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Tables with rules for the Russian language. Types of parsing

Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 2

Compiled by Zolotareva Lyudmila Nikolaevna

primary school teacher

Phonetics - a section of the science of language studyingsounds and letters .

Have

I AM

AND

WITH

SCH

A O U Y E - indicate a hard consonant

YOO YOO YE – indicate a soft consonant sound

[L] [M] [N] [R] [Y ’] – unpaired voiced consonants

[X] [C] [ H ’] [U’] – unpaired voiceless consonants

B b - no sound

[B] [V] [D] [D] [F] [Z] - paired voiced consonants

[P] [F] [K] [T] [W] [WITH] - paired voiceless consonants

[W] [W] [D] – always solid sounds

[H ’] [U’] [Y ’] - always soft sounds

I YOO YOU

/ \ / \ / \ / \

[Y ’] [a ] [Y ’] [O] [Y ’] [y] [Y ’] [uh]

I, Yo, Yu, E – give two sounds if they stand:

at the beginning of a word (I amma,ewell,Yula,eeh)

after the vowel (lesnaI am, mindYu)

after b, b (bYuha, riseeh)

Parsing plan:

1. Write down the word.

2. Highlight the syllables. Indicate the number of syllables.

3. Show the place of stress.

4. Write down the word using transcription.

5. Indicate the number of syllables.

6. Give a characteristic of the sounds indicated by letters, in accordance with their

location in a word, according to the scheme:

- vowel or consonant;

- vowel: stressed or unstressed;

- consonant: voiced or voiceless, paired or unpaired (name a pair);

hard or soft, paired or unpaired (name a pair)

7. Count the number of letters and sounds.

Sample of written analysis:

/ /

Letter – [ p'i s'mo]– 2syllables

P -[P'] – acc., deaf., parn.[b / p], soft steam.[p / p '] ,

and - [and] - vowel, unstressed.

s– [s ’] - acc., deaf. guys [s / s], soft. steam [s / s']

b - [-]

m - [m] - acc., call. unpaired , solid. steam. [mm’ ]

o - [o] - vowel, shock.

____________________________________

6 b. 5 stars

Morphemics and word formation - a section of the science of language studying

parts of a word and the ways of their formation.

Parsing plan:

To make out any word in composition, do this:

Find the ending. To do this, change the word like this:
- if this is a noun, change the questions (who? what? who? what? by whom? what? about whom? about what?) and by numbers (singular-plural).

If this is an adjective, change in gender and number. (what? what? what? what?)
- if the verb - change in numbers and persons (substitute the wordsme, you, he, she, they, we, you ) , and in the past tense by birth.

Highlight the stem of the word. The stem is a part of a word without an ending (the stem does not include some of the suffixes, which you will learn about later).

Find the root of the word. To do this, pick up a few words of the same root (try to change prefixes, suffixes and do not confuse them with word forms).

Highlight the suffix and prefix

Sample of written analysis:

Let's analyze the word: plantain

1) I am looking for an ending: plantains, plantain, plantain, plantain - ending is zero. Plantain base.
plantain 2) I am looking for a root: path, road, road, roadside - rootdear -
plantain 3) Before the root of the prefix-on- plantain

4) After the root and before the ending- suffix-Nick plantain

¬ prefix ∩ root^ suffix ending

prefixes

suffixes

immutable

mutable

noun

adj.

verb

in- over-

ob- ot-

with-sub- pre- pre-

na-o-

re-pro

no- / no- voz- / vz- / vos- / vs-

from- / is-

bottom / nis- ras- / ras-, ras- / roses, grew

through / through-through / through- over-

Ost -eni - no - ak

Ok - yak

Ah-ets

Tel-chik

Shchik-ist

Nick -nitz

Itz-ar

K- -sk-

Iv- -ov-

Ev- -aln-

East-n-

An - yang-

Ying-yenn-

He N-

AND-

E-

A-

Well

Yva-

Willow-

Ova-

Eve-

Ba-

word is equal to the whole word: cinema left

In no case is a zero-terminated sign.

Morphology – parts of speech .

Morphological parsing of noun inclusiveallocation of four constantssigns (own-common noun, animated-inanimate, gender, declension) and two impermanent (case and number).

The order of morphological parsing of a noun

2) Initial form (nominative singular).

3) Persistent signs:

own - common noun; animate - inanimate; genus; declination.

4) Inconsistent signs:

case; number.

Sample morphological analysis of a noun

Happy dragonflies fly over the meadow.

Oral analysis

(over) the meadow is a noun. Designates an object, answers the question "what?"

2) The initial form is a meadow.

3) Permanent signs: common noun; inanimate; masculine gender;

2 declension.

4) Inconsistent signs: instrumental, singular.

5) In the sentence, it is a minor member (circumstance of place), explains the predicate: it flies (where?) Over the meadow.

Written analysis

1) (above) meadow - noun name (over what?), subject

2) n.f. - meadow.

3) common., Inanimate., M. R., 2nd floor.

4) in T. p., In unit. h.

5) circumstance: flies (where?)over the meadow.

Find the word the noun refers to and ask a question from it.

On the question and pretext, determine the case.

Seagulls circled over the lake.

Circled (above what? ) above lake (T.p .)

Determine the genus.

Highlight the ending of a noun in I.p. singular.

Determine the declension by gender and at the end.

Sample reasoning

Notebook - she, mine - n.,r. Withb at the end;

in I. p. units h zero ending;

means nounnotebook 3rd declension.

1) names of males (dandy, maestro, porter);

2) the names of animals and birds (chimpanzee, cockatoo, hummingbird, kangaroo, pony, flamingo);

3) words coffee, penalty and etc.

female names (miss, frau, lady).

names of inanimate objects (coat, muffler, neckline, depot, subway, popsicle, cafe, cinema, meringue, citro, jelly, souffle, cocoa, domino, video,

lotto).

Morphology – the section of the science of language that studiesparts of speech .

Morphological analysis of an adjective in elementary school includes the selection of three non-constant features (gender, number, case).

The order of morphological parsing of an adjective

1) Part of speech. Which means what question is answered.

2) Initial form (nominative singular masculine).

3) Genus (singular); case; number.

4) Syntactic role in a sentence.

A sample of morphological parsing of an adjective

A motley butterfly flies over the flower.

Oral analysis

1) motley - an adjective, as it denotes a feature of an object, answers the question "which one?"

2) The initial form is variegated.

3) feminine, nominative, singular.

4) in a sentence is a minor member (definition), explains the subject: butterfly (which one?) is motley.

Written analysis

1) variegated - the name of the app. (what?), a sign of an object,

2) n.f. - motley.

3) in train station r., in I. p., in units. h.

4) definition: butterfly (what?)motley.

Find the noun to which the adjective belongs.

Determine the case of a noun.

By the case of the noun, determine the case of the adjective.

The stars shine in the blue sky. (A.S. Pushkin)

Shine (where? in what?)in the sky - P. p.

in the sky (what?)blue - P. p.

Remember!

Plural adjectives change only by case.

Plural adjectivesby birthdo not change.

The case of an adjective in both the singular and the plural can be recognized by the case of the noun to which it refers:

to the houses (D.p.) (what?)new (D.p.);

behind the houses (T.p.) (what?)new (T.p.)

Morphology parts of speech .

Morphological analysis of the verb in elementary school includes the selection of two constant features (type, conjugation) and four non-constant (tense, person, number, gender).

The order of morphological parsing of the verb

1) Part of speech. Which means what question is answered.

2) Initial form (undefined form).

3) Persistent signs:

view; conjugation.

4) Inconsistent signs:

time;

face and number (if the verb is in the present or future tense);

gender and number (if the verb is in the past tense)

5) Syntactic role in a sentence.

Sample morphological analysis of the verb

Over the flower flies motley butterfly.

Oral analysis

1) Flies - a verb. Indicates the action of an object, answers the question "what is it doing?"

2) The initial form is to fly.

3) Permanent signs: imperfect appearance;I conjugation.

4) Inconsistent signs: present, 3rd person, singular.

5) In a sentence is a predicate: a butterfly (what is it doing?) Flies

Written analysis

1) Flies - Ch. (what does it do?), the action of the subject

2) n.f. - fly.

3) not sov. v.; I ref.

4) in the new century, in the 3rd sheet, in the unit. h.

5) predicate: butterfly (what does it do?)flies

Determine the tense, person and number of the verb.

Name the indefinite form of this verb and by the letter of the vowel before the suffix -be define conjugation (that yat , light go ).

Recall the ending of the verb of this conjugation in the desired person and number.

I conjugation II conjugation

Eat-you

Et -it

I eat

you -you

Ut (-yut) -at (-yat)

Exception verbs II conjugation

Verbs on–Net : watch, see, offend, hate,

to depend, endure, twirl;

verbs onTo eat : hear, breathe, hold, drive.

Exception verbs I conjugation

Shave, lay

Syntax – the section of the science of language that studiesphrase and

sentence .

Analysis of the proposal.

Define a proposal:

1) According to the purpose of the statement: narrative (contains a message);

incentive (prompts to action);

interrogative (contains a question);

2) By intonation: exclamation point; non-exclamation point;

3) According to the presence of the main members: simple or complex;

Grammatical basis:

subject (who what?);predicate (what does it do? what did it do? etc.)

4) By the presence of minor members:

widespread or uncommon;

Minor members of the proposal:

- addition (case questions)

- circumstance (where? how? when? from where? where?)

- definition (what? what? what? what? whose? whose? whose? whose?)

5) The presence of homogeneous members.

Underline the main members of the sentence: subject and predicate.

Parse the subject group. ( Ask the question from subject to minor members of the proposal )

Disassemble the predicate group. ( Ask a question from predicate to secondary members of the proposal )

Ask a question from a minor member to another

minor member of the proposal.

Specify the parts of speech: noun, adjective, verb, pronoun, preposition, union.

Write down the phrases.

Sample of written analysis:

etc . noun ch. noun With. noun

From the rooster flew dust and fluff. and.

(Narrative, non-excl., Simple, spread, with homogeneous members)

flew (from whom? from where?) from the rooster

noun ch. adj. noun

V shadows grew up fragrant lilies of the valley. (Narrative, not excl., simple., spread.)

Noun.

(who what?)

The subject

(Im.who? What?)

Adjective .

(what? whose?)

Predicate

(what does? what does? what?)

Numeral.

(how much? how much?)

Addition

(questions of indirect cases - all except Im.p.)

Pronoun

(questions from previous parts of speech)

Definition

(which? whose? which one?)

Verb

(what will it do? what will it do?)

Circumstance

(where? when? where? from where? why? why? how?)

Adverb

(how? where? when?)

Note:

Subject and predicate-

the main members of the proposal.

Addition, definition and circumstance – minor members of the proposal.

Grammatical basis of a sentence Is a subject and a predicate.

Pretext

(in on, at, around, on, behind, etc.)

Union

(and, a, but, or, or, etc.)

Particle

(no, no, no, no, etc.)

Interjection

(oh, oh, oh, well, etc.)

DECLINATION

nouns

( case change)

CONJUGATION

verbs

(change by faces and numbers)

1 declension: nounm. and f. ... with the end in I. p.-AND I (apple treeI AM , young manA )

I conjugation: all verbs, on

–ATH, -THE, -THET -YTH, -YTH and 2 verbs on–IT

(shave, lay)

vowel E!

2nd declension: nounm.r. null terminated⁪ andWed R. with ending-O, -E (table ⁪, floorE )

II conjugation: all verbs

on the–IT (except shave, lay), 4 verbs on–THE

and 7 verbs in- CHAIN

(Drive, hold,

breathe and hear,

watch, see,

hate,

and offend and endure,

and depend, and twirl!)

In personal unstressed endings, these verbs havevowel AND!

3rd declension: nounf.r., ending withon –b

(speechB , faceB )

– the section of the science of language that studiesmeaning of the word .

Term

Pronunciation and meaning

Example

synonyms

different in sound, butclose by value

Hippo hippopotamus

homonyms

the same sound, butdifferent by value

Onions (for salad) -

bow for shooting)

antonyms

different in sound andopposite by value

Cold-hot

So thats to make a plan for the text, you need:

Divide the text into meaningful complete parts.

Determine the main idea of each part.

Title each part of the text.

Topic Is what the text says.

The topic brings together sentences in the text.

The main idea of the text - this is whatmain what I wanted to say

author.

The theme and the main idea are related.

Title text - it means to briefly name its topic or

the main idea.

Read the text. Find out the meaning of incomprehensible words. Determine what the text says.

Find in the text the words you need to check. Think about how to explain their spelling.

Learn the text by heart. Pay attention to the exact use of words in phrases.

Read the text carefully again, pronouncing each word clearly.

In Russian, the pronoun is an independent part of speech, indicating signs, objects, quantity, but at the same time not naming them. The table describes various types of pronouns by meaning, as well as options for their relationship with other parts of speech.

Pronoun in Russian- This is an independent part of speech, which includes groups of words that are different in meaning and grammatical features, indicating objects, signs, quantity, but not naming them. Answers the questions Who? What? Which? How many? Whose? other. The initial form of pronouns is the singular, nominative.

Examples of pronouns in phrases: he replied, you know, a few apples, every student, this house.

At school, the topic "Pronouns" is studied from grade 4 and is included in the USE program.

What are the pronouns by meaning?

There are nine categories of pronouns, depending on what meaning they express in speech. A table with examples including categories of pronouns in Russian will help you quickly determine what kind of pronoun belongs to.

Digits by value	Description	Examples of
Personal	indicate an object, a person, a phenomenon	me, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
Possessive	indicate affiliation	my, your, him, her, our, your, them
Returnable	indicate the reversal of the action on oneself	myself, myself
Interrogative	express the question	who? what? whose? which? how? which the?
Relative	used to connect parts of a complex sentence	who, what, whose, what, how much, which
Undefined	indicate unknown objects, phenomena, faces, signs, number of something	someone, a few, something, someone, someone and etc.
Negative	indicate the absence, denial of an object, person, sign	nothing, nothing, nothing and etc.
Indicative	indicate a specific subject, sign or quantity from several options	this, that, that, so much and etc.
Definitive	indicate a generalized symptom	anyone, everyone, everyone, different and etc.

In many sources, relative and interrogative pronouns are allocated in one interrogative-relative category by meaning.

TOP-5 articleswho read along with this

The relationship of pronouns with other parts of speech

According to the ratio of pronouns with other parts of speech, four groups of pronouns are distinguished.

Grammatical signs of pronouns

In Russian, pronouns are distinguished by constant and non-constant morphological features.

Permanent grammatical features:

Bit by value;
Face (only for personal).

Inconsistent grammatical features:

Mortality;
Number.

Syntactic features of pronouns

In sentences, pronouns can act as any member of the sentence. But, as a rule, they are used as a subject, addition or definition.

Test by topic

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Let's list the rules that need to be taken into account when parsing a word phonetically: compiling transcription and phonetic characteristics. Consider the rules for soft and hard signs, for vowels and consonants. There are some nuances from the list of rules that are paid attention to in middle grades and are not studied in elementary school, for which we will give examples. The rules discussed on this page are correct and complete only for the school curriculum.

Designations

Notations used in phonetic parsing:

The transcription of a word is enclosed in square brackets: family → [with "im" y "a]. Sometimes the transcription is stressed: [with" im "y" a ́];
Each sound in phonetic analysis is enclosed in square brackets: s - [s], and - [and], m - [m "], etc. Opposite the soft and hard signs, put a dash or dash in square brackets: b - [- ];
The softness of the sound is marked with an apostrophe: m - [m "];
A long sound (long sound) is indicated by a colon: tennis → [t "en": is], a loader → [sad ’: ik];
instead of a colon, a long sound is also indicated by a horizontal bar above the sound;
In most school programs, a line is drawn at the end of the phonetic analysis, under which the number of letters and sounds in the word is indicated.

A detailed outline, oral and written examples of phonetic analysis are presented on the page.

Rules for b, b

The letters b, b do not denote sounds. They cannot be present in the transcription of a word.
The letter ь softens the previous consonant.
The letter ъ is used only as a separating character.

Vowel phonetics

There are no sounds [e], [e], [u], [i]. They cannot be present in the transcription of a word.
The letters a, o, y, s, e make the previous consonant solid.
The letters I, ё, yu, and, e make the previous consonant soft. But in some foreign words, the consonant before the letter e remains solid.
Cafe → [cafe], compartment → [coupe], hotel → [atel "].
The letters i, yu, e, e after consonants denote the following sounds: i → [a], yu → [y], e → [e], e → [o].
Ball → [m "ah"], chalk → [m "el].
Letters i, e, e, o after consonants without stress denote the following sounds: i → [e] or [and], e → [and], e → [e] or [and], o → [a].
Rowan → [r "eb" ina], spot → [n "itno], fun → [in" es "silt], cow → [karova].
The letter e, i, yu, e after vowels, after ъ, b and at the beginning of a word denote the following sounds: i → [y "a], yu → [y" y], e → [y "e], e → [ th "o] (under stress) and i → [th" and], e → [th "and] (without stress). They are called iotated. In some publications, j is written instead of x.
The letter and after b denotes the sound [y "and].
Brooks → [ruk "y" and].
The letter and after the consonants ж, ш, ц denotes the sound [s].

Let's summarize the rules for "converting" vowels into sounds with a table:

	a	O	and	e	at	Yu	e	I am	eh	s
under stress	a	O	and	eh	at	at	O	a	eh	s
without stress	a	a	and	and	at	at	O	uh, and	uh, and	s
at the beginning of a word	a	O	and	th "uh	at	th "y	th "oh	th "a	eh	s
after vowels	a	O	and	th "uh	at	th "y	th "oh	th "a	eh	s
after b, b	a	O	th "and	th "uh	at	th "y	th "oh	th "a	eh	s
after w, w, c	s	O	s	s	at	at	O	a	eh	s

Consonant phonetics

In phonetic parsing, soft consonants are denoted by the apostrophe sign ": [l"], [s "], [h"], etc.
In phonetic analysis, a long sound (stretching) is indicated by a colon [w:], [c:] or a dash above the sound [w], [c].
The letters d, h, u always denote soft sounds: [y "], [h"], [u "]. They remain soft, even if they are followed by vowels a, o, y, s, e.
The letters w, c, w always denote solid sounds: [w], [c], [w]. They remain solid even if they are followed by the vowels I, ё, Ü, and, e.
The letter y always denotes a sonorous and soft sound [y "].
The letters l, m, n, p, d always denote voiced sounds and are called sonorous.
The letters x, c, h, u always denote deaf sounds.
Consonants paired in voicing / voicelessness at the end of a word and before a voiceless consonant denote a voiceless sound: b → [n], d → [t], g → [k], s → [s], c → [f]:
pillar → [pillar], train → [sing "est].
Unpronounceable consonants в, d, l, t do not fundamentally denote sound:
feeling → [h "ustva], sun → [son" e].
Double consonants after a stressed vowel give a long sound:
group → [group: a], tennis → [ten: is].
Double consonants in front of a stressed vowel give a single consonant sound:
million → [m "silt" ion], alley → [al "hey" a].

In some cases:

The letter c at the beginning of a word means a voiced sound [z]:
did → [z "d" elal].
The letter g in front of a voiceless consonant is pronounced as [k] or [x]:
claws → [cockt "u], soft → [m" ah "to" ui "]
The consonants between the root and the suffix before the soft consonant are pronounced softly:
umbrella → [zone "t" uk].
The letter n denotes a soft sound before the consonants h, u:
glass → [glass "h" uk], changer → [see "en" uk "uk].
The combination -чн-, -чт- is pronounced as [w]:
of course → [kan "eshna], boring → [boring] that → [INTO].

The combination of certain consonants in words gives a long or unpronounceable sound:

The combination of letters -zzh- denotes one sound [w:]:
get rid of → [izh: yt "], leave → [uizh: at"].
The combination of letters -ts-, -ts- denotes one sound [c:]:
swim → [kupats: a].
The combination of letters -stn- is pronounced as [sn], -stl- - [sl], -zdn- - [zn]:
stellar → [star "ozny"], stairs → [l "es" n "itza].
In the endings of adjectives -th, -his, the consonant Г denotes the sound [в]:
gold → [patch], blue → [sin "eva].
Combinations of letters -sch-, -zch-, -zhch- denote the sound [ш "]:
happy → [uh "greedy"], cabman → [izosch "hik], deserter → [p" ir "ib" esch "uk].

These are all the basic rules of phonetic parsing. To consolidate the topic within the framework of the school curriculum, the publication of Litnevskaya E.I. "Russian language. A short theoretical course for schoolchildren. "

There are a number of rules for the program of the institute and in-depth study of the phonetics of the Russian language. The rules take into account the subtleties of modern phonetic pronunciation and phonetic features over the past centuries. Such rules are not considered in the school curriculum, so as not to complicate an already difficult topic for schoolchildren. So, outside the school curriculum, options with a soft sound [w '] are considered, including those characteristic of the old Moscow pronunciation. At the root of the word in combinations -zhzh-, -zzzh- and -zhd- in the word rain instead of a solid sound [f:] there is a place to be soft [f ’:]. For example, yeast - [shuddering ’: and]. According to another rule: the letter u before the voiced consonant receives voicing and is marked with a voiced sound [f ':]. For example, in the word material evidence - [v'izh ’: doc].

Our site can do phonetic parsing of words in automatic mode. Use the word search form.

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