Pavlik frost what was really. Pavlik Morozov: Not fictional fate (13 photos)

Pavlik Morozov (in the center, wearing a cap) with classmates; next to the flag - Danila Morozov; 1930

Actually, his name was Pasha! For some, he was a pioneer hero who testified at the trial against the father of a fraudster! For others, Judas, who sold his own dad for 30 pieces of silver! In any case, this is what a certain professor from the USA, Y. Druzhnikov, says - he is Yuri Izrailevich Alperovich ..

Here is a biography of Pavlik on Wikipedia:

Born on November 14, 1918 in the village of Gerasimovka, Turin district, Tobolsk province, in the family of Trofim Sergeevich Morozov, a red partisan, then chairman of the village council, and Tatyana Semyonovna Morozova, nee Baidakova. My father, like all the inhabitants of the village, was an ethnic Belarusian (a family of Stolypin immigrants, in Gerasimovka since 1910). Subsequently, the father left the family (wife with four sons) and started a second family with Antonina Amosova; as a result of his departure, all the worries about the peasant economy fell on the eldest son Pavel. According to the recollections of Pavel's teacher, his father regularly drank and beat his wife and children both before and after leaving the family. Grandfather Pavlik also hated his daughter-in-law because she did not want to live with him on the same farm, but insisted on a division. According to Alexei, Pavel's brother, his father "loved only himself and vodka", he did not spare his wife and sons, not like foreign migrants, from whom "he tore three skins for forms with seals." Pavel's grandfather and grandmother also treated the family abandoned by their father to the mercy of fate: “Grandfather and grandmother were also strangers to us for a long time. Never offered anything, never greeted. Grandfather didn’t let his grandson, Danilka, go to school, we only heard: “You can manage without a letter, you will be the owner, and Tatiana’s puppies are your laborers.”

In 1931, his father, who was no longer the chairman of the village council, was sentenced to 10 years for “being the chairman of the village council, he was friends with the kulaks, hid their farms from taxation, and, upon leaving the village council, contributed to the flight of special settlers by selling documents.” Specifically, he was charged with issuing fake certificates to the dispossessed of their belonging to the Gerasimov village council, which gave them the opportunity to leave the place of exile. At the same time, the only certificate that appeared as material evidence was made in the village council after Morozov left. According to some sources, Trofim Morozov was shot in the camp in 1932; in the case of the murder of Pavlik Morozov, he did not pass. At the same time, there are allegations in other sources that Trofim Morozov, being imprisoned, participated in the construction of the White Sea Canal and, after serving three years, returned home with an order for hard work, and then settled in Tyumen. In this regard, fearing a meeting with ex-husband, Tatyana Morozova for many years did not dare to visit her native places.

Pavel's brothers: Grisha - died in infancy; Fedor - killed at the age of 8 along with Pavel; Roman - fought against the Nazis, returned from the front disabled, died young; Alexey - during the war he was slandered as an "enemy of the people", spent ten years in camps, then was rehabilitated, suffered greatly from the perestroika campaign of persecution of Pavlik (see his letter below).
From a letter published by Veronika Kononenko from Alexei Morozov, Pavel's brother:
“What kind of trial did they arrange for my brother? It's embarrassing and scary. My brother was called an informer in the magazine. Lie it! Pavel always fought openly. Why is he insulted? Has our family suffered a little grief? Who is being bullied? Two of my brothers were killed. The third, Roman, came from the front disabled, died young. I was slandered during the war as an enemy of the people. He spent ten years in the camp. And then they rehabilitated. And now slander on Pavlik. How to endure all this? They doomed me to torture worse than in the camps. It is good that my mother did not live to see these days ... I am writing, but tears are choking. So it seems that Pashka is again defenseless on the road. ... The editor of "Ogonyok" Korotich at the radio station "Freedom" said that my brother is a son of a bitch, which means my mother ... Yuri Izrailevich Alperovich-Druzhnikov worked his way into our family, drank tea with my mother, sympathized with us, and then published in London a vile book - a bunch of such disgusting lies and slander that, after reading it, I got a second heart attack. Z. A. Kabina also fell ill, she still wanted to sue the author in an international court, but where is she - Alperovich lives in Texas and chuckles - try to get him, the teacher's pension is not enough. The chapters from the book “The Ascension of Pavlik Morozov” by this scribbler were circulated by many newspapers and magazines, no one takes my protests into account, no one needs the truth about my brother ... It seems that I have only one thing left - to douse myself with gasoline, and that's it!

Yuri Druzhnikov casts doubt on the official version. The background of Pavel’s mother’s testimony in court, as Druzhnikov believes, was domestic: Tatyana Morozova wanted to take revenge on her husband who left her and hoped, by scaring her, to return her to the family. However, he also does not deny information about the facts of her beating. He considers it illogical the behavior of the alleged killers who did not take any measures to hide the traces of the crime (they did not drown the corpses in the swamp, leaving them by the road; they did not wash the bloody clothes in time; they did not clean the knife from traces of blood, while putting it in the place in which the first thing they look at during a search). The latter is all the more difficult to explain, given that Morozov's grandfather was a gendarme in the past, and his grandmother was a professional horse thief (Sergey Morozov fell in love with Xenia in prison). According to Druzhnikov, the murder was the result of a provocation by the OGPU, organized with the participation of an assistant authorized by the OGPU, Spiridon Kartashov (a professional executioner - "executor") and Pavel's cousin, an informant Ivan Potupchik (then a candidate member of the CPSU (b)). In this regard, Druzhnikov describes a document that he discovered in the materials of case No. 374 (on the murder of the Morozov brothers) and entitled “Protocol on case N…” (No. omitted). The document, compiled by Kartashov, is a record of the interrogation of Potupchik as a witness in the case of the murder of Pavel and Fedya. It is dated September 4, that is, according to the date, it was drawn up two days before the discovery of the fact of the murder.

According to Yuri Druzhnikov, expressed in an interview with Rossiyskaya Gazeta:
“There was no investigation. The corpses were ordered to be buried before the arrival of the investigator without examination. Journalists also sat on the stage as accusers, speaking about the political importance of shooting kulaks. The lawyer accused the defendants of murder and left to applause. Different sources report different methods of murder, the prosecutor and the judge were confused about the facts. A knife with traces of blood found in the house was called the murder weapon, but Danila was slaughtering a calf that day - no one checked whose blood it was. The accused grandfather, grandmother, uncle and cousin of Pavlik Danila tried to say that they were beaten and tortured. The shooting of the innocent in November 1932 was the signal for a massacre of peasants throughout the country. »

According to Boris Sopelnyak, the suspects were searched when the grandmother started a laundry to wash away traces of blood on Danila's pants and shirt:

Whose pants, I do not know. Why in the blood, too, I do not know. And I started washing just like that: I see some pants are hanging, let me, I think, I’ll wash it. Tatyana did not say anything about meat. Witnesses, although there are many, lie! The bloody knife found behind the icons is not ours. How he got there, I don't know.

According to an article by Vladimir Bushin in the Zavtra newspaper, Druzhnikov's version that the killers were "a certain Kartashev and Potupchik," the first of whom was "a detective of the OGPU," is incorrect. Bushin refers to Veronika Kononenko, who found "Spiridon Nikitich Kartashov himself" and Pavel Morozov's brother, Alexei. Pointing out that Druzhnikov’s real name is Alperovich, Bushin claims that, in addition to using the “beautiful Russian pseudonym Druzhnikov”, he “rubbed himself into confidence” in Pavel Morozov’s former teacher Larisa Pavlovna Isakova, using another name - his editorial colleague I.M. Achildiev. Along with the assertion of Kartashov's non-participation in the OGPU, Bushin accuses Alperovich-Druzhnikov of deliberately distorting and juggling facts to suit his views and convictions.

In 2005, Oxford University professor Catriona Kelly published Comrade Pavlik: The Rise and Fall of a Soviet Boy Hero. Dr. Kelly argued in the ensuing controversy that “although there are traces of silence and concealment of minor facts by the OGPU employees, there is no reason to believe that the murder itself was provoked by them.

Yuri Druzhnikov stated that Kelly used his work not only in valid references, but also by repeating the book's composition, selection of details, descriptions. In addition, Dr. Kelly, according to Druzhnikov, came to the exact opposite conclusion about the role of the OGPU-NKVD in the murder of Pavlik.

According to Dr. Kelly, Mr. Druzhnikov considered the Soviet official materials unreliable, but used them when it was advantageous to support his account. According to Catriona Kelly, instead of a scientific presentation of criticism of her book, Druzhnikov published a "denunciation" with the assumption of Kelly's connection with the "organs". Dr. Kelly did not find much difference between the conclusions of the books and attributed some of Mr. Druzhnikov's criticisms to his lack of knowledge of the English language and English culture.
The decision of the Supreme Court of Russia

In the spring of 1999, members of the Kurgan Memorial Society sent a petition to the Prosecutor General's Office to review the decision of the Ural Regional Court, which had sentenced the teenager's relatives to death. The Prosecutor General's Office of Russia came to the following conclusion:

The verdict of the Ural Regional Court dated November 28, 1932 and the ruling of the judicial cassation board of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR dated February 28, 1933 in relation to Kulukanov Arseny Ignatievich and Morozova Xenia Ilyinichna should be changed: re-qualify their actions from Art. 58-8 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR at Art. Art. 17 and 58-8 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, leaving the previous measure of punishment. To recognize Sergey Sergeevich Morozov and Daniil Ivanovich Morozov as reasonably convicted in the present case for committing a counter-revolutionary crime and not subject to rehabilitation.

The Prosecutor General's Office, which is engaged in the rehabilitation of victims of political repression, came to the conclusion that the murder of Pavlik Morozov is purely criminal in nature, and the killers are not subject to political rehabilitation. This conclusion, together with the materials of the additional verification of case No. 374, was sent to the Supreme Court of Russia, which in 1999 decided to refuse rehabilitation of the alleged murderers of Pavlik Morozov and his brother Fyodor.

Opinions on the decision of the Supreme Court.
According to Boris Sopelnyak, "in the midst of the perestroika hysteria [..] the so-called ideologists, who had been let into the dollar feeder, tried the hardest [to beat the love of the Motherland out of the youth." According to Sopelnyak, the General Prosecutor's Office carefully considered the case.
We can agree with this. The collapse of the USSR, the inflating of the civil war, the brainwashing of the people - all these are links in the same chain! Yesterday's idols have become traitors, confusion and vacillation are in their heads, there is no more ideology - now you can do anything with these people! (A. Begunok).

Here is what Pioneer magazine wrote:
To the citizens of the country the story of Pavlik Morozov

Pioneer: And what did the unfortunate slaughtered child do to you humanist democrats?

Democrat: He and others contributed to the forces that caused a lot of grief and trouble to the citizens of the country.

Pavlik Morozov's father was not a kulak, but he was the chairman of the village council in a remote Ural village. He drank, as usual, in a black way and took bribes from the exiled kulaks for all sorts of information. In addition, he left his wife (Pavlik's mother) and openly lived with another woman. For his legal wife, a peasant woman of the 30s, this was a very serious insult. Of course, a 12-year-old boy from a bear's corner did not write any denunciations about his father, and it is not known whether their mother Pavlik wrote (Morozov Sr. had enough ill-wishers even without her). But at the trial against her husband, she gave evidence and the son, defending his mother, supported her. It is clear that the testimony of the child had no significant significance for the court. Father was convicted and sent to the construction of the White Sea Canal. A few weeks later, my grandfather and older cousin (relatives on my father's side) waylaid Pavlik and his 9-year-old younger brother in the forest, and both were slaughtered. Since both children were killed, it is obvious that the father's relatives took revenge on their mother. Three years later, the father of the brothers returned home from the construction of the White Sea Canal with an order for labor achievements.

The history is well documented, as many witnesses of those days were still alive in the 70s, and claimed that Pavlik was a good boy.

Those who, in the 1930s, made Pavlik Morozov a hero-pioneer the usual agitprop businessmen (modernly speaking, image makers), and those foremen of perestroika (future democrat-reformers) who, from a child slaughtered by fanatics, blinded a symbol of betrayal and soviet denunciation, To me, it's just rubbish.

And the boys are bloody in their eyes

Raised the topic not to once again point out the well-known immorality of our intelligentsia. I understand that most of those who vainly mention the name of Pavlik Morozov do it, most likely out of ignorance, and I recalled this sad story, including to show what kingdom of crooked mirrors we all ended up in (for my taste, much worse the previous one). This is especially true of the gentlemen of the “liberal democrats”: sitting up to their ears in shit, one should not tweet so loudly about a bright democracy with human rights and the crimes of communism. Although I still believe that even the toughest human rights activists are not going to kill pioneer children for a red tie, or, in any case, they will never admit it publicly.

The dialogue cited at the beginning of the text is genuine and quite typical; on the Runet forums they like to stung a disgusted ideological opponent with a comparison with a traitor pioneer. But it is not this circumstance that makes the story around Pavlik Morozov relevant. Recently, our nimble "reformers" were demonstratively caught by the West in the pursuit of liberalism-monetarism with state money. In response to insinuations from the West, our refined liberal intelligentsia serving agitprop offendedly points out the fact that the campaign in the West to expose Russian embezzlers-reformers, first of all, expresses the scornful attitude of the West towards the most democratic Russia as a whole. And this is true, because no one has ever seriously doubted the criminal nature of the reforms in the former USSR, then why did they wake up there, in the West, - in the words of Chernomyrdin, - suddenly woke up ?!

It became clear that the civilized West, not too scrupulous in business, but neat and understanding in decency, is squeamish about our democratic reformers. Oh, of course, he appreciates their progressive activity in Russia, but they themselves, Russian liberals, are somehow not very sympathetic to him, a Western citizen, as a human being, but rather disgusting. The soviet advanced “democratic” intelligentsia had previously felt contemptuous attitude towards itself from the side of “civilized mankind”, but with its inherent stupidity and frivolity attributed this exclusively to someone else’s account, they say, the shadow of the “criminal historical past of Russia” fell due to a misunderstanding and at her, all of herself diligently “European”. Alas, it gradually became clear that the “democrats” were meant personally, and even, perhaps, it was them in the first place. From such a bitter resentment for the entire civilized world, our “liberals” have learned to occasionally use the phrase “state interests” and even in spite of the whole world began to surreptitiously appeal to “Russian patriotism”.

The image of Pavlik Morozov - not in itself, but his subsequent life and metamorphoses in the public consciousness - reveals some latent features of the mentality of our intelligentsia. Hundreds of specialists worked on washing the bones of Soviet heroes in the media in the late 80s and early 90s, incl. and foreign, and the true story of the murder of the juvenile Morozov brothers was well known to them. The question is, why not simply confine ourselves to exposing Stalin's propaganda, which made a pioneer hero from a child of a victim of fanatics? So no, Pavlik was turned into an exemplary Soviet pioneer-traitor! For the last decade, the liberal-humanistic frenzy has not stopped over the long-decomposed children's corpses, the remembrance of the “traitor-Pavlik” in vain has become a fashion, almost a saying. The murdered Pavlik Morozov entered the top three persons - the objects of ritual curses of the "democratic" intelligentsia, almost on a par with I. Stalin and A. Hitler. Why did your agitprop, humanistic intelligentsia, noble in thought, need to make you even more disgusting than you really are?

The grandmasters of agitprop, who helped the Soviet intelligentsia to acquire the myth of Pavlik Morozov, the monstrous ideologically convinced Traitor of the Father, subtly understood the soul of the Russian intellectual. Our intellectual is ready to recognize (at least in words) as the highest good and an unconditional role model any custom of the civilized West, with the exception of only one - the moral obligation of a free well-intentioned citizen to report to authorities. No, slandering the dear West about vile Russia is always welcome and with great pleasure. But on their own kind ... our intellectual does not accept this at all as the norm of public behavior of a civilized person (secretly is another matter, here they even find intrigue and romance). And it would be fine if only the authorities of the Russian state were condemned, it didn’t happen at all! - addressing confession to the official authorities and completely legal states reflexively causes no less indignation and bouts of intellectual moral intolerance than an appeal to the native gebukh.

Here, of course, the latent criminality of the worldview of the intelligentsia is reflected. The ideological and social cohesion of the notorious Order of the Intelligentsia is based on the same psychological complexes as any ordinary raspberry thieves. It is undoubtedly important to morally tie intellectuals with mutual responsibility for the subconscious justification of the murder of scammers for strengthening the mental health and increasing the spiritual stamina of the intelligentsia in its eternal opposition to “dumb mediocre power”. However, that very original feature of the spiritual quest of the Russian intelligentsia, which is so amazing to outside observers from cultured countries, is at the same time the main obstacle to the mundane (and not Existential) merging of our intelligentsia with the longed-for West.

In the 90s, the BBC television company filmed a documentary about Pavlik Morozov (you see, they are interested!). And just imagine what a Western layman sees: on the one hand, a terrible family tragedy, and on the other, Soviet human rights activists, over the corpses of children, they eloquently reproach the slaughtered children for their pioneering and betrayal of universal human values. Now, I hope you understand why, when you, principled fighters against totalitarianism, begin to rant about your commitment to the Values ​​of Western Civilization (it’s you, because this genre is not typical for “communo-fascists”), then the Western layman tries to better hide any values ​​and looks to the police with hope?

Truly, everyone is rewarded according to his faith, and the myth of the Soviet Jewish pioneer turned into a reality about our fiery boy scouts of anti-communism.

/ Pioneer, 1999 /
Applications:

The case of the murder of pioneer Pavel Morozov

Demonstration trial of the chairman of the village council with. Gerasimovka, Tavdinsky district, Morozov Trofim gathered hundreds of people.

Read the indictment. The interrogation of witnesses began. Suddenly, the condensed silence of the measured course of the trial was pierced by a sonorous childish voice:

Uncle, let me tell you!

There was a commotion in the hall. The spectators jumped up from their seats, the back rows poured into those sitting, there was a stampede at the doors. The chairman of the court with difficulty restored order ...

It was I who filed a lawsuit against my father. As a pioneer, I refuse my father. He created a clear counter-revolution. My father is not the defender of October. He helped kulukanov Arsentiy in every possible way. It was he who helped the fists escape. It was he who hid the kulak property so that the collective farmers would not get it ...

I ask that my father be brought to severe responsibility so that others will not be given the habit of defending the kulaks.

The 12-year-old pioneer witness Pavel Morozov finished his testimony. No. It was not a witness statement. It was a merciless indictment by the young defender of socialism against those who stood on the side of the frenzied enemies of the proletarian revolution.

Trofim Morozov, exposed by his pioneer son, was sentenced to 10 years in prison for liaising with local kulaks, fabricating false documents for them, and hiding kulak property.

Pioneer Pavel Morozov, after the trial, came to the family of his grandfather Sergey Morozov. Unfriendly met in the family of a fearless whistleblower. A blank wall of hidden enmity surrounded the boy. The native was a pioneer detachment. Pasha ran there as if he were his own family, there he shared joys and sorrows. There they taught him a passionate intolerance for the kulaks and their sing-alongs.

And when Pasha's grandfather, Sergei Morozov, hid kulak property, Pasha ran to the village council and exposed his grandfather.

In 1932, in the winter, Pala brought the kulak Silin Arseniy to fresh water, who did not fulfill a firm task, and sold a cartload of potatoes to the kulaks. In the fall, the dispossessed Kulukanov stole 16 pounds of rye from the village Soviet field and again hid them from his father-in-law, Sergei Morozov. Pavel again exposed his grandfather and kulukanov.

At meetings during sowing, at the time of grain procurements, everywhere the pioneer activist Pasha Morozov exposed the intricate machinations of the kulaks and sub-kulakists...

And gradually, thoughtfully, preparations began for a terrible and bloody reprisal against the pioneer activist. First, Danila Morozov, Pavel's cousin, was dragged into the criminal conspiracy, and then his grandfather, Sergei. For a fee of 30 rubles, Danila Morozov, with the help of his grandfather, undertook to kill his hated relative. Kulukanov's fist skillfully fueled Danila's and grandfather's hostility towards Pavel. Paul was increasingly met with brutal beatings and unequivocal threats.

If you don’t sign out of the detachment, then I’ll slaughter you, damned pioneer, anyway, ”Danila wheezed, beating Pavel until he lost consciousness ...

On August 26, Pavel submitted a statement of threats to the district police officer. Either due to political myopia, or for other reasons, the district policeman did not have time to intervene in the matter.

On September 3, on a clear autumn day, Pavel, together with his 9-year-old brother Fedya, ran into the forest for berries ...

In the evening, calmly in front of everyone, Danila Morozov and grandfather Sergei finished their harrowing and sat down and headed home.

Dear imperceptibly turned into the forest. We met Fedya and Pasha quite close ...

The reprisal was short. The knife stopped the rebellious heart of the young pioneer. Then, just as quickly, they finished with an unnecessary witness - nine-year-old Fedya. Danila and grandfather calmly returned home and sat down to dinner. Grandmother Ksenya also calmly and busily began to soak her bloody clothes. A knife was hidden behind the holy images in a dark corner...

One of these days, the case of the murder of pioneer activist Pavel Morozov and his nine-year-old brother will be heard on the spot in a show trial.

Active masterminds of the murder are sitting on the dock - kulukanov, Silin, murderers Sergey and Danila Morozov, their accomplice Ksenya Morozova...

Pavel Morozov is not alone. People like him are legions. They unmask the grain-huggers, the plunderers of public property, they, if necessary, bring their fist-fisted fathers to the dock...

© "Ural worker"
Reprinting is permitted with a link to the electronic version of the newspaper and an indication of its address.

Pavlik Morozov is a legendary person around whom there is always a lot of controversy. These disputes do not stop at the present time, since it is still impossible to answer the main question of who Pavlik Morozov is - a hero or a traitor. There is little information about what this boy did and what his fate is, so it’s impossible to figure out this story until the end. There is only the official version of his date of birth and how the boy died. All other events remain an occasion for discussions about the act of this pioneer to continue.

Why is Pavlik Morozov famous?

USSR version

Pioneer Pavlik Morozov was an ardent admirer of the teachings of Marx and Lenin and sought to ensure that his state and people came to a bright communist future. The very idea that his own father was doing everything to break the achievements of the October Revolution was disgusting to him. As a loving son and a person with high moral principles, the hero Pavlik Morozov hoped that his father would come to his senses and become right. But everything has a limit. And at some point the boy's cup of patience overflowed.

As the only man in the family, after the departure of his father, he had to carry the entire household. He renounced his parent, and when the family ties finally weakened, he acted like a true communist. Pavlik Morozov wrote a denunciation against his father, where he fully described all his crimes and connections with the kulaks, after which he took the paper to the appropriate authorities. Trofim was arrested and sentenced to 10 years.

Rebuild version

Like any Soviet idol, the young Pavlik Morozov also had to "fall". The truth about his life immediately began to be investigated by historians who turned over dozens of archives to find out what the essence of the pioneer's act was.

Based on these data, they concluded: Pavlik Morozov did not hand over his father into the hands of the Soviet law enforcement system. He just gave testimony, which helped to once again make sure that Trofim is an enemy of the people and a corrupt official who has committed many crimes. In fact, the father of the pioneer was caught, as they say, "hot" - they found fake documents with his signatures. In addition, it should be noted that many members of the village council were arrested and convicted along with him.

Why Pavlik Morozov betrayed his father, if you can call it testifying about the crimes of his relative, you can understand. Probably, the young pioneer did not even think much about kinship - from childhood, dad was a real “scourge” for the family, who did not let his wife or children pass. For example, he stubbornly did not let the boys go to school, believing that they did not need a letter. This despite the fact that Pavlik had an incredible craving for knowledge.

In addition, Trofim Morozov at that time was no longer even a family man, living with his new passion and drinking endlessly. He not only didn't care about the children, he didn't even think about them. Therefore, the act of the son is understandable - for him it was already a stranger who managed to bring a lot of evil to the Morozovs' house.

Heroism or betrayal?

In the post-war years, historians, raising archives, ran into serious contradictions. A version appeared that Pavlik did not inform on his father, but simply gave evidence. And the father was detained by law enforcement agencies, as they say, "hot". Given that his father was practically a stranger to him, who left his family and did not care about her at all, the act becomes logically understandable. Perhaps, with his testimony, Paul was simply trying to take revenge.

Today, Pavlik's act is seen by some as a betrayal. In any case, this story has not yet been fully disclosed, so many still adhere to the official version.

Druzhnikov and his theory

In connection with such close attention of the authorities to the incident, the writer Yuri Druzhnikov put forward the idea of ​​falsifying the crime and purposely killing Pavlik by the authorities for his further “canonization”. This version formed the basis of the study, which later resulted in the book Informer 001.

It questioned the entire pioneer biography. Pavlik Morozov at Druzhnikov's was brutally murdered by the OGPU. This assertion is based on two facts. The first is the report of the interview of a witness allegedly found by the writer in the case of the murder of the Morozov brothers. Everything would be fine, but the protocol was drawn up two days before the discovery of the corpses and the identification of the criminals.

The second position, which Druzhnikov cites, is the absolutely illogical behavior of the killer. According to all the "rules", they should have tried to hide such a cruel crime as best as possible, but the defendants did everything literally the other way around. The killers did not bother to bury the corpses or at least somehow hide them, but left them in full view right next to the road. The crime weapon was carelessly thrown at home, and no one thought to get rid of the bloody clothes. Indeed, there are some contradictions in this, isn't it?

On the basis of these theses, the writer concludes that before us is an unreal story. Pavlik Morozov was killed by order, specifically in order to create a myth. Druzhnikov states that according to the materials of the case, which are available in the archives, it is clear that the judge and witnesses are confused and are talking incoherent nonsense. In addition, the accused repeatedly tried to say that they were tortured.

Soviet propaganda hushed up the attitude of fellow villagers to the denunciation of the boy. The writer claims that “Pashka-Communist” is the least offensive nickname of all that the guy received for his “feat”.

His name became a household name, he was used in politics and propaganda. Who was Pavlik Morozov really?
He twice became a victim of political propaganda: in the era of the USSR, he was presented as a hero who gave his life in the class struggle, and in perestroika times, as an informer who betrayed his own father. Modern historians question both myths about Pavlik Morozov, who became one of the most controversial figures in Soviet history.

Portrait of Pavlik Morozov based on the only known photograph of him

The house where Pavlik Morozov lived, 1950

This story took place at the beginning of September 1932 in the village of Gerasimovka, Tobolsk province. Grandmother sent her grandchildren for cranberries, and a few days later the bodies of the brothers with traces of violent death were found in the forest. Fedor was 8 years old, Pavel - 14. According to the canonical version generally accepted in the USSR, Pavlik Morozov was the organizer of the first pioneer detachment in his village, and in the midst of the struggle against the kulaks, he denounced his father, who collaborated with the kulaks.

As a result, Trofim Morozov was sent to a 10-year exile, and according to other sources, he was shot in 1938.

In fact, Pavlik was not a pioneer - a pioneer organization appeared in their village only a month after his murder. The tie was later simply added to his portrait. He did not write any denunciations about his father. His ex-wife testified against Trofim at the trial.

Pavlik only confirmed the testimony of his mother that Trofim Sergeevich Morozov, being the chairman of the village council, sold certificates to migrant kulaks about being registered with the village council and that they had no tax debts to the state. These certificates were in the hands of the Chekists, and Trofim Morozov would have been tried even without the testimony of his son. He and several other district chairmen were arrested and sent to prison.

N. Chebakov. Pavlik Morozov, 1952

Relations in the Morozov family were not easy. Pavlik's grandfather was a gendarme, and his grandmother was a horse thief. They met in prison, where he guarded her. Pavlik's father, Trofim Morozov, had a scandalous reputation: he was a reveler, cheated on his wife and, as a result, left her with four children. The chairman of the village council was really dishonest - that he earned on fictitious certificates and appropriated the property of the dispossessed, all his fellow villagers knew.

There was no political connotation in Pavlik's act - he simply supported his mother, who was unjustly offended by his father. And the grandmother and grandfather for this hated both him and his mother. In addition, when Trofim left his wife, according to the law, his allotment of land passed to his eldest son Pavel, since the family was left without a livelihood. Having killed the heir, relatives could count on the return of the land.

Relatives accused of killing Pavlik Morozov

An investigation began immediately after the murder. Bloody clothes and a knife were found in the grandfather's house, with which the children were stabbed. During interrogations, Pavel's grandfather and cousin confessed to the crime: allegedly the grandfather held Pavel while Danila stabbed him. The case had a huge impact. This murder was presented in the press as an act of kulak terror against a member of a pioneer organization. Pavlik Morozov was immediately hailed as a pioneer hero.

Pavlik Morozov - a pioneer hero in the era of the USSR

Only many years later, many details began to raise questions: why, for example, Pavel's grandfather, a former gendarme, did not get rid of the murder weapon and traces of the crime. The writer, historian and journalist Yuri Druzhnikov (aka Alperovich) put forward a version that Pavlik Morozov denounced his father on behalf of his mother - in order to take revenge on his father, and was killed by an OGPU agent in order to cause mass repressions and the expulsion of kulaks - this was the logical conclusion to the story about villainous fists who are ready to kill children for their own benefit.

Collectivization took place with great difficulty, the pioneer organization was poorly received in the country. In order to change people's attitudes, new heroes and new legends were needed. Therefore, Pavlik was just a puppet of the Chekists, who sought to arrange a show trial.

Yuri Druzhnikov and his sensational book about Pavlik Morozov

However, this version caused massive criticism and was crushed. In 1999, the Morozovs' relatives and representatives of the Memorial movement secured a review of this case in court, but the Prosecutor General's Office concluded that the murderers had been justifiably convicted and were not subject to political rehabilitation.

Monument to Pavlik Morozov in the Sverdlovsk region, 1968. Pavlik's mother Tatyana Morozova with her grandson Pavel, 1979

Pioneers visit the site of the death of Pavlik Morozov, 1968

Writer Vladimir Bushin is sure that it was a family drama without any political overtones. In his opinion, the boy only counted on the fact that his father would be frightened and returned to the family, and could not foresee the consequences of his actions. He only thought about helping his mother and brothers, since he was the eldest son.

The school where Pavlik Morozov studied, and now there is a museum named after him

Museum of Pavlik Morozov

No matter how the story of Pavlik Morozov is interpreted, his fate does not become less tragic. His death served the Soviet government as a symbol of the struggle against those who do not share its ideals, and in the perestroika era it was used to discredit this government.

Monuments to Pavlik Morozov

Monument to Pavlik Morozov in the city of Ostrov, Pskov region

For those who do not remember who Pavlik Morozov is, we offer the official version of those events .

Pavlik Morozov was a role model for the pioneers. He was born on November 14, 1918 in the village of Gerasimovka. His parents were peasants. Pavlik became an active participant in the process of dispossession and led the first pioneer detachment in his village.

Soviet history says that this boy, during the period of collectivization, exposed his father as a kulak. He testified against his dad, who was sentenced to 10 years. He also told about the hidden bread from a neighbor, about the theft of state grain, which was committed by his uncle. Pavlik Morozov took an active part in the actions and, together with the chairman, searched for the hidden property of fellow villagers.

In court, the boy did not speak out against his father and did not write a denunciation against him. The only thing he did was confirm the words of the mother, who made the main accusations. Trofim Morozov, Pavlik's father, beat his wife and often brought home things he received for issuing false documents, he also kept a large amount of grain.

According to the official version, the grandfather and cousin uncle killed the boy in 1932 in the forest. Mother at this time briefly left on business in the city. The murderers were sentenced to death, Pavlik's father was also shot, although he was far away at that time. His mother received an apartment in the Crimea as compensation for her son's death. Many collective farms, schools and pioneer squads received the name - "Pavlik Morozov".

The story of this boy's life was known throughout the Union. Songs and poems were composed about him, an opera of the same name was created, and Eisenstein even tried to make a film, but his idea could not be realized. Today, various sources provide such different information that the question arises as to whether Pavlik Morozov existed at all? In half the cases, his feat was attributed to denunciations and he himself was called a traitor. But we all still believe that he existed.

At first, Pavlik Morozov, who imprisoned his father, was considered a national hero. Pionerskaya Pravda wrote about him: “Pavlik spares no one. Father got caught - he betrayed him, uncle, grandfather - he betrayed them too, Shatrakov hid weapons, Silin speculated on vodka - Pavlik exposed them all. He was brought up in and therefore grew up a Bolshevik.

The story of the murder of Pavlik Morozov was immediately picked up by Soviet propaganda. He was represented by a bold peony

erom, who denounced his father-fist. Also, his name was entered in the Book of Honor of the Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization. But half a century later, the image began to change, since this story was already unattractive. Dissertations were written from which it was said that Pavlik was not a hero at all, but simply denounced absolutely everyone.

For the fact that he betrayed his own father, Stalin said about him: "Of course, the boy is a bastard, but the country needs heroes." At that time it was necessary to educate a generation of informers and informers, and this boy became an example.

Today, Pavlik Morozov is considered neither a hero nor a traitor. He is just a victim of a harsh and difficult time. This boy died for speaking the truth. If you understand this story, you can understand that it is very distorted and changed for the convenience of the authorities of that time.

| Patriotic, spiritual and moral education of schoolchildren | Young heroes of the Great Patriotic War | Pioneers-heroes of the Great Patriotic War | Pavlik Morozov

Pioneers-heroes of the Great Patriotic War

Pavlik Morozov

Pavel Trofimovich Morozov (Pavlik Morozov; November 14, 1918, Gerasimovka, Turin district, Tobolsk province, RSFSR - September 3, 1932, Gerasimovka, Tavdinsky district, Ural region, RSFSR, USSR) - Soviet schoolboy, student of the Gerasimov school of the Tavdinsky district of the Ural region, in Soviet era, who gained fame as a pioneer hero who opposed the kulaks in the person of his father and paid for it with his life.

According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Pavlik Morozov was “the organizer and chairman of the first pioneer detachment in the village. Gerasimovka. Monuments were erected to Pavlik Morozov in many cities and pioneer camps of the Soviet Union.

Pavel Trofimovich Morozov was born on November 14, 1918 in the village of Gerasimovka, Tavdinsky district of the Ural region. His father, Trofim Morozov, became chairman of the village council of his native village. It was a tough time.

Back in 1921, the peasants of Central Russia started a revolt, rebelling against the Bolshevik surplus appraisal, which took away the last grain from the people for the proletarians.

Those of the rebels who survived the battles went to the Urals or were convicted. Someone was shot, someone was amnestied after a few years. Under the amnesty two years later, five people, the Purtov brothers, who played their role in the tragedy of Pavel, also fell.

The boy's father, when Pavlik reached the age of ten, left his wife and children, leaving for another family. This event forced the young Morozov to become the head of the family, taking all the care of his relatives.

Knowing that the power of the Soviets was the only shield for the poor, with the advent of the 1930s, Pavel joined the pioneer organization. At the same time, his father, having taken a leading position in the village council, began to actively cooperate with the kulak elements and the Purtov gang.

Here begins the story of the feat of Pavlik Morozov.

The Purtovs, having organized a gang in the forests, hunted in the vicinity by robbery. Only 20 proven robberies are on their conscience. Also, according to the OGPU, the five brothers were preparing a local coup against the Soviets, relying on special settlers (kulaks). Trofim Morozov provided active assistance to them. The chairman provided them with blank documents, issuing fake certificates of poor condition.

In those years, such certificates were an analogue of a passport and gave the bandits a quiet life and legal residence. According to these documents, the bearer of the paper was considered a peasant of Gerasimovka and did not owe anything to the state. Pavel, who fully and sincerely supported the Bolsheviks, reported his father's deeds to the competent authorities. His father was arrested and sentenced to 10 years.

Pavlik paid for this report by losing his life, and his younger brother Fyodor was deprived of his life. While picking berries in the forest, they were slaughtered by their own relatives. At the end of the investigation, four people were convicted for the murder: Sergey Morozov - paternal grandfather, Ksenia Morozova - grandmother, Danila Morozov - cousin, Arseny Kulukanov - Pavel's godfather and his uncle.

Kulukanov and Danila were shot, grandparents died in custody. The fifth suspect, Arseniy Silin, was acquitted.