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Protection of rare animals. Legal protection of rare and endangered species of animals

Protection of rare and endangered animals

According to the latest scientific research and observations, only 12,500 rhinoceroses of five species have survived in the world, no more than 6,000 tigers, including 350 Siberian tigers, about 1,000 large pandas, 100 individuals of freshwater dolphins living in the Chinese Yangtze River. And this depressing list could be continued. At the same time, new species with a more advanced system of adaptation to changing conditions of existence do not appear. Therefore, the modern process of extinction of biological species is unnatural, destructive for all living things.

Therefore, to solve the problem of preserving rare and endangered animal species, environmental and economic arguments are traditionally put forward.

Animals are part of the biosphere in which we live. Maintaining cleanliness is associated with the normal functioning of living components of the biosphere fresh water, stable composition of the world's oceans, purity and gas composition of the atmosphere. The loss of several or even the loss of any one “low-value” species will entail a violation of the integrity, sustainability and productivity of ecosystems as a whole.

In addition, the extinction of a species is the irretrievable loss of unique information stored in its genes. Any species, even one not currently used by people, has potential value, since today it is impossible to predict which species and what properties will turn out to be useful and even irreplaceable in the future.

Rare and endangered species are currently becoming increasingly economic importance. Based on modern biotechnologies using animal waste products, tissues and cells, pharmaceuticals, food and light industry. At the same time, such economic interest creates a new threat to maintaining the balance of the animal world, expanding the list of rare and endangered species.

The economic significance of a particular species of wild animal is not the only correct criterion for its value. Rare species also have enormous educational, ethical and aesthetic value. Many of them are relics of past geological eras and therefore their preservation is important for understanding the laws of evolution, others are symbols for people wildlife, efforts taken to protect it. Thus, the disappearance of any population, and especially a species, is an irreparable loss for the Earth’s biodiversity and the irretrievably lost “opportunities” of humanity.

In scientific research devoted to the legal protection of the natural environment, its individual components and complexes, traditionally increased attention is paid to the following issues: determination of objects of legal protection; establishing in legislation the conditions and requirements for the protection of these objects, compliance with which is mandatory for all individuals and legal entities in the process of economic and other activities; carrying out organizational and managerial work aimed at implementing the conditions and requirements provided for by law (including the implementation of control and supervisory functions); bringing to legal responsibility persons guilty of violating the law.

A rare and endangered animal is a wild animal that is in a state of natural freedom or kept in semi-free conditions or an artificially created habitat to preserve the gene pool, which are duly recognized by a state, a group of states or state-territorial entities as requiring special protection and are included on the official list (Red Book) on the basis of reliable scientific data on reduction in numbers, range and other threatened factors.

Thus, a ban is introduced on the harvesting of wildlife objects belonging to species listed in the Red Books, with the exception of cases when it is carried out for environmental, scientific and other purposes under special permits issued by authorized government bodies.

As well as individuals and legal entities carrying out economic and other activities in the territories and waters where animals listed in the Red Books live, are obliged to take measures to preserve and reproduce these objects of the animal world.

A proposal is being made for the speedy development and adoption of the Regulations on licensing activities for keeping and breeding in semi-free conditions and artificially created habitats of fauna objects listed in the Red Book of Ukraine, which, along with the licensing procedure, should provide for requirements for professional training, financial and organizational capabilities, as well as material and technical equipment.

In order to strengthen the criminal legal protection of rare and endangered species of animals, the Criminal Code provides for an article establishing criminal liability for the illegal extraction, destruction, acquisition or sale of rare or endangered animal objects belonging to species listed in the Red Book.

1. Actions (inaction) that may lead to death, reduction in numbers or disruption of the habitat of rare or endangered wildlife objects belonging to species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation are punishable

2. Keeping or transporting rare or endangered objects of the animal world belonging to species listed in the Red Book or protected by international treaties of Ukraine, as well as their products, parts or derivatives without proper permission or in violation of the conditions provided for by the permission, or in violation of any other established procedure, shall be punished.”

3. It is necessary to provide funding from the budget for research projects aimed at studying the current and forecast state of populations of the most endangered animal species listed in the Red Books of Ukraine, as well as measures for the conservation and reproduction of these species in specialized nurseries and specially protected natural areas. State legal regulation of the protection of rare and endangered species of animals can be effective only if the efforts of states are sufficiently coordinated.

The effectiveness of the measures taken is largely determined by the presence of an officially recognized formalized legal concept of a rare and endangered object of the animal world, which does not allow confusion with similar everyday, economic, technical, and natural scientific concepts and warns against mistakes in law enforcement practice. The first and to this day the only scientific study on this topic was the work of D.P. Dichute “Legal criteria for the definition of rare and endangered animals and plants”, which proposed the following mandatory criteria for the concept of a rare and endangered species of animals: 1) belonging to the wild animal world; 2) type of wild animal; 3) official recognition by a state (international) body, contracting states; 4) inclusion in the official list (register); 5) regional feature. The protection of rare and endangered species of fauna is part of more general measures - the protection of the entire species diversity of the animal world.

Considering the increased vulnerability of these species to external influences, the uniqueness and irreplaceability of the genetic material stored in them, the attention of the state and society to their protection should be a priority. In relation to her legal aspect this means enshrining in legislation a special legal regime for rare and endangered species of animals, or, more precisely, a regime of special protection.

The problem of preserving rare and endangered fauna became obvious to specialists already at the end of the 19th century. However, only by the middle of the 20th century was it recognized that the main task, necessary condition and initial stage The protection of rare and endangered species of animals is their inventory and recording, both on a global scale and in individual countries and regions. On a global scale, the results of such inventory and accounting are embodied in the IUCN Red Book, the first edition of which was published in 1963.

PROTECTING THE PLANET'S GENE POOL

LECTURE No. 8

Learning objective: consider the role of protected natural areas in the protection of the gene pool of plants and animals, the environmental significance of the Red Books, as well as directions for the international protection of protected areas.

Plan:

8.1 Protection of rare and endangered species

8.2 Environmental significance of the Red Books

8.3 International security protected areas.

Literature:

1. Handbook on reserve management / Ed. A.M. Grodzinsky. – K.: Harvest, 1988. – 167 p.

2. Kolosov A.M. Protection and enrichment of the fauna of the USSR. - M.: Forestry industry, 1975.

3. Nature conservation. - M: Enlightenment, 1987.

4. Law of Ukraine “On the Red Book of Ukraine”, No. 805-VI dated December 25, 2008.

5. Law of Ukraine “On Fauna”, No. 2894 - III dated December 13, 2001.

6. Law of Ukraine “On Flora”, No. 591-XIV dated 04/09/1999

Currently, one of the most pressing tasks is preservation of the gene pool of flora and fauna. The disappearance of every species of wildlife harms the socio-economic interests of society and leads to irreparable losses.

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), every tenth plant species needs protection. Every year one species or subspecies of animals disappears from the world. This happens, as a rule, under the pressure of human economic activity.

Human influence on populations of living organisms occurs in two directions:

Indirect.

Direct impact constitutes direct persecution, disruption of population structure, or dispersal. It is experienced mainly by game animals exterminated in large quantities. As a result, the numbers of many species are sharply declining, and some species are even disappearing. An example is the decline in the number of Siberian sable at the beginning of the 20th century.

Indirect impact represents a change in living conditions. It is very diverse and is becoming increasingly widespread with every decade. The transformation of natural landscapes into anthropogenic complexes radically affects the way of life of many populations of animals and plants. Some of them adapt to the environment changed by man and find in it quite favorable conditions for their existence. Their numbers are increasing and their habitat is expanding. However, for many species, unfavorable changes in living conditions in a significant part of the range have determined a sharp reduction in numbers or even their complete disappearance. This process has become global.

The disappearance of tarpan horses and saigas, which previously inhabited the steppes of southern Ukraine in large numbers, occurred as a result of the plowing of the steppes and, thus, the destruction of their habitat.

The safe level of abundance of a species in nature is considered to be:

For large vertebrates - 500 copies;

For small vertebrates - approx. 10 thousand individuals;

For invertebrate animals - 50 thousand specimens;

For plants - several thousand individuals.

The numbers given are purely indicative.

Species in need of protection are identified by the IUCN Commission on Rare and Endangered Species. There are five main categories:

1 Extinct species

2 Endangered species

endangered

disappearing

3 Rare species

4 Shrinking species

5 Threatened species.

Extinct species- a species that has not been found in nature for a number of years, but may have survived in some inaccessible places or preserved in culture (captivity).

Endangered species- species, morphophysiological and/or behavioral characteristics which do not correspond modern conditions living environment, and the genetic possibilities for further adaptation have been exhausted. Artificial reproduction of V.v. without its complete cultivation, it cannot lead to long-term success and can only delay its death.

Endangered species- under threat of complete extinction species, the number of surviving individuals of which is insufficient for self-sustaining populations in natural conditions, and therefore requires careful special measures for protection, and sometimes artificial reproduction to restore its numbers to safe sizes. Unlike endangered species In and. has favorable genetic capabilities for further adaptation to new environmental conditions.

Rare species- not directly threatened with extinction, but occurring in such a small number of individuals and/or populations, in such a limited area and in such specific habitats that it can quickly disappear.

Shrinking species- still quite widespread and found in a significant number of individuals and populations, but tending to a steady decrease in the number of individuals, diversity of populations and narrowing of the range under the influence of natural and/or anthropogenic causes, and therefore raising concerns about its well-being in the longer term.

Threatened species- presumably endangered, but due to lack of information, not classified as an endangered species.

All of the above categories are required to be included in the Red Books and need protection.

Species protection can be:

State

Local

Plants and animals that are endangered throughout the entire or main part of their range within the country need state protection.

Species that are rare in the region require local protection. this region, but not endangered beyond its borders. In a given territory, they may have an isolated part of their range or be in unfavorable conditions.

The protection and restoration of rare and endangered species of animals and plants has long been an extremely important task. At the beginning of the 20th century. such animal species as the sea otter, river beaver, fur seal, muskrat, polar bear, are on the verge of complete extinction, Ussurian tiger etc. Thanks to timely measures taken, most of these species were saved from destruction. At the same time, unfortunately, many are irretrievably lost.

As an example, we can cite the monk seal, which was once common in the vicinity of Sevastopol - a representative marine mammals. They lived in the area of underwater caves of the Chersonesos lighthouse. At the end of the last century they were still hunted. Their complete disappearance off the coast of Sevastopol is due to the deterioration of the ecology of the sea, disruption of migration sites and habitats, a decrease in food supply, as well as the extermination of animals by humans. The last time a monk seal was seen in the Black Sea was in 1986.

The protection of rare and endangered species of animals and plants is ensured through a wide range of measures:

Systematic work to identify their habitats and growth;

Organization of protected areas;

Preserving them in an artificial environment (in botanical gardens, nurseries, zoos, etc.);

Organization of special scientific research in order to develop the scientific basis for their protection and reproduction;

Improvement legal framework activities;

Environmental education.

TO rare and endangered species These include animals whose numbers are so small that their continued existence is threatened. They need careful protection. Most of the rare and endangered species in our country belong to commercial species. In the past they were widespread and numerous. The predatory use of animal resources in Russia led to the fact that by the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. many species have become rare or are on the verge of extinction. Under Soviet rule, they were taken under protection and hunting for them was prohibited. In places where the most valuable species were preserved (bison, river beaver, sable, kulan, muskrat), nature reserves were organized.

The main task of protecting rare and endangered species is to, by creating favorable conditions for their habitat, achieve such an increase in their numbers that would eliminate the threat of extinction. It is important to restore the natural reserves of animals in order to include them in the number of commercial animals.

A large and painstaking work to restore numbers river beaver, sable, elk, saiga, which were on the verge of extinction. Currently, their numbers have been restored and they have again become a commercial species.

All rare and endangered species of animals, like plants, are included in Red Book, created International Union nature protection ( IUCN). The Red Book, first published in 1966 and translated into Russian in 1976, included 292 species and subspecies of mammals, 287 species and subspecies of birds, 36 species of amphibians and 119 species of reptiles, of which 16 species of animals and 8 species of birds live in our country. In 1978, the Red Book of the USSR was published, which included (species and subspecies): mammals - 62, birds - 63, reptiles - 21, amphibians - 8.

The Red Book of Russia (1983) includes (species and subspecies) of mammals - 65, birds - 108, reptiles - 11, amphibians - 4, fish - 10, mollusks - 15, insects - 34.

The lists of species included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (1997) with additions (1999) include the following species: invertebrates - 154, fish - 44, amphibians - 8, reptiles - 21, birds - 124, mammals - 65, insects - 94, shellfish - 41.

Listing a species in the Red Book is a signal of the danger that threatens it and the need for urgent measures to protect it. Each country in whose territory a species included in the Red Book lives is responsible to its people and all humanity for its conservation.

To preserve rare and endangered species, nature reserves and sanctuaries are organized, animals are resettled in areas of their former distribution, fed, shelters and nesting sites are created, and protected from predators and diseases. When numbers are very low, animals are bred in captivity and then released into suitable conditions. These measures are producing positive results.

Here are some species whose numbers have been restored through enormous efforts:

Bison(Bison bonasus) - large bull weighing up to 1 ton (Fig. 14, A). In the past it was distributed in the forests of Western, Central and South of Eastern Europe, in the east - to the river. Don and the Caucasus. By the beginning of the 20th century. In their natural state, bison were preserved only in Belovezhskaya Pushcha (727 heads) and in the Caucasus (600 heads). The last free bison in Belovezhskaya Pushcha was killed in 1919, in the Caucasus - in 1927. There are only 48 bison left, living in zoos and acclimatization stations.

This is the lower limit of the species' abundance. The beast was on the verge of extinction. Work has begun to restore the bison. It was most actively carried out in Poland and in three nature reserves of the USSR: Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Prioksko-Terrasny and Kavkazsky. By 1975, there were 320 in Poland, 155 purebred Belovezhskaya bison in the USSR, and more than 500 bison in the Caucasus. Successful work on breeding bison allowed us to move on to creating free herds in 1961. By 1981, the number of bison in the USSR reached 830, in the world more than 2000 (Red Book of the USSR, 1984).

Saiga antelope (Siga tatarica) - a small antelope weighing 23-40 kg (Fig. 14, b). Previously, it was distributed over vast territories of steppe and forest-steppe regions of Europe, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. Herds of saigas were common in the steppes of Eastern Europe and Asia, back in the early 18th century. were found in Moldova and west of the Dniester. The plowing of the steppes forced the saiga out of many areas. The reduction in numbers was facilitated by intensive hunting for meat, skins and horns, which were sold to China as medicinal raw materials.

By the beginning of the 20th century. The saiga has survived in the remote areas of the right bank of the Lower Volga and in Kazakhstan. In 1919, a law was passed banning saiga hunting. By this time, only a few hundred of its individuals remained. As a result of protection, the number of saiga antelopes reached commercial levels by the end of 1940, and fishing was allowed in the early 50s. The saiga population has stabilized; Every year from 100 to 500 thousand individuals are harvested, which provides the national economy with about 6 thousand tons of meat, 20 million dm 2 of leather and medicinal raw materials.

Amur tiger(Panthera tigris altaica) is the largest subspecies (body weight up to 272 kg), distinguished by long thick fur. In the past he was an ordinary inhabitant of the Ussuri taiga. Excessive hunting and trapping led to a reduction in its numbers in the late 1930s to 20-30 individuals. In 1947, tiger hunting was prohibited. In the 1950-1960s, there were already 90-100 individuals; since 1960, capturing tigers for zoos has been allowed. Currently, the tiger is found in the Primorsky and eastern regions Khabarovsk Territory. The length of the range from north to south is approximately 100 km, from west to east - 600-700 km. In 1969-1970 150 tigers were counted, in 1978 - 200 tigers. Outside Russia, in China and Korea, apparently no more than 100 individuals have survived. There are 844 individuals in zoos around the world (1979).

Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) - the largest representative of the family and the entire order of predatory mammals (body weight up to 1000 kg). The species' range is the circumpolar region, limited by the northern coast of the continents, the southern limit of distribution floating ice and the northern border of warm sea currents. Over the past few centuries, the total area and boundaries of the species’ permanent habitat have changed little. The exception is the European sector of the Russian Arctic, where industry has long existed polar bear. There are no longer polar bears on the coasts of the Kola and Kanin peninsulas, Timanskaya, Malozemelskaya and Bolshezemelskaya tundras. It is still regularly found on islands and ice fields of the Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi seas.

In addition to Russia, the polar bear is distributed in the Arctic sectors of Norway, Greenland, Canada and the USA (Alaska). The total number of polar bears in the early 1970s was approximately 20 thousand, including 5-7 thousand in the Soviet Arctic. At the end of the 70s, the number of the species reached 25 thousand individuals. For conservation purposes, in our country, since 1938, the shooting of bears from ships has been prohibited, and since 1956, hunting has been closed everywhere. On Wrangel Island, in one of the places where mass polar bears breed, a reserve was organized in 1976. In 1975, an international agreement on the protection of polar bears came into force.

Kulan(Equus hemionus) is an odd-toed animal of the equine family, a semi-donkey (Fig. 14, c). Lived in desert regions of Russia, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.

Northern sea otter(Enhydra lutrix lutrix) is a medium-sized sea animal (body weight up to 40 kg), one of the subspecies of the only species and genus endemic to the northern part Pacific Ocean(Fig. 14, d). Previously found near the reefs and rocks of the Commander Islands and the northeastern coast of Kamchatka. It is believed that before the start of intensive fishing in the 18th century. its total number was 15-20 thousand individuals. They hunted sea otters for their thick, elastic and warm fur. By the end of the 19th century. he was almost exterminated. Preserved in small quantities near the Commander and Aleutian Islands. The ban on sea otter fishing in our country was announced in 1924 with a population of 350 individuals, and currently it is 2.5-3 thousand individuals.

Siberian Crane, or white crane(Grus leucogeranus), - a large bird (body weight from 5 to 8 kg), endemic Russia, an endangered species (Fig. 14, e). Breeds in two separate areas - in the north of Yakutia and in the lower reaches of the Ob. Winters in China, India and Northern Iran. The reduction in numbers is believed to be due to deteriorating conditions in wintering areas (drying out water bodies, reduction in food supply, competition with other species). The total number is catastrophically low - about 250 birds. The Yakut population is relatively stable, while the Ob population continues to decline. Shooting the Siberian Crane on the territory of our country was prohibited. Birds on migration are protected in the Astrakhan Nature Reserve and in national park India Thana-Bharatpur. Several nurseries have been created for raising Siberian Cranes from eggs and then releasing the grown birds into the wild. One of these nurseries exists in Russia (Oka Nature Reserve), two - abroad.

Bustard(Otis tarda) - one of the most large birds our fauna (body weight 16 kg). Distributed in the lowland and mountain steppes of North-West Africa, Europe and Asia. The main wintering grounds are in Transcaucasia, Northern Iran, Southwestern Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. Within the entire range, the number of bustards has been steadily declining since the beginning of this century, but especially sharply since the 50-60s. The number of individuals has decreased tenfold and now amounts to approximately 3 thousand in Russia, the European subspecies O. tarda tarda - 13.3 thousand.

The main reason for the sharp decline in numbers is the widespread deterioration, and in some places, complete disappearance suitable biotopes. Plowing of the steppes and grazing of livestock in the few remaining areas of the virgin steppe deprived the bustard of lands suitable for nesting. In Russia, hunting bustards is prohibited. To preserve and restore the numbers of this species, reserves have been created in the Saratov region and Buryatia. In Hungary, Austria, the German Democratic Republic and Poland, there are stations for incubating eggs from abandoned clutches with the subsequent release of reared birds into farmlands.

Little Bustard(Otis tetrax) is a medium-sized bird (body weight 600-950 g) (Fig. 14, f). Distributed in the steppes and semi-deserts of Southern Europe on the west coast Mediterranean Sea, North Africa to the foothills of Altai and Kashgaria. In our country, it is found in the steppe regions of the European part, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia. Winters in North Africa, Western Asia, India, in small quantities in the Crimea, Transcaucasia, Central Asia. Little bustard numbers are declining everywhere.

So, in 1978-1980. There were 4,800 individuals, but over ten years their number fell by 40%. The main reasons for the decline in the number of this species are the same as for the bustard. Hunting for little bustard is prohibited. To preserve its populations, it is necessary to strictly protect nesting sites, areas with high grass that cover nests and incubating birds, and the creation of nature reserves in these areas; Bird wintering areas need protection.

Rare and protected species and subspecies of animals in our country include the muskrat, the Atlantic walrus, the red-footed ibis, the barnacle goose, the red-breasted goose, the scaly merganser, the relict gull, the Tibetan sajja and some others.

In other countries, they protect the Przewalski's horse (Mongolia), the wild Bactrian camel (Mongolia), the Indian rhinoceros (India, Nepal), the giant panda (PRC), the Asiatic lion (India), the koala (Australia), the Californian condor (USA), and the hatteria ( New Zealand) and other animals.

Protection of the most important animal groups

Protection of aquatic invertebrates. Sponges- marine and freshwater animals that lead an attached lifestyle and form colonies in areas with hard rocky soil. The seas and oceans are inhabited by littoral to a depth of 6 thousand m. Their ability to filter water is remarkable. Sponges are captured and used to feed bacteria, unicellular algae, and protozoa; mineral particles are released and settle to the bottom. The great role of sponges in biological treatment water: a freshwater sponge 7 cm long filters 22.5 liters, and a colony of a marine organosilicon sponge with 20 mouth openings filters 1575 liters of water per day.

The number of sponges has recently decreased due to overharvesting (the skeletons of glass sponges are used as decorations, and the tomato sponge is used for medicinal purposes), disruption of bottom biocenoses, and water pollution. To preserve the role of sponges as biofilters, it is necessary to reduce their fishing, use fishing gear that does not cause damage to aquatic ecosystems, and also reduce the entry of various pollutants into water bodies.

Coral polyps- marine colonial organisms. Of particular interest is the order of madrepore corals - the largest group of the coelenterate type. Representatives of this order have a powerful external calcareous skeleton. It is constantly growing, and the skeletons of individual polyps merge into a single monolith, the diameter of which can reach 8-9 m. Madrepore corals form coastal, barrier reefs and horseshoe-shaped islands - atolls. They are inhabited by many animals - polychaetes, mollusks, barnacles, echinoderms, fish. Coral reefs are unique oases of relatively unproductive biocenoses of the ocean.

The prosperity of corals is possible only under certain conditions: with a constant salinity of sea water (3.5%), high temperature(not lower than 20 °C), good aerial radios and illumination. Pollution of sea water, disturbances in lighting and aeration cause the death of coral polyps and promote the reproduction of animals that destroy coral reefs. Thus, the Great Barrier Reef of Australia was heavily damaged by the invasion of large starfish (d = 60 cm) called the crown of thorns (Acauthaster plansi). It is assumed that their mass reproduction is associated with a decrease in the number of the natural gate of the crown of thorns - one of the species of gastropods Charonia tritonis with beautiful sink, which diving enthusiasts obtain for souvenirs.

For the population of tropical countries, the vast space occupied by coral reefs is a huge natural lime factory. Tiny polyps extract CaCO e from sea water and deposit it in their bodies. Madrepore corals are widely used by people to build houses, piers, embankments, paving streets, as a raw material for producing high-quality lime, for polishing wooden and metal products, making jewelry, and souvenirs. The economic use of coral reefs must be local and strictly controlled. Destruction is unacceptable coral islands during testing of atomic and thermonuclear weapons. Strict protection of the unique biocenoses of coral islands is necessary.

Shellfish- a type of marine and freshwater (less often terrestrial) invertebrate animals, which are characterized by a hard calcareous shell covering the body. Distributed in seas, oceans and fresh water bodies. Bivalves They feed on plankton, passing a large amount of water with suspended particles through the mantle cavity, sedimenting them, purifying the water and promoting the accumulation of bottom sediments. Shellfish serve as food for fish, birds and mammals, as well as a delicacy for humans. They catch oysters, mussels, scallops, squid, cuttlefish, and octopus.

There is a fishery for pearl mussels and mother-of-pearl shells. The volume of fishing is increasing: before the Second World War, 5 million quintals were mined per year, in 1962 - 17 million quintals, which amounted to 50% of the production of marine invertebrates, or 4% of all marine products (Akimushkin, 1968). By 1980, the share of shellfish in marine fisheries reached 6%. However, water pollution, disruption of bottom biocenoses (oyster banks) by fishing gear, and overfishing have sharply reduced shellfish stocks. Much attention is paid to the cultivation of mollusks to restore their numbers in natural communities and obtain biological products. Mussels, oysters, and scallops are successfully farmed in Japan, Spain, France, Holland and some other countries. There is experience in breeding shellfish in Russia.

Crustaceans different by lifestyle, body shape and size (from fractions of a millimeter to 80 cm). Representatives of this class are very numerous: marine plankton on different latitudes and depths consists mainly (up to 90% by weight) of crustaceans; their share is also large in fresh water plankton.

Crustaceans playing important role in aquatic ecosystems. Organic matter in water bodies is created mainly by unicellular microscopic algae. The crustaceans that feed on them are, in turn, eaten by fish. Thus, they act as intermediaries, making the organic matter created by algae available to fish. In addition, crustaceans use dead animals as food, ensuring the cleanliness of the reservoir.

The existence of many marine and freshwater fish depends largely on crustaceans. Some fish (for example, herring) feed on them all their lives, others use them after hatching and then move on to other food. Some crustaceans are bred to feed fish fry. For the most [ large mammals- baleen whales - crustaceans serve as the main food. Humans use representatives of the class of crustaceans for food. Fishing for shrimp, crabs, lobsters, lobsters and some other species has been developed.

Thanks to large sizes and good taste qualities Representatives of the order of decapods are of greatest commercial importance. In 1962, about 1 million tons of crustaceans (shrimp, crabs, lobsters, lobsters) were caught worldwide. Their fishing [is developed in China, the USA, India, Japan. In Russia, Kamchatka crab is fished, the stocks of which have been undermined by intensive fishing and, without special measures to limit it, cannot be restored due to slow growth and reproduction.

Thus, for the majority of commercial and those marine invertebrates whose numbers are declining, protection, rational use (regulation of catch rates, acclimatization, captive breeding) and control of water pollution are necessary.

Pollinating insects. About 80% of all flowering plants are pollinated by insects. The absence of pollinating insects changes the appearance of vegetation. Except honey bee, the income from plant pollination of which is 10-12 times higher than the income from honey and wax, pollen is carried by 20 thousand species of wild bees (of which 300 are in central Russia and 120 in Central Asia). Bumblebees, flies, butterflies, and beetles take part in pollination.

Unfortunately, pollution environment and other anthropogenic factors have recently sharply reduced the number of pollinating insects. Near large industrial centers it has become relatively difficult to find even common pollinators. The protection of pollinating insects is the most important measure for increasing the productivity of crops and preserving the diversity of wild plants. It is necessary to strictly dose pesticides and use them only to suppress the mass reproduction of pests. Plants on which pollinating insects develop should be preserved.

Entomophagous insects, destroying pests, are extremely diverse. In Russian agriculture, 11 types of entomophages are used against 20 types of plant pests.

To protect them from destruction, anthills are covered with caps made of mesh, fenced, and covered with spruce branches. Sometimes ants are artificially dispersed.

Great benefit in exterminating agricultural and pest pests forest plants bring different types ground beetles, lacewings, ladybugs and etc.

Nurse insects belong to the family of beetles and Diptera. These are numerous and widespread groups of carrion beetles, dung beetles, calorie beetles and flies, numbering thousands of species

From the family of carrion beetles, a group of burying beetles can be distinguished. The black gravedigger (Necrophorus humator) forages for carrion in groups. These beetles can perceive the smell of carrion from several hundred meters away. They bury the corpses of small animals (rodents, birds) in the ground, and the females lay eggs there, from which larvae hatch that feed on carrion. The larvae of dung beetles and dung beetles feed on dung, which is dragged into burrows and earthen passages by adult beetles before laying eggs.

The number of this beneficial group of insects has sharply declined due to excessive and improper use of pesticides. To restore it, it is necessary to reduce the use of chemicals and more often resort to biological control methods.

Fish conservation. In human protein nutrition, fish makes up from 17 to 83%. Global fish catches are rapidly increasing due to the development of the edge of the continental shelf and the depths open sea, where up to 85% of fish are now caught, and also thanks to the use of new species. The permissible annual removal of fish from the World Ocean is estimated at 80-100 million tons, of which more than 70% is currently caught. In inland waters of most countries, including Russia, fish catch has reached its limit, stabilized or began to decline.

Over the past decades, stocks of the most valuable commercial fish (sturgeon, salmon, and small fish) have declined sharply. Among the many factors influencing the decrease in fish stocks, and therefore the catch, the following are of greatest importance.

Overfishing- a phenomenon common in many marine and inland waters. At the same time, young fish that have not reached sexual maturity are caught, which reduces the population size and can lead to the extinction of the species. Combating overfishing is the most important task of fisheries, protection and rational use of fish resources.

Pollution of marine and freshwater bodies of water with various substances has become widespread and on an ever-increasing scale. Pollution from industrial wastewater containing salts of heavy metals, synthetic detergents, radioactive waste and oil is especially dangerous for fish. In recent years, extensive work has been carried out on wastewater treatment. Emergency measures have been developed for emergency oil spills. However, these measures are clearly not enough or they are applied too late, when pollution reaches catastrophic proportions.

Hydraulic structures. Dams block access of migratory fish to spawning grounds, disrupting natural reproduction. To eliminate this adverse effect, the most reliable measure is the construction of special fish hatcheries in the lower reaches. Here, fish that approach the dam are used for artificial insemination and breeding of fry, with their subsequent release into the rivers.

Fluctuations in water levels in reservoirs, sometimes reaching 8 m, have a negative impact on the state of fish stocks. Dams retain nutrients that serve as the basis for the development of phytoplankton and other organisms, thereby reducing food supplies for fish.

The reduction in the volume of fresh river water entering the seas increases the level of their salinity in the pre-estuarine areas and negatively affects the fish living here.

Shallowing of rivers reduces fish stocks. It is the result of deforestation of banks and watersheds, as well as the diversion of water for irrigation. Measures have been developed to increase water levels in rivers and inland seas, which is of great importance for fishing, agriculture, climate mitigation, etc.

A drastic measure to increase the water level in reservoirs is the afforestation of river banks, which requires constant care and a long time.

The most important measures for the protection of freshwater fish include the protection of spawning grounds, wintering pits, and the fight against winter death. To increase the biological productivity of reservoirs, work is being done to acclimatize fish, invertebrate animals and plants that serve as their food.

Special attention addresses the protection and reproduction of fish stocks in inland waters. Every year, millions of juveniles of valuable fish species, including sturgeon, are released into rivers and lakes. It is necessary to continue to carry out the construction of fisheries water bodies and effective fish protection devices at water intakes and dams.

Protection of amphibians and reptiles. These two groups of animals include a small number of species ( amphibians- 4500, reptiles- 7000), but are important in natural biocenoses. Amphibians are carnivores; among reptiles there are also herbivorous species.

Amphibians, feeding on insects and other invertebrates, regulate their numbers and themselves serve as food for reptiles, birds and mammals. The importance of amphibians for humans is due to the fact that some of them are consumed as food (giant salamander, pond salam, edible salam, Chinese salam, bullfrog, etc.), and are widely used in laboratories for biological experiments. According to incomplete data, 1 million individuals per year are caught for this purpose in our country. India exported 25 million frogs in 1970, and Italy exported 47 million frogs in three years (1968-1970). High cost of frogs (about 20% more expensive the best varieties fish) has led to their overfishing in many countries. In the USA, their numbers fell by 50%, and the populations of pond and lake frogs in Italy, France, Romania, and Bulgaria sharply decreased.

Considering the great practical significance and the role of amphibians in biological control of the number of pests of forest and agricultural plants, measures have been taken to protect them in many countries. Decrees have been issued prohibiting the capture and destruction of amphibians. During the period of migration of frogs to spawning ponds, special signs are posted near the highway, requiring drivers to be careful; driving on these roads at night is prohibited. The spawning grounds of amphibians are protected from economic use and pollution. To the Red Book IUCN European proteus, giant salamander, etc. are included. If previously 4 species of amphibians were listed in the Red Book of Russia (1983), now there are 8 (1999).

Reptiles, no less than other groups of animals, suffer from overfishing. Great damage was caused to the populations of crocodiles, turtles, monitor lizards and some snakes. Turtles and their eggs are used as food in many tropical countries. On the Amazon and Orinoco islands ( South America) 48 million arrau turtle eggs are harvested annually; soft-skinned turtles are eaten in Japan and China. Due to overfishing, the number of green (soup) fish has catastrophically decreased and is on the verge of destruction. sea turtle and bissa.

Reptiles suffer greatly during anthropogenic transformations of natural landscapes. To preserve “living fossils”: hatteria, elephant tortoise, giant Komodo dragon, reserves have been created, strictly protected areas on small islands off

New Zealand, the Galapagos and the islands of Komodo and Flores. In Costa Rica, a nursery has been established for breeding and raising green turtles in artificial nests and then releasing them into the sea. On the Zapata Peninsula (Republic of Cuba) there is a nursery for breeding Cuban crocodile. The creation of the IUCN Red Book, the Red Book of Russia and the red books of some other countries was important for the protection of reptiles.

Snakes are beginning to disappear at an ever-increasing rate. They suffer from the draining of swamps, changes in vegetation cover, and the widespread use of pesticides that destroy small animals that snakes feed on. Snakes are caught for venom used in medicine. Serpentariums (nurseries) have been created in which snakes are kept (but not bred) to repeatedly obtain venom from them. Naturally, the systematic capture of snakes causes significant damage to their natural populations. To protect snakes in most European countries It is prohibited to catch them without special permits. The Red Book of Russia, published in 1983, includes 11 species of reptiles, including 6 species of snakes; currently (1999) there are 21 species, including 13 species of snakes.

Protection and attraction of birds. In addition to poultry farming and fishing, the importance of birds in national economy consists of exterminating forest pests and Agriculture. Most birds are insectivores and insectivores-herbivores. During the nesting season they feed the chicks mass species insects, including many pests of cultivated and forest plants. To combat insect pests, birds are attracted by hanging feeders and artificial nesting boxes, which are most often used by hollow nesters - tits, flycatchers, redstarts, wagtails.

Birds of prey are of great interest for pest control in agriculture. Previously, they were exterminated, considering them competitors of humans in the hunting industry. Later, when the true role of birds of prey in regulating the number of prey in biocenoses was clarified, they were placed under protection and shooting was prohibited. They try to disturb the birds less, protect their nests, make artificial nests and perches. Positive results are obtained from the experience of breeding in captivity and releasing into the wild individuals of species that are on the verge of extinction. However, the restoration of the number of birds of prey is slow.

The use of pesticides (DCT, hexachlorane, etc.) in agriculture and forestry caused great harm to birds of prey. Their concentration is greatest in the body of birds of prey occupying the upper trophic levels, which negatively affected their reproduction. Direct and indirect impacts from humans are detrimental to many species of birds of prey. The Red Book of Russia (1983) included 20 species of birds of prey, in 1999 - 25.

The most ancient way of using birds by humans is hunting. Commercial and amateur hunting with birds of prey - falcons, hawks, eagles - was widely practiced. Until now, hunting with birds of prey has not lost its importance in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and some European countries.

Birds are the object of commercial hunting, which occupies an important place in the economy of many countries. As a result of overfishing, a sharp reduction in hunting grounds, environmental pollution, and the use of pesticides, stocks game birds have declined significantly and continue to decline.

In our country, measures are being taken to protect game birds: establishing deadlines and standards for shooting, banning hunting of rare species and predatory methods of hunting, combating poaching, implementing biotechnical measures aimed at increasing the capacity of land, increasing the density of the bird population, protecting nests from ruin, etc. To increase the reserves of game birds, in addition to reserves, reserves are organized where hunting is prohibited for several years, hunting farms are created in which hunting is regulated in accordance with the number and the possibility of restoration of commercial species.

Some species are promising for captive breeding. They successfully breed pheasants, gray partridges, quails, and mallards and release them into hunting grounds. Hunting farms and pheasant farms in Poland raise up to 100 thousand pheasants per year, of which 50 thousand per year are released into hunting grounds. In the Krakow Voivodeship alone, about 300 hunting farms are engaged in game breeding. In France, about 2 thousand hunting farms raise game. In just one year (1968) they supplied about 2 million pheasant eggs and chicks, over 1 million partridge eggs and chicks, 1.6 million quail and 1 million duck eggs. These farms release 2.5 million pheasants and 0.4 million partridges into hunting grounds per year.

Mammal conservation. Representatives of the class of mammals, or animals, play an important role in biocenoses and serve as an object of fishing. Breeding ungulates is the basis of animal husbandry; rodents and carnivores are used in fur farming. The most important terrestrial mammals for fishing are rodents, lagomorphs, and carnivores, and aquatic ones are cetaceans and seals.

Considering that no more than 15% of the land area is used for agriculture, the relevance of finding ways to exploit the phytomass of non-agricultural lands through game animals is obvious.

The most important measure for the protection of game animals is strict compliance with hunting laws, which stipulate the timing and methods of obtaining them. Hunting is regulated by the Regulations on Hunting and Game Management. It indicates the species of animals and birds the hunting of which is prohibited or permitted under licenses. It is prohibited to hunt animals in nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, and green areas of cities. Mass hunting of animals, hunting from cars, airplanes, motor boats, destruction of burrows, lairs, nests is not permitted. Standards for shooting or catching have been established for each species of animal. Violation of laws and hunting rules is considered poaching and entails administrative, financial and criminal liability.

All of these measures are aimed at the protection and rational use of mammals. Recently, more attention has been paid to the protection of wild animals.

On the territory of Russia there are 245 species of mammals, of which 65 species were included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation in 1983, in 1999 this number did not change (together with protected subspecies - 89).

Legal protection of wildlife

The protection and rational use of wild animals are determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, regulations and other legislative acts. The most significant of them are considered to be the laws of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of the Natural Environment” (1992) and “On the Animal World” (1995). According to the latest law “ animal world is the property of the peoples of the Russian Federation, an integral element of the natural environment and biological diversity of the Earth, a renewable natural resource, an important regulating and stabilizing component of the biosphere, fully protected and rationally used to meet the spiritual and material needs of citizens of the Russian Federation "

This law provides for the procedure for the use of game animals, monitoring of wild animal populations, measures for the protection and restoration of rare and endangered species.

The legal norms of fisheries in Russia are determined by the Regulations on the protection of fish stocks and on the regulation of fish farming in water bodies of the USSR, approved by the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1958, and by the “Fisheries Rules” published for each republic and basin. They prohibit fishing with explosives, firearms, toxic substances, prisons, nets, fishing at dams and locks. The rules determine the timing and areas of commercial fishing, and the size of the meshes in the nets.

In the system of measures for the protection of animals, one of the central places is given to maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the red books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation as the most important element, promoting the conservation of biodiversity.

In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On the Red Book of the Russian Federation” (1996), it is maintained by the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection (since the summer of 2000 included in the Ministry of Natural Resources) with the participation federal bodies natural resource block and the Russian Academy of Sciences. The procedure for maintaining it is regulated by the Regulations on the procedure for maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation, approved by the State Committee for Ecology of Russia (October 1997) and registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia (December 1997).

As of November 1, 1997, 415 species of animals were included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (including 155 species of invertebrates, 4 cyclostomes, 39 fish, 8 amphibians, 21 reptiles, 123 birds and 65 mammal species ). Compared to the previous Red Book of Russia (1983), the number of animal species has increased by 1.6 times. At the same time, 38 species of animals were excluded from the new Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, the state of their populations, thanks to the protection measures taken, currently does not cause concern.

At the end of 1997, red books were created in 18 subjects of the Russian Federation, and lists of rare and endangered species of animals and plants were compiled and approved in 39 subjects of the Federation.

Control questions

1. What role do animals play in the cycle of substances in nature and what significance do they have for humans?

2. What is the direct and indirect impact of humans on animals?

3. What species of animals have become extinct over historically documented time and what are the reasons for their extinction?

4. What is the essence of the rational use and protection of game animals?

5. What is the rational use and protection of fish resources?

6. Name the rare species of animals listed in the IUCN Red Book.

7. How are rare and endangered animals protected in our country? How are aquatic invertebrates protected?

8. What measures are used to protect beneficial insects?

9. What is the difficulty of protecting amphibians and reptiles?

10. How are insectivorous and birds of prey protected and attracted?

11. What measures are used to protect rare and endangered mammals?

To rare and endangered species These include animals whose numbers are so small that their continued existence is threatened. They need careful protection. Most of the rare and endangered species in our country belong to commercial species. In the past they were widespread and numerous. The predatory use of animal resources in Russia led to the fact that by the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. many species have become rare or are on the verge of extinction. Under Soviet rule, they were taken under protection and hunting for them was prohibited. In places where the most valuable species were preserved (bison, river beaver, sable, kulan, muskrat), nature reserves were organized.

In Russia, a lot of painstaking work has been carried out to restore the numbers of river beaver, sable, elk, and saiga, which were on the verge of extinction. Currently, their numbers have been restored and they have again become a commercial species.

All rare and endangered species of animals, like plants, are included in the Red Book created by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The Red Book, first published in 1966 and translated into Russian in 1976, included 292 species and subspecies of mammals, 287 species and subspecies of birds, 36 species of amphibians and 119 species of reptiles, of which 16 species of animals and 8 species of birds live in our country. In 1978, the Red Book of the USSR was published, which included (species and subspecies): mammals - 62, birds - 63, reptiles - 21, amphibians - 8.

The Red Book of Russia (1983) includes (species and subspecies): mammals - 65, birds - 108, reptiles - 11, amphibians - 4, fish - 10, mollusks - 15, insects - 34.

The most important groups of animals are subject to protection: aquatic invertebrates, insects, fish, amphibians and reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Protection of aquatic invertebrates. For the majority of commercial fish and those marine invertebrates whose numbers are declining, protection, rational use (regulation of catch rates, acclimatization, captive breeding) and control of water pollution are necessary.

Insect protection. Beneficial insects They are protected in nature, bred in laboratories, on special plantations, and apiaries. The protection of pollinating insects is the most important measure for increasing the productivity of crops and preserving the diversity of wild plants. It is necessary to strictly dose pesticides and use them only to suppress the mass reproduction of pests. Plants on which pollinating insects develop should be preserved.

To protect them from destruction, anthills are covered with caps made of mesh, fenced, and covered with spruce branches. Sometimes ants are artificially dispersed.

Fish protection. Important measures for the protection of freshwater fish include the protection of spawning grounds, wintering pits, and the fight against winter death. To increase the biological productivity of reservoirs, work is carried out to acclimatize fish, invertebrate animals and plants that serve as their food. Particular attention is paid to the protection and reproduction of fish stocks in inland waters. Every year, millions of juveniles of valuable fish species, including sturgeon, are released into rivers and lakes. It is necessary to continue to build fish breeding facilities and effective fish protection devices at water intakes and dams.

Protection of amphibians and reptiles. The creation of the IUCN Red Book, the Red Book of Russia and the red books of some other countries was important for the protection of reptiles.

Snakes suffer from the draining of swamps, changes in vegetation cover, the widespread use of pesticides, and the destruction of small animals that snakes feed on. Snakes are caught for venom used in medicine. Serpentariums (nurseries) have been created in which snakes are kept (but not bred) to repeatedly obtain venom from them. Systematic trapping of snakes causes significant damage to their natural populations. To protect snakes, most European countries prohibit their catching without special permission. The Red Book of Russia, published in 1983, includes 21 species of reptiles, including 13 species of snakes (since 1999).

Bird protection and attraction. Direct and indirect impacts from humans are detrimental to many species of birds of prey. In 1999, 25 species were listed in the Red Book of Russia!

Some species are promising for breeding in captivity. They successfully breed pheasants, gray partridges, quails, and mallards and release them into hunting grounds. Hunting farms and pheasant farms in Poland raise up to 100 thousand pheasants per year, of which 50 thousand per year are released into hunting grounds. In the Krakow Voivodeship alone, about 300 hunting farms are engaged in game breeding. In France, about 2 thousand hunting farms raise game. In just one year (1968) they supplied about 2 million pheasant eggs and chicks, over 1 million partridge eggs and chicks, 1.6 million quail and 1 million duck eggs. These farms release 2.5 million pheasants and 0.4 million partridges into hunting grounds per year.

Mammal conservation. The most important measure for the protection of game animals is strict compliance with hunting laws, which stipulate the timing and methods of obtaining them. Hunting is regulated by the Regulations on Hunting and Game Management. It indicates the species of animals and birds the hunting of which is prohibited or permitted under licenses. It is prohibited to hunt animals in nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, and green areas of cities. Mass hunting of animals, hunting from cars, airplanes, motor boats, destruction of burrows, lairs, and nests is not permitted. Standards for shooting or catching have been established for each animal species. Violation of laws and hunting rules is considered poaching and entails administrative, financial and criminal liability.

All of these measures are aimed at the protection and rational use of mammals. Recently, more attention has been paid to the protection of wild animals.

Legal protection animal world.

The protection and rational use of wild animals are determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, regulations and other legislative acts. The most significant of them are considered to be the laws of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of the Natural Environment” (1992) and “On the Animal World” (1995). According to the latest law, “the animal world is the property of the peoples of the Russian Federation, an integral element of the natural environment and biological diversity of the Earth, a renewable natural resource, an important regulating and stabilizing component of the biosphere, fully protected and rationally used to satisfy spiritual and material needs of citizens of the Russian Federation.”

This law provides for the procedure for the use of game animals, monitoring of wild animal populations, measures for the protection and restoration of rare and endangered species.

The legal norms of fisheries in Russia are determined by the Regulations on the protection of fish stocks and on the regulation of fish farming in water bodies of the USSR, approved by the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1958, and by the “Fisheries Rules” published for each republic and basin. They prohibit fishing using explosives, firearms, toxic substances, prisons, nets, and fishing near dams and locks. The rules determine the timing and areas of commercial fishing, the size of cells in children.

In the system of measures for the protection of animals, one of the central places is given to maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation as the most important element contributing to the conservation of biodiversity.

In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On the Red Book of the Russian Federation” (1996), it is maintained by the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection (included in the Ministry of Natural Resources since the summer of 2000) with the participation of federal bodies of the natural resource block and RAS. The procedure for maintaining it is regulated by the Regulations on the procedure for maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation, approved by the State Committee for Ecology of Russia (October 1997) and registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia (December 1997).

Legal regime for the protection of rare and endangered species of plants and animals

2.1 Measures to protect rare and endangered species of animals

The main task of protecting endangered and rare species boils down to creating an environment favorable to life to achieve such an increase in the number of animals that would eliminate the danger of their extinction. It's minimum. The maximum is to restore former natural stocks and re-include these species among the commercial ones.

The protection of fauna objects and (or) their habitat is carried out by authorized state bodies in the field of protection and use of fauna, other government bodies (organizations), officials of the state forest protection within the limits of their competence, users of fauna objects, as well as legal entities, individual entrepreneurs carrying out economic and other activities not related to the use of wildlife, but which have a harmful effect on wildlife and (or) their habitat or pose a potential danger to them.

At present, the regime for the protection of rare and endangered species of animals is formed both due to the general requirements for the protection and protection of animals of all types, established in law, and special norms of legislation related directly to rare and endangered species.

In particular, to general measures for the protection of wildlife, incl. animals classified as rare and endangered species, as well as their habitats include:

1. establishing restrictions and prohibitions on the use of objects of the animal world, as well as on the implementation of economic and other activities that have a harmful effect on objects of the animal world and (or) their habitat or pose a potential danger to them;

2. regulation in the field of protection and use of wildlife;

3. establishing rules for the protection and use of wildlife;

4. carrying out a state environmental examination of design solutions for planned economic and other activities, the implementation of which may have a harmful impact on wildlife and (or) their habitat or pose a potential danger to them;

5. carrying out by legal entities, individual entrepreneurs, in the process of economic and other activities of which there is or may be a harmful impact on objects of the animal world and (or) their habitat, measures that ensure prevention or compensation of possible harmful effects on objects of the animal world and ( or) their habitat;

6. reproduction of wild animals;

8. introduction (including resettlement), introduction, reintroduction, acclimatization, crossing of wild animals;

9. regulation of the distribution and abundance of wild animals, including invasive alien wild animals;

10. implementation of protection of wild animals;

11. regulation of the export from the Republic of Belarus of wild animals belonging to species included in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus, their parts and (or) derivatives, as well as the import into the Republic of Belarus and export from the Republic of Belarus of CITES samples;

12. establishment of restrictions, prohibitions or other measures regarding the protection, seizure, keeping and (or) breeding in captivity, exhibition of wild animals belonging to species included in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus, their parts and (or) derivatives or trade in such animals , their parts and (or) derivatives, as well as in relation to the protection of their habitat;

13. declaration of specially protected natural areas and reservation of territories that are planned to be declared specially protected natural areas, in order to preserve the biological diversity of the animal world, by forming and ensuring the functioning of a national ecological network and declaring biosphere reserves;

14. organization of scientific research aimed at developing scientifically based measures for the protection and sustainable use of wildlife;

15. taking measures to prevent the harmful effects on wildlife and their habitats caused by invasive alien wild animals;

16. organization and implementation of activities aimed at preserving migration routes and places of concentration of wild animals during the period of their reproduction, feeding, wintering and migration;

17. establishment of restrictions and prohibitions on the implementation of economic and other activities in areas of land that are important for the reproduction, feeding, wintering and migration of migratory species of wild animals, including in order to prevent the occurrence of obstacles along the routes of their migration or to ensure the continuity of their habitat;

18. identification of habitats of wild animals belonging to species included in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus, and the transfer of these places under the protection of users of land plots and (or) water bodies with the establishment of a special regime for the protection and use of habitats of such animals;

19. taking measures to improve the habitat of wildlife;

20. taking measures to restore the habitat of fauna, including through regulation water regime, construction of artificial dwellings, creation of protective plantings, preventing unwanted change of plantings, as well as taking other measures to protect the habitat of wildlife;

21. monitoring the protection and use of wildlife;

22. establishing responsibility for violating legislation on the protection and use of wildlife and bringing those who violated it to justice;

23. keeping records of wildlife objects and the volume of their use, monitoring wildlife and the state cadastre of wildlife;

24. organization and development of the education system, upbringing in the field of protection and use of wildlife and formation ecological culture, as well as training and retraining of specialists to carry out activities in the field of protection and use of wildlife, promoting the protection of wildlife objects and their habitats;

25. access, in accordance with legislative acts, to environmental information in the field of protection and use of wildlife and their habitats;

26. implementation of other measures to protect objects of the animal world and (or) their habitat in accordance with the legislation on the protection and use of the animal world.

The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus may determine additional measures to protect objects of wildlife and (or) their habitat and organize their implementation, unless otherwise established by legislative acts in the field of protection and use of wildlife.

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