Financial non-current assets. Difference between current and non-current assets

Fixed assets- these are assets whose useful life (repayment) is more than one year. The total amount of assets of the enterprise consists of non-current and current assets. Accordingly, non-current assets are one of two sections of the Asset of the balance sheet.

Composition of non-current assets

Non-current assets include:

• research and development results;
• fixed assets;
• financial investments, the return of which is expected no earlier than in a year;
• Deferred tax assets;
• other assets that have characteristics of non-current assets.

In essence, non-current assets include means of labor (machines and equipment), which are consumed in the process of use not immediately (like materials), but over a long period, and liabilities receivable no earlier than in 12 months.

Based on the ratio of the share of current and non-current assets, one can judge the nature of production. Thus, capital-intensive enterprises (for example, telecommunications) are characterized by a large share of non-current assets, and material-intensive (or commodity-intensive, such as trade) - by a small one.

Analysis of non-current assets

Non-current assets require long-term investments, so the sources of their acquisition should be mainly the organization’s own capital, and partly long-term borrowed funds. Therefore, the more capital-intensive production, the greater should be the share of equity capital in the sources of financing the enterprise’s activities.

Non-current assets have less liquidity than current assets, that is, they are more difficult to sell by converting them into cash. In general, liquidity, as one of the indicators of financial stability, depends on the structure of the enterprise’s assets and the sources from which their purchase is financed (for all liquidity ratios, see).

It should be noted that the maturity date of an asset is not always a sign for classifying an asset as current or non-current. The liquidity of the asset also plays a role. For example, one due in 2 years would normally be treated as a non-current asset. However, the organization’s confidence in the ability to sell it without loss at any time before this period may be a reason for classifying receivables as current assets.

Still have questions about accounting and taxes? Ask them on the accounting forum.

Non-current assets: details for an accountant

• On the period of use and qualification of assets and liabilities

  The composition of both current and non-current assets. After all, regulatory documents on accounting... (financial) reporting of inventories as part of non-current assets. In such cases, just... and regulatory authorities. About short-term non-current assets On this issue, BMC experts... industrial enterprises can be recognized as non-current assets intended for sale? On... a certain economic relationship. As a rule, non-current assets are acquired through long-term debt...

• When does an OS become a commodity?

  The moment of reclassification of the corresponding non-current assets is considered to be the carrying amount of the reclassified non-current assets. In view of the above... the amount of accumulated depreciation. After recharacterization of a non-current asset, it can be revalued... or the amounts presented for non-current assets classified as held for sale can be adjusted... additional sub-accounts can be introduced. To account for non-current assets classified as held for sale...

• Filling out the balance sheet (f. 0503130) for 2018: what to pay attention to?

  Balance sheet indicators of information on long-term (non-current) assets and liabilities. Adjustment of balance sheet indicators... to short-term ones Information on long-term (non-current) assets and liabilities should be reflected in... separate lines: Line Type of long-term (non-current) assets and liabilities Accounting accounts I... are not generated, data on long-term (non-current) assets and liabilities are reflected only at...

• Information on discontinued operations: changes to PBU 16/02

  Compliance with IFRS 5 “Non-current assets held for sale, and activities... object of fixed assets or other non-current assets (except for financial investments), use... work, provision of services). At the same time, non-current assets, the use of which is temporarily discontinued, ... the corresponding fixed asset or other non-current asset, the use of which is discontinued due to... information on the termination of the use of certain non-current assets in connection with the intention...

• Additional capital: formation, use and accounting procedures

  Additional capital takes into account the amounts of additional valuation of non-current assets, carried out in the prescribed manner... capital Ground Increase in the value of non-current assets, revealed by the results of their... cases: repayment of amounts of reduction in the value of non-current assets, revealed by the results of revaluation; ... Grounds: Repayment of amounts of decrease in the value of non-current assets revealed as a result of the revaluation... Increase in value due to the revaluation of non-current assets” takes into account the increase or decrease...

• Is it possible to transfer fixed assets with a residual value of less than 40 thousand rubles? as part of the MPZ?

  To carry out an operation to transfer non-current assets into current ones. Justification of the position: According to... ", 08 "Investments in non-current assets" in the debit of accounts 10 ... to carry out the operation of transferring non-current assets to current ones. Answer prepared by: Expert...

• Asset without VAT

  Account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" (without value added tax... accounts 08 "Investments in non-current assets" (without value added tax...

• Retrofitting the premises with a heating system

  A credit to the account for accounting for investments in non-current assets in correspondence with the debit of the account... on the account for accounting for investments in non-current assets. Upon completion of construction work... on the account for accounting for investments in non-current assets, they are accounted for in one of the following ways...

Financial resources that the organization previously had in the form of working capital, but are currently absent and do not participate in turnover. See also: Fixed assets Financial Dictionary Finam... Financial Dictionary

Non-current assets of the company withdrawn from circulation for the purposes provided for in the financial plan. Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Dictionary of business terms

Non-current assets are a type of property of an enterprise, a section of the balance sheet in which the condition of this type of property as of the reporting date is reflected in the valuation. Non-current assets include assets of an enterprise that bring... ... Wikipedia

fixed assets- All assets that are not current. Non-current assets include tangible, intangible, operating and financial assets of a long-term nature. To denote this concept in the UK, the term Fixed Assets or... ... is used.

Assets with a useful life of more than one year: long-term financial investments, intangible assets, fixed assets, other long-term assets. In English: Non-negotiable assets Synonyms: Non-expendable assets... ... Financial Dictionary

Firms' own funds, withdrawn by them from economic circulation, but reflected in the balance sheet. Non-current assets include diverted funds, current withdrawals of working capital, fixed assets transferred to branches and... ... Economic dictionary

Non-current (non-current) assets- (noncurrent assets) a set of property assets of an enterprise that are repeatedly involved in the process economic activity and transferring the used value to the products in parts. In accounting practice, these include property assets... Economic and mathematical dictionary

non-current (non-current) assets- In modern world practice, assets with a service life of more than 1 year. These include land, machinery, equipment, as well as deferred expenses. Intangible (intangible) assets are not included in non-current assets. In the Russian Federation... ... Technical Translator's Guide

Fixed assets- (English assets outside of turnover) own funds of organizations that have withdrawn from economic turnover, but the value of which is reflected in the balance sheet ... Encyclopedia of Law

Firms' own funds, withdrawn by them from economic circulation, but reflected in the balance sheet. To V.o. include diverted funds, current withdrawals of working capital, fixed assets transferred to branches and divisions of the company... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

Information about non-current assets is one of the most important components of the balance sheet. In this article we will tell you what non-current assets of an enterprise are, what their structure is, what is the procedure for reflecting information about assets in the balance sheet and accounting, and also answer frequently asked questions on the topic.

The concept of non-current assets

The fundamental principle of the structure of a company's balance sheet is its division into assets and liabilities. Entrepreneurs, accountants, and those who are even slightly involved in commercial activities know that the amount of a company's assets is always equal to its liabilities. But at the same time, not everyone knows that the amount of assets consists of current and non-current funds, which, in turn, also have their own structure and classification.

What are non-current assets and how do they differ from current assets? Each of the assets belongs to the company and is at its disposal. In this case, the company has the right to use (pay for goods with cash, produce products on equipment, etc.) or not use the asset (materials in stock, building under conservation). And in each of the listed cases, the fact of using an asset is not a criterion for classifying it as current or non-current.

The fundamental difference between each of these concepts lies in its essence, namely in the indicator of liquidity, or turnover. The closer an asset is to the highest liquidity ratio, the more obvious it is to be classified as current. If an asset is not liquid, it is considered non-current.

Asset turnover criteria

There are several criteria for determining the turnover of an asset, on the basis of which an object can be classified as a non-current asset. So, an asset is recognized as non-current based on the following requirements:

• The company plans to use the facility for more than 12 months.

Example 1. JSC Status purchased a copying machine, the useful life of which is 5 years.

• The object is used for more than 1 operating cycle.

Example 2. The Znamya plant acquired equipment for manufacturing products. The full production cycle is 14 months.

• The company has accounts receivable whose repayment period is more than 12 months.

Example 3. JSC Monolit paid the contractor an advance for construction work, the deadline for which will occur after 18 months from the date of transfer of the advance payment.

• Loans and credits provided by the company in favor of other persons/organizations. The loan repayment period is more than 12 months.

Example 4. Credit company "Friend" provided a loan with a repayment period of 1.5 years.

If an object does not meet the above criteria, then it can be classified as a current asset.

Non-current assets: composition and structure

Non-current assets are divided into 4 main groups, each of which has its own structure. We will present generalized information about the types and structure of non-current objects in the form of a table.

Fixed assets
Name	Asset structure by type	Description	Example
Intangible assets	Rights to intellectual property	If a company creates an intangible asset and registers rights to it, then such an object is recognized as a non-current asset. A similar rule applies to software and other intangible assets for which exclusive ownership rights have been acquired. The company’s own invention (know-how) is also recognized as a non-current asset.	Employees of the development department of Fakel JSC created software to optimize warehouse accounting. The cost of the software is included in Fakel’s non-current assets.
	Licenses, trademarks, patents	Registered trademarks, as well as other company attributes, are recognized as non-current assets. This group also includes licenses for non-exclusive rights to use software, as well as various patents.	Favorit LLC has its own trademark and slogan. These objects are reflected in the balance sheet of Favorit in the section of non-current assets.
	Business reputation	The difference between the company's market price and its equity capital is reflected in the group of non-current assets as goodwill.	The purchase price of Grand JSC is higher than the company's capital. The positive business reputation of Grand is reflected in non-current assets.
Fixed assets	Land, natural resources	A land plot acquired by a company on a right of use is reflected in non-current assets, along with subsoil and other forestry and water management facilities.	JSC Sapphire acquired part of the land plot for mining operations. The land and the quarry located on the site are an environmental asset.
	Buildings, equipment, machinery, transport	All property objects used by the company for production and non-production purposes are recognized as fixed assets.	JSC "Marathon" has 3 buildings, one of which houses production workshops, and the second - a sanatorium and resort complex for Marathon employees. Both items are considered non-current assets.
	Construction in progress	Property objects that are not brought into a condition suitable for use are recognized as non-current assets.	On the balance sheet of JSC Graf there is an unfinished construction project for office premises. The cost of the object is reflected in non-current assets.
Investments in assets	Property for transfer for paid use	All material assets that meet the turnover criteria and are acquired by the company to generate income are classified as non-current assets.	Trans Service JSC purchased 2 cars to provide rental services. Transport is listed on the Trans Service balance sheet in the group of non-current assets.
Financial investments	Investments	Financial investments made by the company in subsidiaries, affiliates or other organizations are recognized as non-current assets if the receipt of income is planned no earlier than in 12 months.	JSC "Camping" is an investor in the construction of a country sports and entertainment club. The period for completion of construction and opening of the club is 36 months. The amount of investment is reflected in the Camping balance sheet in the group of non-current assets.
	Loans	A loan is recognized as a non-current asset if the repayment period exceeds 12 months.	JSC Forum provided a loan to the subsidiary company Class for a period of 24 months. The loan amount is reflected in Forum's balance sheet as part of non-current assets.

We reflect assets in the balance sheet and accounting

The basis for reflecting information about assets in the balance sheet is accounting data. Below we will talk about the basic rules for reflecting non-current assets in accounting and balance sheets.

Asset accounting entries

Objects of non-current assets that come to the company's records are recognized as investments and are reflected in Dt account 08. Read also the article: → "". Depending on the type of received object, the following synthetic accounts can be used in the form:

• when purchasing land, the accounting should reflect the posting according to Dt 08.1;
• received forestry, water management, and subsoil objects are taken into account according to Dt 08.2;
• during the construction of OS (both on our own and with the involvement of contractors), an entry according to Dt 08.3 is reflected in the accounting;
• the cost of assets acquired for a fee is reflected according to Dt 08.4 (OS) and Dt 08.5 (intangible assets);
• agricultural organizations use accounts 08.6 and 08.7 to account for investments;
• the cost of scientific development and research is taken into account according to Dt 08.8.

In general, the value of investments in assets is formed by posting:

• Dt 08 Kt 02, 70, 69…

If we are talking about writing off an asset (for example, reflecting expenses on exploration assets in connection with their unpromising production), then the following entry should be made in the accounting:

• Dt 91.2 Kt 08.

When an asset is put into operation, the following entries are recorded in accounting:

• For buildings, equipment, machinery, transport:

Dt 01 Kt 08.

• For software, licenses, patents:

Dt 04 Kt 08.

• For property purchased for rental use:

Dt 03 Kt 08.

• The provision of a loan corresponds to the entry:

Dt 50 (51, 52,) Kt 58.

How to show non-current assets on the balance sheet

Based on accounting data, information about non-current assets is reflected in the company's balance sheet. The data should be indicated in the appropriate section (Section I) by type of asset:

• pp. 11-10 – NMA;
• pp. 11-20 – research and development;
• pp. 11-30 – OS;
• pp. 11-40 – investments in materiel;
• pp. 11-50 – financial investments;
• pp. 11-60 – deferred tax assets;
• pp. 11-70 – other non-current assets.

Indicators for inclusion in the balance sheet are the amounts of asset balances reflected in the corresponding synthetic accounts. The total for the section is reflected in line 11-00.

Analysis and management of non-current assets of the enterprise

Analysis of the cost, composition and structure of non-current assets is carried out on the basis of accounting and reporting data. In particular, information on synthetic accounting accounts reflects:

• value indicators of assets (total account balance);
• asset structure (balance of subaccounts);
• volume of transactions with objects (account turnover).

Based on Section 1 of the balance sheet, you can analyze the structural and cost indicators of assets at the reporting date. Analytical information is the basis for actions to control and manage assets:

• An overestimated indicator of the cost of fixed assets (line 11-30 in the balance sheet) with a low level of production provides grounds for conducting an inventory. After a detailed analysis of the composition of the operating system, management can decide to sell the operating system, as well as liquidate obsolete objects.
• Data on account 08.8, as well as information in line 11-20, allows you to analyze the costs of developing assets.

If the cost indicators significantly exceed the estimated income, then it is advisable for the organization to stop development and write off the amount of costs as expenses.

• A situation is possible when the company does not provide property for rent, but at the same time has a significant amount of investment in assets (line 11-40). In this case, the company should analyze the reasons for the termination of rental activities and carry out work to restore it. Also, by decision of management, assets can be sold.

Rubric “Question and answer”

Question No. 1. On the balance sheet of JSC Kontur there are accounts receivable in the amount of 12,380 rubles. – debt of JSC “Kvant” to pay for the goods. According to the contract, payment for the goods is due 8 months after shipment. At the same time, the counterparty (JSC Kvant) has no signs of reliability and solvency. Is the amount of Kvant's receivables a current asset?

When determining the liquidity of an asset, one should take into account not only the return criteria provided for in the contract (in this case, 8 months), but also other objective factors. If, in the opinion of Kontur, the debtor does not repay the debt within 12 months, then the asset can be transferred to non-current. The basis for the transfer is the protocol of the decision of the board of Contour.

Question No. 2. The Research Bureau "Progress" carries out its own development in order to create a useful model of equipment. Based on the results of the research, Progress received a patent for the model. Development costs amounted to 704,880 rubles. How should transactions with non-current assets be reflected in Progress accounting?

Progress development costs need to be accumulated in account 23 (Dt 23 Kt 70, 69, 10, 02...). Read also the article: → "". Upon completion of the work, the amount of expenses should be transferred to the investment account (Dt 08.8 Kt 23). After receiving a patent and state registration, the rights to the model are reflected in the intangible assets (Dt 04 Kt 08.8).

Question No. 3. JSC "Kurs" is the owner of an investment asset - an object of work in progress. Can an object be classified as a non-current asset?

"Rate" can account for an object as a non-current asset if the following conditions are met:

• completion of production of the facility will take place no earlier than 12 months;
• upon completion of production, the object will have all the characteristics of a non-current asset.

Non-current assets are property assets of an enterprise that are repeatedly involved in the process of economic activity as means of labor and transfer the used value in parts to the manufactured products. In other words, fixed assets- this is that part of the enterprise’s property that has been functioning for a long time in an unchanged natural form. Non-current assets in practice include several types of property:

Fixed assets– that is, means of labor used in economic activity for a long period of time (more than a year), without changing their material form and appearance. They wear out gradually, and their cost is transferred to the created products not immediately, but in parts as they are used, using the depreciation procedure.

A characteristic feature of fixed assets is the invariability of their material form during operation: for example, a sewing machine after three years of operation will remain a sewing machine, in contrast to thread and fabric, which in a matter of hours from a spool and roll will turn into a suit, dress, trousers, etc. etc., in this case it will be impossible to restore them back to the reel and roll.

Non-current assets of most enterprises mostly consist of fixed assets. Fixed assets include:

• buildings and constructions;
• transfer devices;
• vehicles;
• cars and equipment;
• some types of tools, production and household equipment;
• working and productive livestock;
• perennial plantings;
• capital costs for land improvement.

It should be noted that some objects that serve longer than a year, have a fairly low cost, and it seems irrational to charge monthly depreciation on them during their useful life in the amount of several rubles. In this regard, current legislation provides for enterprises the opportunity to independently set a limit on the cost of fixed assets at a level of no more than 20,000 rubles.

If the company has exercised this right, all objects that have been used for more than a year, but cost less than the established limit - for example, a computer printer, a copy machine - are not included in fixed assets, but are accounted for as part of current assets as inventories.

Intangible assets- long-term investments that do not have a material structure, but are used in the economic activities of the enterprise and generate income. This could be intellectual property, know-how or business reputation of the company.

Intellectual property objects represent exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity: inventions, industrial designs, utility models, computer programs, etc.

Know-how means such information of technical, organizational or commercial content that has actual or potential commercial value due to its unknown to other persons. There is no free access to this type of information on a legal basis and the owner of the information takes the necessary measures to protect its confidentiality.

Concerning business reputation, it determines the level of trust of counterparties and has great importance when making transactions, in particular credit transactions.

In Russia, intangible assets also include organizational expenses for creating an enterprise (preparation of constituent documents, registration of an enterprise, etc.), provided that these expenses are paid by one of the founders and registered as his contribution to the authorized capital of the enterprise.

Investments in non-current assets– these are the costs of creating, acquiring and increasing the size of non-current assets that are not intended for sale. These include: costs of construction and installation work, purchase of equipment, tools, real estate, etc. tangible assets, costs of design, survey and drilling work, etc. This category of non-current assets is represented by unfinished construction projects, uninstalled equipment, etc.

As construction or installation work is completed and the facility is legally registered, it is put into operation, i.e. transferred from the category of “investments in non-current assets” to fixed assets or intangible assets.

Long-term financial investments- diversion of funds for a period of more than one year, the purpose of which, as a rule, is to make a profit on a long-term scale. Long-term financial investments can be of several types:

• investment in securities– purchase of long-term bonds, certificates of deposit, financial bills, etc., as a result of which the company will receive interest, and at the end of the period established for this security, will receive the invested funds back;
• investments in the authorized capitals of other organizations - by purchasing shares (OJSC, CJSC) or acquiring shares (LLC) in order to exercise control over this enterprise, as well as receive income (dividends);
• providing long-term loans to other organizations.

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And from this article you will learn:

For non-production fixed assets, depreciation amounts are attributed to the corresponding sources of financing. For example, wear and tear on a building kindergarten or club, which are on the balance sheet of the organization, is included in the maintenance of service farms.

Accumulated depreciation is recorded on account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”. Depreciation is accrued monthly based on the useful life of the fixed asset. The initial estimate minus the amount of depreciation of the fixed assets is called their residual value.

In legal practice, the valuation of fixed assets is of great importance. Thus, the residual value determines the amount of damage to be recovered from the guilty parties in the event of a shortage of fixed assets. The correct calculation of the amount of accrued depreciation of production fixed assets directly affects the amount of production costs, which is important when resolving tax disputes. The correctness of determining the initial assessment affects the resolution of disputes about the value of property transferred as a contribution to the authorized capital, as well as in tax disputes regarding the determination of the amount of property tax. The valuation of fixed assets is also important in criminal cases, when calculating the amount of damage from and in some other cases.

All information necessary for a lawyer about the availability and movement of fixed assets can be obtained from primary documents and registers accounting. Let's get acquainted with the most important of them:

Certificate of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets (form No. OS-1). This document formalizes the inclusion in fixed assets, as well as the disposal of fixed assets outside the enterprise. The act is drawn up in one copy by the acceptance committee appointed by the head of the enterprise, and it is approved by him. In case of transfer of an object of fixed assets to a third party, the act is drawn up in two copies. In legal practice, many details of this document are important, but, first of all, the signatures of the members of the acceptance committee regarding the competence of the persons who signed the document on acceptance for operation of the facility; signatures of the persons who accepted and handed over the object; signatures of accounting employees. These document details are important when investigating crimes involving the theft of fixed assets disguised by forged documents; when fraud is detected; in civil disputes under various contracts related to the transfer of ownership.

Invoice for internal movement fixed assets (Form No. O C-2) is used to document the movement of fixed assets within the enterprise; written out in two copies (one copy each for the sending and receiving parties). A lawyer should be aware that this document may conceal a shortage of fixed assets when conducting an inventory. In practice, there have been cases when, in anticipation of a planned inventory, a financially responsible person issues an invoice for missing fixed assets, according to which the items are allegedly transferred to another workshop or division of the enterprise. In another case, for the purpose of theft, objects that were not actually transferred are added to the copy of the invoice remaining with the transferring party in addition to the actually transferred items. To identify such facts, it is sufficient to conduct a counter-check between the transferring and receiving parties.

The act on liquidation of fixed assets (form No. OS-4) is intended to document the disposal of fixed assets upon their complete or partial liquidation;

Drawed up in two copies by a commission appointed by the head of the organization. The first copy is transferred to the accounting department, and the second remains with the financially responsible person and serves as the basis for transferring materials remaining after liquidation to the warehouse.

In his practice, a lawyer may encounter forged acts drawn up to conceal the theft of fixed assets under the guise of their liquidation. In such cases, special attention should be paid to the signatures of the persons who approved this act; this will help establish the circle of persons involved in the crime.

Inventory cards for accounting of fixed assets serve as analytical accounting registers. There are several forms of such cards designed to record certain objects. Thus, for accounting of buildings and structures, an inventory card for recording fixed assets, form No. OS-6, is intended; for accounting of machinery, equipment, tools, production and household equipment - inventory card form No. OS-7; for animals and perennial plants - inventory card form No. OS-8. Inventory cards for accounting of fixed assets must be registered in the inventory form No. OS-10, which is compiled in one copy in the accounting department to monitor the safety of inventory cards. If there is a small number of fixed assets, instead of cards and their inventory, an inventory book of fixed assets, Form No. OS-11, can be kept. This book is maintained by the accounting department. At the location or operation of fixed assets, an inventory list of fixed assets, form No. OS-13, is maintained.

The above registers can be used to prove shortages in civil cases, as well as to prove theft or fraud in criminal cases. For these purposes, it is advisable to use the mutual control method. For example, a financially responsible person, in order to conceal the shortage or theft of fixed assets, destroyed the inventory list of fixed assets. In this case, the list of fixed assets under his control can be determined from the inventory cards stored in the accounting department. If the accountant is in cahoots with the financially responsible person, then the inventory card can also be destroyed, but then the number of inventory cards will not correspond to the data in the inventory of these cards, and the total amount of fixed assets for the available cards will be less than the amount shown in account 01 " Fixed assets" in the General Ledger and balance sheet of the organization. In other words, a contradiction appears between the data of analytical and synthetic accounting. However, fraud is also possible in synthetic accounting. In order to be able to identify such forgeries, let us consider the reflection in the accounting accounts of some business transactions, under the guise of which illegal actions may be hidden. However, before moving on to the records of business transactions on the accounting accounts, we note that in addition to the considered accounts 01 “Fixed Assets” and 02 “Depreciation of Fixed Assets”, when accounting for transactions with fixed assets, active synthetic accounts 08 “”, 20 “Fixed Production” are used. , 23 “Auxiliary production”, 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General business expenses”, 29 “Servicing production and facilities”, 75 “Settlements with founders”, subaccount 1 “Settlements for contributions to the authorized capital”, 84 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables"; synthetic passive accounts 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 87 "", subaccount 3 "Free funds received", as well as active-passive accounts 47 "Sales and other disposal of fixed assets" and 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors".

The characteristics of most of these accounts will be given in the relevant sections of Chapter 2 of the textbook. Here we just note that account 47 “Sales and other disposal of fixed assets” is used by analogy with account 46 “Sales of products (works, services)”, which was discussed in detail in Chapter 1. The only difference is that account 47 is intended to reflect transactions for the sale of fixed assets exclusively.

As for account 29 “Service production and enterprises”, it is intended to summarize the costs of such production and enterprises, the activities of which are related to the production of products, performance of work and provision of services that are not the purpose of creation of this enterprise. Such enterprises and farms may include housing and communal services, baths, laundries, canteens, etc., which are on the balance sheet of the enterprise.

Operations for the acquisition of fixed assets in terms of economic content are capital investments, which is why account 08 “Capital investments” is introduced. When performing this operation, an inflated accounts payable may be created in account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” by overestimating the actual initial valuation of fixed assets. Having paid the real contractor for the purchased fixed assets, the overstated amount can be withdrawn using false primary documents under the guise of repayment to the supplier of fixed assets. This is an example of a typical crime of accountants, which they can commit without the participation of financially responsible persons. This crime is revealed through mutual control of payment documents and the act of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets, as well as a counter check with the supplier of fixed assets regarding the amounts received by him in payment and written off for the same purposes to the purchasing organizations.

Theft of fixed assets may occur due to their incomplete capitalization and when fixed assets are received free of charge. Traces of such a crime will appear in the contradiction between the data of primary documents (acts of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets) and the entries in the accounting accounts. The crime is detected through mutual control of primary documents, analytical accounting registers (fixed asset accounting cards) and entries in accounting accounts. In addition, a counter-check with the supplier of fixed assets is applied.

The entry on the receipt of fixed assets on account of the founders' contribution confirms the real amount of the founder's contribution to the authorized capital of the organization. Information about entries in the accounts of this operation can be used as evidence in civil disputes about a share in, as well as in criminal cases related to the laundering of criminal proceeds. In the latter case we're talking about on the legalization, through a contribution to the authorized capital, of criminally obtained fixed assets.

Accounting records on the disposal of fixed assets for various reasons are evidence of the write-off of fixed assets from the balance sheet of the organization. In their practice, lawyers may encounter cases where non-documentary entries are made in accounting (especially when writing off fixed assets due to complete depreciation). This is one of the ways to hide shortages or theft of fixed assets in accounting. This crime is detected by the method of mutual control of records on accounts with primary documents. However, due to the absence of the latter (in relation to our example), the entries in the accounts are considered unfounded. The theft of fixed assets can be disguised in accounting and under the guise of their sale. In this case, entries in the accounts may also be undocumented or made using forged documents, and a sign of a crime will appear in the form of non-payment by the buyer for a long time to account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors.”

If the amount of wear and tear is overestimated, production costs will also be overestimated. Consequently, records of depreciation of fixed assets can be used as evidence in tax disputes and crimes in relation to the enterprise. If, for example, the depreciation of a club building is included in production costs, then the latter will be higher and the taxable profit less. This may lead to the concealment of profits from taxation.

Let's consider an example from arbitration practice, when the use of accounting information is necessary to resolve a dispute. Individual private enterprise "Margarita" filed a claim against the joint-stock company closed type"Nazarovskoe" for the recovery of PO 058,751 rubles based on the protocol of agreement on termination.

As follows from the case materials, AOZT "Nazarovskoe" and individual private enterprise "Margarita" entered into a purchase and sale agreement, according to which the joint-stock company transfers the building of the Ice Cream cafe to a private enterprise, and the buyer transfers 6 million rubles to the seller monthly until the amount is fully repaid agreement - 100 million rubles. The cafe building was transferred to the plaintiff under an acceptance certificate. Individual private enterprise "Margarita" transferred 23,737,600 rubles towards the cost of the object, which is confirmed by the decision of the investigative authorities to involve the director of a private enterprise as a defendant in a criminal case.

In connection with the order of the state fire inspection authorities to eliminate violations of the requirements of fire safety standards and rules, the plaintiff stopped making payments for the disputed building, and after the same authorities issued a decision to suspend the work of the cafe until the shortcomings noted in the order were eliminated, he invited the defendant to terminate the purchase and sale agreement.

In this regard, the parties drew up an acceptance certificate for the cafe building, and then signed a protocol on the termination of the purchase and sale agreement.

The second paragraph of the protocol for approving the individual private enterprise "Margarita" allows writing off from JSC "Nazarovskoe" PA 058,751 rubles of expenses for the cafe according to the calculation without.

The joint stock company challenged its obligation to reimburse these costs, pointing to the unilateral reprinting of the text of the protocol on the part of the plaintiff.

A criminal case was opened on the fact of falsification of the protocol. But since at the time of resolution of this claim the criminal case was not being considered in a court of general jurisdiction, I satisfied the claims with reference to the fact that the defendant’s obligation to pay the disputed amount arose from the agreement protocol.

Since the parties agreed to terminate the purchase and sale agreement, and the café building was transferred to JSC Nazarovskoye, the latter had to return the private enterprise "Margarita" the amount that the private enterprise paid to the joint-stock company for the execution of the purchase and sale agreement - 23,737,600 rubles. The 17,170,663 rubles specified in the claim, which constitute the inflation coefficient, are not subject to recovery, since this is not provided for either by the approval protocol or by law. Also, costs for repairing equipment and manufacturing security bars are not subject to recovery, since they are not documented.

The decision and ruling of the appellate court of the Arbitration Court of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in this case was changed.

As you can see, to resolve this case, accounting documents were needed confirming the cost and fact of transfer of the building, as well as documents confirming the costs of repairs. However, the latest documents were not presented to the court, which is why the private entrepreneur was unable to recover the costs incurred for repairs.

Intangible assets are rights used in business activities for more than one year and generating income. Such rights may arise from contracts for works of literature, science, art and objects of related rights, for computer programs, databases; from patents for inventions, industrial designs, collectible achievements, from certificates for utility models, trademarks and service marks or licensing agreements for their use. Intangible assets also include rights to use land plots, natural resources, organizational expenses and some others.

Knowledge of accounting of intangible assets is necessary for a lawyer when participating in criminal proceedings in some cases of crimes in the field economic activity, as well as for civil participation in the resolution of civil disputes regarding the rights to various objects of intellectual and material property.

This is due to the fact that accounting records all transactions that cause the emergence, change and termination of rights to intangible assets, and, therefore, accounting information can be used as documentary evidence in criminal and civil cases.

To account for these operations, synthetic account 04 “Intangible assets” is intended, which summarizes information about the presence and movement of intangible assets owned by the enterprise. Just like fixed assets, intangible assets are accounted for in account 04 according to their initial assessment, which is determined depending on the source of their receipt.

The initial assessment of intangible assets contributed by the founders on account of their contributions to the authorized capital of the enterprise is determined by agreement of the parties. In the case of acquiring intangible assets for a fee from other enterprises or individuals, their initial assessment consists of the actual costs of acquiring and bringing these objects to a state of readiness.

When receiving intangible assets free of charge, their initial valuation is determined by an expert, usually based on the market value on the date of capitalization.

In order to repay the cost of intangible assets, their depreciation is charged evenly on a monthly basis. The depreciation rates for intangible assets are determined by the enterprises themselves based on the established useful life. If it is impossible to determine their useful life for individual objects of intangible assets, then depreciation rates are established based on ten years, but taking into account the period of activity of the enterprise. Depreciation is recorded on account 05 "intangible assets". The amount of accrued depreciation is written off to the debit of the production cost accounts. It should be emphasized that depreciation is accrued only for intangible assets owned by the enterprise. If, for example, an accounting program for a computer is purchased as a property, then depreciation is accrued, but if the right to use a land plot is acquired without acquiring ownership, then depreciation will not be accrued.

Intangible assets are registered and deregistered on the basis of relevant agreements and acts.

The procedure for recording basic business transactions with intangible assets in the accounting accounts is in many ways similar to accounting for fixed assets. One difference remains significant - instead of active-passive account 47 “Sale and other disposal of fixed assets”, active-passive account 48 “Sale of other assets” is used.

Let us consider how the patterns of recording illegal activities in accounting accounts are used in legal practice when carrying out transactions with intangible assets or under the guise of carrying out such transactions. There are known cases when, for the purpose of theft, an accountant makes fully or partially non-documentary entries reflecting transactions for the acquisition of intangible assets. In such situations, traces of the crime remain in the entries in accounts 04 “Intangible assets” and 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”. Subsequently, under the guise of payment for allegedly acquired intangible assets, funds are withdrawn, which will be reflected in the entries in the accounts.

Debit account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors".

Credit accounts for cash accounting: 50 “Cashier”, 51 “Current account” and others.

Evidence of the withdrawal of funds will be the relevant documents for their payment or transfer, and evidence of the illegality of the payment will be the absence of intangible assets for which the funds were paid.

There are cases when state-owned enterprises acquire intangible assets for which the useful life is clearly underestimated, for example, instead of five years, one year is set. For this year, full depreciation is charged, then intangible assets are written off. After this, they are used in private commercial structures, where they generate income. This may apply to purchased computer programs or technologies, etc. Real time useful use can be determined using expert assessment, and evidence of the actual write-off of intangible assets from the balance sheet of the enterprise can be obtained from the accounting records given in operation 5 (see table 7). In this situation, along with damage to the state enterprise, the interests of the budget are also infringed, since an overestimation of the amount of depreciation leads, accordingly, to an overestimation of production costs and an underestimation of profits, and, consequently, income tax.

Long-term financial investments are accounted for in account 06 of the same name. This account is intended to summarize information about the availability and movement of long-term investments (investments) in securities of other enterprises, state and local loans, authorized capitals of other enterprises, as well as loans provided by the enterprise to other enterprises. At the same time, investments in bonds, etc. securities, as well as loans provided to other enterprises, are accounted for on account 06 “Long-term financial investments” in the case when their established repayment period exceeds one year. Investments in securities for which the maturity (redemption) period is not established (for example, shares) are accounted for on account 06 in the case when these investments were made with the intention of receiving income from them for more than one year.

Subaccounts are provided for account 06 “Long-term financial investments”:

06-1 "Units (equity contributions) and shares",
06-2 "Bonds",
06-3 "Loans provided",
06-4 "On joint activities."

Subaccount 06-1 takes into account the presence and movement of long-term investments (investments) in shares joint stock companies, authorized capital of other enterprises, etc.

Subaccount 06-2 takes into account the presence and movement of long-term investments (investments) in interest-bearing bonds of state and local loans, as well as other similar securities.

Stocks, bonds, etc. securities are credited to account 06 at the purchase price.

Long-term financial investment funds transferred by the enterprise, but for which documents confirming the relevant rights of the enterprise (shares, bonds, certificates for the amounts of deposits made to other enterprises, etc.) were not received in the reporting period, are reflected on account 06 “Long-term financial investments” separately .

Subaccount 06-3 takes into account the movement of long-term cash and other loans provided to other enterprises.

Subaccount 06-4 takes into account the value of property and funds transferred by the parties to the joint activity agreement as a contribution to this activity.

Analytical accounting for account 06 “Long-term financial investments” is carried out by type of long-term financial investments and the objects in which these investments are made (enterprises that sell securities, other enterprises in which the enterprise is a participant, enterprises that are borrowers, etc.). At the same time, the construction of analytical accounting should provide the opportunity to obtain data on long-term financial investments in objects in the country and abroad.

The basis for these business transactions and accounting records are duly executed contractual obligations and primary accounting documents. Thus, the basis for making long-term financial investments in the authorized capital of other enterprises in all cases is the foundation agreement. In addition to this, there must be other accounting documents. In particular, write-off for accounting of fixed assets transferred as a contribution to the authorized capital is carried out on the basis of acts of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets; materials, low-value and wearable items, intangible assets, and goods - on the basis of an invoice for the release of materials to the outside. Purchased securities are recorded on the basis of a notification from the depositary about the acceptance of shares for storage. In the event that the purchased shares or certificates are stored at the cash desk of the enterprise, their receipt is confirmed by a stock receipt (for accounting for valuables, not money) cash order. The amounts of money paid for shares are written off on the basis of accounting (for non-cash payments) or expense cash orders - for cash payments. Write-offs for accounting for sold securities are also carried out on the basis of a message from the depositary or an expendable cash stock order (if the securities were kept at the enterprise's cash desk). The receipt of funds for sold securities, as well as when returning long-term loans from borrowers, is recorded on the basis of cash receipt orders (for cash payments) or on the basis of payment orders of the buyer or borrower.

Let us consider how the patterns of reflecting illegal activities are used in legal practice in criminal cases when carrying out transactions on long-term financial investments or under the guise of such transactions.

Thus, when solving crimes against property, liability for which is provided for in Art. 159 of the Criminal Code "Fraud" or Art. 165 of the Criminal Code “Causing property damage by deception or abuse of trust”, situations may arise when the theft or acquisition of the right to someone else’s property by deception or abuse of trust is committed under the guise of a contribution to the authorized capital of other enterprises through the acquisition of shares, cash or property contributions. Theft can also be disguised under the guise of providing long-term loans to other enterprises that were not actually provided to anyone.

The opposite situation is also possible, when contributions and loans were actually made, but in fact they conceal waste of property.

Signs of dubiousness of these operations may be: non-receipt of contributions to the authorized capital of other enterprises, payment for shares not in money, but in property that is needed in the investor enterprise itself, investment in shares of enterprises that are questionable from the point of view of profitability; provision of loans to other enterprises without a guarantee of repayment or against collateral that is clearly lower than the loan amount and some others. Thus, the criterion for the feasibility of financial investments can be an indicator of the financial stability of the organization in which the investments are made. The contribution, especially of state-owned financial resources, to the authorized capital of organizations close to them can be considered as one of the signs of unlawful actions of relevant officials. Similar examples are known to law enforcement practice.

Depending on the method of committing crimes, theft may appear in accounting as documentary unsubstantiation of entries in the debit of account 06 “Long-term financial investments”, as a noticeable discrepancy between the book value and contract value of material assets released as a contribution to the authorized capital of other enterprises, as obvious inexpediency reflected in the accounting accounts of business transactions.

Particular attention should be paid to operations for indirect return of financial investments, when, at the initiative of the investor, the contribution made by him is transferred to a third organization.

So, for example, an accountant of a municipal enterprise sent a letter prepared by him to a joint-stock company with a request to transfer the amount of the contribution previously made by the enterprise not to the current account of the investor (municipal enterprise), but to the current account of an individual private enterprise, which was created specifically for this purpose by a close relative initiator of the crime. The funds received into the bank account of a private enterprise were cashed out and embezzled by the thieves on the same day.

The bank statement on the current account of a private enterprise for the corresponding day was destroyed, and the enterprise itself was soon liquidated.

Characteristic traces remained in the accounting records of the municipal enterprise: in the analytical accounting, account 06-1 continued to include a contribution to the authorized capital of the joint-stock company. The necessary entry in connection with the transfer of the amount that occurred in the analytical accounting for closing settlements with the joint-stock company and the simultaneous opening of settlements with private entrepreneurs was not made. The trace in the form of an unconfirmed contribution to the authorized capital of the joint-stock company was discovered only after a cross-check of the analytical accounting data of the joint-stock company and the municipal enterprise.

The unfoundedness of the entries in the debit of account 06 may be associated with the fictitiousness of the business transactions themselves, which serve only as decoration to hide damage from theft. For example, money is transferred to a third-party organization, where it is cashed and appropriated, and the accounting reflects the contribution to the authorized capital of a third organization, which knows nothing about it.

If there is information about such facts, practicing lawyers, with the help of specialists (auditors, auditors), organize a random check of questionable transactions.

Verification of the validity of accounting entries on the acquisition of shares issued by other enterprises is carried out in the following order. First you need to make sure that there is an agreement to purchase shares. This agreement can be concluded either directly with the issuing company or with a financial broker or dealer. If shares were purchased through a stock exchange, then the transaction for the purchase and sale of shares must be registered there. In connection with the purchase of stocks, relationships may arise with financial advisors who help their clients make investments in sufficiently profitable stocks with minimal risk. Such relationships are also formalized by agreement. If there are costs in accounting for the services of financial consultants, then it is necessary to check the existence of the above-mentioned agreement. Subsequently, an inventory of shares is carried out.

If shares are stored in a depositary, then the existence of an agreement between the owner of the shares and the depository for their storage is checked. Under the agreement, the depositary usually performs such functions as storing shares acquired by the enterprise, receiving dividends on them, and resale of shares on behalf of the enterprise. In addition to the existence of a storage agreement, the facts of payment for the services of the depository and the presence of a message from the depositary about the acceptance of shares for storage are checked.

Shares can be transferred to . The manager can be either a legal entity or an entrepreneur without education legal entity. In this case, it is necessary to check the existence of an agreement with the manager for trust management of shares, as well as documents confirming the fact of transfer of shares to trust management. If the shares were kept in the cash register, then this could be an expendable stock order, and if in the depository, then this could be a message from the depositary about the transfer of shares to the manager.

Shares can be sent to a clearing organization for transactions on the basis of offsets with other participants. In this case, the agreement for the provision of services of the clearing organization and documents confirming the fact of transfer of shares to the clearing organization are also checked.

If the shares purchased by the enterprise are not available at the cash desk, in the depository, in the clearing organization, or with the manager, then it is necessary to check the fact that the selling enterprise received payment for the shares. To do this, cash or bank documents are checked - when purchasing shares for money; acts of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets, invoices for the release of materials to the third party with the attachment of a power of attorney of the recipient, if payment for the shares was made with property. To collect evidence confirming criminal acts, it is useful to conduct counter checks.

If criminal actions were committed under the guise of investments in the authorized capital not of joint-stock companies, but of enterprises of other organizational and legal forms of ownership, then it is enough to check the existence of a constituent agreement, according to which the company being inspected is the founder of another enterprise, as well as documents (they were named above), confirming the fact of transfer of funds or property as a contribution to the authorized capital. It is also necessary to conduct a counter-inspection with such enterprises to verify the facts of receipt of funds or property and their further movement (use).

Investments in other enterprises in the form of a loan are checked in the same way. But here the presence, and not the constituent agreement, is checked.

When solving a crime, liability for which is provided for in Part 1 of Art. 195 of the Criminal Code “Illegal actions in bankruptcy”, you can also encounter situations similar to the above.

Illegal acts can be committed through financial investments, i.e. in order to conceal funds or property, they can be transferred to another organization under the guise of a contribution to the authorized capital or a long-term loan. The verification is carried out similarly to that described for detecting fraud. But the purpose of the check is somewhat different. If in the first case the audit was needed to collect evidence of theft under the guise of financial investments, then in the second case the purpose of the audit was to collect evidence of the facts of concealment of property from creditors during bankruptcy. It should be borne in mind that identifying such facts can be quite difficult. Criminals, realizing that their actions will be exposed during counter-verification, can create shell companies.

These enterprises are necessary in order to transfer money there and transfer property from a bankrupt enterprise. After which money and property from there can be seized by criminals in various ways, and the enterprise can be liquidated. This will make it more difficult for creditors to recover the property.

Operations for crimes for which liability is provided for in Part 2 of Art. 195 “Illegal satisfaction of property claims of individual creditors”, Art. 196 “Intentional bankruptcy” and Art. 197 “Fictitious bankruptcy” of the Criminal Code.

Checks in these cases are structured similarly to the above, but their tasks are different; they are related to the search and collection of evidence necessary to prove these particular crimes.

The above methodology for using accounting information to gather evidence in criminal cases can also be applied in civil cases.

Of particular interest are transactions related to the sale of shares owned by a given enterprise, issued third parties or investments in the authorized capital of other enterprises. By becoming owners of shares or contributions to the authorized capital of any organization, this enterprise expects to receive dividends as a co-founder, i.e. the share of profit received from economic activities in the invested enterprise. Hence, the objects recorded on account 06 “Long-term financial investments” are often called income-generating assets. However, the level of profitability of such assets does not remain unchanged; in some cases it decreases, in others it increases. This is where the difference arises between the purchase price and the selling price of the shares, which is revealed on account 48 “Sale of other assets.”

So, for example, if 50 shares purchased by a given enterprise from another enterprise for 100 thousand rubles each are sold to a third organization for 6 million rubles, and the money is credited to the current account, then the accounting records will look like this:

Debit account 48. Credit account 06 5 million rubles. Debit of account 51. Credit of account 48 6 million rubles.

As a result, account 48 will show a profit of 1 million rubles.

Entries on account 48 (as well as on accounts 46 and 47) are made by the accountant cumulatively throughout the month. At the end of the month, the balance of account 48 is credited to account 80 “Profits and losses”.

In organizations engaged in brokerage activities in the securities market, the purchase and resale of shares of business entities is the main activity, and unlike all other enterprises, account 46 is used here instead of account 48.

Secondly, expenses for completed R&D, the results of which are not subject to legal protection, are accounted for separately on account 04 “Intangible assets”.

Thirdly, a number of expenses related to future reporting periods and accounted for in account 97 “Expenses for future periods” (for example, expenses for the development of natural resources, licenses for certain types of activities).

Fourthly, the cost of perennial plantings that have not reached operational age, taken into account in account 01 “Fixed assets”, subaccount 01-5.

The next component of Class 1 are non-current assets that have a tangible form and are not included in the list of fixed assets. For their accounting, account 11 “Other non-current tangible assets” is assigned, which, in turn, is also divided into 9 sub-accounts.

In subaccount 111 “Museum valuables, exhibits of zoos, exhibitions” the following are taken into account: museum valuables (regardless of cost), except for objects of art and natural history, antiquities and folk life and exhibits of scientific, historical and technical significance, which are taken into account in the manner established for accounting for these valuables in state museums; exhibits of the animal world in zoos and other similar institutions, regardless of their cost. The specified group of material assets, in accordance with the old Chart of Accounts, is included in other fixed assets - subaccount 019.

Subaccount 112 "Library collections" is intended to account for library collections, consisting of scientific, artistic and educational literature, special types literature and other publications. It is identical to subaccount 018 of the same name in the Chart of Accounts valid until 2000.

The next subaccount - 113 “Low-valued non-current tangible assets” includes a group of heterogeneous material assets, half of which have never been part of fixed assets. Among them:

Fishing gear (trawls, seines, nets, etc.);
- gas-powered saws, loppers, rafting ropes;
- special tools and special devices (for serial and mass production of certain products or for the production of individual orders);
- industrial items worth up to 500 rubles per unit (set) - work tables, workbenches, lecterns, desks, etc.; equipment promoting labor protection; technical items that cannot be classified as work machines (blueprint frames, etc.);
- items intended for rental;
- household equipment worth up to 500 rubles per unit (set) - office and household furnishings, office equipment, portable barriers, hangers, wardrobes, various cabinets, sofas, tables, armchairs, fireproof cabinets and boxes, printing machines, hectographs, chapirographs and others, manual duplicating and numbering devices, portable yurts, tents (except for oxygen ones), beds (except for beds with special equipment), carpets, curtains, dining room, kitchen and other household equipment, as well as fire-fighting items - hydraulic consoles, standers, hand stepladders and so on.;
- other low-value non-negotiable items, the service life of which is more than one year, and the cost per unit does not exceed 500 rubles - telephones, Computer Engineering, washing and sewing machines, refrigerators, etc.

Canceled by the Instructions for Accounting for Fixed Assets budgetary institutions(Order of GUGKU No. 124 dated December 19, 1997) subaccount 014 “Linen, bedding, clothing and shoes” appeared in the new Chart of Accounts under the same name and code 114. In subaccount 114 the following non-current tangible assets are taken into account and separated into groups:

Linen (shirts, robes);
- bedding and bed linen (mattresses, pillows, blankets, sheets, duvet covers, pillowcases, bedspreads, sleeping bags, etc.);
- clothing and uniforms, including workwear (suits, coats, raincoats, sheepskin coats, dresses, sweaters, skirts, jackets, pants, etc.);
- footwear, including special ones (boots, boots, sandals, felt boots, etc.);
- sportswear and footwear (suits, boots, etc.).

Temporary non-title structures, which traditionally did not belong to the composition of fixed assets, are allocated to subaccount 115 “Temporary non-title structures” with the distribution of these accounting objects into two groups: 1) temporary non-title structures, fixtures and devices, the construction costs of which are included in the cost of construction; installation work; 2) seasonal roads, temporary branches of logging roads and temporary buildings in the forest (mobile houses, boiler stations, sawing workshops, gas stations, etc.).

Composite subaccounts 116 "Natural resources", including: minerals, oil wells, mineral deposits inland waters, strips of construction timber, which, according to current legislation, belong to a budgetary institution, are generally new accounting objects for budgetary institutions. Given the nature of their activities, it is logical to assume that the use of this sub-account is very limited.

Subaccount 117 "Inventory containers" is intended for accounting for durable inventory containers for storing inventory in warehouses or for carrying out technological processes, storage facilities for liquid and bulk substances (tanks, chests, vats, bins, etc.); trade cabinets and shelving; other inventory containers.

Subaccount 118 “Materials of long-term use for scientific purposes” takes into account materials received from a warehouse to a laboratory or other structural divisions of research institutes, universities for research work, used repeatedly or for a long time, as well as materials that are objects scientific research. In cultural institutions, this subaccount takes into account expensive materials received from the warehouse for the restoration and repair of art publications, museum valuables and architectural monuments.

Accounting for non-current tangible assets that have a specific purpose and limited use only in certain industries is carried out on subaccount 119 "Non-current tangible assets special purpose".

Note that this group of non-current assets, combined with account 11, has a specific procedure for analytical accounting, namely: simplified, group and others.

We will show the accounting of other non-current assets in budgetary institutions using an example.

Public sector entity in September carried out the following business transactions:

Received specialized literature in the form humanitarian aid in the amount of 1500 rubles 35 kopecks.

Transport services were paid for the delivery of specialized literature - 30 rubles.

During the inventory, the remains of inventory containers worth 25 rubles were revealed.

Purchased:

Durable materials at the expense of funds from the general fund in the amount of 154 rubles 20 kopecks. (including VAT 25 rubles 70 kopecks);
- inventory packaging at the expense of a special fund in the amount of 162 rubles 35 kopecks. (including VAT 27 rubles).

Special clothing was donated free of charge to a subordinate institution in the amount of 117 rubles 75 kopecks.

The institution sold pre-discounted sportswear - the original cost was 115 rubles, the discounted amount was 25 rubles.

Decommissioned:

Used bed linen - 58 rubles;
- shortage identified as a result of inventory:
- durable materials - initial cost 43 rubles (charged to the institution);
- telephone set - original cost 48 rubles, amount of wear and tear - 24 rubles (attributed to the account of the guilty party).

Non-current assets management

If the management of current assets is associated primarily with the financial aspects of trade management, then the management of non-current assets is associated mainly with its production and technological aspects. At the same time, some of the functions of this department are included in the system of its financial mechanism.

At trading enterprises, the basis of non-current assets is currently made up of fixed assets. Long-term financial investments, intangible assets and unfinished capital investments still occupy a small share of non-current assets of trading enterprises, and in most of them they are completely absent. Therefore, the main attention in the process of managing non-current assets should be paid to the fixed assets of a trading enterprise (the most significant issues of managing other types of intangible assets will be discussed in the investment management section).

1. Analysis of fixed assets. At trading enterprises, this analysis is carried out in order to study the dynamics of their total volume and composition, as well as the effectiveness of their use.

At the first stage of the analysis, the dynamics of the total amount of fixed assets used in the enterprise is studied, the rate of this dynamics is identified in comparison with the rate of change in the volume of trade turnover and the total amount of assets, and changes in the share of fixed assets in the total amount of non-current and total assets of the enterprise are determined.

At the second stage of the analysis, the composition of fixed assets of a trading enterprise and the dynamics of their individual types are studied. In the process of this analysis, the enterprise's fixed assets are divided into active and passive types. Active include machines, mechanisms, equipment and inventory used in the trade and technological process. Passive buildings include buildings, retail premises and structures used by a trading enterprise in the course of its business activities. The most important indicator for assessing the composition of fixed assets is the share of the active part in their total amount.

At the third stage of the analysis, the degree of wear and tear of fixed assets is determined, characterizing their “age”. For these purposes, the depreciation coefficient and the serviceability coefficient of fixed assets are calculated:

Kios = iOS / OS Kgos = OSo / OS
where Kios is the depreciation rate of fixed assets;
Kgos - coefficient of serviceability of fixed assets;
Ios - the amount of depreciation of fixed assets;
OSo - residual value of fixed assets;
OS is the initial (replacement) cost of fixed assets.

The calculation of these coefficients is carried out for fixed assets as a whole, their individual types and varieties.

At the fourth stage of the analysis, the intensity of renewal of fixed assets of a trading enterprise is studied. This intensity is characterized by a number of indicators, the main ones being:

A) fixed asset renewal ratio. It characterizes the share of new fixed assets in their total amount and is calculated using the formula:

Kobn = OSn / OSk
where Kobn is the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets;
OSn - the cost of newly introduced fixed assets in the reporting period;

B) fixed asset retirement rate. It characterizes the share of retired fixed assets in their total amount and is calculated using the formula:

Kvyb = OSv / OKk
where Kvyb is the retirement rate of fixed assets;
OSv - the cost of retired fixed assets in the reporting period;
OSk - the cost of fixed assets at the end of the reporting period;

C) the rate of renewal of fixed assets. She characterizes middle period time of complete renewal of all fixed assets. This indicator is calculated using the formula:

Soos = 1 / Kobn
where SOOS is the rate of renewal of fixed assets;
Kobn is the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets.

These indicators are calculated during the analysis process for fixed assets as a whole, including their active part.

At the fifth stage of the analysis, the efficiency of using fixed assets is studied. The most important indicators characterizing this effectiveness are:

A) capital productivity. It characterizes the volume of sales of goods per unit of fixed assets and is calculated using the formula:

Fo = R/OS
where Фo is capital productivity;

P - total volume of sales of goods in the reporting period:

OS - average cost fixed assets in the reporting period (calculated as a chronological average);

B) capital intensity. It characterizes the average amount of fixed assets per unit of sales of goods and is determined by the formula:

Fe = OS / R
where Fe is capital intensity
OS - the average cost of fixed assets in the reporting period;
P is the total volume of sales of goods in the reporting period.

B) level of fixed assets. It characterizes the amount of profit per unit of fixed assets and is calculated using the formula:

Uros = P x 100/OS
where URos is the level of profitability of fixed assets, in%;
P - amount in the reporting period;
OS - the average cost of fixed assets in the reporting period.

Analysis of performance indicators is carried out for fixed assets of a trading enterprise as a whole.

2. Determining the size of the need for an increase in fixed assets. The development (reproduction) of fixed assets of a trading enterprise is carried out on a simple and expanded basis. Simple reproduction of fixed assets involves their renewal within the accumulated amount - their value does not increase in the process of such reproduction. Expanded reproduction of fixed assets represents the introduction of new types of them not only through depreciation charges, but also through other financial resources - their value increases in the process of such reproduction.

The total need for an increase in fixed assets in the planned period in the process of their expanded reproduction is determined by the following formula:

D Pos = POos - Hoc + Vf + Vm
where D Pos is the total need for an increase in fixed assets in the planning period; POos - the total need for fixed assets in accordance with the planned development of trade turnover in the planning period (it can be determined by multiplying the planned amount of sales of goods by the capital intensity indicator);
Hoc - availability of fixed assets at the beginning of the planning period;
Vf - estimated disposal of fixed assets in the planned period due to their physical wear and tear;
Vm - the expected disposal of fixed assets in the planning period due to their obsolescence.

The need for an increase in fixed assets is expressed in cost terms.

3. Determination of forms of satisfying the need for an increase in fixed assets. The need for an increase in fixed assets can be satisfied by a trading enterprise in two main ways: a) through the acquisition of new types of fixed assets into the ownership of the enterprise (this also includes the construction of its own buildings and structures); b) by renting them (). The growth of own fixed assets will be determined only by their acquisition into the ownership of a trading enterprise. It is determined by the formula:

D PSos = D Pos - Aos
where DPSos is the necessary increase in own fixed assets in the planning period:
D Pos - the total need for an increase in fixed assets in the planning period;
Aos is the need for an increase in fixed assets, satisfied by renting them (leasing). Taking into account this increase, the total cost of fixed assets at the end of the planning period and their average cost in the planning period are determined.

4. Ensuring increased efficiency in the use of fixed assets. It consists of managing the growth of capital productivity and profitability of fixed assets in a trading enterprise. The main directions for increasing this efficiency are considered as part of savings reserves through improving the use of the material and technical base of a trading enterprise.

Composition of non-current assets

So, what assets should a company account for as non-current assets? To answer this question, let’s turn to the organization, namely to Form No. 1 “”, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 22, 2003 No. 67n “On Forms of Accounting Reports of Organizations”.

Non-current assets are reflected in section. 1 "Non-current assets" and are divided as follows:

Intangible assets (line 110);
- Fixed assets (line 120);
- Construction in progress (line 130);
- Profitable investments in material assets (line 135);
- Long-term financial investments (line 140);
- Deferred (line 145);
- Other non-current assets (line 150).

Let us briefly consider each type of non-current assets.

Intangible assets

Intangible assets are a special type of non-current assets of an organization, since they do not have a tangible form. When accounting for intangible assets (hereinafter referred to as intangible assets), organizations (with the exception of credit institutions and budgetary institutions) must be guided by the rules of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Intangible Assets” (PBU 14/2007), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 27, 2007. N 153n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 14/2007).

In order for an organization to take an object into account as part of intangible assets, the conditions listed in clause 3 of PBU 14/2007 must be simultaneously met. If all these conditions are met, in accordance with clause 4 of PBU 14/2007, intangible assets may include, in particular, works of science, literature and art; computer programs; inventions; utility models; breeding achievements; production secrets (know-how); trademarks and service marks.

The accounting unit of intangible assets, by virtue of clause 5 of PBU 14/2007, is an inventory object, which, in general, is recognized as a set of rights arising from one security or other document intended for certain independent functions.

From clause 6 of PBU 14/2007 it follows that intangible assets are accepted for accounting at the actual (initial) cost determined as of the date of its acceptance for accounting. The actual (initial) cost of intangible assets is understood as an amount calculated in monetary terms, equal to the amount of payment in cash and other forms or the amount of accounts payable, paid or accrued by the organization upon acquisition, creation of intangible assets and providing the necessary conditions for using it for the intended purposes. The procedure for forming the actual (initial) cost of intangible assets depends on the method of its receipt by the organization and is determined in accordance with paragraphs 8 - 14 of PBU 14/2007.

The initial value of the intangible asset in which it is accepted for accounting is not subject to change. The exception is cases of revaluation and impairment of intangible assets, provided for in clause 16 of PBU 14/2007. The procedure for subsequent assessment of intangible assets is established in Section. 3 PBU 14/2007.

By accepting an intangible asset for accounting, the organization determines its useful life. The useful life is expressed in months, and the useful life is understood as the period during which the organization expects to use the intangible assets in order to obtain economic benefits. According to clause 26 of PBU 14/2007, the useful life is determined based on the validity period of the organization’s rights to the result of intellectual activity or a means of individualization and the period of control over the asset, or based on the expected period of use of the asset, during which it is expected to receive economic benefits (or use in activities aimed at achieving the goals of creating a non-profit organization).

Please note that PBU 14/2007 distinguishes two categories of intangible assets - with a definite and indefinite useful life.

The useful life of intangible assets should be checked annually for the need to clarify it, this is the requirement of clause 27 of PBU 14/2007. Factors indicating the impossibility of reliably determining the useful life of intangible assets should also be considered annually.

The cost of intangible assets with a certain useful life is repaid by calculating depreciation, and depreciation is charged only to commercial organizations, which is established by clause 23 of PBU 14/2007. Depreciation can be calculated in one of three ways, proposed by clause 29 of PBU 14/2007: the linear method, the reducing balance method using an increasing factor (not higher than 3), the method of writing off value in proportion to the volume of production (work). The method for determining the depreciation of intangible assets should also be checked annually for the need to clarify it.

Depreciation is accrued from the 1st day of the month following the month of acceptance of the asset for accounting until the full repayment of the cost or write-off of this intangible asset from accounting, and from the 1st day of the month following the month of full repayment of the cost of the intangible asset or its write-off from accounting, depreciation charges stop. During the useful life of intangible assets, depreciation charges are not suspended. This procedure is established by paragraphs 31 and 32 of PBU 14/2007.

The cost of intangible assets that are retired or are not capable of bringing economic benefits to the organization in the future, on the basis of clause 34 of PBU 14/2007, is subject to write-off from accounting, and the amount of depreciation charges is also written off at the same time. Income and expenses from write-offs are reflected in the accounting period to which they relate and are reflected as other income and expenses, unless otherwise established by regulatory legal acts on accounting. Accounting for income and expenses is carried out according to the rules established by the Accounting Regulations “Income of an organization” PBU 9/99, “Expenses of an organization” PBU 10/99, approved by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia N N 32n and 33n, respectively.

Information about the presence and movement of the organization's intangible assets is summarized on account 04 "Intangible assets", intended for these purposes by the Chart of Accounts for accounting of the financial and economic activities of the organization and the Instructions for its application, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia N 94n.

Acceptance of intangible assets for accounting at their original cost is reflected in the debit of account 04 and the credit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”. The costs of acquiring intangible assets are reflected in subaccount 08-5 “Acquisition of intangible assets”.

Depreciation of intangible assets can be accounted for either directly on account 04, or using account 05 “Depreciation of intangible assets”. If the organization uses account 05, the accrued amount of depreciation is reflected in the credit of account 05 in correspondence with the debit of the production cost (selling expenses) accounts.

When intangible assets are disposed of, their value recorded on account 04 is reduced by the amount of depreciation accrued during the use of the asset (from the debit of account 05). The residual value is written off from account 04 to account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

Fixed assets

The main document establishing the rules for accounting for fixed assets is the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Fixed Assets” PBU 6/01”, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 N 26n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 6/01). Rules PBU 6/ 01 are applied taking into account the Guidelines for accounting of fixed assets, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 13, 2003 N 91n (hereinafter referred to as Guidelines N 91n).

The conditions that must simultaneously be met in order for an asset to be accepted for accounting as part of fixed assets are listed in clause 4 of PBU 6/01. It should be noted that these conditions do not contain a cost criterion for classifying property as fixed assets. At the same time, if the asset value limit fixed in the accounting policy does not exceed 20,000 rubles. per unit, then assets that meet the conditions of clause 4 of PBU 6/01 can be reflected as part of the inventory.

An object is registered as a fixed asset if it meets the necessary conditions and is brought into a condition suitable for use. At the same time, in the opinion of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, contained in Letter N 03-05-05-01/31, the fact of its actual operation does not matter, which is confirmed by judicial practice, in particular Resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the East Siberian District N A33-11961/08 -F02-2387/09 in case No. A33-11961/08.

The useful life of fixed assets is understood as the period of time during which the use of an object is capable of bringing economic benefit (income) to the organization. For the purpose of calculating corporate income tax, the useful life of fixed assets is determined taking into account the Classification of fixed assets included in depreciation groups, approved by Government Decree Russian Federation N 1. Despite the fact that this document is intended for purposes, it can also be used in accounting, as provided for in paragraph 1 of this Resolution.

The accounting unit for fixed assets is an inventory item, determined in accordance with clause 6 of PBU 6/01.

Fixed assets on the basis of clause 7 of PBU 6/01 are accepted for accounting at their original cost, the procedure for determining which is established by clauses 8 - 12 of PBU 6/01 and depends on the method of receipt of the fixed asset to the organization. Regardless of the form of receipt of fixed assets into the organization, the initial cost is formed taking into account the costs of delivering the object and bringing it into a condition suitable for use.

The initial cost of fixed assets at which they are accepted for accounting is not subject to further change, except in cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, modernization, partial liquidation and revaluation of fixed assets.

The cost of fixed assets is repaid through depreciation, which is determined by clause 17 of PBU 6/01. Depreciation is calculated on the basis of clause 21 of PBU 6/01 from the 1st day of the month following the month the object was accepted for accounting. The accrual of depreciation should be stopped from the 1st day of the month following the month of full repayment of the cost of the fixed asset or its write-off from accounting, which follows from clause 22 of PBU 6/01.

Depreciation is not suspended over its useful life. The exception is the cases listed in clause 23 of PBU 6/01, that is, when objects, by decision of the head of the organization, are transferred to conservation for a period of more than 3 months, as well as for a period of restoration of objects lasting more than 12 months.

Depreciation is accrued regardless of the organization's performance in the reporting period and is reflected in the accounting records of the reporting period to which it relates, as follows from clause 24 of PBU 6/01.

Depreciation on fixed assets is calculated using one of the following methods provided for in clause 18 of PBU 6/01: the linear method, the reducing balance method, the method of writing off the cost by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life, and the method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of production (work).

Repair costs can be taken into account for accounting purposes at a time, reflected as deferred expenses, or written off against the amount of the reserve for the repair of fixed assets created by the organization. The procedure for creating a reserve is determined by clause 69 of Methodological Instructions No. 91n.

The cost of fixed assets that are retired or are not capable of bringing economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future is subject to write-off from accounting. Income and expenses from write-offs are reflected in the accounting period to which they relate and are subject to credit to the profit and loss account as other income and expenses, as defined in clause 31 of PBU 6/01.

Fixed assets owned by an organization, which are in operation, in reserve, on conservation, in rent, in trust, are accounted for in account 01 “Fixed Assets”.

Acceptance of fixed assets for accounting, as well as changes in their initial value during completion, retrofitting and reconstruction are reflected in the debit of account 01 “Fixed assets” in correspondence with account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”.

To account for the disposal of fixed assets, it is recommended to open a separate sub-account for account 01, for example 01-2 “Retirement of fixed assets”. The cost of the disposed object is transferred to the debit of this subaccount, and the amount of accumulated depreciation is transferred to the credit. Upon completion of the disposal procedure, the residual value of the object is written off from account 01 “Fixed assets” to account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

Depreciation accumulated during the operation of fixed assets is reflected in account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”. The accrued amount of depreciation is reflected in accounting under the credit of account 02 in correspondence with the accounts of production costs (selling expenses).

When retiring fixed assets, the amount of depreciation accrued on them is written off from account 02 to the credit of account 01, subaccount 01-2 “Retirement of fixed assets”.

Construction in progress

Let us turn to the Regulations on accounting for long-term investments, approved by Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia N 160. According to clause 3.1.1 of this document, until the completion of construction work on objects, the costs of their construction constitute unfinished construction. It is worth noting that construction in progress includes not only costs for unfinished capital construction, but also other costs accounted for in accounts 07 “Equipment for installation”, 08 “Investments in non-current assets”.

Account 07 is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of technological, energy and production equipment (including equipment for workshops, pilot plants and laboratories) that require installation and are intended for installation in facilities under construction (reconstruction). This account is used by property developers.

Equipment that does not require installation is not taken into account on account 07, but is reflected directly on account 08 as it arrives at the warehouse or other storage locations.

Equipment for installation is accepted for accounting as a debit to account 07 at the actual cost of acquisition, which consists of the cost at acquisition prices and expenses for the acquisition and delivery of these values ​​to the organization’s warehouses. The cost of equipment handed over for installation is written off from account 07 to the debit of account 08. Equipment delivered to the construction site that requires installation is accepted by the contractor for off-balance sheet accounting under account 005 “Equipment accepted for installation.” The cost of equipment transferred to the contractor, installation and installation of which on permanent place operation has not actually begun and is not deregistered by the developer.

When selling, writing off, donating, etc., equipment for installation, its cost is written off to the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses.”

Account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" is intended to summarize information about the organization's costs in objects that will subsequently be accepted for accounting as fixed assets, land plots and environmental management facilities, intangible assets, as well as about the organization's costs for the formation of the main herd of productive and working livestock (except for poultry, fur-bearing animals, rabbits, bee families, service dogs, experimental animals, which are taken into account as part of funds in circulation).

The generated initial cost of non-current assets accepted for operation and registered in the prescribed manner is written off from account 08 to the debit of accounts 01 “Fixed assets”, 03 “Income-generating investments in tangible assets”, 04 “Intangible assets” and other accounts.

The balance of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” reflects the amount of the organization’s investments in construction in progress, unfinished transactions for the acquisition of fixed assets, intangible and other non-current assets, as well as the formation of the main herd.

Profitable investments in material assets

In accordance with clause 5 of PBU 6/01, the composition of profitable investments in material assets takes into account fixed assets intended exclusively for provision by an organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use for the purpose of generating income (including under leasing, rental, rental agreements ).

Information about the availability and movement of an organization’s investments in property provided for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) for the purpose of generating income is reflected in account 03 “Income-generating investments in material assets.”

Material assets intended to be provided for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) for the purpose of generating income are accepted for accounting as the debit of account 03 in correspondence with account 08 at their original cost based on the actual costs incurred for their acquisition, including delivery costs , assembly and installation.

Depreciation of such material assets is accounted for on account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” separately.

To account for the disposal (sale, write-off, partial liquidation, gratuitous transfer, etc.) of material assets recorded on account 03, it is recommended to open a sub-account “Disposal of material assets”, to the debit of which the initial cost of the disposed object is transferred, and to credit - the amount accrued depreciation. The residual value is written off from account 03 to account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

Long-term financial investments

The rules for the formation in accounting and financial statements of information about an organization’s financial investments are approved by the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Financial Investments” PBU 19/02, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia N 126n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 19/02).

The conditions, upon simultaneous fulfillment of which assets are accepted for accounting as financial investments, are listed in clause 2 of PBU 19/02. An organization’s financial investments, guided by clause 3 of PBU 19/02, may include:

State and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities in which the date and cost of repayment are determined (bonds);
- contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and dependent business companies);
- loans provided to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions;
- receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of the right of claim;
- contributions of a partner organization under a simple partnership agreement, etc.

Please note that assets that have a tangible form, such as fixed assets, as well as intangible assets are not financial investments.

The accounting unit for financial investments is chosen by the organization independently, and it can be a series, batch or other homogeneous set of financial investments. That is, the accounting unit in accordance with clause 5 of PBU 19/02 must be selected in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these investments, as well as proper control of their availability and movement.

Financial investments are accepted for accounting at their original cost, which is determined depending on the method of receipt of financial investments in accordance with paragraphs 9 - 17 of PBU 19/02.

The initial cost of financial investments at which they are accepted for accounting may change, and the procedure for subsequent evaluation of financial investments is determined in Section. 3 PBU 19/02.

When disposing of financial investments for which the current market value is not determined, their value is determined based on the assessment determined by one of the methods established by clause 26 of PBU 19/02.

If a situation arises when depreciation of financial investments may occur, the organization, guided by clause 38 of PBU 19/02, creates a reserve for the depreciation of financial investments in the amount of the difference between the book value and the estimated value of such financial investments. commercial organization forms the specified reserve at the expense of the financial results of the organization (as part of other expenses), and a non-profit - due to an increase in expenses.

Accounting for financial investments is carried out on account 58 “Financial Investments” of the same name, to which sub-accounts can be opened for analytical accounting of investments.

Information on the availability and movement of reserves for the depreciation of financial investments is reflected in account 59 “Reserves for the depreciation of financial investments.” An entry is made for the amount of reserves created in the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” and the credit of account 59. A similar entry is made when the amount of these reserves increases. When the amount of reserves decreases, as well as the disposal of financial investments for which reserves were previously created, an entry is made to the debit of account 59 and the credit of account 91. Analytical accounting for account 59 is maintained for each reserve.

In the balance sheet, the value of property recorded in account 58 “Financial investments” is reflected minus the balance of account 59 “Provision for impairment of financial investments.”

Deferred tax assets

The procedure for accounting for deferred tax assets is regulated by the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Income Tax Calculations” PBU 18/02, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia N 114n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 18/02).

Deferred tax assets, according to clause 14 of PBU 18/02, mean that part of the deferred income tax that should lead to a reduction in income tax payable to the budget in the following reporting period or in subsequent reporting periods.

Deferred tax assets only arise when deductible temporary differences arise. Let us remind you that deductible temporary differences include, in particular:

Amounts of differences arising due to in various ways calculation of depreciation for accounting and tax accounting, in this case, if the amount of depreciation accrued in accounting is greater than the amount of depreciation accrued in tax accounting;
- amounts of differences arising due to different write-offs of commercial and administrative expenses for accounting and tax purposes;
- the amount of loss carried forward that was not used in the reporting period, but which will be used in subsequent reporting periods;
- other differences.

Deferred tax assets, information about which is summarized on account 09 “Deferred tax assets”, are accepted for accounting in the amount determined as the product of deductible differences that arose in the reporting period by the profit tax rate in effect on the reporting date.

A deferred tax asset is reflected, which increases the amount of conditional expense (income) of the reporting period in the debit of account 09 “Deferred tax assets” in correspondence with the credit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”.

A decrease or full repayment of deferred tax assets to reduce the conditional expense (income) of the reporting period is reflected in the credit of account 09 in correspondence with the debit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”.

A deferred tax asset upon disposal of the asset for which it was accrued is written off from the credit of account 09 “Deferred tax assets” to the debit of account 99 “Profits and losses”.

Accounting for investments in non-current assets

When fixed assets enter the organization, the process of their reproduction is carried out. The costs of this process are called capital investments. They are considered as one of the areas of the long-term investment process, which for the purposes of this publication means not only investments in the acquisition and creation of fixed assets, but also intangible assets, i.e. investments in non-current assets.

As noted above, a distinctive feature and criterion for classifying assets as non-current is their useful life of more than 12 months. Consequently, the finances that the organization invests in the reproduction of non-current assets are diverted from the current turnover for a long period (more than 12 months).

Diversion of investments into non-current assets from current economic turnover, i.e. turnover, the purpose of which is the direct production of finished products (works, services), also required separation of the accounting of costs into non-current assets from the accounting of costs for the manufacture of products (works, services).

Before starting to study this section, review the methods of receipt of fixed assets in the organization (see section 1.2).

Differences in the methods of receipt of fixed assets determine differences in the accounting methodology for this process.

Taking into account the specifics of the process of investing in non-current assets, accounting must solve the following problems:

Reflect the process of investing in non-current assets over time;
collect all costs associated with the receipt of an object of non-current assets in order to form its initial cost;
reflect the commissioning of a new non-current asset facility.

To solve these problems, account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” is used.

Account 08 is active and is intended to reflect the process of making capital (long-term) investments.

Account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” has the following structure.

In development of the synthetic account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”, analytical accounting is opened for the types of investments in non-current assets, for example sub-accounts: “Acquisition of land plots”, “Acquisition of fixed assets”, “Construction of fixed assets”, “Acquisition of intangible assets”, etc. .

Let us note that according to the Chart of Accounts, account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” reflects not only transactions on the acquisition and creation of non-current assets, but also any other transactions on their receipt - contribution to the authorized capital, gratuitous receipt, etc.

The debit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” reflects all the actual costs of the organization associated with the receipt of non-current assets into the organization and bringing them to a state suitable for use for the planned purposes, which are included in the initial cost of non-current assets. For example:

Amounts paid to suppliers of non-current assets;
costs associated with delivery, installation, adjustment of non-current assets;
customs duties and other payments;
registration fees, state duties and other similar payments made in connection with obtaining rights to non-current assets;
other costs directly related to the receipt of non-current assets and bringing them to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes.

Upon completion of the capital investment process, i.e. bringing non-current assets to a state in which they are fully suitable for use for the planned purposes, and transferring non-current assets into operation, their initial cost is written off from the credit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” in correspondence with the debit of accounts 01 “Fixed assets”, 04 “Intangible assets”, etc.

Profitability ratio of non-current assets

Return on fixed assets ratio, % Demonstrates the enterprise's ability to provide a sufficient amount of profit in relation to the company's fixed assets. The higher the value given coefficient, the more efficiently fixed assets are used, and the faster new investments in fixed capital will pay off.

Calculated using the formula:

RFA = ( / long-term assets)*100%

Valuation of non-current assets

Valuation of enterprise assets is a special case of asset valuation in general. You can order from us an assessment of the value of the assets of your enterprise or company.

Valuation of non-current assets is sometimes necessary to determine the price of a purchase and sale transaction, the collateral value for lending, when determining contributions to the authorized capital of an enterprise, preparing business plans, enterprises, determining the value of blocks of shares, carrying out shares, liquidating enterprises, etc.

To provide production activities any enterprise periodically resolves issues related to providing the economic and production cycle with material assets. This stage is associated with the acquisition, operation, consumption and write-off of tangible assets in the process of operation of the enterprise. The material and production base includes fixed assets, intangible assets and inventories of the enterprise.

Non-current assets (NCAs) are a part of an enterprise’s funds that have the following features:

PURPOSE. The funds are used to support the activities of the enterprise, serve as a source of economic benefits in the future and are not intended for resale.

TERM OF USE. The planned useful life of this property is usually at least one year.

PRICE. The lower limit of the value expression of an asset attributable to a SAI is established (in tax accounting at the moment - 10,000 rubles). Types of SAI accounting:

Accounting for fixed assets (land, buildings, transport, equipment, etc.)
Accounting for long-term intangible assets (licenses, patents, etc.)
Accounting for financial investments (investments, long-term loans over one year)

Specifics of SAI accounting:

The initial valuation of non-current assets is determined by the options for receipt (purchase, contribution to the authorized capital, exchange, production, donation, etc.) and corresponds to the actual cost, cost, market value, etc.

REVALUATION. In conditions of hyperinflation (29), the value of non-current assets may periodically increase in amounts established depending on changes in the macroeconomic environment.

DEPRECIATION. Physical and moral wear and tear during the service life initiates a reduction in the value of the SAI and its attribution to expenses.

RECOVERY. Repair of fixed assets.

WRITTEN OFF. Attribution of accumulated depreciation and residual value of SAI to expenses.

SALES - is accounted for in the same way as a write-off, but additional expenses are also recorded - in the event of a decrease in the residual value of the SAI or income - in the event of an excess.

Audit of non-current assets

An audit of an enterprise's non-current assets involves an audit of investments in non-current assets and an audit of operations with them. The main objective of the audit of investments in non-current assets is to verify the legality of classifying funds as non-current assets. When auditing operations with non-current assets of an enterprise, the availability of funds, funds that came in and funds that went out are checked.

The following are subject to audit of non-current assets:

Fixed assets;
intangible assets;
long-term financial investments;
long-term accounts receivable;
capital investments;
depreciation (depreciation) of fixed assets.

Sources of information for the audit of non-current assets are:

Physical objects;
accounting books, cards, sheets;
statistical reporting;
;
data from synthetic and analytical accounting of non-current assets.

The methodology for auditing non-current assets of an enterprise includes the following procedures:

Legality of crediting funds to non-current assets;
checking the method of assessing fixed assets;
audit of primary accounting;
checking synthetic and analytical accounting;
checking the correctness of depreciation;
checking the correctness of recording the repair of fixed assets.

Sources of non-current assets

In fact, the sources of formation of non-current assets include long-term financial investments and non-financial assets. And if the first includes those funds that are diverted from circulation (this can be a long-term loan, or investing money in the development of another enterprise, or purchasing shares of this company), then the second includes precisely the cash costs of land resources, or fixed assets. the needs of this enterprise, intangible assets, as well as the introduction of funds into the formation of farmland and the acquisition of cattle. However, in both cases, the company receives profit in the form of dividends.

The nature of the connections between dividends received is associated with the following factors:

1. Either construction, reconstruction, or restoration of large-scale complex buildings and structures is carried out, or technical re-equipment directly at the enterprise or objects that do not belong to the production sector.
2. Purchase of structures and buildings, or transport and other facilities that will directly be included in the fixed assets of the enterprise.
3. Purchase of land and natural use objects.
4. Purchase of so-called non-material assets.

From all of the above, we can draw the appropriate conclusions, i.e. Non-current assets are all the assets of an enterprise that generate profit and dividends during a time period beyond one reporting year. And all of the above investments will constitute the funds of these same assets; their nature may be different, but is strictly regulated by the legal tax legislation. Therefore, before withdrawing funds or intangible assets from circulation, consult with a specialist, usually a tax inspector, who will indicate to you the legal authority to create so-called non-current assets.

Revaluation of non-current assets

Line 1340 reflects the amount of increase in the value of non-current assets identified based on the results of their revaluation:

[Credit balance on account 83 “Additional capital”]
(in terms of amounts of additional valuation of fixed assets and intangible assets)

A commercial organization may revalue groups of similar fixed assets at current (replacement) cost no more than once a year (at the end of the reporting year).

When making a decision on revaluation of such fixed assets, it should be taken into account that subsequently they are revalued regularly so that the cost of fixed assets at which they are reflected in accounting and reporting does not differ significantly from the current (replacement) cost.

Revaluation of an object of fixed assets is carried out by recalculating its original cost or current (replacement) cost, if this object was revalued earlier, and the amount of depreciation accrued for the entire period of use of the object.

The results of the revaluation of fixed assets carried out at the end of the reporting year are subject to reflection in accounting separately.

The amount of revaluation of an object of fixed assets as a result of revaluation is credited to the additional capital of the organization. The amount of revaluation of an item of fixed assets, equal to the amount of its depreciation carried out in previous reporting periods and attributed to the financial result as other expenses, is credited to the financial result as other income.

The amount of depreciation of an item of fixed assets as a result of revaluation is included in the financial result as other expenses. The amount of depreciation of an object of fixed assets is included in the reduction of the organization’s additional capital formed from the amounts of the additional valuation of this object carried out in previous reporting periods. The excess of the amount of depreciation of an object over the amount of its revaluation, credited to the organization's additional capital as a result of revaluation carried out in previous reporting periods, is charged to the accounting account (uncovered loss).

When an item of fixed assets is disposed of, the amount of its revaluation is transferred from the organization's additional capital to the organization's retained earnings.

The amount of additional valuation of intangible assets as a result of revaluation is credited to the additional capital of the organization. The amount of revaluation of an intangible asset, equal to the amount of its depreciation carried out in previous reporting years and attributed to the financial result as other expenses, is credited to the financial result as other income.

The amount of write-down of an intangible asset as a result of revaluation is included in the financial result as other expenses. The amount of the writedown of an intangible asset is included in the reduction of the organization’s additional capital formed from the amounts of the additional valuation of this asset carried out in previous reporting years. The excess of the amount of depreciation of an intangible asset over the amount of its revaluation credited to the organization's additional capital as a result of revaluation carried out in previous reporting years is charged to the financial result as other expenses.

When an intangible asset is disposed of, the amount of its revaluation is transferred from the organization’s additional capital to the organization’s retained earnings (uncovered loss) account.

The results of the revaluation of intangible assets carried out at the end of the reporting year are subject to reflection in accounting separately.

Depreciation of non-current assets

The procedure for calculating depreciation of other intangible assets depends on their type. The approach to depreciation of MNMA (account 112) and library collections (account 111) is of interest. Quote from P(S)BU 7:

"27. Depreciation of objects specified in subclause 5.2 of clause 5 of Regulation (standard) 7 is accrued according to the methods given in subclauses 1 and 5 of clause 26 of Regulation (standard) 7. Depreciation of low-value non-current tangible assets and library funds can be accrued in the first month of use of the object in the amount 50 percent of its depreciable cost, and the remaining 50 percent of the cost, which is depreciated in the month of their exclusion from assets (write-off from the balance sheet) due to non-compliance. criteria for recognition as an asset or in the first month of use of the object 100 percent of its value.” (Emphasis added.)

It follows from the content of this paragraph that significant changes have occurred in the methods of calculating depreciation of non-current assets. So, if before the reform, when we did not yet know the term “MNMA”, two methods of calculating depreciation (writing off the worn-out part of the value as expenses) were used for low-value assets (current assets): the “50 + 50” method and the method according to which, at the time of transfer of these Assets in use are depreciated at 100% of their value. At first glance, it seems that paragraph 26 indicates that exactly these two well-known methods can be applied to MNMA and library collections; few people notice that this is not so.

In particular, let's pay attention to the words: “50 percent of the cost that is depreciated.” It becomes clear that no matter what method of calculating depreciation we choose (according to paragraphs 1 - 52 (2 Methods applied to fixed assets.) or the “50 + 50” method), the object must have a salvage value. That is, in the first month of using MNMA or library collections, 50% depreciation is charged only on the part of the cost that is depreciated. The remaining 50% is accrued in the month of exclusion of these assets also in the part of the cost that is depreciated.

For example, if the initial cost of a newly introduced MNMA object is equal to 1000 rubles, and the liquidation value (determined by the enterprise) is 400 rubles, then the cost that is depreciated will be equal to 600 rubles.

At the end of the period of use of this MNMA object, a similar posting is made, also in the amount of 300 rubles (the balance of the cost, which is depreciated).

400 rubles, which remains, is the cost at which the object is liquidated: written off for sale or dismantled and converted into others active forms(for example, included in the circulating supply in the form of spare parts, materials, or the same “low value”, only this time negotiable).

It’s another matter if the accountant chooses a method in which 100% of the cost of the object is written off for wear and tear in the first month of operation. In this case, clause 27 P (S)BU 7 does not provide for liquidation value, since in this case it does not talk about “cost that is depreciated.” On the one hand, this is good, since the choice of this method almost completely fits into tax accounting. True, disagreements cannot be avoided here either. For example, according to the requirements of P(S)BU 7 “Fixed assets” and clause 16 of P(S)BU 2 “Balance”, MNMA (like all other intangible assets) are included in fixed assets. Tax accounting recognizes them only as part of gross expenses.

Non-current assets fund

The significance and materiality of transactions with non-current assets (fixed assets, intangible assets, etc.) may require the introduction of a separate fund to finance such transactions. The structure of this fund, as well as the tables for its presentation, are similar to the funds discussed earlier, so we will not dwell in detail on the characteristics of the fund of non-current assets.

Replenishment of the fund of non-current assets is possible through the following operations: depreciation, from the sale of non-current assets, distribution () of profits, investments in the capital of enterprise participants.

The distribution of profits, understood as reinvestment, presents some difficulty. However, this complexity can be overcome either by reflecting the corresponding amounts in cell C2, or by specifying the corresponding initial balances of the profit fund and the non-current assets fund.

The use of the non-current assets fund is mainly limited to operations of acquisition, modernization, restoration and repair of non-current assets. Perhaps this may include operations for servicing non-current assets. However, one should not get carried away with scrupulously accounting for such operations, limiting oneself to obvious situations.

The balance of the non-current assets fund indicates insufficient investments in non-current assets. If such underfinancing is justified, then the balance of the non-current assets fund should be redistributed in favor of other funds in order to record the absence of the need for financing non-current assets.