Animals of Baikal. Names, descriptions and characteristics of animals of Baikal

Yesterday, October 6, was International Habitat Conservation Day. Using the example of the rarest animals of the republic, the site decided to show how humans influence nature through their activities

Red color is a signal of alarm, impending danger, warning. The Red Book includes plants and animals of which there are very few left on Earth; they are in danger of extinction. Buryatia also has its own Red Book. In our republic there is practically no place where no human has set foot. Every extinct species is a severe and irreparable loss. We are conquering space, we have learned to print houses and body organs. But can we recreate snow leopard or sagaan-dali? For now, everything that disappears in the animal world disappears forever. We present to readers the rare decorations of the nature of Buryatia: snow leopard (irbis), manul, steppe bustard, red wolf.

Snow Leopard

In the category of species extinction in the Red Book of Buryatia, the snow leopard ranks first. There are only 20 to 30 of them left in Buryatia. It is protected on the territory of the Tunkinsky National Park and the Shumak National Natural Park. Two areas of stable habitat for the snow leopard are known: western (Eastern Sayan ranges, Okinsky and Tunkinsky districts) and eastern (western part of the Malkhansky ridge, Bichursky district). Over the past 20 years, one snow leopard has died every year due to human fault. And the future forecast for the state of the species is disappointing.

Manul

Globally, the status of this species is assessed as rare and declining in numbers. Pallas's cat prefers to live in forest-steppe spaces with rocky areas. In Buryatia, its main habitat is the Selenginsky, Dzhida, and Kyakhtinsky districts. His main food is field mice. He is a food competitor of the fox; they share the same habitats due to the food supply. It is extremely rare, because by nature this small animal is very mysterious and secretive. The threat of extinction of the Pallas's cat is hunting, killing by people chance meeting, death from dogs, any trap fishing, steppe fires, disturbance factor.

Steppe Bustard

The number in Buryatia reaches 30 - 40 individuals. Although even before the 60s and 70s it lived in all areas of the south of Buryatia, in the north to the delta of the Selenga River and the Vitim Plateau, as well as in the Barguzin region. Later, the range shrank almost everywhere, with the exception of the southern regions. Currently, it constantly nests in the Dzhidinsky and Mukhorshibirsky regions, sometimes reaching Ulan-Ude. Experiments were carried out in the Daursky Nature Reserve and it was found that the bustard feeds well on rapeseed fields (weed). Previously, collective farms specifically planted it for harvesting. Now the steppe bustard has serious problems with its food supply. Scientists believe that the main threat to the bustard is agriculture. Because in its nesting places there are steppe burnings or grazing. And for her, the disturbance factor is very important, because she nests on the ground. If a bustard is scared away from its nest, it will never return there. The chicks are dying. During autumn rains, the wings of the steppe bustard get wet and freeze. Birds cannot fly and become easy prey even for children. There are known cases when such defenseless bustards were driven into courtyards and beaten to death with sticks.

Red Wolf

Its numbers and distribution are also declining globally. The red wolf never howls; his voice is a mixture of barking, whining and squealing. Outside the mountains, the red wolf cannot compete with the ordinary wolf, which is capable of taking prey even from a pack of red wolves. It has also been established that red wolves die from invasive diseases and are sensitive to anthropogenic impact: they leave their habitats when people visit them. Their food supply has been undermined by widespread poaching of the main species of ungulates. In Buryatia, the red wolf is occasionally found in the highlands and mountain taiga of the Eastern Sayan Mountains, as well as in the south of the Tunka Valley. According to Olga Martynova, head of the department of state environmental assessments and biodiversity conservation, some types of nature are inclined to reproduce, some are not. The habitat of these animals is simply extremely cruel and they cannot produce large offspring.

Cheetah

A predatory “intellectual” and gourmet. It is difficult to imagine that several centuries ago there were cheetahs in our steppes. And they became extinct on our territory, according to scientists, because they were gourmets - they hunted mainly ungulates: steppe antelopes, gazelles. Their abundance disappeared with the plowing up of the steppe, for hunting in which cheetahs are ideally suited, never feeding on carrion. They don't even return to the remains of their own prey. Today, the free cheetah can only be found in Africa in remote places and in protected areas. In Asia it has disappeared or is very rare. The cheetah is the fastest dying species. Firstly, although cheetahs run fast, they get tired quickly. Secondly, they only hunt gazelles; thirdly, it is more difficult for them to hide their cubs, because they don't climb trees. The cheetah is called the "intelligent" in the world of predators. That is why it is so difficult for him to withstand numerous external influences. Flocks of vultures flock to the cheetah's hunting area and push it back. It's sad to think that cheetahs have to change their habits due to their growing popularity with tourists. Hearing loud sounds, a cheetah often abandons its prey, leaving it to be eaten by other animals. The claw of the first toe always remains sharp, as it never comes into contact with the ground. It is with its help that the predator knocks down its prey. This feature explains the images in the paintings, when the cheetah calmly rests on a horse behind the rider. The most famous painting of Kublai Khan hunting.

Tiger

Now he is associated exclusively with the Ussuri region. Although the first name of such a tiger is “Siberian”. "Babr is located Irkutsk region of all animals is rarer and surpasses them in its strength and courage. It has irregularly located blackish transverse stripes along its white-yellowish fur; does not exceed the height of a large wolf” - this is how the evidence of those years is described. As you can see, according to the descriptions, the babr resembles a tiger. “Siberians call babr without distinction between leopard and tiger... It has been known since ancient times that tigers and leopards often enter Dauria from Manchuria, Tibet and other parts of the celestial empire,” confirms A.A. Cherkasov in the famous “Notes of a Hunter of Eastern Siberia”. " Eastern Siberia adjacent to Mongolia and Manchuria, which constitute the last northern limit of the tiger's habitat. We have had cases of tiger appearances both in Transbaikalia and in the mountain spurs of the Sayan Mountains,” wrote scientist I.S. back in 1896. Rural.

Extinction threat by the numbers

During the 19th centuries AD, the following disappeared on Earth:

150 species of mammals, mostly large 139 species of birds

In 1 day, about 100 species of plants and animals disappear on Earth.

The following may disappear in the near future:

5435 animal species 5611 plant species

In the Red Book of Buryatia:

140 animal species 139 plant species

They are not yet extinct, but require monitoring of their condition:

185 species of animals 282 species of plants and fungi

Baldandorzhiev Timur Baldandorzhievich

Research work Rare animals of Buryatia

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REPUBLICAN BURYAT NATIONAL BOARDING LYCEUM No. 1

Rare animals of Buryatia

in the category “Biology – animal world»

2b grade student

Baldandorzhiev Timur Baldandorzhievich

Head: Shoynzhonova Dugarma Dymbrylovna

Ulan-Ude

2016

Introduction……………………………………………………………...3

Main part………………………………………………………4

Conclusion……………………………………………………………..8

List of references………………………………….9

Introduction

Red color is a signal of alarm, impending danger, warning. The Red Book includes plants and animals of which there are very few left on Earth; they are in danger of extinction. Every extinct species is a severe and irreparable loss. We are conquering space, we have learned to print houses and body organs. But can we recreate the snow leopard or peregrine falcon? For now, everything that disappears in the animal world disappears forever.

Buryatia also has its own Red Book.

The Red Book of Buryatia contains 185 species of animals and 212 species of plants, which have become rare decorations of the nature of our homeland. They are all unique and beautiful. And many are on the verge of extinction.

But today I want to talk about the most interesting animals, in my opinion.

The purpose of my work: find out what every person can do to save nature.

Tasks : Find out what the “Red Book” is and what information it contains. Formulate the rules of human behavior in nature.

Hypothesis : if we know the rules of behavior in nature and follow them, then we will be able to preserve our nature for future descendants.

Object of study: “Red Book of Buryatia”.

Subject of study: human actions aimed at preserving the environment.

Research methods: study of information sources, conversations, own observations.

Main part

1.1. Snow Leopard

Large carnivorous mammal from the cat family.

In the category of species extinction in the Red Book of Buryatia, the snow leopard ranks first. He is rightfully considered the most mysterious inhabitant of the mountains. To live, the snow leopard, or snow leopard, chooses hard-to-reach places that are difficult for humans to reach. Since ancient times, the Oka Buryats and Soyots have revered and respected this predator, calling it “Erbed sookhor” - motley snow leopard.

The exact number of snow leopards in Buryatia is unknown. In December 2015, the presence of snow leopards in Tunikinsky was registered national park. The Red Book animal was “caught” in a camera trap installed in Eastern Sayan Mountains. In addition, in the Okinsky district working group researchers found traces of a female snow leopard and her offspring. Apparently there were two kittens. And at the end of March this yearbecame known that the territory of the reserve is inhabited by at least three wild cats. Another snow leopard was caught on a night vision camera. The dark time of the day is the period when it is most active. The animal hunts and moves, so camera traps often “catch” the rare predator at night.

Over the past 20 years, one snow leopard has died every year due to human fault. And the future forecast for the state of the species is disappointing.

1.2. Manul.

Small wild cat, a representative of the Feline family. Pallas's cat prefers to live in forest-steppe spaces with rocky areas. In Buryatia, its main habitat is the Selenginsky, Dzhida, and Kyakhtinsky districts. Last year, a manul cat was spotted in the Baikal Nature Reserve. Its main food is field mice. He is a food competitor of the fox; they share the same habitats due to the food supply. It is extremely rare, because by nature this small animal is very mysterious and secretive. The threat of extinction of the Pallas's cat is hunting, killing by people during a chance encounter, death by dogs, any trapping, and steppe fires.

1.3. Steppe Bustard

Large bird of the familyBustards . The number in Buryatia reaches 30 - 40 individuals. Although even before the 60s and 70s it lived in all areas of the south of Buryatia, in the north to the delta of the Selenga River and the Vitim Plateau, as well as in the Barguzin region. Later, the range shrank almost everywhere, with the exception of the southern regions. Currently, it constantly nests in the Dzhidinsky and Mukhorshibirsky regions, sometimes reaching Ulan-Ude. Experiments were carried out in the Daursky Nature Reserve and it was found that the bustard feeds well on rapeseed fields (weed). Previously, collective farms specifically planted it for harvesting. Now the steppe bustard has serious problems with its food supply. During autumn rains, the wings of the steppe bustard get wet and freeze. Birds cannot fly and become easy prey even for children.

1.4. Red Wolf

An extremely rare species. The red wolf never howls; his voice is a mixture of barking, whining and squealing. Outside the mountains, the red wolf cannot compete with the ordinary wolf, which is capable of taking prey even from a pack of red wolves. It has also been established that red wolves leave their habitats when people visit them. Their food supply has been undermined by widespread poaching of the main species of ungulates. In Buryatia, the red wolf is occasionally found in the highlands and mountain taiga of the Eastern Sayan Mountains, as well as in the south of the Tunka Valley. The habitat of these animals is simply extremely cruel and they cannot produce large offspring.

1.5. bearded man

One of the largest feathered predators. Recorded in the last decade in the Munku-Sardyk mountains. Nesting has not been reliably established. There is no exact data on the number.

All encounters took place in the rocky mountains in the forest or upper forest belt. Judging by the time of encounters in the Eastern Sayan, it can be assumed that the bearded man leads a sedentary nomadic lifestyle. It nests only in rocks. The nest is made in niches on steep rock walls. The female lays 1–2 eggs. The basis of nutrition is the carrion of various animals.

1.6. Argali or Argali

The argali mountain sheep is the largest representative of wild sheep. The maximum weight of the animal is about 200 kg. Argali have unusual horns, curled like a snail with the ends pointing outward and upward. In the International Red Book, the argali is considered a species close to vulnerable.

The rare species once lived in Buryatia, but in recent decades there have been virtually no traces of its presence in the region.

The species lives in the border area of ​​Mongolia. From there, it may enter the territory of Buryatia, but there is no reliable information about its presence.

1.7. Dzeren

A medium-sized ungulate. Herds of this animal are constantly moving. Daily movements during migrations reach 200-300 km.

The general range of the species covers the low-mountain semi-deserts of Mongolia and Transbaikalia. In Buryatia, it previously lived in the southern regions bordering Mongolia: Kyakhtinsky, Dzhidinsky and Bichursky. One of the last entries of the gazelle into the territory of Buryatia was observed in 1955. There is a point of view that construction railway from Russia to the city of Ulaanbaatar led to the cessation of visits of the gazelle to the southern regions of Buryatia. Important reason reduction in the number of the species - poaching. Of the enemies, the wolf causes significant damage in numbers.

Conclusion

I talked only about a very few species of animals listed in the Red Book of Buryatia. Unfortunately, there are currently a lot of animals in the Red Book that are on the verge of extinction, and this is very sad. However, people care about the protection of animals, specially protected natural areas are created - reserves, sanctuaries, natural parks and every year there are more and more of them.

But still, the main threat to rare species is humans. Uncontrollablehunting , aggressive management methods Agriculture, changing landscapes.

To preserve rare species of animals, it is necessary to create a network protected areas and community outreach.

People need to be explained the importance of preserving biological diversity.

We must not subjugate ourselves, but be friends with Nature;

Act not contrary to, but according to the laws of Nature;

We must learn to treat Nature with care.

Nature is a living, sensitive, very complex system: even our quietest step is noticeable to it.

It depends on each of us what will remain in this world for future generations.

List of used literature

1. "Red Book of the Republic of Buryatia"
2. ITAR-TASS website
3. Website infpol.ru
4. Anuin M., Parker D., Hawkes N.: The world around you. Encyclopedia of ecology for children. M.: Makhaon, 2011. – 128 p.

Higher plants Pennsylvania lily Perennial bulbous plant 40–80 cm high. The flowers are very large, red, spotted. Habitat: forest meadows and clearings. A perennial bulbous plant 40–80 cm high. The flowers are very large, red, spotted. Habitat: forest meadows and clearings.

Lily curly Perennial herbaceous plant up to 1 meter high. The flowers are lilac-red with dark purple specks. Found at st. Vydrino. Perennial herbaceous plant up to 1 meter high. The flowers are lilac-red with dark purple specks. Found at st. Vydrino.

The real slipper is in danger of extinction. A perennial herbaceous plant 25–40 cm high. The flower resembles a slipper. It grows on the plains and rises into the mountains to an altitude of 1900 m. It is in danger of extinction. A perennial herbaceous plant 25–40 cm high. The flower resembles a slipper. It grows on the plains and rises into the mountains to an altitude of 1900 m.

Water lily pure white Perennial aquatic plant. The flowers are large, up to 12 centimeters in diameter. Grows in the vicinity of the station. Vydrino and Art. Posolskaya. Perennial aquatic plant. The flowers are large, up to 12 centimeters in diameter. Grows in the vicinity of the station. Vydrino and Art. Posolskaya.

Almond petiolate Perennial shrub up to 2 meters tall. The flowers are white and pink. Habitat: southern steppe rocky slopes of hills. Perennial shrub up to 2 meters tall. The flowers are white and pink. Habitat: southern steppe rocky slopes of hills.

ANIMALS Fish Baikal sturgeon The body is covered with bony bugs. The color ranges from dark brown on the back and light brown on the sides to yellow and light gray on the belly. Habitat: Lake Baikal. The body is covered with bone bugs. The color ranges from dark brown on the back and light brown on the sides to yellow and light gray on the belly. Habitat: Lake Baikal.

Insects Baikal bumblebee The front part of the back and scutellum are covered with light hairs; on the back between the bases of the wings there is a continuous band of dark hairs. Nests are made on the surface of the soil from moss and dry grass. The front part of the back and the scutellum are covered with light hairs; on the back between the bases of the wings there is a continuous band of dark hairs. Nests are made on the surface of the soil from moss and dry grass.

Mongolian toad The body is heavy and clumsy. Top part The body has a light olive, greenish-gray or dark brown color with large dark spots. A narrow light stripe runs along the middle of the back. The body is heavy and clumsy. The upper part of the body is light olive, greenish-gray or dark brown in color with large dark spots. A narrow light stripe runs along the middle of the back.

Reptiles and Amphibians Far Eastern tree frog The smallest representative of amphibians in Buryatia. Body length 35 – 50 mm. The color of the back is bright green. Lives among coastal shrub vegetation. The smallest representative of amphibians in Buryatia. Body length 35 – 50 mm. The color of the back is bright green. Lives among coastal shrub vegetation.

Patterned snake Body dimensions from 45 to 60 – 70 cm. The body color is dominated by gray tones with brownish, reddish tints. Found in bushes and forest edges near water bodies. The body size is from 45 to 60 – 70 cm. The color of the body is dominated by gray tones with brownish, reddish shades. Found in bushes and forest edges near water bodies.

Common snake Non-venomous snake small in size: the body length of adults is on average 40 - 60 cm. The color on top is almost black or dark olive. Habitats: edges of mixed and deciduous forests, thickets of bushes. A non-venomous snake of small size: the body length of adults is on average 40 - 60 cm. The color on top is almost black or dark olive. Habitats: edges of mixed and deciduous forests, thickets of bushes.

Merlin Small short-winged falcon. The top and head are gray, the bottom is whitish-grayish, with dark longitudinal streaks. Prefers open places, moss swamps. It nests on the ground, rocks, less often in trees, in the nests of other birds. Small short-winged falcon. The top and head are gray, the bottom is whitish-grayish, with dark longitudinal streaks. Prefers open places, moss swamps. It nests on the ground, rocks, less often in trees, in the nests of other birds.

Birds Great-footed owl Owl the size of a pigeon. The rough upperparts of the Great Owl are brown with white spots. The underparts are light gray with light brown spots. In Buryatia it is recorded in all forest areas. Prefers tall dark coniferous taiga. The owl is the size of a pigeon. The rough upperparts of the Great Owl are brown with white spots. The underparts are light gray with light brown spots. In Buryatia it is recorded in all forest areas. Prefers tall dark coniferous taiga.

Short-eared Owl Owl average size. The dorsal side is brown with whitish or ocher edges. The underparts are light, with dark rod streaks. There is a dark ring around the eyes, the iris of the eyes is yellow. The chicks are covered with buffy-whitish down. Inhabits the swamps of Baikal coastal terraces, grass swamps in floodplains, and the Selenga delta. Occupies meadows along the banks of rivers and lakes. Nests on the ground, in last year's tall grass. Medium sized owl. The dorsal side is brown with whitish or ocher edges. The underparts are light, with dark rod streaks. There is a dark ring around the eyes, the iris of the eyes is yellow. The chicks are covered with buffy-whitish down. Inhabits the swamps of Baikal coastal terraces, grass swamps in floodplains, and the Selenga delta. Occupies meadows along the banks of rivers and lakes. Nests on the ground, in last year's tall grass.

Mammals Hare - tolai Dimensions are small: body length 46 - 48 cm, weight up to 5 - 6 kg. It has a sandy gray color. Uses stony placers and piles of rocks, as well as burrows of the Mongolian marmot for habitat. Dimensions are small: body length 46 – 48 cm, weight up to 5 – 6 kg. It has a sandy gray color. Uses stony placers and piles of rocks, as well as burrows of the Mongolian marmot for habitat.

Reindeer A large animal, body length up to 210 cm, weight 80 - 100 kg. Color: in winter – gray, sometimes almost white, in summer with brown tints. Lives in high mountain ranges. A large animal, body length up to 210 cm, weight 80 - 100 kg. Color: in winter – gray, sometimes almost white, in summer with brown tints. Lives in high mountain ranges.

The history of chess goes back at least one and a half thousand years. Invented in India in the 5th-6th centuries, chess spread almost throughout the world, becoming an integral part of human culture. Exists ancient legend, which attributes the creation of chess to a certain Brahmin. For his invention, he asked the rajah for an insignificant, at first glance, reward: as many wheat grains as would be on the chessboard if one grain was placed on the first square, two grains on the second, four grains on the third, etc. It turned out , that there is no such amount of grain on the entire planet (it is equal to 264 − 1 ≈ 1.845 × 1019 grains, which is enough to fill a storage facility with a volume of 180 km³). It’s hard to say whether it was true or not, but one way or another, India is the birthplace of chess. No later than the beginning of the 6th century, the first known game related to chess, chaturanga, appeared in northwestern India. It already had a completely recognizable “chess” appearance, but it was fundamentally different from modern chess in two features: there were four players, not two (they played pairs against pairs), and moves were made in accordance with the results of throwing dice. Each player had four pieces (chariot (rook), knight, bishop, king) and four pawns. The knight and king moved the same way as in chess, the chariot and bishop were much weaker than the current chess rook and bishop. There was no queen at all. To win the game, it was necessary to destroy the entire enemy army. The transformation of chess into an international sport Since the 16th century, chess clubs began to appear, where amateurs and semi-professionals gathered, often playing for a monetary stake. Over the next two centuries, the spread of chess led to the emergence of national tournaments in most European countries. Chess publications are published, at first sporadic and irregular, but over time they become increasingly popular. The first chess magazine "Palamed" began to be published in 1836 by the French chess player Louis Charles Labourdonnais. In 1837, a chess magazine appeared in Great Britain, and in 1846 in Germany. In the 19th century, international matches (since 1821) and tournaments (since 1851) began to be held. At the first such tournament, held in London in 1851, Adolf Andersen won. It was he who became the unofficial “chess king,” that is, the one who was considered the strongest chess player in the world. Subsequently, this title was challenged by Paul Morphy (USA), who won the match in 1858 with a score of +7-2=2, but after Morphy left the chess scene in 1859, Andersen again became the first, and only in 1866 Wilhelm Steinitz won the match against Andersen with a score of +8- 6 and became the new “uncrowned king.” The first world chess champion to officially bear this title was the same Wilhelm Steinitz, defeating Johann Zuckertort in the first match in history, in the agreement of which the expression “world championship match” appeared. Thus, a system of title succession was established: the new world champion was the one who won the match against the previous one, while the current champion reserved the right to agree to the match or reject the opponent, and also determined the conditions and location of the match. The only mechanism that could force a champion to play a challenger was public opinion: if a strong, admittedly chess player for a long time could not get the right to a match with the champion, this was seen as a sign of the champion’s cowardice and he, saving face, was forced to accept the challenge. Typically, the match agreement provided for the champion's right to a rematch if he lost; a victory in such a match returned the championship title to the previous owner. In the second half of the 19th century, time control began to be used in chess tournaments. At first they used conventional hourglass(the time per move was limited), which was quite inconvenient, but soon the English amateur chess player Thomas Bright Wilson (T.B. Wilson) invented a special chess clock that made it possible to conveniently implement a time limit for the entire game or for a certain number of moves. Time control quickly became part of chess practice and soon began to be used everywhere. By the end of the 19th century, official tournaments and matches without time control were practically no longer held. Simultaneously with the advent of time control, the concept of “time pressure” appeared. Thanks to the introduction of time control, special forms of chess tournaments with a greatly shortened time limit arose: “fast chess” with a limit of about 30 minutes per game for each player and “blitz” - 5-10 minutes. However, they became widespread much later. Chess in the 20th century At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, the development of chess in Europe and America was very active, chess organizations became larger, and more and more international tournaments were held. In 1924, the International Chess Federation (FIDE) was created, initially organizing the World Chess Olympiads. Until 1948, the system of succession of the world champion title that had developed in the 19th century was preserved: the challenger challenged the champion to a match, the winner of which became the new champion. Until 1921, the champion remained Emanuel Lasker (the second, after Steinitz, official world champion, who won this title in 1894), from 1921 to 1927 - Jose Raul Capablanca, from 1927 to 1946 - Alexander Alekhine (in 1935 Alekhine lost the world championship match to Max Euwe, but In 1937, in a rematch, he regained the title and held it until his death in 1946). After the death of Alekhine in 1946, who remained undefeated, FIDE took over the organization of the world championship. The first official world chess championship was held in 1948, the winner was the Soviet grandmaster Mikhail Botvinnik. FIDE introduced a system of tournaments to win the champion title: the winners of the qualifying stages advanced to the zonal tournaments, the winners of the zonal competitions advanced to the interzonal tournament, and the winners best results in the latter they took part in a candidate tournament, where a series of knockout games determined the winner, who would have to play a match against the reigning champion. The formula for the title match changed several times. Now the winners of zonal tournaments participate in a single tournament with the best (rated) players in the world; the winner becomes world champion. The Soviet chess school played a huge role in the history of chess, especially in the second half of the 20th century. The wide popularity of chess, active, targeted teaching of it and the identification of capable players from childhood (a chess section, a children's chess school was in every city of the USSR, there were chess clubs in educational institutions, enterprises and organizations, tournaments were constantly held, a large number of specialized literature) contributed to the high level of play of Soviet chess players. Attention to chess was shown at the highest level. The result was that from the late 1940s until the collapse of the USSR, Soviet chess players virtually reigned supreme in world chess. Of the 21 chess Olympiads held from 1950 to 1990, the USSR team won 18 and became a silver medalist in another; of the 14 chess Olympiads for women during the same period, 11 were won and 2 silvers were taken. Of the 18 draws for the title of world champion among men over 40 years, only once the winner was a non-Soviet chess player (this was the American Robert Fischer), and twice more the contender for the title was not from the USSR (and the contender also represented the Soviet chess school, it was Viktor Korchnoi, fled from the USSR to the West). In 1993, Garry Kasparov, who was the world champion at that time, and Nigel Short, who became the winner of the qualifying round, refused to play another world championship match under the auspices of FIDE, accusing the federation leadership of unprofessionalism and corruption. Kasparov and Short formed new organization-PSHA, and played the match under its auspices. There was a split in the chess movement. FIDE deprived Kasparov of the title, the title of world champion according to FIDE was played between Anatoly Karpov and Jan Timman, who at that time had the highest chess rating after Kasparov and Short. At the same time, Kasparov continued to consider himself a “real” world champion, since he defended the title in a match with a legitimate contender - Short, and part of the chess community was in solidarity with him. In 1996, the PCA ceased to exist as a result of the loss of a sponsor, after which the PCA champions began to be called “world classical chess champions.” In essence, Kasparov revived the old system of title transfer, when the champion himself accepted the challenge of the challenger and played a match with him. The next “classical” champion was Vladimir Kramnik, who won a match against Kasparov in 2000 and defended the title in a match with Peter Leko in 2004. Until 1998, FIDE continued to play out the champion title in the traditional manner (Anatoly Karpov remained the FIDE champion during this period), but from 1999 to In 2004, the format of the championship changed dramatically: instead of a match between a challenger and a champion, the title began to be played out in a knockout tournament, in which the current champion had to participate in general principles. As a result, the title constantly changed hands and five champions changed in six years. In general, in the 1990s, FIDE made a number of attempts to make chess competitions more dynamic and interesting, and therefore attractive to potential sponsors. First of all, this was expressed in the transition in a number of competitions from the Swiss or round robin system to the knockout system (in each round there is a match of three knockout games). Since the knockout system requires an unambiguous outcome of the round, additional games of rapid chess and even blitz games have appeared in the tournament regulations: if the main series of games with regular time control ends in a draw, an additional game is played with a shortened time control. Complicated time control schemes began to be used, protecting against severe time pressure, in particular, the “Fischer clock” - time control with addition after each move. The last decade of the 20th century in chess was marked by another important event-computer chess has achieved enough high level to beat a human chess player. In 1996, Garry Kasparov lost a game to a computer for the first time, and in 1997, he also lost a match to the computer Deep Blue by one point. The avalanche-like growth in computer performance and memory, combined with improved algorithms, has led to beginning of XXI century, publicly available programs have appeared that can play at the grandmaster level in real time. The ability to connect to them pre-accumulated databases of debuts and tables of small-figure endings further increases the strength of the machine’s play and completely eliminates the danger of making a mistake in a known position. Now the computer can effectively advise a human chess player even at the highest level of competitions. The consequence of this was changes in the format of high-level competitions: tournaments began to use special measures to protect against computer hints, in addition, the practice of postponing games was completely abandoned. The time allotted to the game was reduced: if in the middle of the 20th century the norm was 2.5 hours for 40 moves, then by the end of the century it decreased to 2 hours (in other cases - even 100 minutes) for 40 moves. Current state and prospects After the unification match Kramnik - Topalov in 2006, FIDE's monopoly on holding the world championship and awarding the title of world chess champion was restored. The first “unified” world champion was Vladimir Kramnik (Russia), who won this match. Until 2013, the world champion was Viswanathan Anand, who won the 2007 world championship. In 2008, a rematch took place between Anand and Kramnik, Anand retained his title. In 2010, another match was held, in which Anand and Veselin Topalov took part; Anand again defended the title of champion. In 2012, a match was held in which Anand and Gelfand took part; Anand defended his championship title in a tiebreaker. In 2013, Anand lost the world champion title to Magnus Carlsen, who won the match ahead of schedule with a score of 6½: 3½. The formula for the championship title is being adjusted by FIDE. In the last championship, the title was played out in a tournament with the participation of the champion, four winners of the candidate tournament and three personally selected players with the highest rating. However, FIDE has also retained the tradition of holding personal matches between a champion and a challenger: according to existing rules, a grandmaster with a rating of 2700 or higher has the right to challenge the champion to a match (the champion cannot refuse), subject to the provision of funding and compliance with deadlines: the match must be completed no later than six months before the start of the next world championship. The progress mentioned above computer chess became one of the reasons for the growing popularity of non-classical chess variants. Since 2000, Fischer chess tournaments have been held, in which the initial arrangement of pieces is chosen randomly before the game from 960 options. In such conditions, the huge array of opening variations accumulated by chess theory becomes useless, which, as many believe, has a positive effect on the creative component of the game, and when playing against a machine, it noticeably limits the advantage of the computer in the opening stage of the game.

Buryatia is a republic Russian Federation, which is part of the East Siberian district. The nature of Buryatia has inexhaustible resources and, at the same time, pleases the eye with colorful landscapes that are not yet as well-trodden by tourists as, for example, or.

Autumn nature Buryatia (photo: Alexander Vedernikov)

Features of climatic and geographical area contributed to the development of the diversity of nature in Buryatia, which can be the envy of many other regions of our country.

Geographically, this country is located north of the Mongolian border. In the north and west, the republic is washed by the waters of Lake Baikal. The area of ​​the Republic of Buryatia is 350,000 km 2, which gives it the 14th largest place among all 85 subjects of the Russian Federation.

If you look at the map, the shape of the Republic of Buryatia resembles a crescent. The relief of Buryatia is characterized by mountain ranges alternating with intermountain depressions and gorges. The area of ​​the mountains is 4 times greater than the area of ​​the plains. Buryatia is the highest mountainous place in the Russian Federation relative to sea level.

The nature of Buryatia is largely defined sharply continental climate. Buryat winters are very cold and dry, with little precipitation in the form of snow. average temperature V winter period ranges from -20°C to -30°C. Summer is short and warm, with temperatures not exceeding +25°C.

A significant difference and advantage of the climate of Buryatia is the rather long duration sunny day. From 1900 to 2200 hours of sunlight (about 300 neues per year) is considered big amount especially for the north. This amount of light exceeds even some southern regions of Russia. Naturally, this characteristic has positive value for the flora of Buryatia, which vitally needs sunlight for the process of photosynthesis.

Wildlife of Buryatia

The location of Buryatia on the border of two different natural territories: the East Siberian mountain taiga (4/5 of the territory) and Central Asia explains a large species diversity vegetation on its territory.

Almost 85% of the territory is occupied by coniferous and deciduous forests. Despite this, almost all landscape zones are found in Buryatia: mountain ranges and mountain swamps, steppe plains, taiga, tundra, and even deserts. One natural area here it smoothly transitions into another, which gives the landscape a unique look.

Diversity of landscapes (photo: Alexander Vedernikov)

The northern regions of Buryatia are more deciduous, while the south is characterized by spruce, pine, cedar and fir trees. The south attracts the flowering of dry-loving plants. Birch trees grow on almost 60% of the southern part of Buryatia. In autumn, many berries will ripen: blueberries, lingonberries, blueberries, cranberries, wild currants and raspberries, sea buckthorn and bird cherry.

The high mountain taiga of Buryatia is covered with pine, fir, and spruce. But there are also birch, bird cherry, aspen, poplar and hawthorn bushes here. In spring and summer, flowers begin to bloom wildly. The evergreen wild rosemary bush blooms almost all spring purple. Glades of fiery red and bright yellow lilies can be seen here only in the summer.

Many plants are used in folk medicine and for the manufacture of pharmacological drugs, which serves as a limiting factor for their distribution. About 250 higher plants, lichens, mosses and fungi are listed in the Red Book of the Buryat Republic.

Among the most famous endangered plant species of Buryatia are: Siberian apricot, brilliant cotoneaster, ornamental armeria rough, hazel grouse dagana, Apennine adonis, shield fern and Ural licorice. Also, everyone wild orchids included in the Red Book list.

It is assumed that when encountering any of the protected plants in nature, people should do everything possible to propagate it or at least preserve the plant intact.

Fauna of Buryatia

The fauna of Buryatia is represented by 450 species of terrestrial vertebrates, 6 amphibians, 7 reptiles, 85 species of mammals and about 350 species of birds. More than 2,500 species of fish and underwater animals live in the reservoirs of Buryatia, of which 10% are endemic. Due to the specific climate and lack of suitable habitats, very few reptiles are found in the republic.

Baikal omul and viviparous golomyanka are among the most famous inhabitants water depths. Baikal seal is a recognized symbol of Buryatia, a freshwater seal, the secret of whose appearance is in freshwater lake still haven't been able to figure it out.

The nature of Buryatia is characterized by uneven settlement wild fauna. Because of this, different groups of animals live far from each other, sometimes in isolated areas, which makes them vulnerable to degeneration and can lead to complete extinction.

Representative wildlife Buryatia (photo: Alexander Vedernikov)

The taiga zone is abundantly populated by foxes, sables, squirrels, stoats, roe deer, moose, wild boars, and bears. You will be extremely lucky if you can see snow leopards, argali and red wolves. Many species of rodents live in the Buryat steppes: jerboas, ground squirrels, tabargans. Here you can also often observe larks and bustards, black grouse and wood grouse, partridges and hazel grouse, and also woodpeckers.

Although the fauna of Buryatia is periodically replenished with new species, it should be remembered that most of them are included in the Red Book, and all the nature of Buryatia needs careful treatment and care. For this purpose, natural reserves have been created on the territory of the republic, the purpose of which is to recreate conditions as close as possible to the natural zone for the reproduction and preservation of the flora and fauna of the Buryat republic.

Resources and minerals of Buryatia

A real gift from Mother Nature is the water sources of Buryatia. More than 300 mineral springs, 50 mineral lakes, medicinal silts, and muds are located in different regions of this East Siberian republic. Mineral reservoirs are usually called “arshans” (trans. healing water), and local residents revere them as shrines.

Interesting fact: the first medicinal springs were discovered by ancient hunters, who noticed that wild animals preferred to drink from these reservoirs.

Each Arshan is famous for its unique properties, but all of them will be useful for strengthening the musculoskeletal system, treating cardiovascular diseases, as well as general strengthening of the immune system. Since hot and cold springs contain a rich complex minerals, arshans help people improve the condition of their skin, nails and hair.

Of the mineral resources of Buryatia, a significant part consists of deposits of brown and hard coal, the reserves of which are sufficient to meet the needs of enterprises throughout the country. Deposits of asbestos, graphite, phosphorite, construction and jade raw materials were also discovered in Buryatia. Geological research is constantly underway and new deposits are being discovered.

A special place in the nature of Buryatia is occupied by water resources: rivers, swamps and lakes. Almost all the rivers of the Buryat Republic are small rivers (up to 200 km long), but 25 of them can be classified as large and medium.

List of rivers of Buryatia:

• Abramikha
• Anosovka
• Bolshaya Zelenovskaya
• Bolshaya Kultushnaya
• Bolshaya Osinovka (river, Buryatia)
• Big Dulan
• Zagza
• Source (river, flows into Baikal)
• Kabanya (tributary of the Selenga)
• Bezymyannaya (river, flows into Chivyrkuisky Bay)
• Bolshaya Cheremshana
• Big Chivyrkui
• Burtuy
• Ina (tributary of the Barguzin)
• Kedrovaya (river, flows into Baikal)
• Maksimikha (river)
• Malaya Sukhaya (river, flows into Chivyrkuisky Bay)
• Bichura (river)
• Uda (tributary of the Selenga)

List of lakes in Buryatia:

• Big Eravnoe Lake
• Eravninsky lakes
• Isinga (lake)
• Maloe Eravnoe
• Pine Lake (Buryatia)
• Amut (lake, Buryatia)
• Balan-Tamur
• Malan-Zurchen
• Beloe (lake, Buryatia)
• Abramovskoye Lake
• Goose Lake
• Salt Lake (Selenginsky district)
• Ubukun Lakes
• Pike Lake

Shchuchye Lake (photo by Tatyana Dubrovina)

The natural beauty of Buryatia and all sorts of attractions of this quiet land allow you to renounce the world of concrete jungle and asphalt. The clean taiga air makes you forget about stuffiness, smog and car exhaust. It is enough to drive a little away from the capital of the republic - Ulan-Ude, and we will immediately plunge into the nature of Buryatia - a world of streams and picturesque cliffs, mountain ranges, taiga and steppe plains.