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Basic phonetic means of the Russian language. Phonetic means

 What does phonetics study? Sound is the smallest unit that can be spoken or heard. The sound does not have an independent meaning, but with the help of sounds you can distinguish the words: lamp-ramp, house - catfish, ox - led.  What was this role of sounds called in the Russian language?  What groups are speech sounds divided into? Vowel sounds are formed by a stream of air that passes through the mouth and does not encounter any obstacles. They are made up of tone. In the Russian language there are 6 vowel sounds that occur under stress, these are [a o and ы у e]. Consonant sounds are formed when an air stream in oral cavity no free passage. The tongue may touch the teeth or palate, and the lips may close. The air stream has to overcome these obstacles, and then consonant sounds are formed. There are quite a lot of them in the Russian language: they are hard and soft, voiced and voiceless, some of them form pairs.  Is it possible to give it expressiveness by using sounds in a phrase? Words are created using sounds. Sounds, if they are not words (conjunctions, prepositions, particles, interjections), mean nothing, have no meaning. However, sometimes the meaning of a word is assigned to a separate sound included in this word. Let's give an example with the sound [p], which is included in the words “thunder, thunder, thunderstorm, peals, roar.” The listed words have long been used by word artists to convey the corresponding natural phenomena. Thus, the poet Tyutchev deliberately includes words containing this sound in the poem “Spring Thunderstorm”: I love a thunderstorm in early May, When the first thunder of spring, As if frolicking and playing, Rumbles in the blue sky. Thunder rolls... Our feelings are affected not only by the words and the meaning of the statement, but also by the very sound of the speech. To enhance the impression, poets often select a sound range for their poems that emphasizes poetic images. G. Lindman-Orlova  What is the name of the technique of using repeated sounds in speech? IN artistic speech sound notation is used, i.e., the phonetic composition of the phrase corresponds to the depicted phenomenon. Such types of sound writing as sound repetitions and onomatopoeia are used. alliteration, i.e. repetition of the same or similar consonants, for example: At midnight, in the wilderness of the swamp, the reeds rustle barely audibly, silently (K. Balmont.) [w] creates the sound impression of the rustling of reeds;  assonance - repetition of the same vowels, for example: I while away my life. My crazy, deaf one: today I triumph soberly, and tomorrow I cry and sing (A. Blok.) - the repetition of the vowel [u] creates a depressing, depressing impression; Quiet Ukrainian night. The sky is transparent. The stars are shining. The air does not want to overcome its drowsiness (A. Pushkin.) - [a], [o] sound openly and joyfully; anaphora - repetition of the same initial combinations of sounds, for example: Bridges demolished by a thunderstorm, coffins from a washed-out cemetery floating through the streets! (A. Pushkin.); The golden stars dozed off, the mirror of the backwater trembled. (S. Yesenin.);  epiphora - repetition of final sounds in words, for example: On a blue evening, on a moonlit evening, I was once beautiful and young (S. Yesenin.);  junction - repetition of the final and initial sounds side by side worthwhile words, for example: A cloak flaunting a hole (M. Tsvetaeva.).  is the use of words of a certain sound to create auditory impressions - rustling, clicking, strumming, rattling, chirping, etc., for example:  In intervals of complete silence, the rustling of last year’s leaves was heard, moving from the melting of the earth and from the growth of grass. (L. Tolstoy.) - the sound [w] conveys quiet muffled sounds;   The stalls and the chairs, everything is boiling. In the paradise they splash impatiently, and, having risen, the curtain makes a noise (A. Pushkin) - the repetition of sounds [р], [п] conveys the increasing noise in the theater before the start of the performance, and the repetition of sounds [з], [ш], [с] creates the auditory impression of the noise of a rising curtain. Among onomatopoeias, onomatopoeias stand out, i.e. words whose sound resembles the processes they denote.  They call the sounds made by humans, animals, inanimate nature, for example: gasp, giggle, groan; chirp, meow, hiss, cackle, crow, creak, rustle, clatter, tick, strum, rattle; strum (on a balalaika), crunch (twigs).   Sound-like words are also used that do not imitate sounds, but with their expressiveness in sound help in the figurative transmission of phenomena, for example: fight, roughly, scream, tear - are pronounced sharply; maiden, cling, dear, bliss - pronounced softly; quieter, you hear - the pronunciation resembles a rustle.  Read excerpts from poems. Find them different types sound repetitions and onomatopoeia. The realm of rhymes is my element And I write poetry easily. Without hesitation without delay I run to line from line Even to the Finnish brown rocks I use a pun. (D. Minaev.) It seems the ears are whispering to each other. It’s boring for us to listen to the autumn blizzard. It’s boring to bend down to the very ground. Fat grains bathing in dust! (N. Nekrasov.)  The city was plundered, rowed, grabbed...  ...Where is it, a bronze ringing or a granite edge?.. (V. Mayakovsky.)  Theory  309 (ch.1) or 309 (ch.2 ) – everything on A4 with illustration or design  http://do.gendocs.ru/  http://images.yandex.ru/

Introduction

Rhetoric - the theory of eloquence, the science of oratory. This is the science of the art of constructing speech, the rules of its delivery in order to have the desired impact on the listener. Besides lexical meaning, each word also contains other components. Words, therefore, can differ in stylistic coloring; they can be elevated, neutral and lowered (eyes, eyes, peepers). The word can denote both a neutral phenomenon (meeting) and give it an assessment (gathering).

Language means of contact are special words and expressions that activate the attention and thinking of listeners. Through them feedback is established. Thanks to it, in turn, you can see how the audience reacts to the speaker’s words (exclamation, approving nod, interested, lively look, approving or disapproving remark, etc.).

The figurative means of the Russian language play vital role in a speech, in my work I will try to study in detail their main elements.

Phonetic means

Fine and expressive means are present on different levels language system. At the phonetics level, figurative and expressive means such as speech sounds, word stress, rhythm and rhyme are used. Phonics studies the stylistic function of these means. Phonics is also called the sound organization of speech.

Euphony of speech. Speech should be euphonious, that is, easy to pronounce and pleasant to the ear, which is achieved mainly by the perfect combination of vowels and consonants in the text, as well as the predominance of musical (“beautiful”) sounds.

Vowels, sonorants and most voiced consonants are considered musical sounds. Non-musical sounds are noisy voiceless sounds, especially hissing [w], [ch] and whistling [s], [s"], as well as voiced hissing and whistling [zh], [z], [z"].

The use of musical sounds, which in relation to non-musical noisy deaf sounds makes up 74.5%, gives speech melodiousness and beauty of sound. So, in Yesenin’s line Snowy Plain, White moon, our side is covered with a shroud; combinations of sounds are easy to pronounce, short words alternate with long ones, the intonation is melodic and smooth. All this creates euphony, or euphony.

Euphony can also be achieved by combining several consonants. In Russian, such combinations often consist of two, sometimes three consonants, for example: ford, fight, adult, line. This combination of consonants does not contradict the laws of euphony. But the combination of four or more consonants at the junction of two words disrupts the euphony of speech, for example: The Minister met with the students; cordiality of meetings.

Typically, combinations of two consonants are found at the beginning or in the middle of a word, for example: snapshot, glass, cheerful. This arrangement of sounds does not disturb the euphony. But the accumulation of consonant sounds at the end of a word makes articulation difficult. This occurs in short adjectives and in the genitive case plural nouns, for example: kind, musty, round, callous; fraternities Euphony is restored if a fluent vowel appears between the consonants, for example: blesn - blesen, beautiful - beautiful (cf.: blesn, beautiful).

In the Russian language, combinations of consonants predominate, built according to the law of ascending sonority - noisy + sonorant: gr, dr, cl, pl, cm, zn, zl, tl. Such combinations are more often found at the beginning and in the middle of a word, for example: thunder, pogrom, friend, girlfriend, treasure, pledge, fruit, produce, know, know, anger, goats, broom. All this creates euphony. Such combinations appear rarely at the end of a word, for example: rod, look, view.

For the Russian language, combinations like nd, mb are uncharacteristic, since in them sonorants precede noisy ones, for example: pretzel, ice cream.

In Russian speech, euphony is supported in other ways. Yes, for the sake of euphony

One of the consonant sounds is not pronounced, for example: honestly, late, hello;

Prepositions with the sound o are used, for example: to me, in all, above me, about me, under me, with me;

Syllabic sonorants are pronounced, for example: minister, cry, illness;

Phonetic changes are used in foreign words, for example: bivouac - bivouac (troop parking under open air for an overnight stay or rest), Ioan - Ivan, Theodore - Fedor.

So, euphony is supported by the legitimate relationship of vowels and consonants in the text. Cacophony of speech may appear:

When vowels meet on the edge of words (the so-called external gap), for example: And in Ni and in her John (I. Selvinsky);

When the same (or similar) consonants are accumulated in a sentence, as well as when the same consonants are obsessively repeated, for example: Scrolling - forest plant, forming a background in the herbaceous layer of the forest in summer; Zina knew the local bays from childhood;

When using only short or only long words in speech, for example: Grandfather was old, gray-haired, weak, decrepit; At the end of the investigation, an indictment is drawn up - in the first case, the sentence gives the impression of some blows, and in the second case, the sentence represents monotonous, sluggish speech;

When repeating the same or the same root words, for example: the following disadvantages should be noted... (tautology);

When using the same grammatical forms, for example: Treatment of influenza patients with a new drug;

When using dissonant abbreviations, for example: LIPKH Leningrad Institute for Advanced Training of Business Executives;

When using unsuccessful neologisms, for example: marriage, etiquette.

Sound recording. In artistic speech, sound writing is used, that is, the correspondence of the phonetic composition of the phrase to the depicted phenomenon.

Such types of sound writing as sound repetitions and onomatopoeia are used.

Among the sound repetitions, the following stands out:

Alliteration, i.e. repetition of identical or similar consonants, for example: At midnight sometimes in the swamp wilderness the reeds rustle faintly and silently (K. Balmont.) - [w] creates the sound impression of the rustling of reeds;

Assonance is the repetition of identical vowels, for example: I while away my life. My crazy, deaf one: today I triumph soberly, and tomorrow I cry and sing (A. Blok.) - the repetition of the vowel [u] creates a depressing, depressing impression; Quiet Ukrainian night. The sky is transparent. The stars are shining. The air does not want to overcome its drowsiness (A. Pushkin.) - [a], [o] sound openly and joyfully;

Anaphora is the repetition of the same initial combinations of sounds, for example: Bridges demolished by a thunderstorm, coffins from a washed-out cemetery floating through the streets! (A. Pushkin.);

Epiphora is the repetition of final sounds in words, for example: On a blue evening, on a moonlit evening, I was once beautiful and young (S. Yesenin.);

A junction is a repetition of the final and initial sounds of adjacent words, for example: A cloak flaunting a hole (M. Tsvetaeva).

Onomatopoeia is the use of words of a certain sound to create auditory impressions - rustling, clicking, strumming, rattling, chirping, etc., for example: In the intervals of perfect silence, the rustling of last year’s leaves was heard, moving from the melting of the earth and from the growth of grass (L. Tolstoy.) - the sound [w] conveys quiet muffled sounds; The stalls and the chairs, everything is boiling. In the paradise they splash impatiently, and, having risen, the curtain makes a noise (A. Pushkin) - the repetition of sounds [r], [p] conveys the increasing noise in the theater before the start of the performance, and the repetition of sounds [z], [w], [s ] creates the auditory impression of the noise of a rising curtain.

Among onomatopoeias, onomatopoeias stand out, i.e. words whose sound resembles the processes they denote. They call sounds made by humans, animals, inanimate nature, for example: gasp, giggle, groan; chirp, meow, hiss, cackle, crow, creak, rustle, clatter, tick, strum, rattle; strum (on a balalaika), crunch (twigs).

Sound-like words are also used that do not imitate sounds, but with their expressiveness in sound help to convey phenomena figuratively, for example: fight, roughly, scream, tear - are pronounced sharply; maiden, cling, dear, bliss - pronounced softly; quieter, you hear - the pronunciation resembles a rustle. The selection of vocabulary that is consonant with the leading word of the text creates sound images.

So, in the poem by S. A. Yesenin “Birch” artistic image birch is enhanced by means of sound writing - the repetition of sounds [b] - [r] in words of close sound.

The sound expressiveness of speech is helped by word stress and intonation. Stress, i.e. emphasizing with greater force and longer duration the voice of one of the syllables of a non-monosyllabic word, is a very important element sounding speech. Means of expression syntactic meanings and emotional-expressive coloring are melody (raising and lowering the voice), rhythm (alternation of stressed and unstressed, long and short syllables), intensity (strength and weakness of pronunciation), tempo (speed or slowness), timbre (sound coloring) of speech, phrasing And logical stress(emphasizing speech segments or individual words in a phrase), for example: Do not wander, do not crush quinoa in the crimson bushes and do not look for traces, you will be with me forever with a sheaf of your oat hair (S. Yesenin.).

Phonetic expressiveness poetic speech rhyme contributes to the repetition of individual sounds or sound complexes connecting the endings of two or more lines, for example: And I began to dream of my youth, and you, as if alive, and you... And I began to dream of being carried away from the wind, rain, darkness (A. Blok .).

The Russian language is one of the most diverse and rich in the world, its expressive potential is truly enormous. The text is given special emotionality and uniqueness various means verbal expressiveness used in the process of writing a work. The list of them is quite extensive.

Means of speech expression in various areas of life

It's no secret that the same idea can be presented in different ways. For example, a television announcer will say this: “Today there were heavy rainfall in the form of snow, accompanied by heavy winds.” And two old women drinking tea in the kitchen may use the following phrase in a conversation: “Yes, it’s piled up like snow!” And the wind just knocks you off your feet!” IN fiction this phenomenon can be presented as follows: “Snow flakes fell from the sky, like fluff from a torn pillow, scattered strong wind, and huge white snowdrifts covered the frozen earth that yearned for them...” The picture described different ways, is practically the same, however, each of the options is different from each other and has a different effect on the human subconscious. All means of verbal expressiveness of the language are to one degree or another based on the associative perception of the text. By looking through the statements presented, the reader imagines people who can express themselves in this way. Therefore, to characterize characters and create a certain flavor, authors of literary texts use different styles.

Phonetic means of expression

For the greatest impact on the imagination of the interlocutor or reader, viewer or listener, the most various ways. Means of speech expression literally permeate all language levels. They can be observed both in phonetics and in syntax, which makes the understanding of the author’s intention deeper and more comprehensive. Phonetic means of speech expression are one of the most strong ways speech influence. The sensation of the sound image of a word occurs at the subconscious level, regardless of the person’s desire. That is why most poetic texts are based on the use of sound means of expression. An example is the following sentence: “The leaves rustled, their rustling seemed to come from everywhere.” Here, the repeated use of the sound “sh” in the phrase seems to create an accompaniment to a picture drawn by the imagination.

Alliteration

Phonetic speech expressiveness has some variability. Opposite means such as alliteration and assonance are widespread. They are based on the repetition in the text of the same or similar sounds according to some phonetic feature - consonants in alliteration and vowels in assonance. The phrase “The thunderstorm is thundering, the thunder is roaring” can be a vivid one, when reading it, a person subconsciously evokes a vivid image of crackling lightning.

Assonance

Writers and poets use vowel repetition a little less often. For example, assonance is presented in the sentence “There was a flat field all around” - the repeated sound “o” creates a feeling of length, breadth of space.

Anaphora, epiphora in literary texts

There are also other figures of speech that serve to give greater expressiveness to the text. For example, anaphora and epiphora are unusual techniques. They are variants of repetitions of similar sounds, words or groups of words at the beginning (anaphora) or at the end (epiphora) of each parallel independent segment of speech. “This is the act of a man! This is the act of a real person!” - pressure and intensification with each repetition are observed with anaphora. Epiphora can most often be found at the end of poetic segments in the form of repetition of individual phrases or entire sentences. But you can also consider it using the example of a separate prose sentence: “Everything in this room was black: the walls were black, it was also black, the lamps were black, and even the bed linen was black. Only the bed was pure white, creating a striking contrast in the design.”

verbal expressiveness: allegory

The style of the Russian language presents a huge number of different tropes, or figures of speech. The main source of expressiveness is vocabulary. It is with its help that most of the author’s intentions in the text are realized. For example, an allegory is a kind of transfer of the meaning or characteristics of an object to another object, an image of an abstract concept through a concrete image. To explain what an allegory is, we can resort to considering traditional examples: the sun is a symbol of warmth, kindness; wind is a symbol of freedom, freethinking, inconstancy. Therefore, this principle is often used in speech to characterize people. "Oh you, sly Fox! - they say about someone as a joke. Or they can even say about a fickle personality like this: “His character is flighty, eccentric.” Thus, answering the question of what an allegory is, one should refer to symbolism, a comparison of objects by quality.

Allegory in parables, fairy tales, fables

The wonderful fabulist Krylov gives a colorful picture of the use of this technique. Although in fact he is the successor of Aesop. It was from his works that many of the plots of the Russian classic’s fables were taken. After all, everyone understands that when talking about a monkey trying on glasses on its tail, the author means an ignoramus, a person who is accustomed to treating everything superficially, judging hastily, without thinking about the meaning. Fairy tales in which animals are the heroes are best suited for children's perception. From their example, the child learns the basic laws of life: good returns a hundredfold, the dirty, the deceiver and the lazy will be punished, you cannot laugh at the pain of others, etc. Short fables or allegorical tales resemble table toasts in the Caucasian style, at the end of which the moral is deduced after the sentence drink "For...".

Allegory in poetry and lyrical songs

And what about Lermontov’s wonderful poems about a lonely sail running on the waves? After all, here the thoughtful reader is depicted the state of mind of a restless personality, which no one understands in his contemporary world. To this day, adults love many folk songs that allegorically describe human relationships using examples of plants - flowers, trees. “Why are you standing there, swaying, you thin rowan tree?” - the girl sings sadly, who herself experiences loneliness, dreams of uniting her fate with reliable person, but for some reason it can’t do this...

Litotes, hyperbole

Linguistic means of speech expression are also represented by other tropes. For example, there are also such opposite figures as hyperbole and litotes. The Russian language has a wide range of possibilities for gradual expression of qualities. These techniques denote artistic understatement (litotes) and exaggeration (hyperbole). The Russian language becomes brighter and more imaginative thanks to them. For example, a property such as volume human body, can be expressed both from an artificially understated side (“a waist as wide as the neck of a bottle” - litotes) and from an exaggeration (“shoulders the size of a doorway” - hyperbole). The Russian language even boasts stable expressions of this type: wasp waist, as high as the Kolomna verst.

Synonyms and antonyms in works of art

The use of synonyms and antonyms in the text increases its emotionality and expressiveness. Words, semantically similar or different, diversify the work and reveal the author's intention from different sides. In addition, synonyms and antonyms simplify the perception of the text, as they clarify the meaning of individual semantic objects. But to their use orally and writing should be approached with some caution, since some dictionary synonyms lose the closeness of meaning in a specific context, and contextual antonyms are not always antonymous in their essence dictionary meaning. For example, the adjectives “fresh” and “stale”, when used with the noun “bread,” are antonyms. But, if we are talking about wind, then the antonym to the adjective “fresh” will be the word “warm”.

Irony in works of art

A very important expression is irony. Examples from the literature prove the high imagery of this technique. Pushkin, Lermontov, Dostoevsky - these Russian classics are true masters of using irony in literature. Zoshchenko's stories are still in demand among modern satirists. Some phrases of the classics that have become catchphrases are also used in everyday speech. For example, Zoshchenko’s expression: “Take back your cake!” or “Maybe I should also give you the keys to the apartment where the money is?” Absolutely everyone knows Ilf and Petrov. And the appeal to the gentlemen of the jury, which talks about breaking the ice, is still perceived with a great deal of irony. And the phrase “Who’s so big here?”, addressed to Everyday life to a child, has an ironic character, built on the use of antonymy. Irony is often present in the form of self-mocking by one of the characters or the main character on whose behalf the story is told. These are the detective stories of Daria Dontsova and other authors who also write in this style.

Various layers of vocabulary in fiction

Unstandardized vocabulary - jargon, neologisms, dialectisms, professionalisms, vernacular - has a high expressive potential in fiction. The use of words from these sections in the text, especially in direct speech, gives a figurative and evaluative description of the character. Every hero literary work is individual, and these lexical elements, carefully and appropriately used, reveal the character’s image from a variety of sides. For example, the intensity of Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don” dialect vocabulary creates an atmosphere characteristic of a specific territory and a specific historical period. And the use of colloquial words and expressions in the characters’ speeches reveals their characters in the best possible way. It is also impossible to do without a special description of life on the ship. And in works where the heroes, albeit secondary ones, are former repressed people or people from the category of homeless people, it is simply impossible to avoid jargon and even argot.

Polyunion as a means of expression

Another stylistic figure of speech is polysyndeton. In another way, this technique is called polyunion and consists in using homogeneous members or phrases in the text, connected by identical repeating conjunctions. This increases expressiveness by creating unplanned pauses in the sentence where parts of it join. service units speech while increasing the importance of each element of the enumeration. Therefore, writers and poets often use polyunion in their works. Examples:

Thus, linguistic means of speech expressiveness - necessary element artistic speech. Without them, a literary text looks dry and uninteresting. But do not forget that the material should be reader-oriented. Therefore, the selection of linguistic means used in the work must be carried out in the most careful manner, otherwise the author risks being misunderstood and underestimated.

EXPRESSIVE SPEECH

Expressiveness and its basic conditions

The expressiveness of speech is understood as such features of its structure that make it possible to enhance the impression of what is said (written), to arouse and maintain the attention and interest of the addressee, to influence not only his mind, but also his feelings and imagination.

The expressiveness of speech depends on many reasons and conditions, both linguistic and extralinguistic.

One of the main conditions for expressiveness is the independence of thinking of the author of the speech, which presupposes a deep and comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the subject of the message. Knowledge extracted from any sources must be mastered, processed, and deeply comprehended. This gives the speaker (writer) confidence, makes his speech convincing and effective. If the author does not properly think through the content of his statement, does not comprehend the issues that he will present, his thinking cannot be independent, and his speech cannot be expressive.

To a large extent, the expressiveness of speech depends on the attitude of the author to the content of the statement. The inner conviction of the speaker (writer) in the significance of the statement, interest, and concern for its content gives speech (especially oral) an emotional coloring. An indifferent attitude to the content of the statement leads to a dispassionate presentation of the truth, which cannot influence the feelings of the addressee.

At direct communication Also important are the relationships between the speaker and the listener, the psychological contact between them, which arises primarily on the basis of joint mental activity: the addresser and the addressee must solve the same problems, discuss the same issues: the first ¾ outlining the topic of his message, the second ¾ following the development of his thoughts. In establishing psychological contact, what is important is the attitude of both the speaker and the listener to the subject of speech, their interest, and indifference to the content of the statement.

In addition to deep knowledge of the subject of the message, expressive speech also presupposes the ability to convey knowledge to the addressee and arouse his interest and attention. This is achieved by careful and skillful selection of linguistic means, taking into account the conditions and tasks of communication, which in turn requires a good knowledge of the language, its expressive capabilities and features of functional styles.

One of the prerequisites for verbal expressiveness is skills that allow you to easily select the language means needed in a particular act of communication. Such skills are developed through systematic and deliberate training. A means of training speech skills is careful reading exemplary texts (fiction, journalistic, scientific), close interest in their language and style, attentive attention to the speech of people who can speak expressively, as well as self-control (the ability to control and analyze one’s speech from the point of view of its expressiveness).

The verbal expressiveness of an individual also depends on the conscious intention to achieve it, on the author’s target setting for it.

TO expressive means language usually includes tropes (figurative use of linguistic units) and stylistic figures, calling them figurative and expressive means. However, the expressive capabilities of language are not limited to this; in speech, any unit of language at all its levels (even a separate sound) can become a means of expressiveness, as well as non-verbal means(gestures, facial expressions, pantomime).

Phonetic means of expression. Euphony of speech

As you know, spoken speech is the main form of existence of language. Deals with the sound organization of speech and the aesthetic role of sounds special section stylistics ¾ phonics. Phonics evaluates the peculiarities of the sound structure of a language, determines the conditions of euphony characteristic of each national language, explores various techniques for enhancing the phonetic expressiveness of speech, and teaches the most perfect, artistically justified and stylistically appropriate sound expression of thought.

The sound expressiveness of speech lies primarily in its euphony, harmony, in the use of rhythm, rhyme, alliteration (repetition of the same or similar consonant sounds), assonance (repetition of vowel sounds) and other means. Phonics is primarily interested in the sound organization of poetic speech, in which the importance of phonetic means is especially great. Along with this, the sound expressiveness of artistic prose and some genres of journalism (primarily on radio and television) is also explored. In non-fiction speech, phonics solves the problem of the most appropriate sound organization of linguistic material, facilitating the accurate expression of thought, since correct use phonetic means of language ensures quick (and without interference) perception of information, eliminates discrepancies, eliminates unwanted associations that interfere with the understanding of statements. For fluency of understanding great importance has euphony of speech, i.e. a combination of sounds that is convenient for pronunciation (articulation) and pleasant to the ear (musicality). One of the ways to achieve sound harmony is a certain alternation of vowels and consonants. Moreover, most combinations of consonants contain the sounds [m], [n], [r], [l], which have high sonority. Consider, for example, one of the poems by A.S. Pushkin:

Driven by spring rays,

There is already snow from the surrounding mountains

Escaped through muddy streams

To the flooded meadows.

Nature's clear smile

Through a dream greets the morning of the year:

The skies are shining blue.

Still transparent, forests

It's like they're turning green.

Bee for field tribute

Flies from a wax cell...

The sound instrumentation of this poem is interesting. Here, first of all, there is a uniform combination of vowels and consonants (and their ratio itself is approximately the same: 60% consonants and 40% vowels); an approximately uniform combination of voiceless and voiced consonants; There are almost no cases of accumulation of consonants (only two words contain, respectively, three and four consonant sounds in a row ¾ [skvos ' ] and [fstr' and 'ch'aj't]. All these qualities together give the verse a special musicality and melody. They are inherent in the best prose works.

However, the euphony of speech can often be disrupted. There are several reasons for this, the most common of which is the accumulation of consonant sounds: sheet of defective book:[stbr], [ykn]; competition for adult builders:[revzr], [xstr]. Also M.V. Lomonosov advised “to avoid obscene and unpleasant to the ear combination of consonants, for example: of all the senses, the gaze is nobler, because six consonants, placed side by side ¾ vstv-vz, really stutter the tongue.” To create euphony, the number of sounds included in a consonantal combination, their quality and sequence are important. In the Russian language (this has been proven), the combination of consonant sounds obeys the laws of euphony. However, there are words that include a larger number of consonants compared to the norm: meeting, disheveled, bump into; There are lexemes containing two or three consonant sounds at the end, which makes pronunciation much more difficult: spectrum, meter, ruble, callous, dating etc. Usually, when consonants coincide in oral speech in such cases, additional “syllabicity” develops, a syllabic vowel appears: [rubl ’], [m’etar], etc. For example:

This Smury came to the theater two years ago... (Yu. Trifonov); A play was staged in Saratov, staged by Sergei Leonidovich back in the spring (Yu. Trifonov);

The earth is bursting with heat.

The thermometer exploded. And on me

Rumbling, worlds crumble

Drops of mercury fire.

(E. Bagritsky)

The second reason that disrupts the euphony of speech is the accumulation of vowel sounds. Thus, the opinion that the more vowel sounds in a speech, the more harmonious it is, is incorrect. Vowels produce euphony only in combination with consonants. The combination of several vowel sounds in linguistics is called gaping; it significantly distorts the sound structure of Russian speech and makes articulation difficult. For example, the following phrases are difficult to pronounce: Letter from Olya and Igor; Such changes are observed in the aorist; title of the poem by V. Khlebnikov "The Word of El."

The third reason for the violation of euphony is the repetition of the same combinations of sounds or the same words: ...They cause the collapse of relationships(N. Voronov). Here, in the words next to each other, the combination is repeated -sheni-.

True, in poetic speech it can be very difficult to distinguish between a violation of euphony and paronomasia - the deliberate play of words that are similar in sound. See for example:

That's what we heard

quietly through,

transported during the first winter

the first song of winter.

(N. Kislik)

Colleague, employee,

Drinking buddy, interlocutor

How many of these COs!

Weightless without each other,

Carried by terrible times,

Let's get into these Soma

A squirrel in a wheel.

(V. Livshits)

Euphony is also reduced due to the monotonous rhythm of speech created by the predominance of monosyllabic or, on the contrary, polysyllabic words. One example is the creation of so-called palindromes (texts that have the same reading both from beginning to end and from end to beginning):

Frost in the knot, I climb with my gaze.

Nightingale's call, cartload of hair.

Wheel. Sorry for the luggage. Touchstone.

The sleigh, the raft and the cart, the call of the crowds and of us.

Gord doh, the move is slow.

IN work of art, mainly in poetry, various techniques are used to enhance the phonetic expressiveness of speech. One of the main visual means of phonetics is a stylistic device consisting in the selection of words with similar sounds:

Peter is feasting. And proud and clear,

And his gaze is full of glory.

And his royal feast is wonderful.

(A.S. Pushkin)

The consonants [p], [p], [g], and vowels [o], [a] are repeated here. This makes the verse musical and bright.

Depending on the quality of the repeated sounds, alliteration and assonance are distinguished.

Alliteration called repetition of consonant sounds:

I am the free wind, I blow forever,

I wave the waves, I caress the willows,

In the branches I sigh, sighing, I grow dumb,

I cherish the grass, I cherish the fields.

(K.D. Balmont)

The repetition of consonant sounds [l], [l’], [v], [v’] creates an image of wind, the blowing of which is felt almost physically.

A.S. mastered this technique perfectly. Pushkin. In the novel “Eugene Onegin” he describes two ballroom dances:

The Mazurka sounded. It happened

When the mazurka thunder roared,

Everything in the huge hall was shaking,

The parquet cracked under my heel,

The frames shook and rattled;

Now it’s not the same: we are like ladies,

We slide on the varnished boards.

The selection of consonant sounds gives the reader a clear idea of the differences between Thais: the cluster of sounds [g], [p], [z], [z] when describing the first dance evokes a feeling of its swiftness and energy; the smoothness and slowness of the second dance is emphasized by the abundance of sounds [l], [m].

Assonance called repetition of vowel sounds. Assonance is usually based on only stressed vowels, since in an unstressed position the vowels are reduced:

Whisper, timid breathing, [oh-oh-ah]

Trills of the nightingale, [uh]

Silver and swaying [oh-ah]

Sleepy stream, [oh-ah]

Night light, night shadows, [uh-uh]

Shadows without end, [uh]

A series of magical changes [uh-uh]

Sweet face [ee]

There are purple roses in the smoky clouds, [y-o-o-o]

Glint of amber, [oh-ah]

And kisses and tears, [a-o]

And dawn, dawn!...[ah-ah].

I fly quickly but on cast iron rails I think my thoughts.

(N.A. Nekrasov)

The sound [у] is repeated, creating the impression of a buzzing, rushing train.

In the poetic texts below, assonance is combined with alliteration, which creates a special musicality of the poetic lines:

But in the atonement of long punishment,

Having suffered the blows of fate,

Rus' has grown stronger. So heavy bastard

Crushing glass, forges damask steel.

(A.S. Pushkin)

Quiet Ukrainian night. The sky is transparent

The stars are shining.

To overcome your drowsiness He doesn’t want air.

(A.S. Pushkin)

Chalk, chalk but the whole earth,

To all limits.

The candle was burning on the table,

The candle was burning.

(B.L. Pasternak)

Another technique of sound writing (corresponding to the phonetic composition of the phrase with the picture depicted) is onomatopoeia- the use of words that sound reminiscent of auditory impressions of a given phenomenon.

For more than two centuries, the lines of A.P. have remained a model of onomatopoeia. Sumarokov, where the croaking of frogs is depicted as follows:

Oh, how, oh, how can we come to you, Gods forbid!

There are words that, when pronounced, resemble the actions they call: rustle, hiss, strum, snore, clatter, tick and so on. The sound of such words in artistic speech is enhanced by their phonetic surroundings:

Here the rain dripped insinuatingly.

(A. Tvardovsky)

The repetition of the consonance [cr] is reminiscent of the tapping of raindrops on an iron roof.

In a prank twister: From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field- The phonetic expressiveness of the main onomatopoeic word “Toyot” is enhanced by alliteration [t-p].

Rhyme - A striking feature of the verse is also built on the phonetic capabilities of the Russian phonetic system - on sound repetitions:

Mountain peaks Sleep in the darkness of the night.

Quiet valleys are full of fresh darkness.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

The fields are compressed, the groves are bare,

There is fog and dampness from the water,

The sun quietly rolled down like a wheel behind the blue mountains.

(S.A. Yesenin)

The storm covers the sky with darkness,

Whirling snow whirlwinds;

Then, like a beast, she will howl,

She will cry like a child.

(A.S. Pushkin)

An important means of organizing poetic speech is stress; it rhythmically organizes the poem. Promotes

phonetic expressiveness of speech, rhythm and intonation. Rhythm is a certain way of dividing speech that promotes balance and euphony. With its help, a certain mood is created and the emotional and expressive properties of the text are emphasized. All types of phonetic means of speech expression make it possible to fully not only present the melodic essence of poetic speech, but also to reveal the meaning of the work.

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