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Big encyclopedia of oil and gas. Drainage of swampy areas

Instructions

Refuse the temptation to use the simplest, cheapest, but at the same time incorrect method, namely, filling the swamp with sand or other type of soil. The swamp is a very stable landscape system, which you will ultimately not be able to cope with in such a straightforward way.

Consider and implement a drainage system in the wetland. The most common types of drainages are sheet and slot. It is possible that in order to effectively drain the swamp you will need to resort to consultation and practical help specialists. In the long run, draining a wetland will be cheaper than the useless and pointless labor-intensive work of backfilling and bailing out water.

In the simplest case, for the drainage of swamp water into different zones wetland, dig a closed system of trenches sloping in one direction. Fill the bottom of the trenches with crushed stone, and then lay drainage pipes in them with holes to collect water.

If you still cannot destroy the swamp, try an intermediate, compromise solution. Often such decisions aimed at finding the “golden mean” are the wisest. The two acceptable and simplest options are to dig a pond and plant trees.

Set up a decorative pond in the wetland. In accordance with the laws of physics, all the swamp moisture will collect in the reservoir, gradually evaporating. Not everyone knows that the estate of the French kings in Versailles is located in what was originally a swampy area. In order to correct such a natural defect, the Cross Canal was dug at one time.

Consider planting trees in the wetland. Trees such as willow or birch very actively evaporate moisture through their leaves. If you pay attention to birch trees growing in swampy areas, you will see that there is almost always a dry patch of land around this tree. If you plant a birch tree in a fairly dry area, you will find that nothing else will grow underneath it, since the birch tree is actively sucking water from the soil.

Sources:

How to improve a wetland

Drainage or drainage systems are used to drain the site. You can only dry the surface layers of the soil on your own, on which abundant amounts of moisture accumulate from melting snow or precipitation. A groundwater drainage system can only be produced by specialists in this field, since the optimal effect requires engineering and geodetic calculations.

You will need

-shovel;
- crushed stone or gravel;
-pipes;
-well.

Instructions

To use a drainage or drainage system, you need to draw up an accurate plan during periods of heavy rain or melting snow. Draw a diagram according to which you will carry out drainage work. Mark the most flooded areas.

Drainage ditches can be lined with waste and buried, or left open and cemented or filled with crushed stone. The most convenient option is to lay pipes, but this is quite expensive. Open drains can become overgrown and do not perform their task well; they will have to be constantly cleared of and, and during the period of snow melting, the formed ice will have to be removed.

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Drainage of bogs leads to a change in the general hydrological regime of the territory and transforms them from ecosystems that fix carbon into territories that emit carbon dioxide during the mineralization of peat, which occurs when it dries out due to aerobic microbiological processes. Drainage caused great damage to the Non-Black Earth Region in the European part of Russia, where thousands of rivers and streams disappeared and a general drying out of the territory began, the yield of field crops and meadows decreased.

Draining swamps, cutting down forests, fires and other types of anthropogenic activities destroy or disrupt the final (climax) stages of ecosystems and replace them with intermediate communities. In his own interests, people often maintain ecosystems at intermediate stages of dynamics for a long time. For example, it preserves deciduous forests in place of native conifers because they are more valuable for recreation or are resistant to air pollution. Sometimes, on the contrary, successional processes are stimulated to quickly transfer ecosystems to the final stages of dynamics. Thus, in forestry, deciduous trees are removed from coniferous-deciduous forests in order to speed up their transfer to pure coniferous forests.

The drainage of swamps and the irrigation of new lands also do not pass without a trace: the involvement of new lands in circulation, on the one hand, leads to the disruption of the ecological balance that has developed over centuries, on the other hand, these areas are often excluded from the total number of fertile lands due to erosion, salinization, and alkalization . The human habitat is under threat.

Massive drainage of swamps, deforestation, changing the direction of river flow, etc. forms of anthropogenic activity have had a harmful impact on various ecological systems in the form of destruction of the stable connections that have developed in them and certain environmental characteristics of the planetary scale (for example, the environmentally stable Earth system has a constant mass and a constant average temperature) and caused the threat of global environmental disasters.

After the swamps are drained, a diverse flora of capped saprophytic fungi develops on the forest floor, producing gradual mineralization of the forest floor and decomposition of the underlying layers of peat. Ultimately, this leads to the formation of very fertile soils in place of former peat bogs.

When peat bogs are drained, it becomes easier for air oxygen to enter the drained peat zone, and sulfuric acid is formed as a result of pyrite oxidation. The latter, when the peat is saturated with water, binds the bases of salts of weaker acids, forming sulfates. Some of the sulfuric acid remains free. Then, when precipitation seeps in, these sulfates dissolve, are carried down, enter the aquifer and increase the salinity of the water. Such processes were discovered in areas of the aquifer covered with peat.

Work on draining swamps begins with laying out upland and drainage ditches in the area and clearing the route of trees, bushes and other vegetation. First, upland ditches are dug, and then drainage ditches. Upland ditches are cut along the boundaries of the drained area with a slope from the pipeline.

Cutting down forests, draining swamps, fires and other types of anthropogenic activities destroy or disrupt the final (climax) stages of ecosystems and replace them with intermediate communities. In his own interests, people often support ecosystems at intermediate stages of their development for a long time. For example, it preserves deciduous forests in place of native conifers because they are more recreationally valuable or resistant to atmospheric pollutants. Sometimes, on the contrary, successional processes are stimulated to quickly transfer ecosystems to the final stages of dynamics. Thus, in forestry, deciduous trees are removed from coniferous-deciduous forests in order to speed up their transfer to pure coniferous forests.

For example, when draining swamps, the costs may be increased by the impoverishment of rivers connected by the swamps transferred into one water system, or several years after the commissioning of a new airport, the noise level may exceed permissible standards. The problem of pollution of near-Earth space is already being discussed, although this circumstance has not yet been taken into account during the construction and launch of satellites. Positive indirect results are also possible. For example, the construction of a dividing strip on the Moskonsk ring road and crossing bridges not only increased the safety of passengers and pedestrians, but also somewhat limited the use of forested areas, which has a positive effect on the environmental situation.

Massive deforestation and drainage of swamps, along with the ever-increasing consumption of previously buried organic compounds, contribute to an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere.

The permeability and possibility of draining swamps are determined; for ravines, the basis of erosion and the catchment area along the crossing line.

In the USSR, thanks to the extensive drainage of swamps (which are breeding grounds for mosquitoes that carry malaria) and a well-organized system of prevention and treatment, the malaria problem has now been completely solved: malaria as a mass disease has been eradicated. Highly effective antimalarial drugs (akrikhin, plasmocide, bigumal, etc.) produced by the domestic pharmaceutical industry played an important role in solving this problem.

Landlords grumble and complain about the draining of swamps, the clearing of moors, the enclosure of common lands for arable land, the cultivation of sainfoin and clover - as leading to a decrease in the price of food (Political Arithmetick, London, 1699, p.

Drainage consists of artificially lowering the groundwater level in swamps, which leads to a change in the ratio of elements of the water balance and redistribution of runoff. This is achieved by creating artificial drainage. In the practice of reclamation work, drainage of swamps is carried out using a system of open drainage ditches or closed drains (“mole holes”). Water flowing into the swamp from the outside is intercepted by “mountain” ditches. In some cases in the subtropics, the level can be reduced by planting eucalyptus trees, which have a high transpiration capacity, in combination with calmatage.[...]

Drained swamps are of great value to the national economy. In drained lowland swamps, highly productive Agriculture: swamps are sown with fodder, grain, vegetable crops etc. Most high yields obtained by creating double-action drainage systems: acting as drainage devices during periods of excess moisture and as moisturizing (irrigating) devices during periods of lack of moisture.[...]

Drainage of waterlogged forest lands is an effective method for increasing wood growth. However, not all wetland forests are responsive to drainage. Thus, observations in Polesie showed that draining high peat bogs with pine forests growing on them is impractical. Draining transitional type swamps to grow forests provides the greatest silvicultural efficiency.[...]

However, drainage should be carried out within reasonable limits. A decrease in the groundwater level when draining swamps more than 1.5 m from the soil surface contributes to the rapid oxidation of peat and removal nutrients into drainage ditches. With a further decrease in their level, the root horizon becomes detached from the capillary fringe, which leads to the death of forests.[...]

Massive drainage of swamps, deforestation, changing the direction of river flow, etc. forms of anthropogenic activity have had a harmful impact on various ecological systems in the form of destruction of the stable connections that have developed in them and certain environmental characteristics of a planetary scale (for example, the ecologically stable Earth system has a constant mass and a constant average temperature) and have created the threat of global environmental disasters. [ .. .]

Protection of raised bogs. Raised bogs play an important role in maintaining the ecological balance of the environment and established natural complexes. They serve as a source of nutrition for many rivers, regulate spring flow, making floods less stormy and destructive; The spring and rainwater accumulated in them maintains the level of groundwater that feeds the surrounding fields and meadows. In addition, swamps are a habitat for game birds and animals and provide rich harvests of berries. In good years, up to 3 t/ha of cranberries, 2 t/ha of lingonberries and blueberries, and a lot of blueberries and other berries are harvested from the swamps. In monetary terms, this gives an income several times greater than arable land of the same area. For these reasons, draining swamps must be approached with extreme caution, carefully weighing the possible consequences.[...]

In a number of cases, after draining the swamps, the damage revealed turned out to be much greater than the expected positive effect, as a result of which the swamps had to be restored again, spending additional funds on this.[...]

In the presence of vivianite in drained swamps, the positive effect of phosphorus fertilizers is usually insignificant or practically absent. [...]

Massive deforestation and drainage of swamps contribute, along with the ever-increasing consumption of previously buried organic compounds, to an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere.[...]

The role of wetlands in natural balance is absolutely irreplaceable. They are important regulators of river flow, accumulating excess moisture during a flood and gradually releasing it with the onset of a dry period. Ill-considered, uncontrolled drainage of swamps often irreversibly disrupts this balance, turning water meadows into barren salt marshes and depriving arable lands of moisture.[...]

Drainage (from English - to drain) - drainage of agricultural land using special hydraulic structures (wells, canals, ditches, etc.). Drainage is used as a mandatory technical technique when draining swamps, combating water erosion of soils, protecting ground transport communications, from landslides, floods, etc. [...]

Copper fertilizers. They are used on drained swamps and peat soils for flax, hemp, and sugar beets.[...]

It is necessary to note the successes of the British in draining swamp soils and coastal lowlands. The second example of this kind (in terms of time it is the first) is Holland, where at the same time the previously carried out drainage of lakes and sea estuaries sharply intensified. Over a period of 10-15 years on the drained polder, with the use of fertilizers and alfalfa crops, soil was obtained that was “more productive than natural.” True, incredible labor was required, and the people who farmed here developed a proverb: “The first farmer dies, the second suffers, the third lives” (Bondarev, 1979, p. 52).[...]

It is most effective when fertilizing drained swamps, carbonate peat soils, and soils containing little copper. Wheat, sugar beets, sunflowers, and peas respond well to pyrite cinders. The rate of application to the soil is 5-6 c/ha. As a water-insoluble fertilizer, it is not suitable for seed treatment and foliar feeding. In Bashkiria, waste from copper smelters in the Trans-Ural region should be widely tested as copper fertilizers.[...]

DRAINAGE [fr. drainage from English drain - drain] - a method of draining waterlogged lands by draining surface and groundwater(so-called drainage water) using special ditches and underground pipes - drains. D. is used in draining swamps, combating water erosion of soils, protecting ground transport communications from landslides, floods, etc.; in the southern regions - for desalinization of saline soils. ECOLOGICAL DUPLICATION - relative functional interchangeability of populations (coenopopulations) of species of the same trophic group in an ecosystem. D.e. - one of the mechanisms for ensuring the reliability (sustainability) of ecosystems, since under D.e. an extinct or destroyed species is, as a rule, replaced by a functionally similar one.[...]

Despite the fact that the area of peat bogs alone around the world is more than 1 million km2, a serious problem of protecting peat bogs has now arisen. For this purpose, as well as to study the prospects for their rational use, a special international organization was created in 1967, uniting scientists from 18 countries. The rate of drainage of swamps is now so high that in many places it threatens their complete disappearance. However, such an outcome is completely unacceptable. Even purely economic aspects convince us of this: for example, according to American data, just renting out hunting grounds in swamps, with huts and huts, provides greater profit than turning these swamps into agricultural areas. Typically swamps are home to hundreds of species of birds, valuable fur animals(nutria, muskrat). Often swamps are magnificent berry fields: there, without any use of human labor or fertilizers, 2 quintals of cranberries and 7-8 quintals of cloudberries grow per hectare.[...]

Russian foresters have long shown interest in the issues of draining wet forest lands and thereby increasing forest productivity. The drainage of swampy forests carried out in the Leningrad region, the Baltic states, Belarus and the central regions of Russia indicates the undeniability of the positive effect of drainage on forest growth. In the 80s of the last century, work was carried out to study and drain the swamps in the provinces of Novgorod (started in 1875), Olonets and Yaroslavl (started in 1879), Pskov (1880) and some others. But the experience of draining forest lands has not become widespread. This was hampered by socio-economic conditions and low level technology of that time.[...]

Disappears as a result of habitat destruction (due to drainage of swamps, development of peat bogs). It is necessary to organize reserves in the most representative places in different parts of the range.[...]

Shreter E.I. News of the work carried out in the Ryabovaya manor during the drainage of the swamps. - Proceedings of VEO, part 3, St. Petersburg, 1783, pp. 3-25. .[...]

Surface-layer peat extraction is mechanized. After draining the swamp, it is treated with a milling cutter, tooth or disc harrow to a depth of 5-10 cm; as soon as this layer dries, the peat is raked into piles with special large shovels (horse- or tractor-drawn). Peat dried in them can be taken out to the field in winter. It is better to apply it as a fallow crop for winter crops.[...]

Water management specialists in the United States were the first to realize that the indiscriminate drainage of swamps and small lakes in order to expand agricultural land and industrial sites, and eliminate breeding sites for mosquitoes and other unpleasant insects is a thing of the past. The harm from draining water systems, which leads to a change in soil fertility, deprived of regulation of flow during low-water periods, and the death of wildlife and, above all, birds, far exceeds the benefit from the formation of new fields. In the United States, they developed and implemented a program for the revival of what they call “swamps.” By 2000, 16 thousand hectares of wetlands had been restored in the upper Mississippi and Alabama. The work was carried out by dredging and alluvium.[...]

Solid waste was previously disposed of in coastal areas, including swamp drainage areas. However, this method turned out to be unsatisfactory: almost catastrophic pollution of spawning areas and oyster habitat areas was observed. These and others environmental factors necessitated the prohibition of this waste disposal practice.[...]

Human intervention in nature disrupts the existing balance. Deforestation, drainage of swamps, destruction of dams and straightening of riverbeds lead to the fact that spring waters freely roll into rivers and go into the sea. Stormy spring streams erode slopes and banks, silt up riverbeds and close springs. Soil erosion is facilitated by cutting down coastal bushes and plowing land to the water's edge.[...]

A high effect is obtained from phosphorus alone and especially potash fertilizers in meadows of drained swamps and mineral soils poor in potassium.[...]

Violation of the habitat due to deforestation, plowing of steppes and fallow lands, drainage of swamps, flow regulation, creation of reservoirs and other anthropogenic impacts radically changes the breeding conditions of wild animals, their migration routes, which has a very negative impact on their numbers and survival.[ .. .]

Today's reduction of relict taiga in Russia is mainly due to deforestation and drainage of swamps. But the influence of the construction of transport highways and industrial zones for the extraction and processing of minerals is beginning to be felt on an increasingly large scale.[...]

Habitat disruption due to cutting down and burning of forests, plowing of steppes and fallow lands, drainage of swamps, flow regulation, creation of reservoirs and other anthropogenic influences radically changes the breeding conditions of wild animals, their migration routes, which has a very negative impact on their numbers and survival . Habitat destruction is recognized main reason extinction of species or reduction in their numbers. It put more than 390 species of vertebrate animals in a threatened state, which, without taking into account pollution factors, accounts for 50% of all other causes of their extinction (Yablokov et al., 1985).[...]

When assessing the impact on plant and animal world it is necessary to determine the areas of deforestation and drainage of swamps, the zone of influence of pollutants discharged by the facility, changes in the nature of land use in the construction area, and also Negative consequences associated with the listed factors. Information about the state of vegetation in a certain area must be linked to relief parameters and soil characteristics. In this case, it is necessary to group forest, meadow and other areas of the territory according to the main taxometric characteristics, highlighting common plant associations and indicating the degree of their disturbance (degradation).[...]

An increase in forest productivity is also achieved by replacing tree plantations with more productive species and draining swamps. The main form of forest care is thinning. It is known that natural thinning of forests occurs with age. Foresters replaced this process with an artificial one. They cut down trees of little value and create favorable conditions for the growth and development of a benign tree stand. Conducting thinning contributes to the formation of a forest of trees of valuable tree species and High Quality, accelerating growth and increasing forest productivity. In addition, by removing old and infected trees, the sanitary condition of the forest improves. Thinning and sanitary cuttings are also carried out in young growth. In 1999, the volume of thinning and sanitary felling amounted to 19.5 million m3. Reducing the volume of these fellings could lead to a deterioration in the quality of forests.[...]

Mounted swamp cutter FBN-0.9. Working width 0.9 m. Designed for destruction of soil layers after plowing in drained swamps and wetlands, as well as for destruction of organic or mineral hummocks in meadows and pastures. It is aggregated with tractors DT-54A and DT-55A.[...]

Let us also mention that on Far North, on the Arkhangelsk experimental field, superphosphate gives large growths of grass in a drained swamp, and the figures obtained are of the following order: without fertilizer - 70 pounds of hay, with superphosphate - 270 pounds, and the effect of superphosphate lasts for several years (see reports by I. I. Benevolensky in “Northern Economy”)[...]

Deforestation, increasing the area of deserts, replacing natural cenoses with highly specialized agrocenoses, draining swamps, and creating artificial reservoirs change the albedo earth's surface and the structure of the natural cycle of chemical elements. All egos have a detrimental effect on the climate and productivity of biota.[...]

Peat, compared to snow, is not only a spatial but also a temporal indicator of pollution, since peat bogs accumulate information about environmental pollution over a long period of time. The most reliable data is provided by raised bogs, due to the low geochemical background and slow biological cycle. The informativeness of drained swamps when studying the dynamics of pollution is significantly reduced (Doncheva, Kazakov et al., 1992). Vegetation is widely used as indicators of geosystem disturbances, in particular as optimal indicators early stages disturbances in the landscapes of the forest zone include epiphytic lichen and moss vegetation. A good indicator When studying the response to catastrophic effects, soil, including soil microflora, is used.[...]

Economic activity human activity in the river catchment area and its banks also affects the hydrological regime. Drainage of swamps, water extraction for domestic and industrial needs, discharges Wastewater and so on. lead to changes in the water content of the river. Particular attention should be paid to cases when water is withdrawn for economic needs from the catchment area of one river, and water is used or returned to nature in the catchment area of another. This greatly affects the natural distribution of water and can lead to the drying out of some areas and swamping of others.[...]

In the zone of increased moisture, the main factor influencing the water balance is drainage amelioration systems. Drainage of swamps leads to desiccation and sedimentation of the peat layer. At first, the runoff increases somewhat, but in different landscapes this process occurs differently and depends on the subsequent use of these territories. When created on site bo-. In a lot of highly productive agricultural land, it may turn out that to ensure transpiration it will be necessary to periodically use artificial irrigation. In general, any measures to intensify agriculture and increase productivity, and therefore transpiration, lead to a restructuring of the water balance towards a reduction in surface runoff.[...]

On soil maps or simply on land use plans, areas of newly developed land (forests from uprooting, drained swamps), as well as river floodplains and excessively moist soils, patches of solonetzic soils, etc. are especially highlighted, since special areas are being developed for such areas fertilizer application plans.[...]

Often, the quality of soils and their structure deteriorate due to imperfect technologies of agrochemical measures - land irrigation, drainage of swamps, deforestation, digging canals, etc. They are the main reasons for the destruction of humus, water and wind erosion of soil, and its leaching (replacement of calcium with potassium).[...]

Changing the habitats of animals is the most common phenomenon that has assumed enormous proportions. Deforestation, plowing steppes, draining swamps, building reservoirs and canals, building roads, etc. radically changed the appearance of entire continents. Naturally, for a number of animals these changes turned out to be unfavorable, and either the species became extinct or their numbers sharply decreased; often they survived only in protected areas.[...]

Anthropogenic vegetation is a community of plants that arises as a result of human activity: crops, planting trees, grazing, draining swamps, etc. The relationship between atmospheric pollution and the circulation of substances is shown in Fig. 8.[ ...]

White Whooping Crane Conservation Is a Great Illustration of Rescue Possibilities rare birds. However, such an event requires a lot of effort. This crane was once a common swamp bird North America. Direct persecution and drainage of swamps led to the fact that at the beginning of the 20th century. he, like a nesting bird, disappeared in the USA. Only 20-30 birds survived in Canada, the nesting sites of which were unknown. In 1937, their last wintering place was found in the Arkansas reserve in the swampy meadows of Texas, where by 1941 only 15 birds remained. Only in 1954 were their nests discovered in a remote corner of the Canadian national park Wood Buffalo.[...]

In general, it is not difficult to guess that, as the population grows, people will be forced to transform more and more mature (climax) ecosystems into simple young productive ones (for example, by destroying tropical forests, draining swamps, etc.). To maintain these systems at a “young” age, the use of fuel and energy resources will increase. In addition, there will be a loss of species (genetic) diversity and natural landscapes (Table 10.1).[...]

Large-scale transformations of nature - plowing virgin lands, construction of giant hydroelectric power stations with the construction of large reservoirs and flooding of floodplain areas, projects for turning rivers, construction of large agro-industrial complexes, drainage of swamps - all these are powerful factors of environmental risk for nature and humans.[...]

Despite the successes achieved in the past, soil conservation tends to “rest on its laurels” and lags behind the times. For example, too much effort is currently being made to increase the area of arable land; Huge amounts of money are spent on regulation, drainage of swamps, etc., and at the same time nothing is done to save excellent land from destruction associated with poorly planned urban development. Land surveyor training programs are largely outdated; they should be expanded, increasing the role of accurate and social sciences, introducing courses in pollution ecology and human ecology. In other words, the problem of soil conservation, in particular and the science of land use in general, should focus not only on agriculture and forestry, but also deal with the rural-urban landscape complex, where the most urgent problems now exist (see Yu. Odum, 1969a ).[...]

IN developed countries plowed land has stabilized. It is considered more economically profitable to intensify agriculture than to expand arable land. It is believed that the area of arable land can be increased to 20-25% of the land area by irrigating lands in arid conditions, draining swamps and shallow waters, clearing small forests, and removing stones. According to FAO, up to 70% of the world's land resources are in low-productivity areas.[...]

In field experiments, in addition to types, forms, doses, times and methods of application, a combination of issues of agrochemistry with methods of cultivating a particular crop, varieties of agricultural plants, characteristics of soil-climatic zones (liming of acidic soils, gypsum of solonetzes, drainage of swamps in the northern regions) can be studied. areas, irrigation in areas of insufficient moisture), organizational and economic conditions, etc. However, with all the variety of topics and under any conditions, it is necessary to think in advance and write down a plan or procedure for conducting field experiments based on the previously stated general guidelines for experimental work and use additional literature.[...]

Oxygen man-made barriers most often arise when pumping gley (less often hydrogen sulfide) water from mines, adits, quarries and wells. These barriers, like the alkaline ones considered, do not affect the general course of migration of elements in the biosphere. However, there are also man-made oxygen barriers that arise on large areas. They are the result of drainage of swamps and control the migration of Fe, Mn, Co on a scale approaching the biosphere. Even more dangerous are the consequences of oxidation on these barriers of previously buried large masses of undecomposed organic matter(mostly peat). The scale of these consequences can be judged by the terrible fires in the Moscow region in 2002. Extinguishing these fires by everyone modern means for several months it did not give positive results. Only the beginning of the rainy season led to the extinguishing of the fires. You should think about this before drawing up plans to drain the swamps of Siberia and create new oxygen barriers.[...]

In water treatment practice, various technological techniques and methods for improving water quality are used. The choice of rational schemes for the treatment of natural and waste waters presents significant difficulties. This is due to the complexity of the composition of natural and waste waters and high requirements to the quality of cleaning; changes in the composition of the water in a reservoir as a result of the release of wastewater from new industrial enterprises, the development of water transport, the drainage of swamps (located upstream), the expansion of peat mining, etc. Such violations complicate not only the design of new, but also the improvement of long-running treatment facilities. The considerations underlying the classification we developed made it possible, using the example of natural water treatment, to systematize existing water treatment methods.[...]

In the Ural economic region, there are about 5 thousand small rivers, with a total length of over 110 thousand km (i.e., the vast majority). Small rivers are intensively used for water supply and irrigation and bear the main burden of anthropogenic impact: pollution from industrial and domestic wastewater to varying degrees cleaning, wood contamination and wood waste, siltation due to natural erosion and discharges from the mining industry, waterlogging and disruption by drainage processing, depletion and drying out due to deforestation, drainage of swamps, etc. Hydrometeorological study of small rivers is carried out in isolated cases; there are no sufficient series of observations of their flow and other regime parameters necessary for predicting the state and planning the use of river resources.

"Fifteen
years ago I started mastering
inherited land on a peat bog. This turned out to be not an easy matter
(I had to study the relevant literature) and very labor-intensive. I'll tell you how
drain the swamp at your summer cottage. Maybe the experience I have accumulated can be useful to someone
will come in handy." This is the letter sent to our website by Gennady Veselov from
Leningrad region. Here is his story.

We rarely cultivate peat-boggy soils. Together with
However, they can bring good harvests. Naturally, when due
processed in a manner. The disadvantages of a summer cottage on a peat bog are known. This
saturation of swamp methane gas in the soil and lack of oxygen, as well as
proximity to groundwater surface. Therefore, to the question, a plot on a peat bog - what to do, the answer is with
the right decision the problem is simple: enriching the soil with oxygen, getting rid of
methane and lowering groundwater levels.

How
to drain the swamp at the dacha, where to start? The first summer I had to dig drainage
ditches 50 cm wide and 70 to 140 cm deep. They must be dug with a slope of approximately
1 cm per linear meter. Brushwood was laid at the bottom of the ditches. Covered the branches
old roofing felt, which I still had after re-roofing. On
roofing felt laid dry grass, which
I mowed it before the seeds appeared, so that the summer cottage would not be overgrown with weeds. This grass
covered it with crushed dry peat, and laid the excavated soil on top, so that
it turned out to be a small hill. After it settled, almost no bedding was required.
The construction of such drainage ditches on a summer cottage made it possible to make the land more
loose, get rid of methane gas and lower the groundwater level.

How to drain a swamp to make garden beds
plot.

Peat is known to be a source of nitrogen necessary for plant development. But
as long as it lies in a compressed layer, there is no benefit from it. However, it was worth
dig up and grind it, just like bacteria started working after taking a breath of oxygen,
turning peat into soil suitable for planting. Of course, here too it was necessary
work hard. After all, in order to receive good harvests, on a summer cottage
draining the swamp is not enough. Necessary
It was necessary to add clay, sawdust from a cow farm and sand to the soil. The first few
years we had to feed our peat bog also with mineral fertilizers and additives
microelements.

Peat
retains moisture well and is an excellent mulch. Its top layer (3-5 cm)
must be kept dry. This will save your garden from pests and diseases, and your vegetable garden from
tedious weeding. In addition, peat soils freeze and thaw
slowly and do not freeze deeply. Therefore, in our beds, in place of drained
The swamps of the plant never froze even during winters with little snow and frost.

Thus, having drained the swamp at my summer cottage, I was able to
in a few years, create fertile soil here that is suitable for
growing most agricultural crops. Moreover, having ennobled
plot, they planted plum trees, apple trees, cherries, pears, sea buckthorn and chokeberry trees on it
rowan, which began to produce abundant harvests. So garden plot on
peat bog - this is quite feasible. You just need to put your hands to it.

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