Golden mountains of Altai. Altai Mountains Scheme of altitudinal zones

“Mountains of Southern Siberia” - Goat. Most of the territory is located inland at a considerable distance from the oceans. The climate is sharply continental. Ob. Argun. Natural resources. Birds. Winter is cold - 32, in the depressions - 48 °C. Relief. Precipitation decreases from west to east - from 600 mm to 400 mm. Geographical position.

“Caucasus Mountains” - In the foothills of the Caucasus. The region offers unique opportunities for lovers of active recreation. The only things better than mountains are mountains... Mountain ranges of the Caucasus. Leisure in any season. Name Caucasus Mountains“Graukasis”, which means “white snows”. The pearl of the Greater Caucasus is Elbrus. A corner for connoisseurs of mountaineering and skiing.

“Mountains of the North Caucasus” - The Kuban River is a kind of axis of the plain. Alpine jackdaw. The rivers of the Caucasus are divided into lowland and mountainous. Beech forests. Rivers. average temperature July from +20 to +8 degrees. The Caucasus Mountains are the highest mountains in Russia. The area is famous high yields wheat, sunflower, sugar beet. Caucasian Mineral Waters.

"Ural Mountains" - Ural Mountains. Mountain ranges stretching for more than 2000 kilometers end on the shores of the Northern Arctic Ocean. In the old days they were proud of the Ural Mountains. European part from Asian.

"Caucasus Mountains" - Consolidation. Climate of the Caucasus. There are mountains in the Caucasus - failed volcanoes. ..Goals and objectives of the lesson. The mountains are located south of the Russian Plain. Equipment. Why are the Caucasus the highest mountains? Peer review. Formation of wind - boron. Fauna and flora of the Caucasus. Broad-leaved forests. The average January temperature here is positive + 3-6C.

“Mountains of the Urals” - Parts of the Urals. A. Tvardovsky. Here traces of glaciation are visible quite clearly. The average height of the Northern Urals is about 900 meters. Stone belt of the Russian Land - the Urals. Hercynian folding. The Ural Mountains stretch from the Arctic coast Kara Sea to the steppes of Kazakhstan. edge of the West Siberian Plate.

There are 10 presentations in total

In 1998, by decision of UNESCO, this territory is at the junction Central Asia and Siberia was declared a World Heritage Site.

The Altai State Natural Reserve is located in this region biosphere reserve and buffer zone of Lake Teletskoye, Katunsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve, natural Park“Ukok Quiet Zone” and “Belukha” Natural Park. The total area of ​​the protected territory is 1.64 million hectares.

Landscapes, flora and fauna of Altai

Geological history of the region, represented by rocks different periods formation of the Earth, reflected in unusual forms relief of these places.

These are the high terraces of the Katun, striking in their grandeur, and highest peak Siberia Belukha (4506 m above sea level), crowned with glaciers and snowfields, and the deep narrow canyons of the Altai rivers.

There are few places in the world with such contrasting combinations of different landscapes in such a small space. All are presented here natural areas Central Asia: deserts, steppes, forest-steppes, mixed forests, mountain dark coniferous taiga, subalpine and alpine meadows. A tundra-steppe landscape with rare plants and mosses, many of which are listed in the Red Book of Russia.

The unique fauna of Altai deserves special attention: 70 species of mammals, over 300 species of birds, including rare birds, such as the Altai snowcock, black stork, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, bearded vulture, eagles (white-tailed and long-tailed), saker falcon, imperial eagle, osprey. Among the 20 species of fish are grayling, taimen, lenok, and osman.

The diverse landscape of the “Golden Mountains of Altai” contributed to the emergence and preservation of endemics (plants and animals distributed only in certain areas). Among the rare mammals is the snow leopard, or Snow Leopard, and Altai Mountain sheep argali

Teletskoye Lake is also unique - the largest lake in Altai and one of the largest lakes in Russia, it is called younger brother Baikal. Maximum depth The lake is about 330 m, more than 70 rivers and streams flow into it, and only one river flows out - the Biya. By old legend, in ancient times there was famine in Altai. One Altai man who had a large gold bar wanted to exchange it for food, but, having walked all over Altai, he was unable to buy anything. Frustrated and hungry, the “rich” poor man threw his ingot into the lake and died in its waves. Since then, in the Altai language the lake has been called Altyn-Kol - “Golden Lake”.

History of Altai

Not only the nature is interesting, but also the history of these places. It is believed that the first settlements appeared here almost a million years ago. Archaeologists have studied the Katun River valley best. Monuments from all eras have been discovered here - from Paleolithic sites ancient man to the ethnographic burials of the Altaians, and the Scythians who lived here left behind stone pillars of menhirs, numerous petroglyphs, jewelry and weapons.

In 1993, on the Ukok plateau, located at an altitude of about 3 km above sea level and long considered a sacred territory, the mummy of a girl called the “Altai Princess” was found. In the burial chamber they found six horses with saddles and harnesses, as well as a wooden larch block nailed with bronze nails. According to Chinese mythology, such horses were called qilin (heavenly) and were supposed to lift a person to transcendental heights. The burial was in an ice lens, so it was well preserved.

In August 2014, the Council of Elders of the Altai Republic decided to bury the mummy. Many residents of the republic considered its extraction from the mound to be the reason natural Disasters that fell on Mountain Altai V last years, including severe flooding. Currently, the remains of the “princess” are in a special climate-controlled sarcophagus in the National Republican Museum named after A.V. Anokhina. The decision has not yet been implemented, since the study of the mummy is of great interest to science.

The uniqueness of Altai in geological, geographical, and cultural terms forces scientists from all over the world to seek expansion of the protected area. In the near future, the World natural heritage UNESCO "Golden Mountains of Altai" can become international, expanding to neighboring countries - China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan.

1 slide

2 slide

Altai - golden mountains. Altai is the highest mountains in Siberia. The highest peak of Belukha, its height is 4506 m

3 slide

Altai is a large mountainous region located in the central part of the country. In the north and northwest it borders Kuznetsk Alatau, Salair Ridge, Mountain Shoria and West Siberian Plain. In the east, Altai adjoins the Western Sayan and Tuva. The pattern of Altai mountain structures has the shape of a fan, turned to the west and northwest. Altai is divided into Central, Northwestern, Northeastern and Eastern.

4 slide

5 slide

1. Before Paleozoic era and at its beginning, in place of the entire mountainous country in question there was a vast sea.

6 slide

2. By the end of the Paleozoic, on the site of modern Altai, a high folded Mountain country. Hercynian folding

7 slide

3. Throughout Mesozoic era(several tens of millions of years) The Altai mountainous country was continuously destroyed by external forces and turned into an undulating plain.

8 slide

4. B Cenozoic era, when all the main features of the modern relief were formed, including mountain systems(Himalayas, Caucasus), the earth's crust in place of Altai was broken by faults into numerous blocks. Some blocks began to rise, forming mountain ranges, others sank, forming wide valleys and basins. When faults formed, molten rocks rose along them, and when they slowly solidified, metal ores were released.

Slide 9

5. Subsequently, the blocks of mountains were cut flowing waters and glaciers. In transforming the relief into ice ages The leading role belonged to glaciers, during interglacial periods and at present - to flowing waters.

10 slide

The main watershed ridges of Altai are composed in most cases of granites, granite gneisses, micaceous schists and crystalline limestones

11 slide

Slide 13

Slide 14

Muddy water with a terrible roar and great speed it rushes down a narrow rocky riverbed, carrying with it everything that comes in its way. The water breaks huge trees like thin sticks, crumbles them, carries them down.

15 slide

Large boulders that are beyond the strength of dozens of people, the water easily rolls along the bottom of the riverbed.

16 slide

Rivers from gorges often end in waterfalls and cascading waterfalls. Cutting through mountain ranges, water encounters rocks of varying strength along its path, forming waterfalls, as a result of which the river bed acquires a stepped character. There are countless waterfalls in Altai.

Slide 17

Lake Teletskoye is located at an altitude of 436 m, in a narrow depression 77 km long and 1-6 km wide. His greatest depth is 325 m. This gives grounds to consider the lake the second deepest after Baikal. Depending on the influx of river water, the lake level changes, falling in winter and rising in summer.

18 slide

Slide 19

The flora of Altai consists of 1840 species. It includes alpine, forest and steppe forms. There are 212 known endemic species, accounting for 11.5%. In the northwestern and northern foothills, the plain steppes turn into mountain steppes and forest-steppes. The mountain slopes are dominated by a forest belt, which on the highest ridges gives way to belts of subalpine and alpine meadows and mountain tundra, above which there are glaciers on many high peaks.

Slide 2

Main characteristics

Region of the Russian Federation: Altai Republic Component objects: Katunsky Biosphere Reserve, Altai Nature Reserve, natural parks“Mount Belukha” and “Quiet Zone “Ukok Plateau”” Location: in the southeast Western Siberia in the Altai Mountains Natural conditions: highlands Height above sea level: 434-4280 m Area: 1.64 million hectares Status: included in the World Heritage List in 1998 The nature of this territory, located in the Altai Mountains at the junction of Central Asia and Siberia, is distinguished by its vivid originality. There are few places in the world with such contrasting combinations of different landscapes in such a small space.

Slide 3

The flora and fauna of the region are diverse and in many ways unique. In the basin of Lake Teletskoye, Altai cedar forests are still preserved - forests from the Siberian cedar pine, providing shelter and food to numerous representatives of the animal world. Here are the most significant subalpine and alpine meadows in the Siberian mountains. The color of the vegetation is also unique. Southern Altai, where semi-deserts, steppes and tundra closely coexist.

Slide 4

The diversity of landscapes contributed to the emergence and preservation of endemic species in Altai, often occupying very small areas. About 60 species of mammals, 11 species of amphibians and reptiles, and 20 species of fish live here. Among rare species mammals, we should especially highlight the snow leopard, or snow leopard - this is one of the most beautiful cats world fauna. Very few of these animals have survived in Altai.

Slide 5

Unique geological history region, “recorded” in the different age groups composing it rocks and vividly captured in unusual forms relief. Such, for example, are the high terraces of the Katun, striking in their grandeur. The grandiose Mount Belukha, the highest peak of Siberia (4506 m above sea level), crowned with glaciers and snowfields, rises almost 1000 m above the nearby ridges.

Slide 6

The valleys of the Altai rivers, primarily the Katun and Chulyshman, are deep narrow canyons. The Chulyshman Valley is picturesque, decorated with numerous waterfalls of its side tributaries. The true pearl of Altai is Lake Teletskoye. It is called Little Baikal because pure water, majestic mountain frames and rich wildlife.

Slide 7

The exceptional diversity of nature left its mark on the culture and religion of the indigenous population of this territory - the Altai. The achievements of the Altai traditional medicine. As N.K. wrote Roerich, “many peoples passed through Altai and left traces: Scythians, Huns, Turks.” Outstanding scientists call the Altai Mountains an open-air “museum”.

Slide 8

Famous nature reserves

Altai Nature Reserve (area 881.2 thousand hectares, created in 1932) Here you can see a wide variety of landscapes - from steppes and taiga to mountain tundras and glaciers, 1.5 thousand species are noted here higher plants, of which 250 are Altai-Sayan endemics, 120 species are recognized as relics of Paleogene-Neogene and Quaternary times, and 24 species are listed in the Red Book of the Altai Republic. On the northwestern edge of the reserve, surrounded by high rocks, at an altitude of 434 m, lies the picturesque Lake Teletskoye - the largest body of water in the region (40 km3), which is among the Siberian lakes in terms of reserves. fresh water second only to Baikal (it is often called “Altai Baikal”). The lake fills a narrow (no more than 5 km) and oblong (78 km) tectonic depression, its area is 22.4 thousand hectares, and its depth is up to 325 m. On its eastern shores (included in the reserve) the unique Pritelets taiga grows, which They are even called the “Siberian jungle”: here fir, cedar and aspen, and often spruce and birch grow in the midst of lush herbaceous vegetation, and cedars can be up to 600 years old. It is known that Russian people first came to the shores of the lake in 1633, and since the Altai Telesy tribe lived here in those days, the Cossack pioneers nicknamed the body of water Teleskoe. Here, along the border of the reserve, flows such a picturesque river as Chulyshman, which is very popular among tourists.

Slide 9

Slide 10

Water protection zone Lake Teletskoye (93.7 thousand hectares), also known as the buffer zone of the reserve, preserves the unique taiga near Teletskoye on the western shore of the lake.

Slide 11

Katunsky Biosphere Reserve (151.6 thousand hectares, 1991). Here you can see areas of mountain taiga, alpine meadows, mountain steppes, and high-mountain tundra, but the predominant landscape is the glacial landscape, because almost 50% of the area of ​​​​these high mountains is the kingdom of ice, snow, rocks and rocky placers, and only 14% is occupied by taiga. Here, on the Katunsky ridge, immediately west of Mount Belukha, dozens of mountain glaciers are concentrated, this largest center modern glaciation in Altai. One of these glaciers - Katunsky, on the southern slopes of Belukha - gives life to a river with the same name, and thus the Katun glacial waters eventually replenish the great Ob. In its upper reaches, the Katun, framed by high terraces, flows in a deeply incised channel with many rapids, which attracts a lot of water sportsmen and rock climbers. Here you can admire the picturesque cascade of mountain glacial lakes with clear emerald water - Multinsky, located at an altitude of about 2 km.

Slide 12

Ukok quiet zone, with the regime of a faunal reserve (252.9 thousand hectares, 1994). This wild high-mountain plateau, stretching at altitudes of 2000–3000 m, is unique in that here semi-deserts and dry steppes pass directly into mountain meadows and tundras, i.e. local nature “does by” without the forest belt. This is the most interesting part of the object World Heritage from a historical and cultural point of view: rock paintings made by primitive artists and ancient burials lined with mossy stones were discovered here. The unique fauna of this heritage site deserves special mention: it was not without reason that it was included in the UNESCO List precisely according to criterion iv (biodiversity and the presence of rare species). Among the approximately 70 species of mammals are the snow leopard (irbis) and the Argali mountain sheep, listed in the International Red Book. This is the wild manul cat, an “inhabitant” of the Russian Red Book. There are also over 300 species of birds, including such rare birds as the Altai snowcock, black stork, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, bearded vulture, eagles (white-tailed and long-tailed), saker falcon, imperial eagle, osprey. Among the 20 species of fish are grayling, taimen, lenok, and osman.

“Ecology of the Astrakhan Region” - Area of ​​land occupied by landfills. Motor transport. Ways to solve the problem. Solid household waste. Ecological problems atmosphere Astrakhan region. Pollution atmospheric air. Air pollution level. Sources of pollution. Industry. Priority air pollutants.

“South Africa” geography” - President of South Africa. Economy. Coat of arms Republic of South Africa. George Pemba. Interior of South Africa. South Africa has a variety of climatic zones. Animal world SOUTH AFRICA. Religion. Interesting Facts about South Africa. Industries National economy. Thomas Baines. Capital. Population. Vegetable world SOUTH AFRICA. Art. Story. Geography. The words of the South African anthem. Republic of South Africa.

"Arizona State" - Climate. Economy. A significant part of the state's territory is covered by mountains and plateaus. State of Arizona. Geography. Story. Content. Colorado. Population. Etymology.

“Nature conservation of Kazakhstan” - Meaning. Types of animals. Plants. Scientific significance. Forest resources. Tiger. Wildlife protection. Number of vertebrate species. Endemics. Red Book of Kazakhstan. Problems of plant and animal protection in Kazakhstan. Nature of Kazakhstan. Security measures. Forest. Plant protection. Reduction of species.

"Coal" - The oldest coals are estimated to be about 350 million years old. The largest promising deposits. Artificial graphite is obtained from coal. In England in 1735 they learned to smelt cast iron using coke. The uses of coal are varied. Coal. Brown coal. The combustion (hydrogenation) of coal with the formation of liquid fuel. Coal. In 2004, production was: SUEK - 74.5 million tons.

“Wedding traditions of the Tatars” - Rite of caress. Bride show. Home decoration ceremony. Soup. Features of the wedding. Tests for the groom. Toastmaster. Wedding traditions Tatar people. Offerings. Chuck-chuck. Matchmaking. Nikah. Son-in-law's pancakes. Engagement and conspiracy. Bride ransom.