of the press is based on a chain drive without using the principles of hydraulics, and the maintenance of the installation is reduced only to the annual lubrication of the door locking mechanism.
A wireless alert system automatically monitors container fullness, providing additional opportunities to improve the logistics of the process. The price tag for the device ($ 3.1-3.9 thousand) can be considered a long-term investment, since the capacity of the container is five times higher than that of a regular tank.
The company is valued today at $ 5 million.
Source: Wikipedia
Despite the importance of timely waste disposal and compaction, the above manipulations do not solve the main problem: garbage needs to be stored somewhere or somehow destroyed.
Waste can be viewed as trash that needs to be disposed of, or as a resource. These opposing principles form two approaches to waste management.
Accommodation
Waste disposal - storage or burial: garbage with an uncertain fate needs to be stored somewhere, while burial implies complete isolation, preventing any interaction with the environment.
Pros: business for the lazy.
Minuses: rapid depletion of the area (a million-plus city requires an additional 40 hectares annually), relatively low profitability (since the burial rates are set by the municipality).
Profitability: burial of a ton of solid waste in Leningrad region costs 400-1000 rubles, a non-pressing garbage truck can bring from two to ten tons at a time.
Starter kit: several hectares of free land outside settlement, water protection and recreational zones.
Competition: in Russia there are officially 1092 landfills, the occupancy of almost all of them is already approaching or exceeding 100%.
Peculiarities: the landfill should have a waterproof bottom and protection from the wind, so ideally it should be built. However, most of the landfills are of “natural” origin, such as Krasny Bor in the Leningrad Region, located above the clay deposits. Clay was supposed to protect groundwater from toxic substances, - it turned out not.
Legal subtleties: it is necessary to obtain permission to create a placement (confirms compliance with geological, hydrological and other standards), enter the landfill in the unified state register and monitor ecological situation- even after the end of operation.
Waste incineration
In most cases, the burning is arranged illegally - in order to somehow unload the landfills. There are only about ten legal waste incineration plants in Russia today.
Low competition should not create illusions: although it is supposed to achieve profit due to the associated generation of energy, most waste incineration plants are exclusively subsidized, since the incineration of solid waste in accordance with all the rules is a very expensive procedure. Therefore, it would be overly optimistic to view such disposal as a business.
The only plus of incineration is in reducing the volume of waste by 90-95%, that is, in saving space at the landfill, but this cannot justify the monstrous damage that is caused to the environment.
Those who are fired up with the idea of more progressive waste management need to be prepared for the next obstacle: the fact that in Russia burial is billed by the state - and billed cheaply - demotivates people to look for any alternative methods of disposal. By comparison, in the United States, landfilling and incineration is three times the cost of recycling.
Sorting
Any processing is impossible without sorting. At the same time, most of the recyclable materials lose their consumer properties when mixed in a common container - paper, for example, damp and rots. Therefore, recycling is most effective (and easy to implement) if sorting is carried out even at the stage of garbage collection - this way you can reuse up to 60-80% of the MSW composition. However, this requires a revision of the entire recycling paradigm (a well-known project in this area is the Japanese concept of Zero Waste).
Pros: the demand for sorting is quite high - you can find a buyer even abroad (for example, the Swedes and Danes import waste from Germany and Norway for the purpose of generating electricity).
Minuses: expensive equipment - a full-fledged waste sorting complex costs about 4 million rubles. Organization costs separate collection rubbish in St. Petersburg alone cost 1.5 billion rubles.
Profitability: depends on the quality of the raw materials. In rubles per ton: waste paper - from 500 to 10,000, cullet - 2,000–3,000, plastic - up to 4,000, ferrous scrap - up to 8,000.
Starter kit: premises, installations (shredder, press, conveyor, crusher and others), workers, (optional) vehicle fleet.
Competition: only 50 waste sorting complexes are registered in Russia.
Peculiarities: sorting can be implemented in the form of buying up certain types of waste (sorting at the collection stage). It is less profitable, but does not require any expensive installations.
Recycling
Recycling is anything that turns waste into something useful, be it energy, new raw materials, fertilizers, and so on.
Composting
The simplest option is composting - processing organic waste into homogeneous, odorless brown dust that improves the properties of the soil. It consists in accelerating natural decomposition processes and can include up to 30% of solid waste (food, grass, manure, cardboard, sawdust). Doesn't require any complicated equipment, compost heap only needs stirring and moistening.
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of waste without oxygen. It differs from simple combustion in that, at the output, in addition to recyclable materials, it allows you to obtain electric energy, gasoline, diesel and heating oil (analogue of fuel oil). The quality of the pyrolysis product directly depends on the composition of the solid waste, therefore crucial role pre-sort plays here. This type of recycling has many advantages: it is environmentally friendly, significantly reduces waste and provides thermal energy that can be used.
The cheapest is the processing of mono-raw materials. Successful example the Danish company Gypsum Recycling International can serve. GRI was founded in 2001 and thanks to its sophisticated collection system, logistics and patented mobile recycling technology, today it is the world leader in recycling efficiency. (the process of returning waste, discharges and emissions into the processes of technogenesis - ed.), giving a second life to 80% of gypsum waste.
Pros: high profitability and demand for recyclable materials, low level of competition, interest of foreign investors and favor of the authorities, rather quick payback (from two to five years).
Minuses: a solid initial investment is required (the bill goes to tens of thousands of dollars, in case complex processing- millions, while you can save on used equipment), there is no guarantee of full capacity utilization of such high-tech factories, since the waste collection system in Russia today is extremely chaotic.
Due to the underdevelopment of the market, prices for recyclable materials are very volatile: with an increase in demand, suppliers cease to cope with waste collection and prices rise sharply, with a fall in demand, goods quickly accumulate and fill storage facilities, and therefore are sold at bargain prices.
Profitability: very high, especially if the processing plant is also the manufacturer of the recyclable product. For example, buying a ton of green cullet for 2,000 rubles, processing it into glass powder, and then blowing out a batch of bottles and selling each bottle at 50 (approximate price in Moscow), you can ultimately gain about 100 thousand rubles.
Starter kit: a production facility with an area of at least 200 square meters, a warehouse with an area of at least 100 square meters, equipped in accordance with sanitary and fire safety requirements, installations, technologists and workers, (optional) a vehicle fleet.
Competition: in Russia only 5% of the total volume of waste is recycled, while 50% of solid waste consists of raw materials that can be reused. A total of 243 waste processing plants are registered in the country, and none of them carries out a full recycling cycle.
Peculiarities: the efficiency of recycling of waste depends on the quality of sorting, therefore, the best waste processing complex is a complex system, adjusted from collection and sorting to sale to the consumer. Here one cannot do without close interaction with the authorities and a whole campaign to form a culture of waste management.
Legal subtleties: processing permission required.
