The fight against external aggression in xiii. The struggle of Rus' against external aggression in the 13th century
Palace coup- this is the seizure of political power in Russia in the 18th century, the reason for which was the lack of clear rules for succession to the throne, accompanied by the struggle of court factions and carried out, as a rule, with the assistance of guard regiments.
The era of palace coups from 1725 to 1762.
Reasons for palace coups in Russia
The culprit of the instability of the supreme power in the 18th century in Russia turned out to be Peter I, who in 1722 issued the “Decree on Succession to the Throne.”
This regulatory legal act became the cause of palace coups in Russia.
Thus, the circle of possible contenders for the throne expanded.
After the death of Peter I, Russia entered a long period of palace coups.
Already on the eve of the death of Peter I, January 25-26, 1725, a split arose among the highest ranks of the empire. One group (Apraksin, Golitsyn, Repnin, Dolgoruky, Musin-Pushkin and Golovkin) advocated the enthronement of Peter I’s grandson, Tsarevich Peter Alekseevich, and the establishment of a regency system - the rule of Peter I’s wife, Ekaterina Alekseevna, together with the Senate.
Another group (Prince A.D. Menshikov, Yaguzhinsky, Buturlin, P.A. Tolstoy) defended Catherine’s candidacy as an autocratic empress. The dispute went far, but assertiveness and reliance on the guards regiments at a critical moment ensured the elevation of Ekaterina Alekseevna to the throne after the death of Peter the Great on January 28, 1725.
Coup in favor of Ekaterina Alekseevna
After the death of the emperor, diplomat and associate of Peter I Andrei Ivanovich Osterman entered into an alliance with the most influential person of the Peter I era - A. D. Menshikov with the aim of enthroning Empress Catherine. Although, there were other contenders, in particular, the son of Tsarevich Alexei - Peter (the future Peter II).
As a result of the coup organized by Menshikov with the support of the guard, it was Catherine I who came to power.
Catherine's inability to govern was compensated for by the creation in February 1726 of the highest government institution - the Supreme Privy Council, staffed by the new nobility, Peter's closest associates. Menshikov quickly took over the Supreme Privy Council and, taking advantage of the boundless trust of the sick Catherine, became the de facto ruler of the country.
Political reshuffles in the era of Peter II
After the death of Catherine I in 1727, the question of power arose again. Alexei's son Peter II was declared emperor (according to the will of Catherine I). In July 1727 (that is, a month and a half after Catherine’s death), the “Charter on the Succession to the Throne” was withdrawn by Decree of the Supreme Privy Council.
Anna Petrovna and the “Holstein” group led by her made an unsuccessful attempt to plot against Menshikov-Osterman, and, ultimately, against the accession of the young Peter. The planned coup failed. Osterman was never able to exert the proper influence on the boy autocrat.
Of course, personal, informal communication with the sovereign gave Osterman truly limitless opportunities - this is how the overthrow of Menshikov was gradually prepared. However, in 1730, Peter II dies.
History lesson in 7th grade "Palace coups"
Goals:
educational: identify the causes of palace coups, give a brief description Emperors XVIII century; show that the main driving force behind palace coups is the guard.
developing: continue to develop the skills to summarize individual events and formulate conclusions, work with textbook illustrations and historical documents; Continue to develop students’ ability to evaluate the actions of historical figures.
educational: to form interest in national history.
Basic concepts: Palace coups, Supreme Privy Council, favorite, condition, “Bironovism”.
Equipment: Family tree of the Romanovs, portraits of the rulers of the era of palace coups, copied text of the “Conditions” signed by Anna Ioannovna.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment. Psychological attitude to work.
II. Learning new material.
Teacher's opening speech.
The beginning of the 18th century is associated with the activities of Peter I. We examined in detail his reforms in the field of economics, organs government controlled, army and navy. And today we’ll talk about the events that occurred in Russia after the death of Peter the Great. The topic of our lesson is “Palace coups”. As the lesson progresses, we will become familiar with brief description rulers of a given era, find out the reasons for palace coups, fill out the table “Palace coups of the 18th century.”
Terms of government Ruler Assistants, support of the ruler
(Draw a table in a notebook during the lesson, getting acquainted with new topic, students fill out the table independently, check is carried out at the end of the lesson)
Conversation with the class.
Directly related to the topic of our lesson are two events that occurred in last years reign of Peter I. Let's remember these events.
- What do you know about “The Case of Tsarevich Alexei”? (The case of Tsarevich Alexei prompted Peter to change the order of succession to the throne. In 1722, he signed a decree)
- What is the content of the decree of 1722 on the order of succession to the throne?
Continuation of the lecture. Analysis of the current situation.
Peter the Great died on January 28, 1725. He died hard, with excruciating pain. His subjects did not dare to bother him with the question of an heir. Tradition claims that before his death Peter wrote: “Give everything...”. No further words could be made out. The decree on the right of the emperor to appoint his successor was not used. But the dynastic situation turned out to be difficult...(address to family tree Romanov) The rights to the throne belonged to the grandson of the deceased emperor Peter (son of Tsarevich Alexei), wife Catherine and daughters Anna and Elizabeth. There was also relatives through his older brother Ivan, with whom Peter began to reign in 1682.
But the main contenders turned out to be Ekaterina Alekseevna, the widow of Peter I (Menshikov stood behind her), and his grandson, Pyotr Alekseevich (representatives of the old boyar families, headed by D.M. Golitsyn, wanted to see him on the throne), who was then 9 years old. Menshikov was able to make better use of the current situation, and with the help of some other close associates of Peter, after the death of the emperor, with the support of the guards regiments, he elevated Ekaterina Alekseevna to the throne. Since she did not show state abilities, Menshikov became the de facto ruler of the country.
This election opens the era of palace coups in Russia.
Palace coups are a change of power carried out by a narrow circle of courtiers and guards regiments (we write down the definition in a notebook).
Over the 37 years from 1725 to 1762, rulers on the throne were changed five times by force of arms. The beginning of this era was marked by the death of Peter I and the subsequent struggle for power among various factions. And this era will end with the reign of the Empress for 34 long years Catherine II.
Continuation of the teacher's story. So, the first ruler of the era of palace coups was Catherine I. The empress was to be succeeded by Peter Alekseevich. Why did Catherine agree to choose the son of Tsarevich Alexei over her daughters? Catherine was influenced by Menshikov. Seeing that Catherine I's health was deteriorating and she would not live long, the prince decided to become related to royal family, hoping to marry his 16-year-old daughter Maria to Peter II.
In 1727, the reign of Peter II begins.
But luck changed him this time. Menshikov fell seriously ill. He was unable to do business for more than a month. At this time, Prince Ivan Alekseevich Dolgoruky acquired influence over Peter II. The Tsar ceased to obey Menshikov. On September 8, 1727, the prince was arrested, and then, deprived of ranks and awards, he and his family were exiled to the remote city of Berezov. (note that this city is located in our region)
Having got rid of a dangerous rival, the Dolgorukys hastened to strengthen their position at court. Ivan Dolgoruky's sister, Catherine, was declared the bride of Peter II. But in January 1730, shortly before his wedding with Princess Dolgoruka, Peter II fell ill with smallpox and died. The Romanov dynasty ended with him in the male line.
The question of succession to the throne had to be decided by members of the Supreme Privy Council. The attention of the “higher-ups” was drawn to the daughters of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich - Catherine and Anna. The choice was made in favor of Anna, the widow of the poor Duke of Courland, who lived in Mitau as a provincial landowner, periodically begging for money from the Russian government. At the same time, D.M. Golitsyn said: “We should make it easier for ourselves.” The point was to limit the power of the monarch in favor of the Supreme Privy Council by inviting Anna Ioannovna to reign. Anna was offered “conditions”, by accepting which she could become empress. (we write down the definition of the concept “Condition” in a notebook).
Let's get acquainted with these conditions (distributed to each desk).
Text of the conditions signed by Anna Ioannovna
Without the discretion and consent of the High Council, no decisions should be made in state affairs, therefore:
not to declare war and not to make peace;
do not impose any duties or taxes;
no one should be condemned to death for crimes of lèse-majesté in the Secret Chancery alone, and no nobleman’s estate should be confiscated without clear evidence of the above-mentioned crime committed by him;
unquestioningly be content with the annual income determined for the maintenance of her person and the court staff;
do not give state estates to anyone;
do not marry and do not designate an heir to the throne.
So, in Russia an attempt was made to limit the absolute power of the Russian monarch. Anna signed the conditions and went to Moscow. Meanwhile, the “conditions” became known at court. The church and such an influential force as the guard and the nobility opposed them. When Anna Ioannovna arrived in Moscow, she received a petition from the nobility and the guard, in which they asked her “to accept the autocracy that your praiseworthy ancestors had.” Anna broke the condition. The Supreme Privy Council was abolished. The ten-year reign of Anna Ioannovna began. The Dolgorukys were arrested and sent into exile in Berezov, where Menshikov, whom they had exiled, had died shortly before.
In 1730, the reign of Anna Ioannovna began. There are different reviews, sometimes contradictory, about the appearance and character of Empress Anna Ioannovna. For some, she “had a terrible look, had a disgusting face, she was so big when among the gentlemen she walks head taller than everyone else, and extremely fat.” And here is the opinion of the Spanish diplomat Duke de Liria: “Empress Anna is fat, dark, and her face is more masculine than feminine. Generous to the point of extravagance, she loves pomp excessively, which is why her courtyard surpasses all other European ones in splendor.” Together with Anna, many Baltic Germans arrived from Courland and took important positions in government bodies. The most influential was Anna's favorite - E.I. Biron. A contemporary wrote about Biron: “Biron’s character was not the best: arrogant, ambitious to the extreme, rude and even impudent, selfish, irreconcilable in enmity and a cruel punisher.”
V.O. Klyuchevsky gave a characterization of the period called “Bironovshchina”: “The Germans poured into Russia like rubbish from a leaky bag, stuck around the courtyard, inhabited the throne, and climbed into all the profitable positions in management.”
In the fall of 1940, Anna Ioannovna fell ill. Her only relative was her niece (sister’s daughter) Anna Leopoldovna, who was close to the court. Anna Leopoldovna had a son, who was immediately declared heir to the throne. In October 1940, Anna Ioannovna died, appointing Biron as regent under the young Emperor Ivan Antonovich. But Biron failed to retain power. He was hated by the Russians and Germans, and despised by the guards. The Emperor's parents feared that the regent would take their son away from them and send them to Germany. On November 9, 1740, Biron was arrested by guards led by Field Marshal Minich. Anna Leopoldovna became regent under Ivan Antonovich. Her reign was not marked by any important decisions. The ruler was not interested in anything. A mood in favor of a change of power began to form in the guard again. The most popular candidate for the imperial throne was the daughter of Peter I and Catherine I - Elizabeth. On the night of November 25, 1945, Elizabeth appeared at the barracks of the Preobrazhensky Regiment and called on the soldiers to serve her the same way they served her father. 300 grenadiers followed the woman out into the bitter cold.
French academician Albert Vandal describes this night as follows: A thick layer of hardened snow covered the ground, muffling all noise. The grenadiers hurriedly followed Elizabeth's sleigh, silently and full of determination: the soldiers swore a mutual oath not to utter a single word during the journey and to bayonet the first faint-hearted one. And here is how historians write about Elizabeth: - Lively and cheerful, but not taking her eyes off herself, at the same time large and slender, with a beautiful round and ever-blooming face, she loved to make an impression, and, knowing that men were especially attracted to her suit, she established masquerades at court without masks, when men were required to come in full women's attire, in wide skirts, and ladies in men's court dress. Peaceful and carefree, she was forced to fight for almost half of her reign, defeated the first strategist of that time, Frederick the Great, and took Berlin. ...the map of Europe lay in front of her at her disposal, but she looked at it so rarely that until the end of her life she was confident in the possibility of traveling to England by land - and she founded the first real university in Russia - Moscow.
Elizabeth declared as her heir her nephew Peter Fedorovich - the son of Anna Petrovna, the grandson of Peter I. (turn to the family tree) On December 25, 1761, Peter III became Emperor of Russia. He managed to reign for only 186 days. Reviews about it were completely opposite. - Let's turn to the material in our textbook. On page 153 you can get acquainted in more detail with the personality of Emperor Peter III.
- What will you remember about this ruler of Russia? On June 28, 1762, Peter III was overthrown and arrested, and a week later he was killed. His wife Catherine II ascended the throne for 34 years.
The era of palace coups is over.
Checking the table “Palace coups of the 18th century”
- What were the reasons for the palace coups?
lack of legal order of succession to the throne;
strengthening the role of the guard.
III. Final part. Reflection.
How did I learn the material?
I gained solid knowledge, mastered all the material - 9-10 points.
Partially mastered the new material - 7-8 points.
I understood little, I still need to work - 4-6 points.
1. Text with errors.
After the death of Peter II, the question of power arose. The choice of the rulers fell on the Duchess of Courland Elizabeth. The leaders decided to strengthen the autocratic power and, together with the invitation to the throne, sent its conditions (conditions). The conditions were published in all newspapers. Elizabeth did not sign them. Arriving in Moscow, she found out that almost all nobles maintain good condition. After that she signed them.
2. Test. Name which ruler we're talking about?
1. “The king is a tall man with a beautiful face, well-built, with great quickness of mind, quick and definite in his answers, the only pity is that he lacks complete secular sophistication. He showed us his hands and let us feel how rough they were from work” - this is what he looked like in the eyes of foreigners:
Alexey Mikhailovich,
Peter I,
Peter II,
Peter III.
2. “Only by signing the terms of reference,” she could become the Russian Empress:
Catherine I,
Anna Ioannovna,
Anna Leopoldovna,
Elizaveta Petrovna.
3. A Courland nobleman, distinguished by arrogance and rudeness, who played the main role at the court of Empress Anna Ioannovna. His name has become a household name; it is sometimes used to refer to the entire period of 1730-1740.
K. Friedrich,
A.I. Osterman,
E.I.Biron,
A.P.Volynsky.
4. Her 20-year reign began with the call for soldiers in the barracks of the Preobrazhensky Regiment to serve her, as her father did:
Anna Leopoldovna,
Elizaveta Petrovna,
Catherine II,
Anna Ioannovna.
Homework: § 20-21, notes in notebooks
IV. Self-analysis of the lesson.
The educational material for grade 7 on the history of the Fatherland consists of five sections or chapters. The lesson on the topic “Palace coups” opens the fourth chapter - “Russia in 1725-1762.” This is a very controversial period of Russian history, full of events, names and dates. This lesson is inextricably linked with the theme of the previous chapter, which examines the Petrine era, and is directly based on the genealogy of the Romanov family and documents on the order of succession to the throne. During the lesson, students must understand the reasons for palace coups, learn the sequence of alternating Russian throne emperors, which presents a certain difficulty for seventh-graders. I would like to draw students' attention to appearance, character, individual characteristics, actions of Russian autocrats of this period. It is in this regard that the visual aids used in the lesson were chosen.
The actual learning opportunities of this class are quite unique. A good half of the class are very active, curious, and learn educational material easily, storing in memory the smallest details of what the teacher said, they willingly read additional literature on the subject, and prepare reports. The other half of the class, on the contrary, is passive, has difficulty getting involved in the work in class, and does not have a good grasp of the textbook material even to a good degree. Therefore, when planning the lesson, I chose these teaching methods: verbal (lecture with elements of dialogue), visual (using portraits, genealogical charts) and practical (filling out a table, working with a document). All this together allowed me, to a certain extent, to maintain the attention of students and their interest in the material presented; in addition, reflecting the factual material in tabular form and recording the main concepts of the topic in a notebook will allow careless students to repeat the material at home in a concise form.
The chosen structure of the lesson is rational for solving the assigned tasks, because allows you to effectively use the creative potential of strong students, develop their ability to generalize events and formulate conclusions, weak students get the opportunity to evaluate the actions of historical figures, learn to express their own opinion on the problem posed. Aimed at reflection at the end of the lesson, seventh graders take a responsible approach to mastering the material, are less distracted, thus achieving high performance of all students throughout the lesson. Strong students are interested in factual material and the opportunity for dialogue, weak students are interested in clarity and fear for the results of the final test.
The object of solid assimilation is highlighted in the notebook, this ensures students' orientation in the volume of information received, and eliminates overload of students when doing homework.
One of the unforeseen situations that could happen during the lesson could be a lack of time, provoked by the students’ great interest in some historical figures, or more for a long time to work with a document or textbook paragraph that is required for weaker students. In this case, the table can be checked at the next lesson, and the screening test (reflection) can be transferred to the next lesson.
If students have workbooks for the teaching materials of A.A. Danilova and L.G. Kosulina, the lesson could have been planned differently. For example, it was possible to assemble micro-groups of students at different levels and allow them to independently complete tasks at the appropriate level in a group, and then announce the result. In the second lesson on the topic, summarize what has been learned and conduct reflection.
During the lesson there were slight deviations from the plan: more than planned time had to be devoted to the family tree, the students showed great interest in the current situation in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century, talked a lot about personalities and their actions, about the unfair, in the opinion of children, order of succession to the throne . Therefore, the table check was moved to the next lesson.
V. Results of reflection:
There were 20 people in the class, 17 students were present at the lesson and wrote the work.
Received solid knowledge, mastered all the material – 9-10 points – 8 people. (47%)
Partially mastered new material – 7-8 points – 5 students (29%)
They understood little, they still need to work - 4-6 points - 4 people. (23%)
Overall, I feel satisfied with the lesson; the goals of the lesson have been largely achieved. I consider it necessary for myself to improve the forms and methods of teaching a lesson, to differentiate tasks and the material being studied, which I have not been able to do well so far.
Period of palace coups
The main reason The frequency and ease of coups was the strengthening of the guard, noble in composition, in state affairs.
Catherine I - 1725-1727
Foreign policy
- The Supreme Privy Council was created
- Landowners received the right to sell the products of their farms themselves
Peter II 1727-1730
Domestic policy
Foreign policy
1727 replacement of city management, instead of magistrates a governor was installed
Anna Ioannovna 1730-1740
Domestic policy
Foreign policy
1730 – the Cabinet of Ministers was created
1731 – The Office of Secret Investigations was created
- The period of compulsory service of nobles was reduced to 25 years
- repeal of the decree on unity of inheritance
- The gentry corps was opened for the children of nobles, after which they became officers
- registration of noble children into regiments from infancy
1735 – the duties of the wealthy Cossacks were limited to military service, ordinary Cossacks were equated with peasants
1736 – permanent assignment of hired workers to manufactories
1733-1735 – War of the Polish Succession
1735-1739 – Russo-Turkish War (Treaty of Belgrade)
1741-1743 – Russian-Swedish war
1742 – The Swedish army capitulated at Helsinsdorf (Treaty of Abos)
1731 Russia included the lands of the Kazakh Junior Zhuz
1740-1743 – Middle zhuz
Ivan YI Antonovich 1740-1741
Domestic policy
Foreign policy
Elizaveta Petrovna 1741-1761
Domestic policy
Foreign policy
IN - The 2nd census of the taxable population was carried out
1746 - confirmation of the privilege of nobles to own lands inhabited by serfs
The nobility was exempt from punishment with rods and whips
1760 - landowners could exile peasants to settle in Siberia without trial, sell peasants as recruits, expand their plots at the expense of peasants
1754 - cancellation of internal customs duties
1755 – Conference at the Imperial Court
1744 - decree on network expansion primary schools
The first gymnasiums were opened: 1755 - Moscow,
1758 - Kazan
1755 – foundedMoscow HYPERLINK "http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8 %D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0 %BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82 %D0%B5%D1%82" university in 1757 - .
1744Porcelain HYPERLINK "http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80 %D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1 %8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" manufactories near St. Petersburg
1744 – Smolny Monastery founded
1741 – 1743 Russian-Swedish War (Peace of Abos)
1756-1762 - Seven Years' War
1757 – Russian troops led by Apraksin entered East Prussia
19 August 1757 – Battle of
Gross – Jägersdorf
- Apraksin is replaced by Fermor
- August 1757 – Fermor flees the battlefield in East Prussia
- Fermor is replaced by Saltykov
1759 – Battle of Kunersdorf
1760 – Russian troops entered Berlin (Saltykov is replaced by Buturlin)
1761 – Colsberg fortress taken
Peter III 1761 – 1762
Domestic policy
Foreign policy
« Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility» according to which nobles were exempted from compulsory service to the state
- ended the Seven Years' War, returned all conquered territories to Frederick II
Catherine II 1762-1796
Domestic policy
Foreign policy
The policy of enlightened absolutism:
- unlimited power of the monarch who develops an ideal system of laws
- secularization of church land ownership
- education of the people, dissemination of scientific knowledge in society
1765 - establishment of the noble Free Economic Society
1765 – it is allowed to exile peasants to hard labor (punishment for complaining against the landowner)
1767-1768 – work of the Legislative Commission
1771 – prohibition of public sale of serfs for debts of landowners
1773-1775 – peasant war led by E. Pugachev
1775 – introduction of the right to open businesses without government permission
- streamlining peasant duties
1775 – provincial reform
1775 – Zaporizhzhya Sich was liquidated
1785 – Letter of grant to the nobility
1785 – Letter of commendation to cities
1768-1774 - Russo-Turkish War
( Kuchuk - Kainajir Treaty)
1783 – inclusion of Crimea into Russia
1783 – Treaty of Georgievsk on Russian protectorate over Eastern Georgia was signed
1787-1791 – Russo-Turkish War
( Treaty of Jassy)
1772 – first section of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Russia ceded - eastern Belarus and part of Lithuania
1793 - second section of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Russia withdrew - all of Belarus with Minsk and Right Bank Ukraine
1795 – third section of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Russia withdrew - the main part of Lithuania, Western Belarus, Western Volyn, Courland
1788-1790 – Russian-Swedish war
1790 – first anti-French coalition
1795 – second anti-French coalition
1798 – third anti-French coalition
Pavel I Petrovich 1796 - 1801
Domestic policy
Foreign policy
- The strictest censorship was introduced, the import of foreign books was prohibited
1796 – decree« About succession to the throne»
1797 – decree« About the three-day corvee»
- weakening of the persecution of Old Believers
« Demoted letter to the nobility »
- the need for all noble children registered from childhood to report to the regiments
- introduction of taxes for nobles to support the administration
- restriction of freedom of noble assemblies
- punishment of noblemen - non-commissioned officers with canes - resumed
- prohibition of ill-treatment of soldiers by officers
- participation in the anti-Napoleonic coalition
1798 – F.F. Ushakov captured a fortress on the island of Corfu, took the Ionian Islands,
Liberated Naples and entered Rome
1799 – A.V. Suvorov completed the Italian and Swiss campaigns (crossing the Alps through the St. Gotthard Pass)
1800 – going over to Napoleon's side
1801 – sending Russian troops to capture British India
11 March 1801, the last palace coup, the assassination of Paul I
Life and customs of the population of Russia in the first half of the 19th century.
8th grade, history
Lesson type: introduction to new material
The purpose of the lesson: to introduce students to the living conditions of the main classes of the Russian Empire.
Planned results:
Personal: nurturing a sense of self- and mutual respect; development of cooperation skills when working in a group.
Metasubject: speech development; formation of comparison skills; development of independence among students;
Subject: development of skills to work with a textbook; compare the characteristics of representatives of various classes of Russia in the first half of the 19th century.
Preliminary preparation: advanced task for students: read a paragraph about the life of different classes of Russia; teachers: preparing handouts.
Lesson content outline.
Guys, what century are we living in? What surrounds a person in the 21st century, what are his living conditions?
Are you interested in finding out what conditions people lived in 2 centuries ago?
Then I propose to work actively in class today. Because the topic of our lesson is: Life and customs of the population of Russia in the first half of the 19th century.
So what goals will we set for ourselves?
Creating a problematic situation.
Educational and cognitive activity
Responsibilities are distributed among the group: who is responsible for what task, material selection.
Each group represents one of the classes (nobility, peasantry) and receives a package with tasks:
Describe the home, tell us about its interior decoration...
Tell us about the clothing of the classes...
Create a menu for the class...
How did you spend your leisure time? free time) representatives of the class...
Introductory information and instructions.
Distribution of roles in the group.
Monitoring and evaluation of performance results
Presentation of group work results.
Student answers.
Do the groups have questions for each other?
(Since everything is clear to everyone, then I’ll ask you a question.) Guys, does a time machine exist? And if it existed, where would you go? But I can tell you that it exists, it is our fantasy, our imagination. I suggest you write an essay “One day of my life in Russia in the 19th century.” But do not forget that you will be representatives of one of the classes. In addition, in the lesson you studied the life of people, but did not study the custom, and you will also do this at home. It would be absolutely wonderful if you turn to additional sources.
Each group reports the results of their work within 3-5 minutes.
Now let's sum up our work, and for this we will return to the goals that we have set for ourselves.
Plan
1.Tatar-Mongol conquest of Rus'.
2. The struggle of Rus' against the expansion of the West.
- Invasion of Batu. Conquest of North-Eastern and Southern Rus'. Establishment of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. Rus' and the Golden Horde. Tribute, baskaki, labels. Consequences Tatar-Mongol invasion and establishing a yoke for the further development of Rus'.
- Containing the onslaught of Hungary, Poland and Germany by the Galician-Volyn princes Roman Mstislavich and Daniil Romanovich. Their relationship with Rome. The struggle of the Novgorodians with the Swedes and German crusading knights. Alexander Nevskiy. Battle of the Neva and Battle of the Ice. Their significance for Rus'.
Test
Match:
1. 1223. 2. 1237. 3. 1240. 4. 1242.
I. Battle of the Neva.
II. The beginning of Batu's invasion.
III. Battle of Kalka.
IV. Battle on the Ice
A. Germans B. Swedes C. Mongol-Tatars
Topic 6
The rise of Moscow and the creation of a unified Russian state.
Plan
- The rise of Moscow.
- Stages of the liberation of Rus' from the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
- Formation of a unified Russian state.
- Test.
Guidelines
1. The first chronicle mention of Moscow. Formation of the Moscow Principality. The beginning of the rise of Moscow under Ivan Kalita. His reasons. Consolidation of lands around Moscow. Population influx. Moscow's struggle for the Vladimir label. Events of 1327. The right to collect tribute. City construction, development Agriculture and crafts. Ivan Kalita and Metropolitan Peter.
2. Dmitry Donskoy - the great successor of Ivan Kalita. Battle of Kulikovo. The role of the church in the unification process. Metropolitan Alexy I and Sergius of Radonezh. Stopping the trips of Moscow princes to the Horde for labels. The beginning of the transformation of the great Vladimir-Moscow principality into a single Russian state under the successors of Dmitry Donskoy. Feudal war for the Moscow throne under Vasily II. His religious policy.
3. Completion of the unification process under Ivan III and Vasily III. The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. Autocratic rule and its specifics. The beginning of the formation of the state apparatus. "Moscow-Third Rome". "Code of Law" of Ivan III. The role of Sophia Paleolog.
Test
Match:
1. 1147. 2. 1276. 3. 1327. 4. 1328.
2. 1325-1340. 6. 1367. 7. 1375. 8. 1462-1505. 9. 1523.
II. Construction of the white stone Kremlin in Moscow.
III. Tver's final recognition of Moscow's political primacy.
IV. The reign of Ivan Kalita.
V. The first mention of Moscow.
VI. Transformation of Moscow into the religious capital of Rus'.
VII. Formation of the Moscow Principality.
VIII. Completion of the unification process in Russian lands.
IX. Moscow princes become collectors of Tatar tribute.
X. Reign of Ivan III.
Topic 7
The history of the struggle and relations between Rus' and the Mongol-Tatars.
Plan
- Conquest of Rus' by the Mongol-Tatars.
- Mongol-Tatar yoke.
- Stages of the liberation of Rus' from the Mongol-Tatars.
- The end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
- Test.
Guidelines
1. Genghis Khan and Mongol expansion in Asia. The first armed clash between Russians and Mongol-Tatars. Batu's campaign against Rus'. Fall of Ryazan. Evpatiy Kolovrat. An attempt to create a collective defense of Rus' by the Vladimir prince Yuri Vsevolodovich. Battle of the City River. Conquest of North-Eastern and Southern Rus'. "Evil Town" Kozelsk. Factors for the victory of the Mongolo-Tatars.
2. Formation of the Golden Horde. The first census of the Russian population by Mongolo-Tatars and outbreaks of armed clashes. Tribute. Bessermen, Baskaks. The struggle of Russian princes for labels in the Horde is a tragic page in Russian history. Negative consequences foreign yoke.
3. “Cholkhanov’s army” - the end of Baskaism. “The Great Mess” in the Horde in the mid-14th century. and ending the tradition of labels. Military clashes between Russians and Tatars in the 50-70s of the 14th century. Battle of Kulikovo - first major battle Russians with Mongol-Tatars after Batu. Her historical meaning. Tokhtamysh's campaign against Moscow.
4. Horde policy of Moscow princes in the 15th century. The “Great Standing” on the Ugra River is the end of the yoke. The collapse of the unity of the Golden Horde at the end of the 15th century. Conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan by Ivan IV. Raids Crimean Tatars to Moscow in the 16th century. Construction of a notching line.
Test
Tatar-Mongol yoke stimulated the unifying tendencies in Rus' through the fact that:
- The Russian people and princes became acquainted with power, which had to be obeyed unquestioningly.
- The Tatars abolished the importance of the Grand Duke.
- The tax policy of the Tatars towards the Orthodox Church contributed to its promotion to the role of ideologist of the unification process, contrary to the hopes of the conquerors.
Topic No. 8
History of the development of serfdom in Rus'.
Plan
1. Formation of serfdom in Rus'.
2. Legal registration of serfdom.
3. The apogee of serfdom and its decay.
Guidelines
1. Definition of the essence of serfdom. Its elements in Rus' until the 15th century. Intensive growth of feudal land ownership in the XIV - XV centuries. and new social phenomena: the complete absorption of the free rural community by the feudal lords and the state; strengthening of noble estates, unification of the rural population and the beginning of its enslavement on a national scale. “The Code of Law of Ivan III” of 1497 - the introduction of the St. George’s Day rule for the landowner peasants and the extension of state taxes to them. The displacement of the boyar estate by the noble estate in the 16th century. An increase in the number of feudal lords and increased enslavement of peasants. "Code of Law of Ivan IV". A sharp deterioration in the situation of serfs due to the oprichnina and the Livonian War. Introduction of reserved and lesson years.
2. The economic ruin of the country during the Time of Troubles. Mass exodus of peasants to the outskirts of the state. Their participation in the anti-feudal movements of Khlopok and Bolotnikov. Increase in school years in the first half of the 17th century. “The Conciliar Code” of Alexei Mikhailovich is a legal formalization of serfdom with a 300-year lag behind the countries of Western Europe. Reasons for the conservation of the feudal serf system in Russia. Peasants' reaction to enslavement. Movement of S. Razin.
3. The 18th century is the apogee of serfdom in Russia. The spread of serfdom to new categories of the population at the beginning of the 18th century. and to new regions at the end of the 18th century. The growth of state duties and taxes of peasants under Peter I. Strengthening of judicial and police power and economic guardianship of landowners over peasants in the second half of the 18th century. “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” A.N. Radishchev is a verdict on the serfdom of Russia. The Peasant War under the leadership of E. Pugachev is the last and most powerful anti-feudal movement in the history of Russia.
Test
Match:
1. 1467. 2. 1497. 3. 1550. 4. 1581. 5. 1597. 6. 1649.
I "Code of Law of Ivan IV".
II "Conciliar Code of Alexei Mikhailovich."
III “Decree on scheduled summers.”
IV "Pskov Judgment Charter".
V "Code of Law of Ivan III".
VI “Decree on reserved years.”
A. Temporary cancellation of St. George's Day.
B. Legal registration of serfdom.
B. Introduction of Philip Day.
D. Establishment of a five-year search period for fugitive peasants.
D. Prohibition of crossing for old-timer peasants, increase in the “elderly”, introduction of tolls.
E. Introduction to St. George's Day.
Topic 9
Formation of the Russian centralized state in the 16th century
Plan
- Ivan the Terrible and features of Russian centralization.
- State reforms of Ivan the Terrible.
- Oprichnina.
- Test.
Guidelines
1. Ivan IV the Terrible - sovereign and man. Goals and directions of his domestic policy. Elected Rada - development of a project of government reforms. Specifics of centralization of power in Russia. State and church: the nature of the relationship.
2. Implementation of state reforms by Ivan IV in the middle of the 16th century. Zemsky Sobor. Stoglavy Cathedral. Orders. Streltsy and militia army. Bit books. Canceling feedings. Lip reform. The meaning of reforms.
3. The role of the oprichnina in the history of the formation of a centralized state. Introduction of oprichnina, its goals, essence and nature of implementation. The influence of the oprichnina on the agrarian revolution of the 16th century. Negative consequences of oprichnina.
Test
Is this statement true?
Unlike Western European countries, the process of centralization Russian state was accompanied by the enslavement of the peasants and was caused not so much by internal as by foreign policy reasons.
Topic 10
Achievements and miscalculations of Russian foreign policy in the 16th century.
Plan
- Goals and directions of Russian foreign policy in the 16th century.
- Expansion of Russia's borders in the East.
- Livonian War.
- Test.
Guidelines
1. Completion of the unification of Russian lands in the first third of the 16th century. The beginning of the expansion of the borders of the Russian state under Ivan IV. Goals, nature and directions of his foreign policy. Allies and enemies of Russia. Connections with England.
2. Russia’s relationship with the Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimean khanates and the Nogai Horde in the first half of the 16th century. Diplomatic expansion of Turkey in the Volga region and Crimea. Capture of Kazan and Astrakhan by the Russian army. Annexation of Bashkiria, the Urals and the Urals. The beginning of penetration into Siberia. Ermak. Raids of the Crimean Tatars. Construction of a notch line. Successes of Russia in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia under Ivan IV and Boris Godunov.
3. Livonian War. Reason and reasons. Opposing countries. The influence of internal difficulties on the conduct of war. Pskov defense. Results of the war - Yam-Zapolsky peace treaty. Reasons for Russia's defeat. Partial elimination of the consequences of the war under B. Godunov - Tyavzinsky peace.
Test
1. 1552. 2. 1556. 3. 1557. 4. 1558. 5. 1581/2. 6. 1582. 7. 1583.
8. 1595. 9. 1571.
I. Defense of Pskov.
II. The beginning of the Livonian War.
III. Capture of Kazan.
IV. Annexation of Bashkiria.
V. Yam-Zapolsky world.
VI. Capture of Astrakhan.
VII. Defeat of the Siberian Khanate.
VIII. The last raid of the Crimean Tatars on Moscow.
IX. Tyavzinsky peace with Sweden.
Topic 11
The Great Troubles in Russia.
Plan
- Causes and essence of the Troubles.
- False Dmitry I and Vasily Shuisky.
- The Seven Boyars and the expulsion of the interventionists from Russia.
- Results of the Troubles.
- Test.
Guidelines
1. The attitude of the people towards Boris Godunov. Great famine. Popular anti-feudal movements. Imposture. The role of the Romanov boyars in the events of the Time of Troubles. Interests of Poland and Sweden in Russia.
2. The beginning of the Troubles. The campaign of False Dmitry I against Moscow. Reasons for the short duration of his reign. The reign of Vasily Shuisky. Peasant war under the leadership of I. Bolotnikov. Tushino thief. Polish-Swedish intervention. The fall of Smolensk, Novgorod, the siege of Pskov.
3. Seven Boyars. Calling to the throne of the Polish prince Vladislav. The first Ryazan people's militia of P. Lyapunov and its failure. The second Nizhny Novgorod people's militia. Kuzma Minin, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, Patriarch Hermogenes. Expulsion of interventionists from Russia. The end of the Troubles. Convocation of the Zemsky Sobor and election of M. Romanov to the kingdom.
4. Consequences of the Troubles. Establishment of a new ruling dynasty in Russia and new form board. Entering the historical arena of the broad masses. The birth of elements of social self-awareness. Redistribution of leading roles within the ruling class. Foreign policy results: Pillar Peace with Sweden, Deulino Truce with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Test
Indicate the consequences of the Troubles:
- Strengthening the authority of the Russian Orthodox Church.
- Economic stabilization of the country.
- The accession of the Romanov dynasty.
- Growth of the territory of the state.
- The birth of absolutism.
- Strengthening the positions of the boyars.
- The beginning of mass popular anti-feudal movements.
- Establishment in the public consciousness of the ideas of the unity of the “whole land” of Russia and the chosenness of the Romanov family by God.
- Appearance of elements legal regulation state relations.
Topic 12
Russia on the threshold of the New Age (XVII century).
Plan
- Socio-political development of Russia in the 17th century.
- The birth of capitalism.
- Russian foreign policy.
- Test.
Guidelines
1. New phenomena in the socio-political life of the country. The first Romanovs. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich the Quiet is a key figure of the 17th century. Absolutism, its national specificity and forms of manifestation. Domestic policy is the social stabilizer of the “rebellious” century. Massive popular movements. Peasant war under the leadership of S. Razin. “Cathedral Code”: legal registration of the class system and serfdom. Church reform of Patriarch Nikon. The appearance of schismatics.
2. New phenomena in the economy. Development of crafts and the formation of a national market. The first all-Russian fairs and private manufactories. Specifics of the labor market and initial capital accumulation. The beginning of protectionism - “New Trade Charter”.
3. Objectives of Russian foreign policy after the Time of Troubles. Wars with Poland and Sweden. Return of Russian cities and lands. Reunification of Left Bank Ukraine with Russia. Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Pereyaslavl Rada. Relations between Russia and Turkey. Capture of Azov by the Cossacks. The first Russian-Turkish war. Azov campaigns V.V. Golitsyn. Russia's access to the shores Pacific Ocean. Accession Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
Test
Highlight the main factor in the formation of absolutism in Russia in the 17th century:
- Underdevelopment of legal consciousness in society.
- Uncertainty and insecurity of people's personal rights.
- Lack of political counterbalance to the feudal nobility on the part of the bourgeoisie.
- Foreign policy needs of the state.
- Bureaucracy and bribery in government agencies.
- Slow formation of the bourgeoisie under the determining influence of state structures.
- Consolidation of the old feudal classes.
- The severity of inter-class contradictions.
Prerequisites for the Tatar-Mongol conquest of Rus'
There was another – the most powerful invasion of nomads from the depths of Asia. At the end of the 12th century. The Mongolian state is formed. In 1206 Temujin was proclaimed great khan under the name Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan's troops conquered the vast territory of China, Central Asia, and Transcaucasia.
The first armed conflict in Rus' took place in 1223 on the river. Kalke. The troops of the Russian princes and Polovtsians were defeated.
Reasons for the Mongols' success:
An unprecedented concentration of all resources, a huge number of troops, skillful use of the resources of enslaved countries: replenishment of troops and use of the most advanced military equipment, “especially Chinese (battering guns, incendiary shells);
High level of technical equipment (cavalry, the best bows in the world), military discipline, army organization, intelligence, psychological warfare;
Socio-political prerequisites: in most of the countries attacked, there is feudal fragmentation, discord, lack of unity and the will to fight.
Conquest of Rus'
In 1236, Batu (grandson of Genghis Khan) began his campaign to the West. In 1237 there was an invasion of Rus'. Mongol-Tatar troops captured the Ryazan principality and invaded the Vladimir principality. Prince Yuri of Vladimir refused to help the Ryazan principality, then he himself was defeated on the river. City. The path to Novgorod opened, but the Tatars, fearing the spring thaw, turned southeast to the Polovtsian steppes.
In the autumn of 1240 the campaign was resumed. Tatar troops attacked Southwestern Rus'. On December 6, 1240, after stubborn fighting, Kyiv fell.
The immediate results of the Tatar-Mongol invasions were unprecedented devastation of the country. Of the 74 cities, 49 were destroyed.
As a result of the resistance, Western Europe was saved. In 1242, Batu's troops suffered heavy losses in the Czech Republic and Hungary, as a result of which they abandoned further advance to the West.
Tatar-Mongol yoke, its consequences and assessment
For more than 200 years, Rus' was under foreign domination.
The situation of Rus' under the rule of the Mongols
In 1243, Batu founded the state of the Golden Horde in the Lower Volga with its capital in Sarai-Batu, which was considered a province (ulus) of the Great Mongol Empire with its center in Karakorum. Unlike China, Central Asia and Transcaucasia, the Russian principalities were not directly included in Golden Horde, were in vassal dependence (i.e. the Mongol khan was the supreme ruler who did not interfere with their inner life). The social and political structures(maybe this was the result of heroic resistance): princely power, local feudal lords, spiritual foundations (Orthodoxy).
Pressure system:
The Khan gave the princes a label to reign (they had to go to the Horde to get it), their power was not inherited. He also approved the appointment of the metropolitan.
Everything is taxed ("Tatar exit"), except the church. For this purpose, population censuses (“numbers”) were carried out. A system of tax farming was introduced, and the excesses of tax farmers and the khan’s representatives, the “Baskaks,” flourished. After the uprisings of the 60s. They entrusted the collection of the tax to the princes themselves, who, of course, profited from it. One of the most difficult duties, the “blood tax,” was introduced: Russian youths were taken into the Mongol guard.
From time to time new “bloodlettings” and punitive campaigns were carried out.
Consequences of Mongol enslavement:
In addition to the terrible devastation Negative consequences For political development: gain feudal fragmentation, princely feuds (the Mongols encouraged them).
Long-term consequences for the history of Russia: as a result of terrible ruin and long heavy oppression, a change in the place of Rus' in the world historical process occurred, this was the beginning of its long lag behind Western Europe, which they then tried more than once to overcome with enormous sacrifices, but, in essence, did not overcome and in the 20th century. At the time of the invasion, Rus' was one of the most developed countries.
By the time the Mongols were liberated from power, it was a distant, poor country, little known about in Europe.
Long-term political and psychological consequences: first of all, cities were destroyed, which led to the fall of culture, contributed to a change in traditions and morals - mentality - for the worse. "Great fear" passed down from generation to generation.
Some historians believe that it was from this time that such negative traits of the Russian national character began, such as submission to authority, disregard for human rights, i.e. “Eastern” features characteristic of Asian-despotic societies were formed. The opinion is also expressed that under the influence of the Mongols (and they, in turn, took this system from China), the very type of power in the Moscow state, the nature of its relations with society, was formed: the entire population was subjects, slaves of the supreme ruler (after all, even in the 17th century the most noble The boyars, when addressing the tsar, called themselves “slaves”). This was not in Western Europe and Kievan Rus.
Discussion marks:
Even N.M. Karamzin noted certain positive consequences of the Mongol yoke: the Russian principalities inevitably began to unite. The famous historian Lev Gumilyov (son of N. Gumilyov and A. Akhmatova) denied the usual assessments. In his opinion, the Mongol invasion was not so terrible (no worse than the princely strife), its horrors were exaggerated in the sources. In the first decades after the conquest, there was no “yoke”; rather, there was mutually beneficial alliance: Rus' gave people and money (the “exit” was not so difficult), the Tatars helped in the fight against the Western danger. She was the most scary, because... the Mongols did not encroach on inner life or religion. The German crusaders in the Baltic states destroyed entire nations (Prussians) or Germanized them (destruction of the local elite, implantation of their culture). Only after adoption in the 11th century. In the Golden Horde of Islam, the attitude towards Rus' worsened. Most historians believe that Gumilyov’s version is not supported by known historical facts
The fight against Western aggression
In the 11th century, a long process of German conquest and colonization of the Baltic states began - “Drang nach Osten”. IN early XIII V. The Order of the Swordsmen was created. In 1234, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav (father of Alexander Nevsky) defeated the crusaders and stopped their advance.
At the end of the 30s. The knights decided to take advantage of the Mongol invasion: the Order of the Sword and the Teutonic Order were united into the Livonian Order, an agreement between the Germans, Danes and Swedes on a joint campaign against Rus' took place. In 1240, the 18-year-old Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich defeated the Swedes on the Neva. After this victory they began to call him Nevsky.
Strengthening the Livonian threat to Novgorod: the traitorous boyars surrendered Izborsk and Pskov, Alexander was temporarily expelled from Novgorod due to the intrigues of the boyars. Then he was invited again to the evening. On April 5, 1242, he inflicted a crushing defeat on the Germans in the Battle of Lake Peipus (“Battle of the Ice”).
Subsequent activities of Alexander Yaroslavich: in 1252–1263. Grand Duke Vladimir, in essence, political leader North-Eastern Rus'. He pursued a policy of compromise with the Mongols: he became a sworn brother Mongol Khan Berke and made various concessions in order to prevent new Mongol campaigns against Rus' and its further ruin. At the same time, it has been suggested that he did not give up the fight, perhaps the anti-Mongol uprisings of the 60s. were secretly prepared by him.
Assessments of Alexander Nevsky:
The most common assessment: Alexander Nevsky is great statesman, defender of Rus'. He is declared a saint. No wonder the day before Patriotic War removed famous movie S. Eisenstein. Now a number of authors note that his concessions to the Mongols were the only possible policy: it was necessary to save Rus' from destruction in the conditions of the enormous superiority of the Mongols, to protect themselves from the more terrible Western danger.
Recently, some publications believe that the fight against the West and the alliance with the Mongols was a mistake. The Western danger was not so great: there were only a few hundred knights in the entire Order, and there could be no talk of conquering Rus'. Concessions to the Mongols morally corrupted the Russian people (after all, Nevsky even suppressed anti-Mongol uprisings). It was necessary to resist desperately, and perhaps the enemy would have retreated, as in the Czech Republic and Hungary. It was not Alexander Nevsky who was right, but Daniil Galitsky, who tried, relying on the West, to resist the Mongols. The opinion was even expressed that refusal to fight the knights and submission to the West would have positive value: we would get rid of Asian despotism and already then enter European civilization. In fact, our prospects can be judged by the German colonization of the Baltic states.
