Tropical rain force 5 letters. What is a hurricane and why "Harvey" is so dangerous: the fury of nature

Few people will be happy with the hot, dry, calm weather. But even less joy is delivered strong impulses winds knocking people down, destroying everything around. It is such a squally wind that is called a hurricane. Its speed can reach 300 meters per second. In this article we will talk about which are the most strong hurricanes in the world have caused significant damage to people and claimed human lives.

What is a hurricane

A hurricane is a strong wind, the speed of which is much higher than 30 meters per second. In the southern hemisphere of the planet, the wind blows clockwise, and in the northern hemisphere, in the opposite direction, that is, against.

Typhoon, cyclone, storm and breeze are propagated definitions of a hurricane. Hydrometeorological experts have multiplied the concept of the word "hurricane" in order to simplify the work. Often, hurricanes and cyclones get names similar to female names but in modern world this rule is changed slightly so that there is no obvious discrimination.

The largest hurricanes in the world have caused impressive damage to humanity, entailed a huge number of victims and damage. This is the most powerful you can imagine. Hurricanes have tremendous energy.

Gusts of wind demolish buildings, destroy crops, disrupt the operation of power lines and water pipes, damage transport highways, uproot trees, and cause accidents. The worst hurricanes in the world cause such damage. The list and statistics of the most powerful natural disasters of our time are replenished with new cyclones every year.

Hurricane classification

There is no standard hurricane classification. There are only two groups of them: a vortex storm and a streaming hurricane.

With a vortex storm, funnel-shaped gusts appear, which are caused by the activity of cyclones and spread over a large area. V winter period prevail snow storms, which are called a blizzard or blizzard.

A torrent hurricane does not travel as far as a vortex storm. He is conditioned and significantly inferior to his "fellow". There are jet and runoff hurricanes. A jet storm is characterized by a horizontal flow, while a runoff storm is characterized by a vertical one.

Hurricane Matthew

The Atlantic hurricane, dubbed "Matthew", originated on African shores on September 22, 2016. The cyclone was gaining strength, moving towards Florida. On October 6, the hurricane eased slightly, affecting a small portion of the Bahamas and Miami. The next day, the storm wind reappeared with a vengeance, its gusts reaching 220 kilometers per hour. This mark indicated the 5th category of the hurricane's power on the Saffir-Simpson scale. It should be noted that the 5th category is the highest mark.

The damage done by Hurricane Matthew cannot be overestimated. The disaster turned out to be at least 877 people, 350 thousand were left homeless and means of survival. 3.5 thousand buildings were destroyed. Matthew, which hit Florida in 2016, is the worst hurricane in the world this decade. Photos of the consequences prove this.

Citizens affected by the disaster were provided with temporary housing or a place in a shelter. Medical workers argue that outbreaks of cholera are possible in the near future, since the water is polluted.

Myanmar: Hurricane Nargis

The worst hurricanes in the world in the past 10 years have caused irreparable losses from which people cannot recover to this day. Cyclone Nargis, which hit Myanmar in 2008, became such a disaster.

People were not notified in time about the impending disaster, so they could not prepare. In addition, the government of the country at first refused any assistance from other states.

But after a certain amount of time, humanitarian goods were still allowed to enter, and people received the necessary assistance.

Myanmar is the poorest country with an annual income of only $ 200 per citizen. Hurricane Nargis dealt a devastating blow not only to the citizens of the country, but also to state economy generally.

Cuba and Hurricane Sandi

The hurricane dubbed Sandy struck southeastern Cuba on October 25, 2012. The wind speed exceeded 183 meters per hour.
A large number of people were injured. In Jamaica, a man died from a boulder that fell "from the sky". In Haiti water stream carried away a woman who was not subsequently found. As a result of the disaster, about 200 people died and more than 130,000 buildings were destroyed.

Sandi is the 18th tropical storm in a decade. Before hitting Cuba, the hurricane intensified almost to the second category.

Looking at the photo of the cyclone, we can say with certainty that Sandy and the rest of the strongest hurricanes in the world over the past 10 years have become the only terrifying element in their lives for people.

Hurricane Ike

A tropical storm called Ike hit the United States of America in 2008. The hurricane was not very strong, but quite impressive in its scale. The cyclone originated in the southeast of the American coast. Meteorologists were preparing for the 5th highest hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale.

Approaching 135 kilometers per hour. But gradually the wind died down, and the elements weakened.

Texas hit hardest, especially small town Galveston. An interesting fact is that this town has already felt the power of the strongest hurricane of the 20th century.

The Texas authorities carried out a mass evacuation of people, but most of the citizens did not want to leave their homes. The authorities were prepared for the natural disaster to cause colossal damage and cause floods, as is often the case.

Severe consequences, from which people do not recover immediately, entail the worst hurricanes in the world. The names of many of them will forever remain in the memory of the affected people.

It's important to know

Each country, to one degree or another, suffers annually from the effects of cyclones. Therefore, it is so important to know certain rules behavior during the storm. In no case should you:

• climb a hill, bridge, power lines;
• be near poles, trees, flammable substances and pesticides;
• hide from the wind behind billboards, signs, banners;
• being in a damaged building, as you know, the strongest hurricanes in the world easily destroy buildings;
• use electrical appliances.

After the wind dies down, it is dangerous:

• approach the broken wires;
• touch swinging signs, banners, billboards;
• be in the house in case of power disturbances;
• use electrical appliances;
• if a thunderstorm has been observed, do not touch electrical appliances to avoid electrical discharge.

Did you know that the force of destructiveness of a hurricane can lead to the fact that the name assigned to the cyclone will be deleted from the list of names that can have the most powerful hurricanes in the world? Under this rule hit, for example, hurricane Katrin 2005, and meteorologists will never use this name ever.

Tropical Storm Arthur(English Tropical Storm Arthur) - The first tropical cyclone to reach tropical storm level in the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season.

Arthur opened the 2008 season two days ahead of schedule, forming in the western Caribbean from two warm air waves and the remnants of Tropical Storm Alma from the Pacific hurricane basin. The resulting hollow low pressure passed over a section of the sea and, sharply strengthening its own convective system, on May 31, 2008, in the phase of a tropical storm, invaded Belize. Arthur caused heavy rains, which led to floods, which killed nine people and affected more than one hundred thousand people in Belize.

Damage from passing Tropical Storm Arthur estimated at US $ 78 million.

Meteorological history

May 29, 2008 the territory of the western part Caribbean has undergone severe atmospheric disturbance caused by two tropical waves and the periphery of Tropical Storm Alma, located in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Three air fronts generated a wide low pressure trough with a well-formed group of convection currents. The next day, storm Alma hit the west coast of Nicaragua, adding additional moisture to the region due to heavy tropical rains. This fact coupled with finding a low pressure area over the water area warm waters The Caribbean Sea led to its rapid development and spread over the territory from the coastal part of Honduras to the southern part of the Cayman Islands with the further formation of strong convective currents in the southeastern part of the trough.

On May 31, Tropical Storm Alma dissipated over the coastal area of ​​Belize, the remnants of the storm degenerating into an area with an atmospheric pressure of 753. At the same time, the upper part of the hollow was over the Gulf of Honduras. The further speed of development of the cyclone was so rapid that in the first half of the day on May 31, meteorological satellites and meteorological buoys of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recorded a steady wind speed near the Mexican city of Chetumal, corresponding to the storm indicator. The cyclone immediately, bypassing the status of a tropical depression, was assigned the status of a tropical storm with the assignment of the first name Arthur in the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season. At the same time, the center of the storm was located 72 kilometers north-north-west of the city of Belize. As a result of subsequent analysis, specialists from the US National Hurricane Forecasting Center (NHC) found that the cyclone entered the tropical storm phase 12 hours earlier, that is, on the night of May 30-31, and by that time had a steady wind speed of 75 km / h ...

The further forward movement of the tropical storm took place in the northwest direction at a speed of 13 km / h, Atmosphere pressure in the center of the element at the same time was 753.8 millimeters mercury column, and the constant wind speed in the cyclone dropped to 65 km / h. Wind currents of the storm concentrated mainly over the water surface in the eastern and northeastern parts of the atmospheric disturbance. Although Arthur entered the land area, it retained a fairly well-organized structure of convection masses until 5 pm on May 31.

Subsequently, new groups of convection flows began to form over the territory of the Yucatan Peninsula, while the displacement of the storm itself took place under the influence of an anticyclone over the Gulf of Mexico. The cyclone-related thundercloud front has separated from the circulation center air masses, and the storm itself sharply reduced its own activity for a short time. Arthur increased again to the peak values ​​of the wind speed on the night of July 1, and at the beginning of the day its center of revolution was already difficult to distinguish due to the almost complete disorganization of the cyclone structure.

Nevertheless, Arthur was in the phase of a tropical storm for another 24 hours, after which, by the beginning of June 2, it passed into the stage of a tropical depression. During the day on June 2, depression Arthur almost completely lost its own convective system, turned the vector of motion to the southwest, and by the time it reached the east coast of the Pacific Ocean it was disbanded into an ordinary region reduced pressure... The latest synoptic summary for Tropical Storm Arthur was released by the US National Hurricane Forecasting Center on the night of July 1-2, 2008.

Preparation and invasion

On approach Tropical Storm Arthur were closed seaports in the Mexican province of Quintana Roo, on the island of Cozumel in the cities of Isla Mujeres and Chetumal; coastal residents were encouraged to take all necessary measures precautions. In the rest of the ports on the east coast of Mexico, a ban was introduced on access to the open sea for medium and small vessels. At 17:00 local time on May 31, authorities issued a storm warning for the entire stretch of the sea coast from Belize to Mexican Cabo Catoche, which was in effect until the storm entered the tropical depression phase (15:00 local time on June 1).

A tropical cyclone rained south of Belize City and caused heavy surf on Ambergris Island. The sea unrest forced the authorities to close two of the three ports in Mexico, which are the main transshipment bases for oil exports. Leftovers Tropical Storm Arthur coupled with torrential rains from the recent Pacific Tropical Storm, Alma, raised rivers in southern and northern Belize, leading to localized flooding in these areas. In total, up to 250 millimeters of precipitation fell from both storms in Belize. As a result of the floods, one road bridge was damaged, and several other bridges and a highway altogether disappeared under water. Under the threat of flooding, one of the villages in the country was completely evacuated, and special shelters were opened in the settlements of Corozal and Orange Walk in case of the passage of tropical elements. For safety reasons, when a storm approached in rural areas, electricity was cut off across the country. Heavy rains and subsequent flooding have damaged papaya, rice and shrimp farms. In total, more than one hundred thousand people suffered from the unleashed elements in the country, nine people died, including five directly from the blow Tropical Storm Arthur... Search services were operating in the disaster areas, using British helicopters, and another helicopter was provided by the Mexican government to deliver cargo to flood-affected areas. The Prime Minister of Belize, Dean Barrow, by special order declared the populated area of ​​Stan Creek Wali a disaster zone. Cumulative damage to Belize Tropical Storm Arthur estimated at US $ 78 million.

Notes

Arthur became the first tropical storm after Arlene in 1981, formed in the Atlantic basin in the month of May, that is, before official opening Atlantic hurricane season. The previous season was also opened ahead of schedule, but not tropical, but subtropical storm Andrea. At the same time, the seasons of 2007 and 2008 repeat the hurricane seasons of 1933 and 1934, which opened in a similar manner earlier and began with storms.

After passing Tropical Storm Arthur his name was not fixed by meteorologists for life, so the name "Arthur" will be included in the list of names of the Atlantic cyclones of the 2014 season six years later.

see also

• 2008 Atlantic hurricane season
• Timeline of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season

Notes (edit)

1. Blake / Knabb. Tropical Weather Summary - June 2008. National Hurricane Center (2008). Retrieved July 1, 2008. Archived May 3, 2012.
2. Huffman. May 29 Tropical Weather Discussion (unavailable link)
3. Burg. May 30 Tropical Weather Outlook Discussion (unavailable link)
4. Wallace. May 30 Tropical Weather Discussion. National Hurricane Center (2008). Retrieved May 31, 2008. (unavailable link)
5. Wallace. May 31 Tropical Weather Discussion. National Hurricane Center (2008). Retrieved May 31, 2008. (unavailable link)
6. Avila & Rhome. Tropical Storm Arthur Public Advisory Number 1. National Hurricane Center (2008). Retrieved May 31, 2008. Archived May 3, 2012.
7. Blake. Tropical Storm Arthur: Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF). National Hurricane Center (2008). Retrieved July 29, 2008. Archived May 3, 2012.
8. Avila & Rhome. Tropical Storm Arthur Public Advisory Number 1A. National Hurricane Center (2008). Retrieved May 31, 2008. Archived May 3, 2012.

Tropical storm allison- a natural disaster that did not grow into a hurricane, nevertheless led to a very severe flood, which turned out to be the most destructive in the history of the city of Houston in the United States.

Tropical storms are frequent guests in America, and often they turn into deadly hurricanes, then a catastrophe regime is established in their zone of action. Sometimes storms remain on their own, balancing on the verge of transition into more intense vortices. But in any case, the storm can be as dangerous as its older brother.

In June 2001, a tropical storm was observed over the United States, which in all respects was very close to the hurricane. Although there were 2 devastating hurricanes in the region earlier (Iris and Michelle), Allison had more problems.

It formed in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Texas. From that moment on, meteorologists did not lose sight of the storm, tracking the trajectory of its movements. Since the wind speed in it did not exceed 100 km / h and there was no tendency to turn it into a hurricane, Allison approached Texas, generously scattering the water. This led to severe flooding, which affected both the city of Kema and the neighboring city of Galveston. After a while, a violent storm swept over them, reminding the locals of the events of a century ago (Great Hurricane of 1900).

The area that Allison struck was without the protective piers and embankments that had been erected elsewhere in the area after the Great Hurricane. Therefore, waves up to 2 m high and heavy rain flooded Galveston's coastline and washed away the cozy beaches. As the intensity of the rain increased, the roads began to deteriorate. On June 7, the element reached Houston. She hasn't touched the city yet. The downpour by this time somewhat subsided. But the storm decided to make a deceptive maneuver and pretended to be heading towards the city of Lufkin, but soon turned back towards Houston.

The forecasts of the specialists were true up to the events in Galveston. Then everything developed in an unexpected way. On June 8, Allison again attacked Houston, and this time the consequences for the city were more tragic.

2009 Atlantic hurricane season

On August 11, 2009, an area of ​​low atmospheric pressure associated with a warm air wave organized into a tropical depression, after which it briefly reached a storm level and again passed into the tropical depression category according to the Saffir-Simpson hurricane classification scale. On August 14, 1735 kilometers east of the Lesser Antilles, the low-gradient baric field is restored to the level of a tropical depression, and by the morning of the next day, a tropical storm is gaining strength again. On August 16, the tropical storm began to decline to the level of the tropical depression and by the beginning of the day on August 17, 2009, it had dispersed off the coast of Puerto Rico.

Consequences of passing tropical storm ana turned out to be practically zero and were primarily associated with moderate rainfall and several thunderstorms. In Puerto Rico, the rainfall was 70 millimeters, rains flooded several streets, as a result of which students and staff of several schools had to be evacuated.

Meteorological history

On August 12, the United States National Hurricane Forecasting Center (NHC) announced an approaching intensity level tropical depression 2 to the indicator of a tropical storm. The NHC forecast was based on the appearance of a strong wave of convective flow around the center of rotation of the cyclone. A few hours later, the depression turned into a tropical storm phase with a steady wind speed at a peak intensity of 65 km / h (atmospheric pressure at the center of the cyclone was 753). After 12 hours, the storm weakened to a tropical depression due to the occurrence of wind shears in atmospheric education, and by the end of the day again gained strength of a tropical storm. At the same time, the level of deep convection of air currents decreased, completely eliminating the cyclone's thunderstorm activity. On the afternoon of August 13, the tropical depression degenerated into a low pressure area without convective formations, and the National Hurricane Forecasting Center recorded minimal cyclonic activity for the next 24 hours. At the same time, the NHC released the final cyclone report with a note on the possible restoration of atmospheric activity in the area of ​​the disbanded storm.

On August 14, at the beginning of the day, the re-formation of the area of ​​convection of air flows began. On the same day to the area of ​​the cyclone special unit Hurricane Hunters launched meteorological probes, according to which the National Center for Hurricane Forecasting of the United States concluded that the cyclone was in the process of regeneration and soon after that passed into the category of tropical depression. By that time, the center of the cyclone was located 1735 kilometers east of the Lesser Antilles, the cyclone itself continued to move westward, bypassing the area of ​​action of the permanent Azores anticyclone in the North Antlantic. In the early morning of August 15, the U.S. National Hurricane Forecasting Center upgraded the cyclone to its first tropical storm of the season. giving it a name Ana is from the 2009 Atlantic Hurricane Season Reserved Storm Names.

On August 16, the speed of the storm began to increase, and at that moment the storm quickly moved into the area of ​​dry, stable air masses. As the subsequent analysis of events showed, in the new environment the element lost all its strength to the degree of an ordinary tropical wave, thereby ceasing to be tropical cyclone... By the end of the day, meteorological balloons transmitted information about the absence of storm winds in the cyclone, based on which the National Center for Hurricane Forecasting downgraded its status Ana before the tropical depression. Several hours later, new emerging directions of deep convection were recorded in the area of ​​the cyclone passage, the wind speed reached 42 km / h with a direction to the west-north-west. However, this atmospheric activity was generated by the next tropical wave and had no connection with the previous tropical depression "Ana". In the early morning of August 17, Ana's radar surveys in the Guadeloupe and San Juan areas of Puerto Rico indicated that the depression was heading towards disbandment. Despite this, the NHC continued to issue storm warnings pending the confirmation of radar data by satellite imagery obtained in the visible range. On the same day, another Hurricane Hunters aircraft investigated the atmospheric activity of the depression and also confirmed the radar data. orbital stations... Shortly thereafter, the US National Hurricane Forecasting Center reported the dissolution of the tropical depression in the area south coast Puerto Rico. The remains of the cyclone continued to move west-northwest, but the meteorological situation did not allow it to recover to the level of a tropical storm. Soon the last remnants of the cyclone were scattered along the coast of Cuba.

Preparing to meet the storm

On the afternoon of August 15, the government of the Netherlands Antilles issued a storm warning for the Sint Maarten area and the islands of Saba and Sint Eustatius. A few hours later, similar warnings were issued by a number of countries for the Lesser Antilles areas: Antigua, Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis and Anguilla. In the early morning of August 16, a storm alert was issued in Puerto Rico, and a couple of hours later in Dominica. Before lunchtime on August 17th, storm warnings were announced for the Guadeloupe, Saint Martin, Saint Barthelemy areas, eastern region Dominican Republic between Cabo engagno and Cape Beata... Shortly after storm Ana weakened prior to the tropical depression, the storm warning was canceled in Dominica and early the next morning in Antigua and Barbuda. In the early afternoon, a tropical depression entered the Caribbean and the severity level was extended to the entire northern coast. Dominican Republic... A few hours later, the depression broke up to a low pressure area, so storm warnings were canceled in all countries.

To prevent catastrophic consequences, travel companies in Sint Maarten have rerouted chartered cruise ships to other areas, several ships have left for Simpson Bay Lagoon, where sea waves usually do not reach storm proportions. Potentially most vulnerable areas of the coastal province San Cristobal in the south of the country, 40 families were evacuated by the efforts of the local administration. In the Dominican Republic, the authorities carried out activities to create rescue teams and organized several shelters from the elements. On August 17, the US National Weather Service in San Juan issued a warning of the possibility of minor flooding and flooding in all municipalities in the eastern part of the island. All flights to Puerto Rico were delayed until the storm passed. In the Dominican Republic, local authorities issued a warning of possible flooding in 12 provinces of the country, as rainfall was expected to be 150 mm by that time. Civil defense agencies and military units in the southern regions of the island were in a state of full readiness in case of natural disasters.

Timeline for entering / canceling storm warnings
Date / Time (UTC)	Action	Region
15 August 21:00		the islands of Sint Maarten, Saba and Sint Eustatius
16 August 03:00	storm warning announcement	Islands of Antigua, Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Saint Kitts, Nevis and Anguilla
16 August 03:00	storm warning announcement	American virgin islands
16 August 09:00	storm warning announcement	O. Puerto Rico
August 16 15:00	storm warning announcement	Dominica Islands, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin, Saint Barthelemy
16 August 21:00	storm warning announcement	eastern region of the Dominican Republic - the sector between Cabo engagno and Cape Beata
17 August 00:00		O. Dominica
17 August 09:00	canceling storm warning	Islands of Antigua, Barbuda and Montserrat
17 August 15:00	canceling storm warning	Saint Martin Islands, Saba, Sint Eustatius, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Antigua, Barbuda, Saint Kitts, Nevis, Anguilla, Guadeloupe and Saint Barthelemy
17 August 15:00	canceling storm warning	eastern region of the Dominican Republic - the sector between Cape Engagno and Cape Beata
17 August 15:00	storm warning announcement	northern region of the Dominican Republic - the sector between Punta Palenque and state border from Haiti
17 August 21:00	canceling storm warning	everywhere

Impact and consequences

When passing storm ana wind speed in St. Thomas (US Virgin Islands) reached 45 km / h with gusts up to 65 km / h. In Puerto Rico, torrential rains caused minor flooding, causing minor damage to the country's municipalities. So, in Arecibo It was necessary to resettle people from several schools, and a number of highways in the metropolitan area were flooded for some time. In the town Louise there was 44 mm of precipitation during the second half of August 17, greatest number precipitation of 70 millimeters was recorded in the municipality Rio Grande... The rains have caused a rise general level river water Rio Fajarado, there were unfulfilled fears that the river might overflow its banks. Throughout the island, about 6 thousand people were left without electricity due to trees falling on power lines. There were reports of tornadoes, waterspouts and tropical showers, forecasters predicted that in the mountainous regions of the Dominican Republic, the level of precipitation could exceed 150 mm, but no facts about this were recorded.

In other words, because of her unstable, volatile nature, Ana did not significantly damage the economy and infrastructure of the northeastern Caribbean islands, failing to live up to the gloomy forecasts of meteorologists.

Tropical Storm Ana 2009 in the entire history of observations became the sixth Atlantic cyclone with this name. The other five were in the 1979, 1985, 1991, 1997 and 2003 seasons. It is characteristic that all six cyclones of the same name were able to reach the strength of a tropical storm, but none of them gained the strength of a hurricane. Without leaving behind any serious consequences, the storm of 2009 did not secure its name for itself and next time the name Ana will be used in the 2015 Atlantic hurricane season.

see also

Notes (edit)

1. Eric S. Blake. Tropical Storm Ana Tropical Cyclone Report(English) (PDF). National Hurricane Center (26 September 2009). Retrieved December 14, 2010. Archived August 14, 2011.
2. Staff Writer. Depresión tropical Ana se deja sentir en la Isla(Spanish) (unavailable link)... Notiuno (17 de agosto de 2009). Retrieved December 15, 2010. Archived August 14, 2011.
3. Richard Pasch. Tropical Depression Two Special Discussion One Archived August 14, 2011.
4. Richard Pasch. Tropical Depression Two Special Advisory One(English). National Hurricane Center.11 August 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Archived August 14, 2011.
5. Robbie Berg. Tropical Depression Two Discussion Two(English). National Hurricane Center.11 August 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Archived August 14, 2011.
6. Todd Kimberlain, Eric Brown and Ariel Cohen. Tropical Depression Two Discussion Four Archived August 14, 2011.
7. Robbie Berg. Tropical Depression Two Discussion Eight(English). National Hurricane Center.12 August 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Archived August 14, 2011.
8. Jack Beven. Tropical Depression Two Discussion Six(English). National Hurricane Center.12 August 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Archived August 14, 2011.
9. Jack Beven. Tropical Depression Two Advisory Eleven(English). National Hurricane Center.13 August 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Archived August 14, 2011.
10. Tropical Depression Two Special Advisory Twelve Archived August 14, 2011.
11. Eric Blake and Michael Brennan. Tropical Depression Two Special Discussion Twelve(English). National Hurricane Center.15 August 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Archived August 14, 2011.
12. Eric Blake. Tropical Storm Ana Discussion Thirteen(English). National Hurricane Center.15 August 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Archived August 14, 2011.
13. Lixion A. Avila. Tropical Storm Ana Discussion Sixteen(English). National Hurricane Center.15 August 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Archived August 14, 2011.
14. Tropical Storm Ana Discussion Eighteen Archived August 14, 2011.
15. Michael Brennan and David Roberts. Tropical Depression Ana Discussion Nineteen(English). National Hurricane Center.16 August 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Archived August 14, 2011.
16. Robbie Berg. Tropical Depression Ana Discussion Twenty(English). National Hurricane Center.16 August 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Archived August 14, 2011.
17. Robbie Berg. Tropical Depression Ana Discussion Twenty-One Archived August 14, 2011.
18. John Cangialosi and James Franklin. Tropical Depression Ana Discussion Twenty-Three (Final)(English). National Hurricane Center.17 August 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Archived August 14, 2011.
19. Jack Beven. Tropical Storm Ana Public Advisory Fifteen(English). National Hurricane Center.15 August 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Archived August 14, 2011.
20. Lixion Avila. Tropical Storm Ana Public Advisory Sixteen(English). National Hurricane Center.15 August 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Archived August 14, 2011.
21. James Franklin. Tropical Storm Ana Public Advisory Seventeen(English). National Hurricane Center.16 August 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Archived August 14, 2011.
22. Michael Brennan and David Roberts. Tropical Storm Ana Public Advisory Eighteen(English). National Hurricane Center.16 August 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Archived August 14, 2011.
23. Michael Brennan. Tropical Storm Ana Tropical Cyclone Update(English). National Hurricane Center.16 August 2009. Date of treatment December 14, 2010.

Tropical storms often hit the shores of the United States of America. In some cases, they turn into hurricanes, and then it becomes a disaster for the region. In others, they still remain a storm, although they are equal in strength to a hurricane, but they still do not cross the border between these natural phenomena... Despite this, storms are quite dangerous.

The 2001 tropical storm known as Allison was more of a hurricane.
Erroneous predictions
In 2001, two hurricanes - Iris and Michelle - passed over the country, causing considerable damage, but tropical storm Allison was a much bigger problem. It originated in June 2001 in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Texas, and from the first moment meteorologists tracked its movement.
The wind speed in the storm did not exceed 100 km / h, and there were no signs of its transformation into a hurricane, so scientists considered it not too dangerous. Two days later, "Allison" approached the shores of Texas, bringing with him heavy rainfall in the form of rain, which caused severe flooding in the city of Kema. From pouring rain the nearby town of Galveston also suffered. A little later, a terrible storm raged in these cities, which reminded residents of the worst natural disaster in Galveston in 1900, which claimed the most lives in the history of natural disasters in the United States: then 6,000 people died.

The site, which was hit by tropical storm Allison in 2001, was not protected by piers and embankments, specially built after the disaster of the beginning of the last century in many places. Waves 2 m high and heavy rain led to the flooding of the coastal part of the city and washed away all the cozy beaches. As the rain intensified, the roads began to collapse. On July 7, the storm came close to Houston: the rain had subsided a little by that time, because the Allison changed direction and moved towards the city of Lufkin.

Events developed in full accordance with the forecasts of experts, with the exception of the dramatic excesses in Galveston. On July 8, the storm headed towards Houston again. The re-invasion proved to be more difficult for the city due to the heavy rains that accompanied the storm. Large areas swampy areas typical of Texas and several other southern states located around Houston could not absorb the rainfall, and flooding began. The water level in the city center rose by 2.5 cm every hour, and on June 9, the water level in the Port of Houston increased at a record speed of 9.2 cm / hour. Even the municipality found itself completely in the water.

After its brutal raid on Houston, Hurricane Allison headed for eastern Texas and southern Louisiana, flooding the cities of Beaumont, Baton Rouge and New Orleans, despite the fact that subtropical zone... In a day, he will reach the remote state of Pennsylvania, bringing with him considerable destruction, although having lost a little of his strength on June 19 in the North Atlantic.

During its entire stay in the United States from June 5 to June 9, the Allison storm caused 23 tornadoes: ten in Southern California, four in Mississippi, three in Florida, two in Alabama, two more in Georgia, and one each in Louisiana and Virginia. The result is tremendous destruction.

Houston goes under water
The flooding that followed the hurricane severely tested Houston. More than 70,000 buildings in the city were destroyed and the residents of 200,000 homes lost their electricity. Texas Patient medical center had to be evacuated in complete darkness and in unsatisfactory sanitary conditions. The emergency generators of the medical center are out of order due to high water. The same trouble befell local university campuses.

Houston is one of the largest research centers in the world, especially in the field of medicine. Due to the lack of electricity, many laboratories were seriously damaged, and work on research projects was stopped. In the center of the city, underground tunnels and parking lots were flooded, thousands of cars and houses were damaged. The city television center stopped broadcasting to avoid short circuits and damage to equipment. Life support services were restored within hours of the disaster. Temporary satellite communications allowed those with electricity to keep track of the storm's movements.

The result of tropical storm "Allison" - 41 victims, some died during the flood, the rest from tornadoes, giant waves or by accident due to heavy rain.

As soon as the storm subsided, reconstruction work began in Houston, a program of assistance to victims of natural disaster, which is valid to this day. It has enabled many people to receive financial compensation for medical examinations and the purchase of new homes.