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Open lesson on first aid. Mini-lesson for children on the basics of first aid “First steps of first aid”

Goals:

show the importance of first aid;
teach children to provide first aid for bleeding, fractures, fainting;
consolidate knowledge about the circulatory and musculoskeletal systems;
develop children's horizons, thinking, memory, attention;
cultivate moral and volitional qualities of the individual, collectivism, mutual assistance.

Equipment: medical bag, phone, scarf, tourniquet, etc.

I. Introductory conversation.

Hardening the body.

II. Learning a new topic:

a) Types of bleeding. Stop bleeding.

b) Fractures and first aid for fractures.

c) Shock. Fainting.

III. What and for what? Securing the topic.

IV. Lesson summary.

V. Literature.

During the classes

I. Introductory conversation.

Teacher: How can you properly temper yourself?

Children: Sun, air, water.

U: Why do we need to harden ourselves?

D: So that the body better protects itself from cold and heat, diseases.

U: What rules exist for hardening?

D: Gradual, systematic, regular, etc.

(Generalization according to reference scheme No. 1 “Hardening the body.”)

II. Studying a new topic.

Mystery about the ambulance.

U: And our lesson today is unusual. Today we are not just students of the same class, but medical personnel of the Ambulance Service. What is the purpose of the Ambulance Service? In what situations do we turn to it?

D: When a person suddenly becomes ill or has an accident, he needs to be given first aid. This will help preserve not only health, but also human life.

W: Correct. But before the ambulance arrives, you can provide the necessary first aid. In such situations, you cannot waste precious seconds. What if the accident happened in the forest, far from the first aid station?

D: It is necessary to provide first aid and help the patient get to the nearest first aid station.

W: Correct. We have already studied body hygiene in previous lessons. This is what will allow us to be medical workers today.

III. There's a knock on the door. Two assistants come in.One is a simulated burn, he says that he was accidentally burned, the skin turned red and “burns.”

The second one simulates a wound on a finger, he says that he cut his finger and blood is flowing.

W: Guys, is there anyone who can help the affected people? And we have everything necessary for this.

(On the table: disinfectants, bandages, cotton wool, cold compress, cold water in a bowl).

Participants simultaneously provide assistance to the victims. After that, they explain what and how to help the victim.

W: Thank you guys for your help. And now a question for the whole class: what types of bleeding do you know?

D: Venous, arterial, capillary.

(Students’ story based on reference diagram No. 2 “Types of bleeding”)

Stop bleeding

1. First aid for capillary or venous bleeding (applying a pressure bandage):

a) apply a sterile or clean cloth to the bleeding wound;

b) put a thick roll of bandage or cotton wool on top;

c) bandage tightly.

2. First aid for arterial bleeding (application of a tourniquet):

a) lift the limb upward;

b) apply some fabric to the place where the tourniquet is applied;

c) tighten the tourniquet until the bleeding stops

(1st round of the tourniquet is the tightest, apply the 2nd round with less tension, the rest - with minimal tension, rounds of the tourniquet should lie next to each other without pinching the skin);
d) place a note under the tourniquet indicating the time of application of the tourniquet.

3. First aid for arterial bleeding (application of a tourniquet):

a) use available materials (belt, scarf, headscarf, towel, etc.);

b) apply some fabric to the place where the tourniquet is applied;

c) make a loop from available material with a diameter of 1.5 - 2 times the circumference of the limb;

d) the loop is put on with the knot up, a stick 20–25 cm long is inserted under the knot;

e) use a stick to twist the free part of the loop until the bleeding stops, then fix the stick to the limb.

U: Guys, how can you help a person whose clothes are on fire?

D: Immediately throw a blanket, tarpaulin, raincoat or other thick fabric over it and press it tightly to the body. If the clothing continues to smolder, fill it with water and only then remove it very carefully, trying not to damage the skin, without tearing off pieces of fabric stuck to the body.

The phone is ringing.

T: Hello, what happened?

Fell from a tree? Okay, I'll consult with the guys.

Guys, what do you think could have happened?

D: The boy has a fracture or dislocation.

T: What types of fractures are there?

D: There are open and closed fractures.

W: How are they different?

D: With a closed fracture, the bone is damaged, but the bone does not come out. With an open fracture, the damaged bone comes out through the wounds. An open fracture is even more dangerous because infection can enter the body through the wound.

T: What needs to be done to help the injured person?

D: In case of fractures, first of all, you need to immobilize the affected bone. To do this, most often you have to apply an improvised splint. (stick, board, piece of plywood, etc.) The splint should be of such length that it can capture at least two joints - above and below the fracture, and for fractures of the shoulder or hip - three joints. Often, instead of cotton wool and gauze, linen has to be laid under the tires.

If the fracture is open, then the skin around the wound must be disinfected.

(Generalization according to reference diagram No. 3 “Fractures”)

Fractures

1. First aid for a clavicle fracture:

a) bend the arm at the elbow joint;

b) bandage the arm to the body or apply a Deso bandage.

2. First aid for a fracture of the humerus:

c) apply a splint from the shoulder joint to the fingers, capturing the joints - shoulder, elbow and wrist;

d) bandage the splint to the arm over clothing (if there is no splint, use cardboard, planks, etc. for immobilization);

3. First aid for fractures of the forearm bones:

a) bend the arm at the elbow joint;

b) model the shape of the splint according to the healthy hand;

c) apply a splint from the middle third of the shoulder to the fingertips;

d) bandage the splint to the arm over clothing (in the absence of a splint, use cardboard, planks, etc. for mobilization);

d) hang your hand on a scarf or bandage.

4. First aid for broken bones of the hand and fingers:

a) apply a splint along the palmar surface of the forearm from the fingertips to the elbow;

b) bandage the splint to the arm over clothing;

c) hang your hand on a scarf or bandage.

5. First aid for a femur fracture:

a) one (long) splint or board is applied along the outer surface of the leg and torso from the foot to the armpit;

b) another (short) splint or board is applied along the inner surface of the leg from the foot to the groin;

c) bandage the splints to the leg over the clothes.

6. First aid for fractured leg bones:

a) one splint is applied along the outside of the leg from the upper or middle third of the thigh to the foot;

c) bandage both splints to the leg over clothing.

7. First aid for an open fracture (for example, leg bones):

a) apply a sterile (clean) bandage to the wound;

b) one splint is applied along the outside of the leg from the upper or middle third of the thigh to the foot;

b) another splint is applied along the inside of the leg from the upper or middle third of the thigh to the foot;

c) bandage both splints to the leg.

Independent work

A task is given: a person has lost consciousness and is not breathing. List your actions point by point.

1) Artificial respiration and cardiac massage are necessary.

2) Place the victim on his back, preferably on something (a shield, a board).

3) Raise your legs, throw back your head

4) Blow air from mouth to mouth through a clean handkerchief.

(Generalization according to reference scheme No. 4 “Shock. Fainting”)

Shock. Fainting.

1.First aid for shock:

a) stop exposure to traumatic factors;

b) restoration of impaired breathing and cardiac activity (primary resuscitation);

c) temporary stop of bleeding (application of a double bandage or tourniquet);

d) pain control (immobilization for fractures);

e) application of an aseptic (clean) dressing;

f) give the victim a comfortable (functional) position;

h) ensure a flow of fresh air, unfasten tight clothes;

g) call “03”.

2.First aid for fainting:

a) place the victim on his back;

b) raise your legs, put a cushion of clothing under them;

c) unfasten tight clothes;

d) provide a flow of fresh air;

e) give ammonia to smell.

III. What and for what?

U: - And now I present to you a medical bag. Name the items in it and their purpose.

U: What is this and what is it for? (showing).

D: - Tourniquet. Used for severe bleeding and fractures.

Bandages - for open bleeding and fractures.

Iodine - for bleeding.

Rubber pipe - for artificial respiration.

Ammonia - in case of loss of consciousness (fainting, sunstroke).

Medical dressing scarf.

T: In what cases are these items used?

D: For first aid.

IV. Lesson summary.

So, guys, let's list the necessary actions in case of a fracture, bleeding, sunstroke?

If you can use the knowledge you have acquired and provide first aid to the victim on time, you will save someone’s life.

Thank you for the lesson. Goodbye!

Open lesson on life safety

First aid

Primary school teacher

Sedenkova Marina Yurievna

Lesson format: practical lesson on practicing first aid skills.

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

Educational:

Teach students to provide first aid and self-help in case of accidents;
to learn to meaningfully perceive and concretely present game tasks (situations), to support the progress of their solution with independent (own) forces and actions.

Educational:

to promote the development of sustainable and strong skills to recognize and anticipate dangers, the need for students to consciously become qualified advisers, consultants and the first “doctors” in extreme situations;
to develop logical thinking and succinctly competent practical activity of students through the forms and techniques of role-playing, intellectual, competitive, training games, the use of visual and figurative means of influencing their sensory organs and mental catalysts;
allow students to express themselves in mental aspirations, knowledge, wisdom, abilities, taking into account the problem of a person-oriented approach and individualization of the educational process.

Educational:

influence students’ attitude to the process of mercy and help as a natural behavior and a phenomenon of selfless provision of salvation to those in need;
to form the need to bring to people kindness, sensitivity, attention, courtesy, fulfillment of human duty, a system of moral qualities and motives for help and mutual assistance, sympathy and empathy towards all people in any situations, especially in extreme ones;
create an atmosphere of creative application of knowledge and skills, creative work in a team, intellectual confidence in one’s knowledge and skills.

Interdisciplinary connections (integration):

Providing: speech development, physical training

Provided:

medical terminology, taking care of your health;
anatomical information and knowledge about the physiological development of man, his relationship with nature and the environment;
physical exercises and methods of transportation that require physical effort and preparedness;
conditions social adaptation students in life (in environment- on the street, at school, in nature, at home).

Methodological support for the lesson:

Presentation “First Aid”, electronic physical exercises

Handout:
1. Dressing material
2. Hemostatic tourniquet
3. Device for ventilation
4. Antiseptics
5. Available materials

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Organizing time

Guys, let's give each other kind smiles. A sincere smile is success in any job. People who smile get sick less and do not get discouraged under any circumstances. The knowledge and practical skills you gain today will be useful to you to help those around you and yourself if an accident happens to you. The topic of our lesson: “First medical aid in case of accidents”

2. Updating knowledge

Students read the poem:

Don't stand aside indifferently
When someone is in trouble.
Need to rush to the rescue
Any minute, always.
And if it helps someone, someone
Your kindness, your support,
Are you happy that the day was not lived in vain?
That you have not lived for years in vain.

Guys, let's together define what the concept of “accident” means. What cases are considered accidents? (Children's answers)

Let’s ask for help: “An accident is harm to a person’s health as a result of a combination of circumstances or improper behavior.” What do you think should be done if an accident occurs? (Children's answers)

First of all, you need to call a doctor. But, unfortunately, the doctor cannot always arrive quickly. It is in such cases that each of you should be able to do everything possible before the doctors arrive to relieve the pain, save the life of the victim, and prevent the deterioration of the victim’s condition. This is what we call first aid. Now tell me, what kind of help is called self-help? (The one we provide to ourselves)

3. Physical exercise(musical, presentation)

4. Work on the topic of the lesson

Let's ask for help: 30 minutes of moderate physical activity a day improves health and prevents disease. In order for movement to benefit you and keep you healthy, you need to do the exercises correctly and avoid accidents.

(There is a knock on the door. Three students enter)

What happened to you guys?

(Students explain the situation with gestures)

Guys, you are lucky: our guest is a doctor mother. (Addressing the doctor) Please examine our victims.

Doctor. We have three victims with diagnoses: bleeding from the nose, bruise, speck in the eye. First, you need to seat all the victims comfortably. What do you guys think, which of the victims needs help first? (To someone who has a nosebleed)

Slide - reminder

When bleeding from the nose, the victim must be seated so that his head is tilted forward.

Place a cold lotion on the nose, ask the victim to breathe through the mouth, and then squeeze the nose with your hand just below the bridge of the nose (for 3 minutes).

You cannot tilt your head back, as otherwise blood may enter the respiratory tract.

After the bleeding has stopped, the victim needs to sit quietly so that the bleeding does not resume.

(Guys provide self-help for bleeding (reinforce skills).)

Doctor. Well done, you can give yourself first aid for nosebleeds.

And now the second accident is a speck in the eye.

Doctor. Let's remember the rules of first aid if a foreign body gets into the eye.

Slide - reminder

First aid rules when a foreign body gets into the eye.

Place the victim facing the light, open the eyelids and examine the eye.

Remove the speck with the damp end of a clean handkerchief. If you don't have a tissue, try rinsing your eye with water.

Instruct the victim to blink; copious tears will help wash the debris out of the eye.

Let's ask for help. Eyes are a person’s main assistants; eyebrows, eyelashes and eyelids serve not only for beauty. They protect the eyes from dust, wind and sweat. In order for our eyes to serve us as long as possible, we need to take care of them.

Game "Yes - no". If you agree with the rule, then say “yes”; if you disagree, say “no”

Wash your face in the morning.

Watch TV while sitting close to him.

Make sure that the light illuminates the page when reading and writing.

Look at the bright light.

Use someone else's glasses.

Do eye exercises.

Exercise for the eyes. (Electronic)

Eyes are the mirror of the soul. Take care of your eyesight, guys.

Continued work.

Doctor. We have one last accident left - internal bleeding (bruise).

In case of internal bleeding, you need to cool the damaged area, put ice or a bandage moistened with water on it. If there is no water, you can use cold objects. In the old days, copper coins were applied to the sore spot. What other items can be used to prevent internal bleeding? (spoon, children's answers)

Remember. The wound should not be washed with water. Under no circumstances should soil or dirty leaves be applied to it, as this is fraught with the occurrence of such serious diseases as gangrene and tetanus. Any, even the most trivial scratch, if not promptly disinfected, can lead to the development of a purulent infection.

If the wound is deeper or heavily contaminated, then after applying a bandage the victim should be immediately taken to medical institution. There he will receive qualified assistance.

6. Consolidation.

- Why did we look at these particular accidents? (They meet often)

We provided first aid to our victims. It is important not only to know the rules of first aid, but also to be able to provide assistance in a timely manner using available means if there are no medications nearby.

When going on a hike, a trip, to the forest to pick mushrooms, or on a bike ride, you should definitely take a first aid kit with you. The first aid kit should contain a minimum of items to provide first aid or self-help in case of need.

In case of injuries and cuts, you must have:

Rubber tourniquet to stop bleeding;

Sterile bandages and napkins;

Bactericidal patch;

Sticky patch;

Tincture of iodine;

Peroxide;

Syntomycin emulsion in case of burns or frostbite;

Everyone understands that drugs

It is dangerous to give without a doctor.

But you can trust any child

Plaster and iodine, bandages and brilliant green.

Puzzles

An alcohol solution of brilliant green, used to lubricate wounds. (Zelyonka)

Fluffy fibrous mass, made from cotton, used in medicine. (Vata)

A piece of fabric in the form of a long ribbon for a therapeutic bandage. (Bandage)

A cake of pressed medicinal powder. (Tablet)

Thermometer. (Thermometer)

A cloth coated with a medicinal substance that is applied to wounds. (Patch)

Organic substances necessary for life: A, B, C, D, etc. (Vitamins)

An alcohol solution of a dark brown substance used to lubricate wounds. (Iodine)

A set of medicines for first aid or simple home treatment. (First aid kit)

7. Summary.

What did you remember from the lesson?

What did you want to know more about?

Lesson summary "First aid"

Perevezentseva Galina Evgenievna, teacher additional education MBOU DOD Center for children's and youth tourism and excursions (young tourists) Lukhovitsy.
Description of material: I present to your attention the summary of the lesson “Rendering First Aid”, which is aimed at acquiring knowledge and skills from children in providing first aid. This material will be useful to beginning teachers of additional education working in the field of tourism. Children's age is 12-15 years.
Target: Familiarize children with basic first aid techniques.
Tasks:
- cultivate a desire to be healthy, a sense of responsibility for personal safety, and a desire to provide assistance to victims.
- make children understand that often first aid provided can save a person’s health and life.
- introduce first aid techniques in relation to the nature of the injury received by the victim.
- develop the ability to independently use the acquired knowledge in everyday life.

Progress of the lesson

Teacher: Hello guys!
In today's lesson we will talk to you and learn how to properly provide first aid to an injured person. After all, an ambulance cannot always arrive quickly, and even more so in the forest it is not always easy to find the indicated place. Therefore, we must be prepared for different situations and be able to provide first aid ourselves. And also the knowledge acquired in this lesson may be useful to you both in life and in tourist gatherings.
I suggest bringing your own notepads and pens.

The main signs of bruises are pain, swelling and bruising at the site of the bruise. When providing first aid, it is necessary to apply a cold lotion to the site of the bruise and apply a pressure bandage made of bandage and cotton wool. If abrasions and scratches are received during a bruise, the skin should be lubricated with iodine tincture and a sterile bandage should be applied.
Contusions to the head, chest and abdomen are very dangerous. Signs of such bruises are headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, hemoptysis, loss of consciousness, chest pain, abdominal pain.
When providing first aid in these cases, it is necessary to lay the victim down and create complete rest or immediately send him to a medical center.

Any injury is dangerous due to blood loss, contamination and infection.
When providing first aid necessary:
-expose the wound site;
- lubricate the edges of the wound with tincture of iodine, while ensuring that iodine does not get into the wound;
- apply a sterile bandage (individual dressing bag or small aseptic dressing). In this case, you should not touch the wound with your hands, rinse it with water or other liquids, or remove pieces of clothing from the wound.
If bleeding from wounds on the extremities is profuse, you should apply a special tourniquet (available in the first aid kit) or a twist tourniquet from improvised means (handkerchief, trouser belt, etc.).
When applying a tourniquet, observe the following rules:
- apply a tourniquet over clothing slightly above the wound site;
- do not over-tighten the limb, the measure of compression is the disappearance of the pulse below the application of the tourniquet or the cessation of bleeding;
-after applying a tourniquet, bandage the wound;
- make a note on the tourniquet indicating the time of application;
- you cannot leave a tourniquet on a limb for more than 1.5-2 hours.
After applying a tourniquet, the victim should be immediately sent to the hospital.

Heat and sunstroke.

Heat stroke is a consequence of overheating of the body. Its signs are headache, “blackout,” nausea, vomiting, excessive sweating, shallow breathing, pain in the back and legs, and loss of consciousness.
Sunstroke may cause sudden loss of consciousness and convulsions.
When providing first aid necessary in both cases:
move the victim to the shade;
give him a sitting position on the floor;
unfasten the collar and belt or remove tight clothing;
wet your chest and head with cold water;
give cold water to drink;
if there is no breathing, apply artificial respiration. Burns can be thermal, chemical and electrical.
When providing first aid For thermal burns it is necessary:
- carefully expose the burn site without removing pieces of clothing, fabric, etc. from its surface;
-apply a sterile bandage or a small aseptic dressing;
- Cover the victim warmly.
Lubricating the burn site with Vaseline or fats, or opening blisters is strictly prohibited.

Fractures

A fracture is a violation of the integrity of bones. Signs of a fracture are: swelling, sharp pain in the fracture area.
Bone fractures can be closed or open.
All fractures require immobilization, i.e., ensuring rest at the fracture site using immovable bandages with splints.
First aid for closed fractures of the limbs, when there are available means (boards, pieces of plywood, long sticks, sapper shovels, etc., which can replace special tires), it turns out as follows:
- in case of a fracture of the phalanges of the fingers, place a splint made of a narrow sliver, wrapped in cotton wool or a bandage, on the back or palmar surface of the finger so that it runs along the entire length and further from the wrist joint, bandage the splint with a bandage;
- in case of a fracture of the bones of the hand, place a splint the width of your palm on the hand and forearm, from the base of the fingers to the elbow joint and then bandage it;
- in case of a fracture of the forearm bones, apply a splint from the fingertips to the elbow joint inclusive, bend the arm at the elbow and hang it on a scarf, belt or piece of bandage;
- if the shoulder is fractured, bend the arm at the elbow and apply two splints: one on the outer surface, the other on the inner surface of the shoulder, then hang the arm on a belt or a piece of bandage;
- for hip fractures - fold one splint length from the armpits to the heel on the outside, the other - from the groin to the heel - along the inner surface of the thigh and lower leg;
- for fractures of the leg bones - apply two splints from the middle of the thigh to the heel on the outer and inner surfaces of the leg (all splints are applied on top of the uniform);
-in case of a fracture of the collarbone, bandage the arm, bent at the elbow joint, to the body;
- if the ribs are broken, bandage the chest tightly in the exhalation position;
- in case of a fracture of the pelvic bones and spine - lay the victim on his back, placing boards under his back, slightly bend his knees, place a roll of clothing, a raincoat, a rolled-up sleeping bag under his knees, then tightly bandage the pelvis.
When there are no splints available, in case of fractures of the bones of the extremities it is necessary:
-for fractures on the upper extremities - bandage the arm bent at the elbow to the body;
-for fractures in the lower extremities, bandage the injured leg to the healthy one.
With an open fracture need to:
-expose the fracture site;
- lubricate the edges of the wound with tincture of iodine;
- apply a sterile bandage with cotton wool or a small aseptic dressing to the wound;
- immobilize the bones, as with closed fractures;
- Cover the victim warmly.

Artificial pulmonary ventilation (ALV).

It is carried out in cases where the victim does not breathe or breathes very poorly (rarely, convulsively, as if with a sob), and also if his breathing is constantly deteriorating.
Most effective way Mechanical ventilation is the way "mouth to mouth" or "mouth to nose", since this ensures that a sufficient volume of air enters the victim’s lungs. Air can be blown through gauze or a scarf.
This method allows you to easily control the flow of air into the victim’s lungs by expanding the chest after inflation and its subsequent collapse as a result of passive exhalation.
To carry out mechanical ventilation, the victim should be laid on his back, unbuttoning clothing that restricts breathing.
Before starting mechanical ventilation, it is first necessary to ensure the patency of the upper respiratory tract, which in the supine position during an unconscious state is always closed by a sunken tongue. In addition, there may be foreign contents in the oral cavity (vomit, slipped dentures, sand, silt, grass, etc.), which must be removed with a finger wrapped in a cloth or bandage.
After this, you need to position yourself on the side of the victim’s head, put one hand under the victim’s neck, and with the palm of the other hand press on his forehead, throwing his head back as much as possible. In this case, the root of the tongue rises and clears the entrance to the larynx, and the victim’s mouth opens. Then you need to lean towards the victim’s face, take a deep breath with your open mouth, completely tightly cover the victim’s open mouth with your lips and exhale vigorously, blowing air into his mouth with some effort; At the same time, cover the victim’s nose with your cheek or fingers on your forehead. If the victim’s pulse is well determined and only mechanical ventilation is necessary, then the interval between artificial breaths should be 5 seconds, “12 respiratory cycles per minute.”
Ventilation is stopped when the victim emerges from the unconscious state and begins to breathe independently.
In the absence of not only breathing, but also a pulse in the carotid artery, two artificial breaths are taken in a row and an external heart massage is started.
The indication for resuscitation measures is cardiac arrest, which is characterized by a combination of the following signs: the appearance of pallor or cyanosis of the skin, loss of consciousness, absence of a pulse in the carotid arteries, cessation of breathing or convulsive, irregular breaths.
In case of cardiac arrest, without wasting a second, the victim must be laid on a flat, hard base: a bench, the floor, or, in extreme cases, a board placed under his back (no bolsters should be placed under the shoulders or neck).
If one person is providing assistance, he is located on the side of the victim and, bending over, makes two quick energetic blows (using the “mouth to mouth” or “mouth to nose” method), then rises, remaining on the same side of the victim, palm Places one hand on the lower half of the sternum (stepping two fingers higher from its lower edge), and lifts the fingers.
He places the palm of his second hand on top of the first across or lengthwise and presses, helping by tilting his body. When applying pressure, your hands should be straightened at the elbow joints.
If revival is carried out by one person, then for every two injections he makes 15 pressures on the sternum. In 1 min. it is necessary to make at least 60 pressures and 12 blows.
When two people are involved in resuscitation, the ratio of “breathing to massage” is 1:5. During artificial inspiration, no pressure is applied.
After cardiac activity is restored and the pulse is well determined, cardiac massage is immediately stopped.
Question: If resuscitation is carried out by one person, how many insufflations and pressures on the sternum should there be in 1 minute?
Guys' answers: For every two injections, 15 compressions are made on the sternum. In 1 min. it is necessary to make at least 60 pressures and 12 blows.
This concludes our theoretical part of the lesson, and we move on to practical exercises.
Teacher: You all listened to me very carefully and took notes in your notes. I was very happy that this topic so necessary and interesting to you. And now I want to introduce you. This Maxim simulator is my best assistant. Today we will consolidate our acquired knowledge on providing first aid in intensive care.

Schematic plan - lesson notes: First aid. Providing first aid for burns, snake and spider bites, hypothermia, heat stroke, food poisoning.

Introduction.

First aid is the simplest urgent measures necessary to save the life and health of a victim in case of damage, accidents, etc. First aid is provided at the scene of the incident until a doctor arrives or the victim is taken to the hospital. the main objective give classes general concepts about the first aid process.

General first aid measures:

1. Remove the victim from the environment that caused the accident (for example, remove a person crushed from under the rubble), eliminate the action harmful factor(for example, provide access to fresh air in case of carbon monoxide poisoning, remove from the power source in case of electrical injury, etc.);

2. Eliminate bad influence environment (move indoors, and if necessary to a cool place, warm, etc.);

3. Provide the necessary assistance (make a bandage for a wound, apply a splint for a fracture, tighten a limb for bleeding, etc.);
4. Deliver the victim to a medical facility or call him ambulance.

First medical aid is provided at the scene of the injury, and its type is determined by the nature of the damage, the condition of the victim and the specific situation in the emergency zone.

Remember! In case of severe arterial bleeding from injured limbs, only 30 seconds are allotted to stop it in order to prevent blood loss incompatible with life. As we see, seconds and minutes decide for each victim the eternal question “to be or not to be?”

1. Burns.

One of the most common types of traumatic injuries is burns. They occur due to hot liquid, flame, or skin contact with hot objects.

Depending on the temperature and duration of its exposure to the skin, burns are formed. varying degrees.

First-degree burns are damage to the stratum corneum of skin cells, which are manifested by redness of the burned areas of the skin, slight swelling and burning pain that passes fairly quickly.

In second degree burns, the stratum corneum of the skin is completely damaged. The burned skin is intensely red, blisters filled with clear liquid appear, and sharp pain is felt.

Third degree burns occur when the deeper layers of the skin are damaged. In addition to blisters, crusts form on the skin - scabs. Charring of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and underlying tissues down to the bones is typical for fourth-degree burns.

Burns caused by flames are the most severe, since the flame temperature is several orders of magnitude higher than the boiling point of liquids.
It is necessary to quickly remove the victim from the fire zone. If a person’s clothing catches fire, you must immediately take it off or throw on a blanket, coat, tag, or overcoat, thereby stopping the access of air to the fire.

A victim with extensive burns should be wrapped in a clean, freshly ironed sheet. Under no circumstances should blisters be punctured. The dressings should be dry, the burn surface should not be lubricated with various fats, egg white. This can cause even more harm to a person, since dressings with any fats, ointments, oils, or dyes only contaminate the burn surface and contribute to the development of wound suppuration. Colored disinfectants “darken” the wound, so if they are used by a doctor in a hospital, it is difficult to determine the extent of the burn and begin proper treatment.

IN last years due to the constant and widespread use of chemicals in industry, agriculture and in everyday life, cases of burns caused by chemical substances have become more frequent.

2. Frostbite and hypothermia.

Frostbite. It occurs only with prolonged exposure low temperatures ambient air, when the body comes into contact with cold metal in the cold, liquid or compressed air or dry carbon dioxide.

But frostbite does not necessarily occur only in the cold. There are cases when frostbite occurred at air temperatures above 0°C. at high humidity and strong wind, especially if the person is wearing wet clothes and shoes. A general weakening of the body due to overexertion, fatigue, hunger and alcohol intoxication also predisposes to frostbite. The most common areas of frostbite are the fingers, toes, ears, nose and cheeks.

It is necessary to restore blood circulation to frostbitten parts of the body as quickly as possible by rubbing them and gradually warming them up. It is advisable to bring the victim into a warm room at room temperature and continue rubbing the frostbitten part of the body. If your cheeks, nose, or ears turn white, just rub them with a clean hand until they turn red and tingle and burn. It is best to rub the frostbitten part with alcohol, vodka, cologne or any woolen cloth, flannel, or soft glove.

You cannot rub with snow, as snow does not warm, but cools frostbitten areas even more and damages the skin.

Shoes should be removed from your feet very carefully so as not to damage frostbitten toes. If this cannot be done without effort, then the shoes are ripped with a knife along the seam of the boot. At the same time as rubbing, the victim should be given hot tea and coffee.

After the frostbitten limb turns pink, wipe it dry, apply a clean, dry bandage and insulate the limb with cotton wool or cloth. If blood circulation is poorly restored, the skin remains bluish, deep frostbite should be assumed and the victim should be immediately sent to the hospital.

3. Heat or sunstroke.

The first signs of sunstroke are facial redness and severe headaches.

Then nausea, dizziness, darkening of the eyes and, finally, vomiting appear. The person falls into an unconscious state, shortness of breath appears, and cardiac activity weakens.

Heatstroke - painful condition caused by overheating of the entire body. The reasons for such overheating may be high external temperature, tight clothing that retards skin evaporation, and intense physical work. Heatstroke occurs not only in hot weather. They happen in hot shops, in bathhouses, when working in protective overalls and in very stuffy rooms. When the body overheats, a person experiences lethargy, fatigue, dizziness, headache, and drowsiness. The face turns red, breathing is difficult, body temperature rises to 40°C. If the causes of overheating are not eliminated, heat stroke occurs. The person loses consciousness, falls, turns pale, the skin becomes cold and covered with sweat. In this condition, the affected person may die.

Both in case of sunstroke and heatstroke, the affected person should be placed in the shade on fresh air and carry out the same measures as in case of fainting. If the victim is not breathing, artificial respiration must be performed.

4. Bites of animals, snakes, insects.

Animal bite

Bite wounds are always contaminated with various microorganisms found in the oral cavity of animals and humans. Bites from animals with rabies can infect humans. Most often, domestic dogs bite, less often cats and wild animals (foxes, wolves). Great danger represent bites of animals with rabies (extremely severe viral disease). The rabies virus is released in the saliva of sick animals and enters the body of a bite victim through a wound to the skin or mucous membrane. Most animal bites should be considered dangerous in terms of rabies infection, because at the time of the bite the animal may not have external signs diseases. In dogs, rabies is often manifested by severe agitation, dilated pupils, and increased anxiety. A dog can run away from home, attack without barking and bite people and animals, and swallow various inedible objects. Severe salivation and vomiting are observed. Hydrophobia is not a necessary symptom of the disease.

First aid. When providing first aid to a victim of an animal bite, you should not strive to immediately stop the bleeding, because it helps remove the animal's saliva from the wound. The wound is washed with soapy water, the skin around it is treated with an antiseptic solution (alcohol solution of iodine, potassium permanganate solution, ethyl alcohol, etc.), and then a sterile bandage is applied. The victim is taken to a trauma center or other medical facility. The question of vaccination against rabies is decided by the doctor.

Snake bite

IN middle lane In Russia, snakes such as the common viper, steppe viper and copperhead viper can be found. Lesions that develop as a result of bites by these snakes are reduced to pain, temporary intensification followed by a long-term decrease in blood clotting, swelling of tissues in the bite area and their necrosis (death).

Signs of poison:

In the first minutes, local redness, swelling, and local hemorrhages (“bruises”) appear in the bite area.

Hemorrhage spreads up and down from the bite area, swelling increases, the skin takes on a purple-bluish tint, and blisters with light or bloody contents may form on the skin.

Necrotic ulcers form in the bite area, and bite wounds can bleed for a long time.

Lymphangitis develops in the affected limb with damage to the axillary or inguinal lymph nodes.

With prolonged exposure to poison and failure to provide assistance, internal hemorrhage into the thickness of the tissue or into nearby organs (liver, kidneys, etc.) is possible, which leads to signs of acute blood loss: agitation followed by lethargy, pale skin, increased heart rate, dizziness, severe weakness, decreased blood pressure up to shock.

Possible nosebleeds or gastrointestinal bleeding.

The maximum severity of symptoms reaches 8-24 hours after the bite; if assistance is provided incorrectly, the patient’s condition remains severe for 2-3 days.

In mild forms of the lesion, local manifestations predominate in the bite area.

First aid. When providing assistance to a snakebite victim, the following activities are strictly prohibited:

Cauterization of the bite site.

Injection of the bite site with any drugs.

Incisions at the bite site.

Tightening a limb with a tourniquet (except for a cobra bite).

Drinking alcohol in any quantity.

When bitten by a snake, first aid should begin with immediate vigorous suctioning of the contents of the wounds for 10-15 (20) minutes (about 3/4 of all extracted venom is removed in the first 6 minutes) with spitting, which allows you to remove from 30 to 50% of the total poison introduced into the body. If the wounds are dry, they are first “opened” by pressing on a fold of skin. Suction procedure snake venom safe in the absence of wounds in the mouth of the victim during self-help or in the mouth of the person providing assistance. Poison that enters the stomach is neutralized by gastric juice!

The affected limb should remain motionless. For this it is desirable transport immobilization using available means (tires, planks, thick branches, etc.).

The victim must be in a prone position both during assistance and during transportation. It is not advisable to try to move the affected limb. Drinking plenty of fluids (tea, coffee, broth) is beneficial. Drinking alcohol in any form is contraindicated.

Treatment of the wound is carried out according to the general rules of wound treatment (the skin around the wound is treated with alcohol, brilliant green, iodine or vodka, a sterile bandage is applied from an individual package, the bandage is secured with a tight bandage or adhesive tape).

If breathing is impaired, mouth-to-mouth breathing or assisted breathing is performed using breathing bags with transfer to artificial respiration in a hospital setting.

In all cases, the victim is urgently sent to a doctor with further hospitalization in the toxicology department of the hospital, in the intensive care unit, in the general surgery department with wards intensive care.

Insect bites

Tick-borne encephalitis is an acute neuroviral infection.

Transmission of the infection occurs through a tick bite, as well as through cow's and goat's milk.

The incubation period lasts 10-12 days. The disease begins acutely with the manifestation of the main syndromes: general infectious, meningeal, focal lesions of the nervous system. Body temperature - up to 40°C.

First aid. If a tick is found, do not crush it or forcefully remove it. It is necessary to apply a cotton swab moistened with vegetable oil to the tick. Within 20-30 minutes, the tick falls off on its own or can be easily removed with a slight tug. The wound should be treated with iodine and urgently contact a medical facility for the prevention of tick-borne encephalitis.

Conclusion.

At the first first aid you should be extremely careful. First of all, avoid panic and the factors that cause it. Actions should be performed consistently and correctly.

PLAN-OUTLINE

classes with students study group according to GO

Topic #7: “Providing first aid. Fundamentals of nursing".

Lesson #1:

Method of conducting the lesson – practical lesson.

Lesson duration – 2 hours.

Questions studied:

Introduction

Rules and techniques for performing artificial respiration and indirect cardiac massage.
First aid for bleeding and wounds.
Ways to stop bleeding.
First aid for fractures.
First aid for bruises and dislocations.
First aid for chemical and thermal burns.
Frostbite.
Shock and fainting.
Heat and sunstroke.
Electric shock.
Rules for assisting a drowning person.
Fundamentals of nursing.

Introduction.

First medical aid is provided at the scene of the injury, and its type is determined by the nature of the damage, the condition of the victim and the specific situation in the emergency zone.

First of all, you need to know how to detect signs of life. The pulse is determined in the neck, where the carotid artery passes, or on the inside of the forearm. Breathing is established by the movements of the chest, by moistening the mirror brought to the victim’s nose. Even if the victim is not breathing, the heartbeat cannot be heard, there is no reaction to a needle prick and there is no reaction of the pupil to light, it is necessary to provide full assistance.

Rules and techniques for performing artificial respiration and indirect cardiac massage.

If the affected person’s natural breathing is disrupted or stopped, artificial respiration is given to him. When implementing it, a number of rules must be observed:

If possible, ensure a flow of fresh air to the affected person, free him from constricting clothing, unfasten his collar, belt, bra;

If there is vomit, sand, earth and other substances in the mouth of the affected person that clog the throat, clear the mouth of them with the index finger wrapped in a handkerchief or piece of gauze;

If your tongue is stuck, pull it out;

Maintain a normal breathing rhythm (16-18 times per minute) and synchronization of movements.

There are several methods of artificial respiration.

In uninfected areas, the mouth-to-mouth method is more often used. This method is based on the active blowing of air into the lungs of the affected person. To do this, place him on his back and tilt his head back. To keep it in this position, something hard is placed under the shoulder blades. Holding the victim’s head in the indicated position with one hand, with the other hand they pull his lower jaw down so that his mouth is half open.

After taking a deep breath, the person providing assistance places his mouth through a handkerchief or piece of gauze to the victim’s mouth and inhales air from his lungs into him for 2 seconds. At the same time, with the fingers of the hand holding the head, he squeezes the affected person’s nose. At the same time, the victim’s chest expands and inhalation occurs. Then the person providing assistance removes his lips from the victim’s mouth and presses with his hands for 2-3 seconds. on his chest, releases air from the lungs - exhalation occurs. These actions are repeated 16 - 18 times per minute.

Insufflation of air into the lungs of the affected person can also be done through a special tube - an air duct.

Along with respiratory arrest, the affected person may stop functioning of the heart. In this case, simultaneously with artificial respiration, a so-called indirect cardiac massage should be performed. Indirect cardiac massage begins with a sharp blow to the victim’s sternum. If two people provide assistance, then one performs artificial respiration using the mouth-to-mouth method, while the second, standing near the victim on the left side, places the palm of one hand on the lower third of his sternum, and the second hand on the first and when the victim exhales rhythmically makes 5 jerky pressures. If one person provides assistance, then, having pressed 15 times on the sternum, he interrupts the massage and blows air into the lungs of the affected person twice, then repeats pressing on the sternum and blows air. And so on until the victim begins to breathe on his own.

First aid for bleeding and wounds.

Wound- this is damage to the integrity of the skin of the body and mucous membranes as a result of mechanical action.

Signs of injury are always present: pain, spreading edges of the wound and bleeding. Any wound must be closed, since various microorganisms penetrate through it and can cause purulent complications of the skin and underlying tissues, internal organs. Treatment of abrasions, injections, small cuts consists of lubricating the affected area with a 5% iodine solution or 2 % solution of brilliant green and applying a sterile bandage. Minor wounds, scratches, pricks, cuts can be moistened with BF-6 glue, which has disinfectant properties. Contaminated skin should be cleaned with pieces of gauze soaked in cologne, alcohol or gasoline. It is important to remember that under no circumstances should you wash the wound itself.

To apply dressings, both standard equipment, commercially produced by industry (bandages and napkins, sterile and non-sterile in packages, individual dressing bags), and from improvised materials (pure cotton fabrics and products made from them) are used.

Treatment for deeper and more extensive wounds is basically the same, but they are usually accompanied by bleeding. Depending on which blood vessel is injured, there are three types of bleeding: arterial, venous and capillary.

During arterial bleeding, the blood is scarlet and flows like a fountain from the wound. With venous bleeding, blood dark color, a small stream flows out of the wound. Capillary bleeding is characterized by the fact that blood seeps out in small drops from damaged tissue. Depending on the type of bleeding, various methods are used to stop it.

Ways to stop bleeding.

There are temporary and permanent methods of stopping bleeding. The former are used at the scene of an incident in the form of mutual assistance, the latter - in medical institutions. It is necessary to be well aware of temporary methods of stopping bleeding, which include: pressing the bleeding vessel with a finger to the bone above the wound site, maximally bending the limb at the joint and applying a tourniquet or twist.

The method of finger pressing a bleeding vessel to the bone is used in a short time necessary for preparing a tourniquet or pressure bandage. This is easiest to do where the artery passes close to or above the bone.

Bleeding from a head wound can be stopped or reduced by pressing on the side of the wound the temporal artery, which runs 1-1.5 cm in front of the auricle, where its pulsation can be easily detected. When bleeding from a wound located on the neck, press the carotid artery on the side of the wound below the wound: the pulsation of this artery can be detected on the side of the trachea (windpipe). If the wound is located high on the shoulder, near the shoulder joint or in the axillary region, bleeding can be stopped by pressing the subclavian artery in the fossa above the collarbone. In case of bleeding from the middle part of the shoulder, the brachial artery is compressed, for which the fist of the person providing assistance is placed in the armpit and is tightly fixed there by pressing the affected shoulder to the body. When bleeding from a wound in the forearm, the brachial artery is pressed against the humerus at the inner surface of the biceps muscle with four fingers. The effectiveness of compression is checked by pulsation of the radial artery. Bleeding from the hand should be stopped by pressing the radial or ulnar artery. You can stop bleeding from a hip injury by pressing the femoral artery located in the upper part of the thigh.

If there is bleeding from the lower leg, apply pressure to the popliteal artery with both hands. Thumbs placed on the front surface of the knee joint, and with the remaining fingers they feel the artery in the popliteal fossa and press it to the bone. It should be borne in mind that pressing the artery to the bone requires considerable effort, and the fingers quickly get tired. Even physically very strong man cannot do this for more than 15-20 minutes.

Types of dressings.Rules and techniques for applying bandages to wounds

A pressure bandage is applied to small bleeding arteries and veins: the wound is covered with several layers of sterile gauze, bandage or pads from an individual dressing bag. A layer of cotton wool is placed on top of sterile gauze and a circular bandage is applied, and the dressing material, pressed tightly to the wound, compresses blood vessels and helps stop bleeding.

However, if the bleeding is severe, a tourniquet should be applied to stop it. The application of a tourniquet is used mainly for large vessels of the extremities. The technique for applying it is as follows:

Give (if possible) the injured limb an elevated position;

Apply a napkin to the exposed part of the limb, above the wound, make several passes of a bandage, or use any other pad (the victim’s clothing, a scarf, etc.);

Place a strongly stretched tourniquet on the limb above the wound on a pad so that the first 1-2 turns of the tourniquet stop the bleeding;

Secure the end of the harness with a hook and chain;

Place a note under the tourniquet to note the date and time.
applying a tourniquet;

Apply an aseptic bandage to the wound;

Check the correct application of the tourniquet (by cessation of bleeding, absence of pulse in the peripheral arteries, pale skin color);

In winter, wrap the limbs with a tourniquet in cotton wool and clothing.

Instead of a service rubber band, which may not always be at hand, a piece of rag, bandage, or trouser belt can be used.

The technique for applying a tourniquet-twist is the same as when applying a tourniquet. The twist is applied above the wound, its ends are tied with a knot with a loop, a stick is inserted into the loop, with which the twist is tightened until the bleeding stops and secured with a bandage.

In cases where there is nothing at hand, a temporary stop of bleeding can be achieved by maximal flexion of the limb in the joint.

It must be remembered that the tourniquet can be used for no more than 2 hours, as otherwise the limb will become dead. At the first opportunity, the tourniquet is removed. If this is not possible, then after 1.5-2 hours you should release the tourniquet slightly for 1-2 minutes. until the skin turns red and tighten it again.

Venous and capillary bleeding is quite successfully stopped by applying a pressure bandage.

After the bleeding has stopped, the skin around the wound is treated with a solution of iodine, brilliant green, alcohol, vodka or, in extreme cases, cologne. A cotton or gauze swab moistened with one of these liquids is used to lubricate the skin from the edge of the wound. You should not pour them into the wound, as this, firstly, will increase the pain, and secondly, it will damage the tissue inside the wound and slow down the healing process. If the wound contains foreign body, under no circumstances should it be removed.

After all manipulations are completed, the wound is covered with a sterile bandage. A sterile dressing (individual dressing bag, sterile bandage, clean handkerchief, piece of linen ironed with a hot iron on both sides) is applied, without touching with hands, directly to the wound and the area adjacent to it.

Minor skin lesions can be sealed with a piece of bactericidal adhesive plaster, and on top of it another piece of adhesive plaster can be placed, 0.5 cm wider than the previous one on each side. This bandage is airtight and ensures wound healing well.

After applying a bandage and temporarily stopping the bleeding, the victim must be sent to the hospital for primary surgical treatment of the wound and final stop of bleeding.

First aid for fractures.

Fracture- this is a partial or complete violation of the integrity of the bone as a result of impact, compression, squeezing, or bending. With a complete fracture, the bone fragments move relative to each other; with an incomplete fracture, a crack forms on the bone.

Fractures can be closed if the skin over them is not damaged, and open - with a violation of the skin.

Characteristic general signs of bone fractures should be considered severe pain at the time of injury and after it, change in shape and shortening of the limb, and the appearance of mobility at the site of injury.

When providing first aid, you should move the broken leg or arm as little as possible; you should ensure the rest of the limb by applying a splint made from improvised material, or, if available, a service splint. Any hard materials are suitable for the tire: boards, plywood, sticks, branches, etc.

Splinting a limb will only be beneficial if the principle of immobilizing three joints is followed.

In case of a hip fracture, to create rest for the injured leg, splints are bandaged on the outside, from the foot to the armpit, and on the inner surface - from the foot to the perineum. However, if nothing is at hand, you can bandage the damaged limb to the healthy one.

Splinting of the upper extremities for fractures of the shoulder and forearm bones is done as follows. Having bent the injured arm at the elbow joint and turning the palm to the chest, apply a splint from the fingers to the opposite shoulder joint on the back. If you don’t have splints at hand, you can bandage the injured arm to your body or hang it on a scarf on the raised hem of your jacket.

All types of splints can be applied to clothing, but they must first be lined with cotton wool and covered with a soft cloth.

If the ribs are fractured, a layer of cotton wool or soft material is applied to the chest, and then the chest is tightly tightened with a wide bandage in the exhalation position.

In victims with open fractures and bleeding, a tourniquet or twist should first be applied, a sterile bandage should be applied to the wound, and only then can a splint be applied.

When the bones of the spine and pelvis are fractured, severe pain appears, sensitivity disappears, and paralysis appears. Such a patient cannot be transported on a soft stretcher, only on a hard, smooth surface. For this purpose, a shield is used (a wide board, a sheet of thick plywood, a door removed from its hinges, etc.), which is placed on a stretcher. Very carefully, several people lift the patient in one step, holding the clothes on command. The patient is placed on the backboard on his back, with his legs slightly spread apart, with a thick cushion made from a folded blanket or thick clothing placed under his knees (“frog pose”).

Man with a fracture cervical region the spine is transported on the back with a bolster under the shoulder blades. The head and neck should be secured by placing soft objects on their sides.

First aid for bruises and dislocations.

Bruises and dislocations are classified as closed injuries.

Dislocation- this is a displacement of the ends of the bones in the joints relative to each other with a violation of the joint capsule. Most often it occurs in the shoulder, less often in the hip, ankle and elbow joints as a result of an unsuccessful fall or bruise. Characterized by severe pain, immobility of the joint, change in its shape.

You cannot adjust a dislocation yourself, as this will only increase the suffering of the victim and aggravate the injury. When the shoulder joint is dislocated, the arm is placed on a scarf or tightly bandaged to the body.

Sprains and ruptures of joint ligaments occur as a result of sudden and rapid movements that exceed the physiological mobility of the joints. The most commonly affected areas are the ankle, wrist, knee joints. There is sharp pain in the joint when moving, swelling, and if the ligaments are torn, there is bruising.

First aid comes down to tight bandaging by applying a pressure bandage, compress (cold) and resting the limb.

Injury- this is damage to tissues and organs without compromising the integrity of the skin and bones. The degree of damage depends on the force of the impact, the area of the damaged surface and body part, and its significance for the body. The main signs of bruises include pain, swelling and bruising at the site of contact with the wounding object.

The choice of first aid methods depends on the location and severity of the injury. Complete rest is created for the bruised limb, an elevated position is given, a tight pressure bandage is applied to the bruised site, and a cold compress or ice pack can be placed. Painkillers are prescribed internally to reduce pain.

A head contusion is very serious in its consequences, as it can be accompanied by a concussion and bruise of the brain. Signs of a concussion include loss of consciousness at the scene, possible nausea and vomiting, and a slow heart rate.

The victim is given complete rest, a cold compress, ice in a bubble on the head. With all possible precautions, the patient should be sent to a medical facility as soon as possible. For transportation, he is placed with his back on a shield and his head on a soft pillow. To fix the neck and head, a cushion is placed on the neck - a collar made of soft fabric. If a head injury is accompanied by a wound to the skin, then apply Various types bandages in the form of a “cap” or “bridle”.

Joint bruises are characterized by severe pain, swelling, and movement in the damaged joint is limited. A tight pressure bandage is applied, and the victim should be sent to a medical facility to rule out more serious damage.

First aid for chemical and thermal burns.

One of the most common types of traumatic injuries is thermal burns. They occur due to hot liquid, flame, or skin contact with hot objects. Depending on the temperature and duration of its exposure to the skin, burns of varying degrees are formed.

First degree burns- This is damage to the stratum corneum of skin cells, which is manifested by redness of the burned areas of the skin, slight swelling and burning pain, which passes quite quickly.

At second degree burns The stratum corneum of the skin is completely damaged. Burnt skin is intensely red, blisters filled with clear liquid appear, and sharp pain is felt.

Third degree burns are formed when the deeper layers of the skin are damaged. In addition to blisters, crusts and scabs form on the skin. Charring of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and underlying tissues down to the bones is typical for fourth degree burns.

The course and severity of burns, as well as the recovery time, depend on the origin of the burn and its degree, the area of the burned surface, the characteristics of first aid to the victim and many other circumstances. Burns caused by flames are the most severe, since the flame temperature is several orders of magnitude higher than the boiling point of liquids.

It is necessary to quickly remove the victim from the fire zone. If a person’s clothing catches fire, you must immediately take it off or throw on a blanket, coat, bag, or overcoat, thereby stopping the access of air to the fire.

After the flame has been knocked off the victim, sterile gauze or just clean bandages from available material should be applied to the burn wounds. In this case, you should not tear off stuck clothing from the burnt surface; it is better to cut it off with scissors. A victim with extensive burns should be wrapped in a clean, freshly ironed sheet. Under no circumstances should blisters be punctured. The dressings should be dry, the burn surface should not be lubricated with various fats or egg whites. This can cause even more harm to a person, since dressings with any fats, ointments, oils, or dyes only contaminate the burn surface and contribute to the development of wound suppuration. Colored disinfectants “darken” the wound, so if they are used, it is difficult for a doctor in a hospital to determine the extent of the burn and begin proper treatment.

Chemical burns arise as a result of exposure to the skin and mucous membranes of concentrated inorganic and organic acids, alkalis, and phosphorus. Some chemical compounds in air, upon contact with moisture or other chemicals, they easily ignite or explode, causing thermochemical burns. Pure phosphorus ignites spontaneously in air, easily sticks to the skin and also causes thermochemical burns.

Gasoline, kerosene, turpentine, ethanol, ether often causes skin burns when, by misunderstanding, they are used for compresses in the treatment of colds, especially in children.

Chemical burns are also caused by some plants (buttercup, hellebore, datura, snowdrop, etc.), which are used as compresses for the treatment of radiculitis, arthritis, polyarthritis, especially during the flowering period of these plants.

Thanks to the timely and correct provision of first aid to the victim at the scene of the incident, deep tissue damage and the development of general poisoning are eliminated or prevented. Clothing soaked in a chemical compound must be quickly removed and cut right at the scene of the incident by the victim or those around him. Chemicals that come into contact with the skin should be washed off big amount water until the specific odor of the substance disappears, thereby preventing its effect on body tissues.

Do not wash off chemicals that will ignite or explode upon contact with water. Under no circumstances should you treat the affected skin with swabs or napkins moistened with water, as this will rub the chemical compounds even further into the skin.

A bandage with a neutralizing, disinfectant or a clean and dry bandage is applied to the damaged areas of the skin. Ointment (vaseline, fat, oil) dressings only accelerate the penetration of many fat-soluble chemicals (for example, phosphorus) into the body through the skin. After applying the bandage, you should try to eliminate or reduce the pain by giving the victim an anesthetic orally.

Acid burns are usually deep. A dry scab forms at the burn site. If acid gets on the skin, rinse the affected areas generously under running water, then wash them with a 2% solution of baking soda and soapy water to neutralize the acid and apply a dry bandage. If the skin is damaged by phosphorus and its compounds, the skin is treated with a 5% solution of copper sulfate and then with a 5-10% solution of baking soda.

First aid for burns with alkalis is the same as for burns with acids, with the only difference being that alkalis are neutralized with a 2% solution boric acid, solutions of citric acid, table vinegar.

Frostbite.

They occur during prolonged exposure to low ambient temperatures, when the body comes into contact with cold metal in the cold, liquid or compressed air or dry carbon dioxide. But frostbite can occur not only in the cold. There are known cases when frostbite occurred at air temperatures above 0°C with high humidity and strong wind, especially if the person was wearing wet clothes and shoes. A general weakening of the body due to overexertion, fatigue, hunger and alcohol intoxication also predisposes to frostbite.

The most common areas of frostbite are the fingers, toes, ears, nose and cheeks. In order to restore blood circulation to frostbitten parts of the body as quickly as possible, it is necessary to rub them and gradually warm them up. If your cheeks, nose, or ears turn white, just rub them with a clean hand until they become red and tingling and burning appears. It is best to rub the frostbitten part with alcohol, vodka, cologne or any woolen cloth, flannel, or soft glove. You cannot rub with snow, as it does not warm, but cools frostbitten areas even more and damages the skin.

After the frostbitten limb turns pink, it must be wiped dry, wiped with alcohol or vodka, apply a clean, dry bandage and insulate the limb with cotton wool or cloth. If blood circulation is poorly restored, the skin remains bluish, deep frostbite should be assumed and the victim should be immediately sent to the hospital.

Shock and fainting.

With extensive injuries - wounds, fractures, burns - the victim may experience shock, i.e. a sharp loss of strength and suppression of all vital functions of the body. Shock occurs from overstrain of the nervous system due to severe painful stimulation, blood loss and other reasons. Shock is accompanied by a sharp decline in cardiac activity, as a result of which the pulse weakens and sometimes cannot be heard at all. The face becomes gray, with sharpened features, and becomes covered in cold sweat. The affected person is indifferent to his surroundings, although his consciousness remains intact. He does not react to external irritations, even to touching the wound or moving the damaged limb.

Victims in shock require immediate assistance. First of all, you need to eliminate the pain. If possible, you should administer painkillers (promedol, morphine, pantopon) and use cardiac drugs - camphor, caffeine. The victim needs to be warmed up, covered with a blanket, covered with heating pads, given strong tea, wine, and brought into a warm room in the cold season.

If the affected person, who is in a state of shock, has no damage to the abdominal organs, it is recommended to give water to drink by dissolving one teaspoon of baking soda and 1/2 teaspoon of table salt in 1 liter.

Fainting- sudden short-term loss of consciousness. The causes of fainting are large blood losses, nervous shock (fear, fear), and overwork. Fainting is characterized by paleness of the skin, lips, and coldness of the extremities. Cardiac activity is weakened, the pulse is barely palpable. The fainting state is sometimes very short-lived, lasting only a few seconds. In other cases, fainting does not go away after 5-10 minutes. and more. Prolonged fainting is life-threatening.

To help the injured person, he must be taken out to an open place where fresh air can freely flow, horizontal position. Raise your legs above your head to cause a rush of blood to your head. To make breathing easier, the victim is freed from constricting clothing: the collar is unbuttoned or cut, the belt is removed, etc.

To bring the victim out of a fainting state, you need to spray his face with cold water or let him sniff ammonia, slowly bringing a piece of cotton wool or the tip of a handkerchief soaked in alcohol to his nose. Whiskey is also rubbed with ammonia.

Heat and sunstroke.

Heatstroke- a painful condition resulting from overheating of the entire body. The reasons for such overheating may be high external temperature, tight clothing that retards skin evaporation, and intense physical work. Heatstroke doesn't just happen in hot weather. They happen in hot shops, in bathhouses, when working in protective overalls and in very stuffy rooms. When the body overheats, a person experiences lethargy, fatigue, dizziness, headache, and drowsiness. The face turns red, breathing is difficult, body temperature rises to 40°C. If the causes of overheating are not eliminated, heat stroke occurs. The person loses consciousness, falls, turns pale, the skin becomes cold and covered with sweat. In this state, the victim may die.

Overheating your head in the sun can lead to sunstroke. The first signs of sunstroke are facial redness and severe headaches. Then nausea, dizziness, darkening of the eyes and, finally, vomiting appear. The person falls into an unconscious state, shortness of breath appears, and cardiac activity weakens.

Both in case of sunstroke and heatstroke, the victim must be placed in the shade in the fresh air and the same measures taken as in case of fainting. If the victim is not breathing, artificial respiration must be performed.

Electric shock.

In contact with uninsulated electrical wires a person may be electrocuted. In this case, he may experience short-term or long-term loss of consciousness, accompanied by respiratory arrest and cardiac dysfunction. Burns appear at the points of entry and exit of current. In some cases, electric shock causes instant death.

To help the injured person, first of all, you must stop further exposure to the current by turning off the switch, throwing away the wire with a dry stick, or dragging the injured person away. In this case, you must not touch either the wire or the affected one with your bare hands. If not rubber gloves The person providing assistance should wrap his hands with some piece of clothing, a dry rag, preferably wear rubber shoes or stand on a dry board. When dragging the victim away, you need to grab him not by the body, but by the clothes.

If the affected person is unconscious, but breathes on his own, do the same as in case of fainting. Apply a sterile bandage to areas where burns have occurred due to contact with the current. If the victim is not breathing, perform artificial respiration immediately.

Rules for assisting a drowning person.

After removing a drowning person from the water, you need to put him stomach down on your knee or on folded clothes, a log and press your hands on his back several times to remove water from the respiratory tract. Then, with a finger wrapped in a scarf, you should unclench the victim’s lips, open his mouth, and clear his nose and throat of foam, dirt and mud. After this, lay him on his back, throw back his head as much as possible, stretch out his tongue and make sure that it does not sink. Then you should immediately begin artificial respiration.

If the victim has no pulse and the pupils are dilated, this means that cardiac activity has stopped. It can be restored with chest compressions and artificial respiration.

As soon as the victim’s pulse and breathing resume, he should be given hot water or tea, wrapped in warm clothes and taken to a medical facility.

Fundamentals of nursing.

Caring for patients consists of creating and maintaining a sanitary and hygienic environment in the room where they are kept, arranging a comfortable bed and keeping it clean, providing assistance to the patient while using the toilet, eating, maintaining a cheerful mood in the patient and organizing his leisure time.

The role of proper and caring care in the recovery of patients is extremely great. For some diseases, care becomes even more important than treatment. It is not for nothing that instead of the usual “cured,” they often say that the patient was “cured.”

The volume of sanitary treatment of patients is determined by the doctor after examination. During the procedure, the hair is first examined and, if necessary, cut. Toenails and fingernails are cut short. Depending on the patient’s condition, washing the body is done in the shower or in the bath. Seriously ill patients are given rubdowns.

The room in which the patient is located must be constantly heated (20-22°C), have good daytime and evening lighting, ventilation and a window for ventilation. The room should have as much free space as possible.

It is better to place the patient's bed perpendicular to the wall so that it can be approached from three sides. The surface of the mattress must be flat. On the bed you need to put a sheet, two pillows and a blanket with a duvet cover. In case of urinary and fecal incontinence, an oilcloth is placed on the sheet and covered with a sheet on top, which is changed more often than the sheet. To give the patient’s body a semi-sitting position in bed, a double-folded mattress and a thick blanket are placed under the front quarter of the mattress, a bolster or pillow is placed under the half-bent knees, and a support from a board or box is made for the legs so that the patient’s body does not slide. A bedpan and a urine bag are placed under the bed. The most necessary things are placed on a table (stool) near the bed: a table lamp, a glass, a sippy cup.

The patient's room must be systematically ventilated. The duration of ventilation depends on the season, but even in winter it should be at least 30 minutes. 3-4 times a day. During winter ventilation, the patient must be well covered. Cleaning the room must be damp.

Special care is required for the skin on the back, buttocks, sacrum, thighs and elbows of seriously ill patients, where, due to prolonged lying, blood circulation is disrupted and bedsores appear - ulcerations that are difficult to treat. To prevent the appearance of bedsores, it is necessary to eliminate folds in the sheet and change the position of the patient more often - turn him on his side, trying to keep his back and buttocks in less contact with the bed.

The person caring for the patient must properly monitor him, that is, be able to count his pulse, measure his temperature, and determine his breathing rate.

The patient's temperature is measured twice a day for 10 minutes: in the morning and evening before meals or 2 hours after meals. Temperature readings are recorded on the temperature sheet.

Knowledge of the basics of first aid, timely and correct provision of it to victims will help preserve the life and health of your colleagues both in peacetime and in wartime.

Head of the training group ______________

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