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Description of Pale grebe (Amanita muscaria), differences from edible mushrooms. Pale grebe: a description of the appearance and ways to get rid of the garden plot White grebe edible

or fly agaric green, pale

- poisonous mushroom

✎ Belonging and generic features

Death cap (lat. Amanita phalloides), in a different way - fly agaric pale, green- a terrible species of the genus fly agaric (lat. Amanita), the same terrible family of amanite (fly agaric) (lat. Amanitaceae) and the global order agaric (lamellar) (lat. Agaricales).
Unconventional researchers attribute the genus of fly agaric to the Pluteaceae family (lat. Pluteaceae), while others jokingly combine the fly agaric and Pluteaceae families into a merged amanital order (lat. Amanitales). But only according to the latest conclusions, these families are included in the agaric order.
The pale grebe is the most dangerous and poisonous mushroom in the world of all the species of the fungal kingdom represented and got its name for the pale (usually greenish) color of the cap.
The fruit bodies of the pale toadstool contain bicyclic toxic polypeptides (molecules whose composition integrates more than 10 amino acids, and compounds containing more than 100 amino acids are already called proteins).
To date, all the studied toxins of the pale grebe are divided into two groups:

amanitins (amatoxins, amanitotoxins) are the most poisonous, but slow-acting poisons (violet-colored with cinnamic aldehyde in HCl vapor);

phalloidins (phallotoxins) are less poisonous, but faster-acting poisons (blue-colored with the same reagents).

And a separate intermediate place in these two groups is occupied by amanin (blue-colored in the same reagents) - a poison similar to phalloidins, but it acts more slowly.

✎ Similar Views

Pale grebe inexperienced mushroom pickers can easily be confused with champignon, from which it immediately differs in white plates (in champignons, the plates are pink, brown or black-violet), a longer leg, with a bag-like thickening (in the form of a cover) at its base, which is completely absent in champignon .
Also, jokingly, a pale toadstool, out of ignorance, can even be confused with ordinary russula (green or greenish), from which it regularly differs in the presence of a film ring on the leg and a typical bag-like cover (Volva) at its base, like in all types of fly agaric.
It’s not a sin to confuse a pale toadstool with an inconspicuous greenfinch (row green, lemon), from which it directly differs in a slightly different color (in greenfinch, the hat and stem of the fetus have greenish pigmentation, and in the pale toadstool the accepted shade is on the surface of the hat) and the same, bag-shaped cover at the base of the leg.
But most often, the pale grebe is confused with float mushrooms that look very similar to it (namely, those who collect such mushrooms and use them for food), while the pale grebe barely differs from the floats in the color of the hat (in floats, brown shades predominate in the colors of the hat, the pale grebe has green ones) and nothing more.

✎ Distribution in nature and seasonality

The pale grebe lives mainly on the southern side of the forest zone, where it is warmer, drier and lighter, and is especially well distributed in the central regions of Europe, middle lane Russia from the western outskirts to the Far East.
Pale grebe grows in coniferous or deciduous forests, often with a predominance of oak trees, usually along the edges of the forest or in forest clearings, alone, in small groups, from mid-July to the end of September.

✎ Brief description and application

Pale grebe belongs to the section agaric and the spores by which it reproduces reside in its plates. The plates are free, soft, frequent, definitely white color. The hat is at first cone-shaped, silky, sticky to the touch and with smooth edges and a lot of fibrous surface, then it becomes flat, light tones of gray, salad and olive color (only it is never pure white) without flaky scales (which most fly agarics have). The leg is even, fairly high, with cotton flakes, a fibrous wide ring and a bag-like cover at the base, flawlessly white and covered with a separate moiré pattern. The annulus on the stalk is at first wide and noticeably fringed, striated on the outside, but often disappears with age. The flesh is elastic, fleshy, white in color, does not change it when damaged, with a sweetish, but very unpleasant odor.

You can’t taste the pale toadstool, this mushroom is deadly poisonous !!! Moreover, you can’t even touch it with your bare hands or parts of your ammunition (clothes, shoes, inventory), because you can bring its microparticles home.
The deep danger of poisoning with pale toadstool lies in the fact that clear signs poisoning with it does not appear immediately, but several hours after its use, during which turbid, irreversible processes of damage begin to occur in the body, and the precious time for healing becomes irretrievably lost. Therefore, any treatment becomes belated, and sometimes meaningless, which most often leads to death.
The spores of the pale toadstool are no less dangerously poisonous than the fruit itself. Dispersed by wind currents, they fall on nearby plants, mushrooms or berries, infecting them with their poison. That is why it is impossible to collect even edible mushrooms, flowers or berries near it, it is not completely safe! The poison contained in the pulp of the pale toadstool does not crumble under any circumstances, which means that it will not be possible to neutralize it in a domestic environment (on its own).
Even despite some improvement in the state of health, on the third or fourth day after the poisoning, the process of destruction of the liver and kidneys still continues in the body. Death can occur after ten or twelve days.
Such an incredible danger lies in this terrible mushroom and the mortality from its poisoning is at least 50% !!!

According to the description, the pale grebe is similar to other representatives of the mushroom kingdom, including edible ones. Therefore, when collecting varieties that have with it common features, it is necessary to remember the time of growth of the fruiting body and the place of its distribution.

grows in temperate climate Eurasia and North America. It can be found in light broad-leaved and deciduous forests with fertile soil, occasionally mixed.

Most often, the pale grebe is adjacent to plants such as birch, linden and oak. It happens to grow in park areas. It is extremely rare to find a mushroom in coniferous forests with sandy soils.

Most often, cases of poisoning by this poisonous mushroom occur from July to November. This is due to the fact that it is at this time that the mycelium gives fruiting bodies.

Description of the pale grebe

Hat. The diameter of the cap of a pale grebe is up to 14 cm. More often, up to 10 cm. Its silky skin has a greenish-olive or grayish-green color. The central part of the cap is often slightly darker, while the edges are lighter. The skin is usually smooth, less often scales are visible on it, which are the remnants of the bedspread. Young mushrooms have a convex cap shape, which becomes flat-convex or prostrate as it grows. White cap plates. The flesh is white, greenish under the skin. There are pale grebes of a rarer white form.

Leg. The length of the leg of a pale grebe can be up to 20 cm, thickness up to 2 cm. The color of the leg is white, greenish-yellow streaks, stains or patterns are clearly visible on it. The leg is extended at the bottom. The pale toadstool has several distinctive features that help to recognize this terrible fungus.

Mushroom pickers should be alerted by a whitish ring in the upper part of the leg, which can be solid, torn or inconspicuous, similar to flakes. It is formed from a film covering the plates of young pale grebes. The Volvo cup, torn into three or four blades when a young mushroom appears, should also scare away. Volvo is at the bottom of the leg (near the ground). The leg does not adhere to the Volvo, it seems that it is inserted into it. The color of the outer side of the Volvo is whitish, yellowish or greenish. It seems that the bag-shaped Volvo cup is prepared “for growth”.

The most terrible mushroom in this respect is the pale grebe. It is easily recognizable by the whitish bulb at the end of the stem and the disheveled whitish skirt just below the white hat with ribbed sporangium. The poison is deadly even in scanty quantities (B.T. Chuvin "A Man in an Extreme Situation").

Pale grebes are moisture-loving, in rainy weather they appear en masse in whole "plantations". In arid regions of the country, pale grebe is much less common. The fungus grows more often in deciduous and mixed forests. But this does not exclude its appearance in conifers. Especially in pine forests, where there is a lot of sphagnum moss.

Pale grebe appears from June The peak of its growth is observed from the second half of August to mid-September.

Mushrooms-twins of pale grebe

If all pale grebes looked "like in the picture", then there would be no such a large number people who put this poisonous mushroom in their basket, and then in a frying pan.

AT last years there are a lot of mutant mushrooms in the forests .... "Learned" to disguise and pale grebe. Even experienced mushroom pickers sometimes cannot distinguish it from russula, honey agaric or champignon (V. Zhavoronkov "The ABC of Safety in Emergencies").

Russula green and greenish. The green variety of the white toadstool is often confused with the very common russula. The main differences: the absence of a ring on the white leg of the russula. The legs of green and greenish russula do not have scales and patterns. There is no Volvo at the base of the russula leg.

Greenfinch. The plates of the greenfinch are lemon-colored, and in the pale grebe they are white. Zelenushka is a stocky strong mushroom. The pale toadstool is completely different.
Float. The pale toadstool of the white form (thankfully, more rare) is easily confused with a bobber. With these mushrooms there are mistakes even among experienced mushroom pickers. For beginner mushroom pickers, a white float is at risk.
Champignon. The pale grebe is sometimes referred to as " false champignon". It is more difficult to deal with young mushrooms.
Fly agaric smelly(Amanita virosa), or the white toadstool, which grows closer to the North, is also a deadly poisonous mushroom-twin of the pale toadstool. In the Moscow region it happens a lot in dry years. On the Far East white grebe grows in spruce-fir forests. It would not be worth remembering the fly agaric if there were no similarities between a pale grebe, a smelly fly agaric and a white float.

Fly agaric(Amanita mappa) also resembles a pale grebe. But he has a Volvo attached to the stem and flakes of parts of the bedspread remaining on the hat. This inedible mushroom formerly considered poisonous due to the presence of the toxin bufotenin in its tissue. Amanita grebe adds to the list of fungi-twins of the pale toadstool, but does not cause any desire to put the mushroom in the basket.

How to distinguish edible mushrooms from grebes

To recognize in time dangerous mushroom, you need to know some of its features:

One pale grebe caught in a dish makes the whole batch toxic.

But there is also a small benefit from these poisons:

In homeopathic doses, they can be used as an antidote for poisonous mushrooms.
Some have learned to poison harmful insects with these poisons without harming themselves and others.
The ability to fight wrinkles is being investigated: if the skin is pale and fades, then injections with microdoses of toxins are used. But this use is controversial.
AT folk medicine infusions of pale grebe are considered as a remedy for cancer. official medicine did not find confirmation of this, although laboratory experiments on mice gave encouraging results.

The danger of pale grebe far outweighs the potential benefits. And therefore it is better to remember what a mushroom looks like, study its photo and stay away from it.

Pale toadstool poisoning

Pale toadstool poisoning- designation of an incident in which the fruiting body of the fungus of the Pale grebe species enters the human alimentary tract in an amount that is harmful to health and causes poisoning. One of the dangers for humans when eating mushrooms. It may end in the death of a person.

Causes of poisoning with pale toadstool

The cause of poisoning is the consumption by humans of the collected fruiting bodies of the pale toadstool. It occurs by mistake or as a result of intentional poisoning.

In case of intentional poisoning:

can become a victim of the actions of another person or group of persons;
you can get poisoned by your own actions.

Pale grebe is confused with champignon, russula, greenfinch when picking mushrooms in the forest.

The poisons of the pale toadstool are not destroyed by decoction, drying, and are not digested in the gastrointestinal tract.

Picture of poisoning

Pale grebe is a deadly poisonous mushroom, and even a small amount of fruiting bodies eaten can lead to severe poisoning with a fatal outcome. The poisons of the pale grebe do not disappear when decoction and drying. It is characterized by a pleasant taste, which makes this mushroom indistinguishable from edible species.

8-48 hours after taking the pale toadstool for food, vomiting, intestinal colic, pain, thirst, diarrhea (possibly with blood), cyanosis (whitening) of the skin and mucous membranes, a decrease in body temperature, convulsions begin.

Pale toadstool poisoning in clinical practice can be classified into mild, moderate and severe according to severity. With mild poisoning, moderate gastroenteritis and mild hepatopathy (liver damage) are observed.

The average degree of poisoning is accompanied by severe gastroenteritis, toxic hepatopathy (liver damage) of moderate severity, toxic nephropathy (kidney damage) of mild or moderate severity.

A severe degree of poisoning is accompanied by severe gastroenteritis, hepatopathy, nephropathy with a transition to acute liver and kidney failure.

Stages of poisoning

Pale grebe poisoning in modern medical literature conditionally divided into periods.

The characteristics and names of the periods may differ, perhaps, for example, the following subdivision:

An incubation or latent period lasting from 6 hours to a day or more, in which there are no symptoms of poisoning.
The period of acute gastroenteritis (inflammation of the mucous small intestine), accompanied by abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting. It lasts 1-2 days or more.
"A period of imaginary well-being" or a visible temporary improvement in the health of the poisoned person, although there is no real improvement.
The period of damage to parenchymal organs. Acute renal and hepatic failure develops and death may occur.
If death does not occur, then a recovery period may be allocated.

Mechanism of poisoning

In case of poisoning with a pale toadstool, phalloidin syndrome develops. It manifests itself in defeat gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidneys. Under the influence of toxins of the pale toadstool, necrosis and fatty degeneration of the liver develops.

In 100 g fresh mushrooms contains 10 mg of phalloidin, 8 mg of α-amanitin. The lethal dose of α-amanitin is 0.1 mg per 1 kg of body weight. The reference books state that one mushroom or a piece of it is enough for a fatal outcome. The percentage of mortality in case of poisoning with pale toadstool can reach 50% or more and depends on the dose, as well as the age of the poisoned person. Children and the elderly die from such poisoning more often.

Toadstool poisoning is more common in Europe than in America. Until the middle of the 20th century, mortality was 60-70%, but this percentage has decreased significantly with the improvement of medicine. Between 1971 and 1980, the death rate in Europe from pale grebe poisoning was 22.4%. Subsequently, the figure fell to 10-15%.

Toxins that cause poisoning

Science currently divides substances toxic to humans (toxins) contained in the fruiting bodies of pale grebe into groups:

amanitins (amatoxins, amanitotoxins)
phalloidins (phallotoxins)
amanin.

Amanitins act faster than phalloidins, but are less poisonous.

Treatment of toadstool poisoning

Effective treatment of poisoning with pale toadstool is carried out in a medical hospital (hospital).

Typical medical procedures for toadstool poisoning:

gastric lavage;
giving adsorbents;
fight against dehydration;
administration of glucocorticoids.

Held:

hemosorption (blood purification).
treatment of exotoxic shock.

Doctors use proteolytic enzymes (kontrykal, gordoks) to slow down the metabolism of many nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic substances that is dangerous for the body. Lipoic acid (acidum thiocticum) is used in a daily dose of up to 300 mg. Hepatic therapy is carried out.

There are isolated examples of liver transplantation in the described poisoning in the world.

Studies have shown that most survivors make a full recovery without any sequelae if treatment is started less than 36 hours after mushroom ingestion. A good antidote is a decoction of milk thistle.

Cultural-historical and other interesting information

Pale grebe is the most poisonous of our fly agarics and one of the most poisonous mushrooms in general. Statistics: if about 95% of all known fatal mushroom poisonings are caused by species of the genus Amanita, then, in turn, more than 50% of all fatal poisonings by fly agaric are accounted for by the pale grebe. Mushroom killer number 1, cleaner than the man-eating shark.

In the world, pale grebe is quite widespread. Its homeland is Europe, from where in recent decades it has penetrated into East Asia, Africa, both Americas and even Australia and New Zealand. There are many different places where the pale grebe grows, although it is not so common.

Mycorrhizal northern and mid-band European tree partners of the pale grebe are oak, linden, hazel, birch, maple, elm, beech, hornbeam, and in the southern regions also chestnut. Quite rarely, but, nevertheless, successfully, the toadstool is able to form mycorrhiza with pine and spruce. It is noteworthy that in new places in the process of introduction, the pale grebe finds new, previously uncharacteristic partners for itself. For example, in coastal California, A. phalloides has adopted hemlock ( conifer tree) and virgin oak, in Iran - hazelnuts, in Tanzania and Algeria - eucalyptus, in New Zealand - various species of myrtle tree.

AT late XIX century, the famous American mycologist Charles Peck announced the discovery European look A. phalloides North America. However, in 1918 these specimens were tested and identified by mycologist Professor Atkinson (Cornell University) as similar appearance A.brunnescens. The question of the transcontinentality of the pale grebe seemed to have been closed, but in the 1970s it suddenly became clear that the undoubted European pale grebe colonized both the eastern and western North American coasts, having moved from Europe along with seedlings of the then popular chestnuts. In general, the pale grebe, having taken a start in Europe, captured the entire Northern Hemisphere in this way - along with seedlings and industrial wood. It took her about 50 years to do everything. Together with oak seedlings, she entered Australia and South America(green round dances around grown oak trees “pleased the eye” for a long time in Melbourne and Canberra, as well as in Uruguay, Argentina and Chile, until a few years later the mushrooms found new mycorrhizal partners and began to march across the continents). It has been reliably established that with pine seedlings, the pale grebe "jumped" to Tanzania and South Africa, where it quickly mastered local oaks and poplars.

Since ancient times, people have been poisoned with pale toadstool, both by accident and by malicious intent. Perhaps the earliest of known cases poisoning with a pale toadstool (eaten by mistake instead of a Caesar mushroom) can be considered the death of the wife and children of the great playwright of antiquity Euripides.

History has conveyed to us a lot of facts and deliberate "harassment" famous people poisonous mushrooms to eliminate them from the political or even religious arena. Apparently, most of them are accounted for by the pale grebe. The most frequently mentioned "lucky ones" in this regard are the Roman Emperor Claudius and Pope Clement VII.

Video

Sources

http://grib-info.ru/yadivitie/blednaya-poganka.html

Pale grebe is an inedible poisonous mushroom that is the most toxic of all species. AT wild nature occurs quite often and has many names. That is why it is important to distinguish edible mushrooms from grebes, to be able to bypass them.

Pale grebe is an inedible poisonous mushroom that is the most toxic of all species.

They reach a height of about 15 cm. The pulp has a pleasant aroma, slightly changes color when pressed at the site of injury.

The leg of the toadstool is thin (with such a height of the fungus, it rarely exceeds one centimeter in diameter). It has a dense white ring. The color of the stem is whitish, sometimes it has pigmentation in the color of the cap itself. The leg does not grow in Volvo - outwardly it seems that it is simply inserted into it. Volvo is painted yellow or greenish.

The pale grebe has many twins, both among edible mushrooms, and among poisonous ones. The most similar to it are greenish and green russula, as well as champignons, float, greenfinch. Poisonous fruits similar to toadstool are smelly and grebe-shaped fly agaric.

Russula green

This variety differs from all the greenish color of the cap, as well as the dense structure of the stem. Due to inexperience, russula can be confused with pale grebe, however, the incision and the absence of a white ring are the main hallmarks. The russula cap reaches a diameter of 14 cm, in dry weather it becomes shiny. As it grows, it can acquire a brown color, grows in small groups in forest areas.

Champignons

Mushrooms belong to the Agarikov family. Outwardly, the champignon also looks like a pale grebe, or rather, its unripe fruits. The hat reaches eight centimeters in diameter, has a whitish color. In mature fruits it has the shape of a semicircle. The surface of the aerial part is dry, without mucus, covered with many white scales. Leg about 10 cm tall.

Russula green

greenfinch mushroom

Zelenushki have a dense hat up to 12 cm in diameter, dense in structure, fleshy. In young fruits, it may be slightly convex, while in mature ones, on the contrary, it is raised up. The skin is smooth, slightly slimy or sticky depending on the weather. The plates are up to one centimeter wide, yellow or green. The leg is short, covered with small brown scales.

mushroom float

Float

This species belongs to the kingdom of fly agaric and is underestimated among mushroom pickers for its external data. When collecting a float, you need to be extremely careful - both a pale grebe and a fly agaric can be disguised under it.

The edges of the cap are uneven, have no smell. The flesh does not change color when damaged. The fungus can be found in deciduous or mixed forests. Edible specimens lack the white stem ring.

Gallery: pale grebe (43 photos)

How to distinguish an edible mushroom from a toadstool

It is quite easy to distinguish a poisonous mushroom from an edible one, you just need to carefully look at the fetus itself and find a few differences. For example, edible mushrooms do not have a characteristic ring on the stem. This sign appears only in the white grebe. In addition, the plates are also excellent - they have greenfinches and other similar fruits. yellow color, while the poisonous one has only white ones. It is distinguished from champignon by the color of the plates - the edible mushroom has brown plates, while the poisonous ones are light, whitish. The float is similar, however, the toadstool has a volva, while other mushrooms do not.

When picking mushrooms, it is necessary to observe safety precautions - do not collect separately growing specimens, but only those that grow in a group.

Features of pale grebe (video)

Signs and consequences of pale grebe poisoning

The insidiousness of the poison of the pale toadstool lies in the fact that it slowly affects parts of the body, and poor health appears only fifteen hours after ingestion. For a fatal outcome, it is enough to consume about 30 mg. poisonous substance, which corresponds to half a kilogram of mushrooms.

First, a general malaise appears, pain in the head and limbs appears. Further, vision deteriorates, which can be attributed to the manifestation of hypertension and other chronic diseases. At this stage, it is important to recognize the poison and immediately go to the hospital - this can reduce the risk of death. After the deterioration of vision, hallucinations, the appearance of panic attacks follow. The fungus infects the cells nervous system, because of which the arms or legs may fail, the coordination of movements, speech or memory is disturbed, the person does not recognize his loved ones. Then the temperature rises, dehydration occurs, vomiting and diarrhea appear.

There are known cases of manifestation of false well-being - a person gets better for a while, all symptoms go away and it seems that a complete recovery has come. However, it is not. Later short period time the symptoms will return in the worst degree.

In the case of contacting a doctor and taking medication, the recovery period after poisoning can last about two months.

greenfinch mushroom

How to get rid of toadstools in an outdoor garage

There are several ways to get rid of dense concentric circles from toadstool thickets.

If the mushroom grows in a clearing on the site, then this can be very dangerous. First of all, you need to remove the mycelium itself. To do this, you need to raise upper layer earth, remove the mushroom threads themselves as far as possible, and then leave the earth in this form for several days. Under influence sun rays the remnants of the toadstool root system will successfully die.
It is also worth remembering whether it was necessary to bury wood in the ground in this particular place? If the mushroom has grown in place of rot, then the tree must be treated with a special fungal antiseptic sold in a gardening store.
Indoors, removing mushrooms is not so easy. They appear in places of excessive moisture and grow in threads deep into the foundation. In this case, first of all, it is necessary to remove the source of moisture, and only then take up the fight against the fungus.
Removing the roots will help special agent from the store, and regular appearance can be prevented by regular processing of the place.
It happens that ground water too close pass near the foundation of the room. In this case, only a major overhaul will help, as well as additional internal insulation of the house or garage.

The most poisonous mushrooms (video)

Toadstool is a poisonous mushroom that animals and children should not be allowed to access. You do not need to pick it up, and if this happens, then they must be thoroughly rinsed under water using aggressive substances. Also, do not pick mushrooms, exposing the lower limbs - for " silent hunting» It is better to wear clothes that cover all parts of the body.

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(Amanita phalloides), the green variety of which is often called green, is the most dangerous poisonous mushroom in our forests. This mushroom of the Amanitaceae family ( Amanitaceae), the genus Amanita ( Amanita) has such a high concentration of phalloidin that all parts of it are deadly poisonous. Even a small piece of pale toadstool can lead to a tragic ending. When cooking, drying and other treatments, the poison does not lose its strength.

Everyone knows what a pale grebe looks like. However, every year many people who have been poisoned by this poisonous mushroom end up in hospitals in a very serious condition. The fact is that the pale grebe is sometimes disguised as delicious. For example, it is easy to confuse it with some mushrooms, floats and rows. Victims are also those people who buy mouth-watering-looking home-made mushroom blanks.

Pale grebe (photo from Wikipedia)

Description of the pale grebe

Hat. The diameter of the cap of a pale grebe is up to 14 cm. More often it is up to 10 cm. Its silky skin has a greenish-olive or grayish-green color. The central part of the cap is often slightly darker, while the edges are lighter. The skin is usually smooth, less often scales are visible on it, which are the remnants of the bedspread. Young mushrooms have a convex cap shape, which becomes flat-convex or prostrate as it grows. White cap plates. The flesh is white, greenish under the skin. There are pale grebes of a rarer white form.

The most terrible mushroom in this respect is the pale grebe. It is easily recognizable by the whitish bulb at the end of the stem and the disheveled whitish skirt just below the white hat with ribbed sporangium. The poison is deadly even in scanty quantities (B.T. Chuvin "A Man in an Extreme Situation").

Pale grebe appears with. The peak of her growth is noted from the second half to the middle.

Mushrooms-twins of pale grebe

If all pale toadstools looked “like in the picture”, then there would not be such a large number of people who put this poisonous mushroom in their basket and then in a frying pan.

In recent years, a lot of mutanto mushrooms have come across in the forests in .... "Learned" to disguise and pale grebe. Even experienced mushroom pickers sometimes cannot distinguish it from russula, honey agaric or champignon (V. Zhavoronkov "The ABC of Safety in Emergencies").

Russula green and greenish. The green variety of the white toadstool is often confused with the very common russula. The main differences: the absence of a ring on the white leg of the russula. The legs of green and greenish russula do not have scales and patterns. There is no Volvo at the base of the russula leg.

The plates of the greenfinch are lemon-colored, and in the pale grebe they are white. Zelenushka is a stocky strong mushroom. The pale toadstool is completely different.

Float. The pale toadstool of the white form (thankfully, more rare) is easily confused with a bobber. With these mushrooms there are mistakes even among experienced mushroom pickers. For beginner mushroom pickers, a white float is at risk.

Champignon. The pale grebe is sometimes called the "false mushroom". It is more difficult to deal with young mushrooms.

Fly agaric smelly (Amanita virosa), or white toadstool, which grows closer to the North, is also a deadly poisonous twin mushroom of the pale toadstool. In the Moscow region, it happens a lot in dry years. In the Far East, white grebe grows in spruce and fir forests. It would not be worth remembering the fly agaric if there were no similarities between a pale grebe, a smelly fly agaric and a white float.

Fly agaric (Amanita mappa) also resembles a pale grebe. But he has a Volvo attached to the stem and flakes of parts of the bedspread remaining on the hat. This inedible mushroom was previously considered poisonous due to the presence of the toxin bufotenin in its tissue. Amanita grebe adds to the list of mushrooms-double of pale grebe, but does not cause any desire to put the mushroom in the basket.

Pale toadstool poisoning

30 g of pale grebe are considered lethal dose even for a strong adult, and 1.5 g is quite enough to end up in a hospital bed.

After eating a pale toadstool, a person does not feel any signs of poisoning for many hours. Then he begins to die (V.A. Soloukhin).

The poison causes inhibition of all processes in the cells of the body. The formation of protein is suspended. There is a rapid degeneration of organ tissues. The first blow is often taken by the stomach, intestines and liver. Due to repeated vomiting and frequent loose stools, rapid dehydration occurs. Chlorides, calcium, potassium and magnesium are lost. But this is only a small part of all the problems.

Mushroom poison, according to the doctor of medical sciences, professor S.G. Musselius (head of the intensive care unit and treatment of endotoxicosis Medical Center Administration of the Mayor and the Government of Moscow), leads to a change in the composition of the blood, a significant deterioration in the condition of the heart, lungs and multiple lesions of other important organs. Reduced blood clotting, therefore, to heavy bleeding. The nervous system is affected, hallucinations occur, human behavior becomes inadequate.

The time from the moment the poison of the pale toadstool enters the human body until the first signs of poisoning is about 6-9 hours. Less often - 10 - 15 hours. In some cases, - 16 - 36 hours. There is a general weakness, malaise, cold sweat appears.

The next period is acute gastroenteritis with abdominal pain, nausea, "gushing" vomiting, frequent (up to 25 times a day!) liquid stool, dry mouth, excruciating thirst and other signs. This period is characterized by weakness, headache, dizziness, lethargy, increased and uneven heart rate, lowering blood pressure.

The next stage is acute liver or hepatic-renal failure. On the 3rd - 5th day, jaundice often appears. Lethal outcome occurs 5-10 days after the onset of poisoning. There are chances of recovery, they depend on how quickly the measures were taken. It takes up to 1.5 months to restore the health of surviving patients.

Urgent measures for poisoning with pale toadstool

What if a pale toadstool got on a plate, and from it into a person's stomach? Here short instruction to help save someone's life.

Rinse the stomach immediately: drink 5-6 cups of boiled water or a pale pink solution of potassium permanganate, and then press your fingers on the root of the tongue. Never drink milk. It promotes the absorption of toxins. Take it right away Activated carbon, 2 - 5 tablets (or another sorbent), vitamin C up to one gram and antibiotics (neomycin sulfate, levomycetin), as toxins activate all pathogens in the intestine. At the same time, it is necessary to drink lightly salted water before the arrival of the ambulance to restore the water-salt balance.
Many believe that alcohol helps with poisoning. This is a dangerous delusion, since alcohol contributes to the rapid spread of the toxin in the body (V. Zhavoronkov "The ABC of Safety in Emergencies").

It is best to finish the description of the deceit of the pale grebe with the words of V.A. Soloukhin:

I think that the pale grebe is needed for some reason, if nature created it. Someday they'll probably recognize her useful side and she will the most valuable plant. But for now, dear mushroom pickers, beware of the pale grebe.

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Silent hunting is an exciting activity, accompanied by delight from each found mushroom. However, such pleasure also has its fly in the ointment - poisonous mushrooms, the most dangerous of which is the pale grebe. This seemingly harmless forest dweller can lead to the most terrible consequences, which is why it is very important to be able to distinguish the pale grebe from edible mushrooms. Inexperienced mushroom pickers should carefully study the signs poisonous toadstool, and at the slightest doubt, bypass such prey. Or is it better to sit at home and cook delicious cakes.

Mushrooms- this is very healthy foods nutrition. They have a lot of protein, few calories, almost no starch and cholesterol. They support the immune system, protect the body from cancer and keep the heart and blood vessels normal. They are also useful for the nervous system, skin, teeth, bones, hair and nails.

Fortunately, there are several ways to distinguish a toadstool from an edible mushroom. characteristics, which together will give a complete understanding of what is in front of you - a poisonous representative of the kingdom of mushrooms.

Hat

The color of the hat of a pale grebe is white, beige, olive, grayish, yellow-green, and it itself has a convex shape, in young mushrooms it is bell-shaped, in adults it is hemispherical or flattened. The cap diameter is 4-15 cm. The edges have a smooth fibrous surface; in old mushrooms, the cap may have a ribbed edge. Small bulges can be located on the hat - the remnants of a kind of bedspread that covers very young grebes.

The underside of the cap. Toadstool plates are exceptionally white, while those of edible mushrooms are usually slightly pinkish. The increased width of the plates, as well as the lack of connection with the stem, can also indicate the toxicity of the fungus. In young grebes, the plates are covered with a white film.

Leg

In a pale grebe, the leg is rather thin, slightly thickened and rounded below. The color of the legs is white or yellowish. The height of the leg is up to 15 cm. Often on the legs of the toadstool you can see a moire pattern or pale green patterns.

Ring

On the leg of the toadstool, in its upper third, there is a thin fringed ring, because of which it is most often mistaken for an edible champignon. It is easy to distinguish a toadstool from a russula by this peculiar skirt, but if you collect champignons, use other signs of the prey's edibility.

Volvo

home distinguishing feature pale grebe - the presence of a volva, a kind of egg-shaped wrapper located at the base of the fungus. In appearance, the Volvo resembles a film and is most often partially buried in the soil. In order to make sure that you really have a toadstool in front of you, clear the grass and earth at the leg and see if there is a tuberous membranous thickening at its base. Edible mushrooms do not have such a "cup".

The color and smell of the pulp

Pale grebe has a fleshy, firm white flesh. When broken, unlike edible mushrooms, the flesh of the toadstool does not change color. Another distinctive feature of the toadstool is the almost complete absence of smell or a very faint sweet smell.

Taste

Take my word for it that the taste of the toadstool is sweetish, but in no case try to determine the type of mushroom by taste, because even its contact with the mucous membrane can cause serious poisoning.

Insects and worms

Worms, flies and any other insects do not even try to approach the grebe, so it is almost impossible to meet a wormy grebe.

controversy

The spore powder of the toadstool is white, the shape of the spores is round. This fungus is so poisonous that if its spores get on nearby plants, it makes them poisonous. Never pick herbs and berries near the pale grebe.

Habitat

Grebe prefers deciduous forests, most often it can be found next to birch, oak, linden. In coniferous forests and on sandy soils, the pale grebe can be seen only in exceptional cases. But if you saw a mushroom similar to champignon in a park area, with almost 100% probability you have a pale grebe in front of you.

Main Rule

Remember the main rule of every mushroom picker: there are doubts about the edibility of the found mushroom - leave it where you found it. It's better to come home with an empty basket than to end up in a hospital bed..

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