What is determined by nouns. Proper nouns: examples

noun e - this is independent significant part speech that combines words that

1) have a generalized meaning of objectivity and answer the questions who? or what?;

2) are proper or common nouns, animate or inanimate, have a constant gender sign and inconsistent (for most nouns) number and case signs;

3) in a sentence they most often act as subjects or objects, but can be any other members of the sentence.

Noun- this is a part of speech, when highlighted, the grammatical features of words come to the fore. As for the meaning of nouns, this is the only part of speech that can mean anything: an object (table), a person (boy), an animal (cow), a sign (depth), an abstract concept (conscience), an action (singing) , relation (equality). From the point of view of meaning, these words are united by the fact that they can be asked the question who? or what?; This, in fact, is their objectivity.

Common nouns nouns designate objects without distinguishing them from the class of the same type (city, river, girl, newspaper).

Proper names nouns designate objects, distinguishing them from the class of homogeneous objects, individualizing them (Moscow, Volga, Masha, Izvestia). It is necessary to distinguish proper names from proper names - ambiguous names of individualized objects (“Evening Moscow”). Proper names do not necessarily include a proper name (Moscow State University).

Animate and inanimate nouns

Nouns have a constant morphological sign of animation.

The sign of animacy of nouns is closely related to the concept of living / inanimate. Nevertheless, animacy is not a category of meaning, but a morphological feature itself.

Animacy as a morphological feature also has formal means of expression. Firstly, animateness/inanimateness is expressed by the endings of the noun itself:

1) animate nouns have the same plural endings. numbers V. p. and R. p., and for nouns husband. This also applies to units. number;

2) inanimate nouns have the same plural endings. numbers V. p. and I. p., and for nouns husband. This also applies to units. number.

The animacy of most nouns reflects a certain state of affairs in extra-linguistic reality: animate nouns are mainly called living beings, and inanimate are inanimate objects, but there are cases of violation of this pattern:

fluctuation in animation	an object cannot be both living and non-living:
alive but inanimate	1) a collection of living beings: (I see)armies, crowds, peoples ;
	2) plants, mushrooms: (gather)chanterelles ;
inanimate but animate	1) toys in the form of a person: (I see)dolls, nesting dolls, tumblers ;
	2) figures of some games: (play)kings, queens ;
	3) deceased: (I see)dead, drowned , Butdead body (inanimate);
	4) fictional creatures: (I see)mermaids, goblins, brownies.

Nouns have a constant morphological gender marker and relate to male, female or neuter.

Masculine, feminine and neuter gender include words with the following compatibility:

Some nouns with the ending -a, denoting characteristics, properties of persons, in I. p. have a double gender characterization depending on the gender of the designated person:

your ignoramus has come,

your ignoramus came.

Such nouns belong to the general gender.

Nouns are plural only (cream, scissors) do not belong to any of the genera, since in plural formal differences between nouns different kinds not expressed (cf.: desks - tables).

Nouns change according to number and case. Most nouns have singular and plural forms ( city ​​- cities, village - villages). However, some nouns have either only a singular form (for example, peasantry, asphalt, combustion), or only the plural form (for example, scissors, railings, everyday life, Luzhniki).

Case as a morphological feature of nouns

Nouns change by case, that is, they have an inconsistent morphological sign of number.

There are 6 cases in the Russian language: nominative (I. p.), genitive (R. p.), dative (D. p.), accusative (V. p.), instrumental (T. p.), prepositional (P. P.). These case forms are diagnosed in the following contexts:

I. p.who is this? What?

R. p. no one? what?

D. p.happy for whom? what?

V. p. see who? What?

T.p.proud of whom? how?

P.P. I'm thinking about whom? how?

The endings of different cases are different depending on which declension the noun belongs to.

Declension of nouns

Changing nouns by case is called declension.

TO I declension include nouns husband. and wives kind with ending I. p. unit. numbers -a(-i), including words ending in -i: mom-a, dad-a, earth-ya, lecture-ya (lecture-a). Words with a stem ending in a hard consonant (hard version), a soft consonant (soft version) and with a stem ending in -иj have some differences in endings, for example:

Case	Singular
	Solid option	Soft option	On - and I
Name	Countries - A	Earth -I	Army -I
R.p.	Countries - s	Earth -And	Army -And
D.p.	Countries - e	Earth -e	Army -And
V.p.	Countries - at	Earth -Yu	Army -Yu
etc.	Countries -Ouch (-oh )	Earth -to her (-yoyu )	Army -to her (-her )
P.p.	Countries -e	Earth -e	Army -And

Co. II declension include nouns husband. genders with zero ending I. p., including words starting with -iy, and nouns m. and cf. genders ending in -о(-е), including words ending in -е: table-, genius-, town-o, window-o, half-e, peni-e (penij-e).

TO III declension include nouns female. kind with zero ending in I. p.: dust- , night-.

In addition to nouns that have endings in only one of these declensions, there are words that have part of the endings from one declension, and part from the other. They are called heterogeneous. These are 10 words starting with -mya (burden, time, stirrup, tribe, seed, name, flame, banner, udder, crown) and path.

In the Russian language there are so-called indeclinable nouns. These include many common nouns and personal borrowings (coat, Tokyo), Russian surnames with -yh, -ikh, -vo (Petrovykh, Dolgikh, Durnovo). They are usually described as words without endings.

Morphological analysis of a noun

The noun is parsed according to the following plan:

I. Part of speech. General meaning. Initial form (nominative singular).

II. Morphological characteristics:

1. Constant features: a) proper or common noun, b) animate or inanimate, c) gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, common), d) declension.
2. Variable signs: a) case, b) number.

III. Syntactic role.

Sample morphological analysis noun

Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up; he began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm (according to V. Nabokov).

I. Ladies- noun;

initial form - lady.

II. Constant signs: nat., soul., female. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: plural. number, I. p.

III. They ran up(Who?) ladies (part of the subject).

I.(To) Luzhin- noun;

initial form - Luzhin;

II. Constant signs: own, soulful, male. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, D. p.;

III. They ran up(to whom?) .underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to Luzhin(addition).

I. Palm- noun;

initial form - palm;

II. Constant signs: nav., inanimate., female. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, T. p.;

III. Began to shoot down(how?) palm(addition).

I. Dust- noun;

initial form - dust;

II. Constant signs: nav., inanimate., female. genus, III class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, V. p.;

III. Began to shoot down(What?) dust(addition).

I. Coat- noun;

initial form - coat;

II. Constant signs: vernacular, inanimate, cf. gen., undeclined;

inconsistent signs: the number is not determined by the context, R. p.;

III. Began to shoot down(why?) with coat(addition).

Basic features of a noun.

· Grammatical meaning of a noun – general meaning subject, everything that can be said about this subject: this What ? Or Who ? This part speech can mean the following:

1) Name of objects and things ( table, ceiling, pillow, spoon);

2) Names of substances ( gold, water, air, sugar);

3) Names of living beings ( dog, person, child, teacher);

4) Names of actions and states ( murder, laughter, sadness, sleep);

5) The name of natural and life phenomena ( rain, wind, war, holiday);

6) Names of signs and abstract properties ( whiteness, freshness, blue).

· Syntactic feature of a noun is the role it occupies in a sentence. Most often, a noun acts as a subject or object. But in some cases, nouns can also act as other members of a sentence.

Mother prepares very tasty borscht (subject).

Borscht is prepared from beets, cabbage, potatoes and others vegetables (addition).

Beetroot is vegetable red, sometimes purple (nominal predicate).

Beet from the garden– the most useful (definition).

Mother- cook knows how to surprise her household at the table, mom- Friend knows how to listen and console (application).

Also, a noun in a sentence can act as appeals:

Mother, I need your help!

· By lexical basis nouns can be of two types:

1. Common nouns are words that mean general concepts or call the class of objects: chair, knife, dog, earth.

2. Proper names- these are words meaning single objects, which include names, surnames, names of cities, countries, rivers, mountains (and other geographical names), names of animals, names of books, films, songs, ships, organizations, historical events etc: Barsik, Weaver, Titanic, Europe, Sahara and etc.

Features of proper names in Russian:

1. Proper names are always written with a capital letter.

2. Proper names have only one number form.

3. Proper names can consist of one or more words: Alla, Viktor Ivanovich Popov, “Loneliness on the Internet”, Kamensk-Uralsky.

4. Titles of books, magazines, ships, films, paintings, etc. written in quotation marks and with a capital letter: “Girl with Peaches”, “Mtsyri”, “Aurora”, “Science and Technology”.

5. Proper names can become common nouns, and common nouns can become proper names: Boston - boston (type of dance), truth - newspaper "Pravda".

· By type of designated objects nouns are divided into two categories:

1. Animate nouns– those nouns that denote the names of living nature (animals, birds, insects, people, fish). This category of nouns answers the question "Who?": father, puppy, whale, dragonfly.

2. Inanimate nouns– those nouns that relate to real things and answer the question "What?": wall, board, machine gun, ship and etc.

Note. Sometimes it can be difficult to distinguish between animate and inanimate nouns.
1) Mainly animate nouns are masculine and female gender. There are very few animate neuter nouns ( child, animal, face meaning "person" mammal, insect, monster, creature in the meaning of “living organism”, monster).

2) Animate and inanimate nouns have features in declension:

For animate nouns in the plural, the accusative case form coincides with the genitive case form (for animate nouns male 2nd declension and singular): V.p. plural = R.p. plural

Wed: mother - I see mothers(plural v.p.), no mothers(plural R.p.); father - I see fathers(plural v.p.), no fathers(plural R.p.); I see my father(singular v.p.), no father(units R.p.);

For inanimate nouns in the plural, the form of the accusative case coincides with the form of the nominative case (for masculine nouns of the 2nd declension and in the singular, the form of the accusative case coincides with the form of the nominative case): V.p. plural = I.p. plural

Wed: country - I see countries(plural v.p.), there are countries here(plural I.p.); stone - I see stones(plural v.p.), there are stones here(plural I.p.); I see a stone(singular v.p.), there is a stone here(singular part I.p.).

3) The division of nouns into animate and inanimate does not always coincide with the scientific idea of ​​living and inanimate nature. For example, the noun regiment denotes a collection of people, but it is an inanimate noun (V.p. = I.p.: I see a regiment - there is a regiment here). The same can be observed in the example of the noun microbe. From the point of view of biology, this is part of living nature, but the noun microbe is inanimate (V.p. = I.p.: I see a microbe - there is a microbe here). The nouns dead and corpse are synonymous, but the noun dead is animate (V.p. = R.p.: I see a dead man - no dead man), and the noun corpse is inanimate (V.p. = I.p.: I see a corpse - there is a corpse here).

· By value nouns can be divided into four types:

Real– a type of noun naming substances: air, dirt, ink, sawdust etc. This type of noun has only one number form - the one we know. If a noun has a singular form, then it cannot have a plural form and vice versa. The number, size, volume of these nouns can be adjusted using cardinal numerals: little, a lot, a little, two tons, cubic meter and etc.

Specific– nouns that name specific units of objects of living or inanimate nature: man, pillar, worm, door. These nouns change in number and combine with numerals.

Collective- these are nouns that generalize many identical objects into one name: many warriors - army, many leaves - foliage etc. This category of nouns can only exist in the singular and cannot be combined with cardinal numerals.

Abstract (abstract)- these are nouns that name abstract concepts that do not exist in the material world: suffering, joy, love, grief, fun.

Declension of nouns

Declension- this is a change in nouns (and other nominal parts of speech) by cases And numbers.

In russian language

two numbers: the only thing (window, desk) And plural (windows, desks);

· six cases (according to the school curriculum).

How to determine the case of nouns (and other nominal parts of speech)?

· To determine the case of a noun, you need to ask it a question from the word to which the noun refers: Think(about whom?) about mom , No(what?) rain .

· Then you need to use the table “Cases. Case questions" (see above), see which case it corresponds to asked question:Think(about whom?)about mom- prepositional; No (what?) rain- Genitive.

Notes:

· Each case corresponds to two questions (the first is for animate nouns, the second is for inanimate).

· Case names and case questions should be memorized, since the ability to determine case is one of the most important basic skills for students of the Russian language.

How to determine the declension of nouns?

All nouns can be divided into seven groups, which will have the same endings (forms) when declined by case and number, i.e. There are seven types of noun declension:

-1st declension Feminine, masculine and common nouns with endings -а, -я ( spring A, earth I, lines I, uncle I, lords A, dirty I);

-2nd declension Masculine noun with zero ending

(house ABOUT, edge ABOUT, ball ABOUT, planetarium ABOUT);

All nouns ending in -o, -e( windows O, floor e, suspect e - s.r.; wolves e, journeyman e - m.r.);

-3rd declination Feminine nouns ending in zero ( mother ABOUT, daughter ABOUT, night ABOUT, steppe ABOUT);

-Indeclinable nouns(have endings of different declensions)

Ten neuter nouns ending in -мя (ending -я);

nouns way, child (time, burden, stirrup, tribe, flame (flame- outdated ), banner, crown, seed, name, udder; path, dit);

-Nouns inflected according to the adjectival type(so-called substantivized nouns) Nouns formed from adjectives and participles by moving from one part of speech to another

(private, comma, animal, duty officer, canteen, ice cream);

-Several nouns inflected according to the pronominal type Nouns formed from pronouns by moving from one part of speech to another or inflected like pronouns ( draw, cables(unit of measurement);

Immutable nouns Nouns that do not have endings (their case and number are determined by context) ( drive(in what?) V Taxi (pp. units), parked(What?) Taxi (I.p. plural); coat, coffee, radio, cinema)

· To determine the declension of a noun, it must be placed in initial form(i.e. in the nominative singular) and determine which type of declension of the seven above this noun belongs to.

· If a noun does not have a singular form, then it does not belong to any of the types of declension: sleigh, trousers, scissors.

Notes:

· Noun Human has different roots in singular and plural ( person people), therefore has different types Declension in singular and plural:

Human(singular) - declined as a 2nd declension noun;
People(plural) - declined as a 3rd declension noun.

· Most nouns are classified into the first three types of declension.

· Types of declension should be memorized, since the ability to determine declension is one of the basic skills for students of the Russian language.

Declension patterns for nouns

Noun - This is the most essential part of speech; in grammar it is considered frequently occurring.

All schoolchildren need to know about it in order to correctly complete tasks both in the Unified State Exam and in the State Examination. In particular, in the 11th grade exam there is a task in which you need to choose the correct form of a noun. This collection will also help you make a morphological analysis of any noun.

DEFINITION: noun is a part of speech that stands forITEM and answers questions WHO? or WHAT?

Proper and common noun

• OWN nouns mean - first names, last names, patronymics, names of animals, geographical names, names of books, newspapers, magazines ( Moscow, Volga, Maria, Kashtanka, Alexey Maksimovich).
• DENOMINAL nouns - the name of objects and phenomena ( student, textbook, country, forest, dog).

Animated and inanimate

• ANIMATE nouns answer the question WHO? and call people and animals ( teacher, schoolboy, sister, cat, bird).
• INANIMATE nouns answer the question WHAT? and call inanimate objects ( cloud, forest, water, notebook, bus).

Number of nouns

• THE ONLY THING number - denotes one item ( letter, child). Some nouns are used only in the singular ( milk, kindness, Kaluga, singing, youth, France).
• PLURAL number - denotes several items ( letters, children). Some nouns are used only in the plural ( glasses, sleigh, name day, scissors, gates, Alps).

Gender of noun

GENUS- a constant attribute of a noun. Nouns do not change by gender.

• MALE- he is mine ( horse, car).
• FEMALE- She is mine ( rye, earth).
• AVERAGE- it's mine ( village, ring).

RULE: to determine the gender of a noun, you need to put this noun in the initial form: with balls - ball (m. r.), on the ground - earth (f. r.), by the sea - sea (m. r.).

• COMMON GENDER- he, mine, this/she, my, this ( crybaby, orphan).

Spelling "Soft sign (b)after the hissing ones at the endnouns"

• It is written- in the feminine gender ( mouse, rye, oven, lie, power).
• Not written- in the masculine gender ( garage, reeds, comrade, borscht).

A soft sign after a sibilant at the end of a noun indicates that the noun is feminine..

Declension of a noun

DECLINATION OF NOUNS- this is a change of words according to cases. Case is determined by questions.

Cases and questions:

To make it easier to remember case questions, you can substitute auxiliary words.

• Nominative case (is) who? What?
• Genitive case (no) whom? what?
• Dative case (I give, glad) to whom? what?
• Accusative case (I see) whom? What?
• Instrumental case (satisfied, admiring) who? how?
• Prepositional case (think, talk) about whom? about what?

RULE: To determine the case of a noun, you need to find the word with which this noun is connected in meaning and pose a case question from it.
EXAMPLE: The old man was catching fish with a seine. (A.S. Pushkin)

Caught (with what?) with a seine (T. p.); caught (who?) fish (V.p.).

INITIAL FORM OF THE NOUN- nominative singular form ( always determined in morphological analysis).

Three declensions of nouns

In Russian, nouns that have the same endings in the same cases are divided into three groups - DECLINATIONS.

• TO 1st declension names include feminine nouns And male with endings -A, -I in the nominative singular (ruler, earth, mom, dad, uncle).
• Co. 2nd declension names include masculine nouns ending in zero And neuter with endings -O, -E in the nominative singular ( lesson, day, mirror, field).
• TO 3rd declension relate feminine nouns ending in zero in the nominative singular case and ending with soft sign (blizzard, carrot, thing, daughter).

RULE: to determine the declension of a noun in the plural, you need to put this noun in the initial form, determine its gender and highlight the ending.

SPELLING “The letters E and I in the case endings of nouns”

To correctly write the unstressed case ending of a noun, you need:
1. Determine case.
2. Determine the declination.
3. Remember the ending of the nouns of this declension in the required case: letter (to whom?) to grandmother (1st letter, D. p., singular, -e); ride (what?) on a bicycle (2nd class, pp., singular, -e).
4. Check the unstressed case ending with the stressed ending of a noun of the same declension: thinking about the Motherland (land); trees in frost (in silver); I saw in an ice hole (in the steppe).

SPELLING “The letters O and E after sibilants and C in the endings of nouns”

After hissing And C at the endings of nouns in the instrumental case, a vowel is written under stress ABOUT, and without stress - a vowel E: The doctor is the task, the chick is the bird.

Morphological analysis

1. Part of speech. What does it mean, what question does it answer.
2. Initial form (nominative singular).
3. Immutable characteristics: animate or inanimate; proper or common noun; gender (masculine, feminine, neuter); declination (1,2,3).
4. Changeable: case, number.
4. Role in the sentence.

This independent part speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? What?
The meaning of an object expressed nouns, combines the names of the most various items and phenomena, namely: 1) names of specific cabbage soup and objects (house, tree, notebook, book, briefcase, bed, lamp); 2) names of living beings (man, engineer, girl, boy, deer, mosquito); 3) names of various substances (oxygen, gasoline, lead, sugar, salt); 4) names various phenomena nature and public life(storm, frost, rain, holiday, war); 5) names of abstract properties and signs, actions and states (freshness, whiteness, blueness, illness, expectation, murder).
Initial form noun- nominative singular.
Nouns There are: proper (Moscow, Rus', Sputnik) and common nouns (country, dream, night), animate (horse, elk, brother) and inanimate (table, field, dacha).
Nouns belong to the masculine (friend, youth, deer), feminine (girlfriend, grass, land) and neuter (window, sea, field) gender. Names nouns change according to cases and numbers, that is, they decline. Nouns have three declension (aunt, uncle, Maria - I declension; horse, gorge, genius - II declension; mother, night, quiet - III declension).
In a sentence nouns usually act as a subject or object, but can also be any other part of a sentence. For example: When the soul in chains, screams in my heart yearning, and the heart longs for boundless freedom (K. Balmont). I lay in the scent of azaleas (V. Bryusov)

Proper and common nouns

Proper nouns- these are the names of individuals, individual objects. Proper nouns include: 1) first names, surnames, nicknames, nicknames (Peter, Ivanov, Sharik); 2) geographical names (Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia); 3) astronomical names (Jupiter, Venus, Saturn); 4) names of holidays ( New Year, Teacher's Day, Defender of the Fatherland Day); 5) names of newspapers, magazines, works of art, enterprises (the newspaper “Trud”, the novel “Resurrection”, the publishing house “Prosveshchenie”), etc.
Common nouns They call homogeneous objects that have something in common, the same, some kind of similarity (person, bird, furniture).
All names own are written with a capital letter (Moscow, Arctic), some are also placed in quotation marks (the Cosmos cinema, the Evening Moscow newspaper).
In addition to differences in meaning and spelling proper nouns have a number grammatical features: 1) are not used in the plural (except in cases of designating different objects and persons with the same name: We have two Ira and three Olya in our class); 2) cannot be combined with numerals.
Proper nouns can turn into common nouns, and common nouns- V own, for example: Narcissus (the name of a handsome young man in ancient Greek mythology) - narcissus (flower); Boston (city in the USA) - boston (wool fabric), boston (slow waltz), boston ( card game); labor - newspaper "Trud".

Animate and inanimate nouns

Animate nouns serve as names of living beings (people, animals, birds); answer the question who?
Inanimate nouns serve as names for inanimate objects, as well as objects flora; answer the question what? Initially, in the Russian language, the category of animate-inanimate was formed as a semantic one. Gradually, with the development of language, this category became grammatical, therefore the division of nouns into animate And inanimate does not always coincide with the division of everything that exists in nature into living and nonliving.
An indicator of the animate or inanimate nature of a noun is the coincidence of the series grammatical forms. Animated and inanimate nouns differ from each other in the accusative plural form. U animate nouns this form coincides with the genitive case form, and inanimate nouns- with the nominative case form, for example: no friends - I see friends (but: no tables - I see tables), no brothers - I see brothers (but: no lights - I see lights), no horses - I see horses (but: no shadows - I see shadows), no children - I see children (but: no seas - I see seas).
For masculine nouns (except for nouns ending in -a, -я), this difference is preserved in the singular, for example: no friend - I see a friend (but: no house - I see a house).
TO animate noun may include nouns that, according to their meaning, should be considered inanimate, for example: “our nets brought in a dead man”; discard the trump ace, sacrifice the queen, buy dolls, paint nesting dolls.
TO inanimate noun may include nouns that, according to the meaning they express, should be classified as animated eg: study pathogenic microbes; neutralize typhus bacilli; observe the embryo in its development; collect silkworm larvae, believe in your people; gather huge crowds, arm armies.

Concrete, abstract, collective, real, singular nouns

According to the characteristics of the expressed meaning, nouns can be divided into several groups: 1) concrete nouns(chair, suit, room, roof), 2) abstract, or abstract, nouns(struggle, joy, good, evil, morality, whiteness), 3) collective nouns(animal, fool, foliage, linen, furniture); 4) real nouns(cycle: gold, milk, sugar, honey); 5) singular nouns(pea, grain of sand, straw, pearl).
Specific are nouns that denote phenomena or objects of reality. They can be combined with cardinal, ordinal and collective numbers and form plural forms. For example: boy - boys, two boys, second boy, two boys; table - tables, two tables, second table.
Abstract, or abstract, are nouns that denote any abstract action, state, quality, property or concept. Abstract nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with the words many, few, how many, etc. For example: grief - a lot of grief, little grief. How much grief!
Collective are called nouns that denote a collection of persons or objects as an indivisible whole. Collective nouns have only the singular form and are not combined with numerals, for example: youth, old man, foliage, birch forest, aspen forest. Wed: Old people gossiped for a long time about the lives of young people and the interests of youth. - Whose are you, old man? Peasants, in essence, have always remained owners. - In no country in the world has the peasantry ever been truly free. On the first of September all children will go to school. - The children gathered in the yard and waited for the adults to arrive. All students passed successfully state exams. - Students take an active part in the work charitable foundations. The nouns old people, peasantry, children, students are collective, the formation of plural forms from them is impossible.
Real are nouns that denote a substance that cannot be divided into its component parts. These words can be called chemical elements, their compounds, alloys, medications, various materials, types of food products and crops, etc. Real nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with words naming units of measure kilogram, liter, ton. For example: sugar - a kilogram of sugar, milk - two liters of milk, wheat - a ton of wheat.
Singular nouns are a type real nouns. These nouns name one instance of those objects that make up the set. Wed: pearl - pearl, potato - potato, sand - grain of sand, pea - pea, snow - snowflake, straw - straw.

Gender of nouns

Genus- this is the ability of nouns to be combined with forms of compatible words specific for each generic variety: my house, my hat, my window.
Based on gender nouns are divided into three groups: 1) masculine nouns(house, horse, sparrow, uncle), 2) feminine nouns(water, earth, dust, rye), 3) neuter nouns(face, sea, tribe, gorge).
In addition, there is a small group common nouns, which can serve as expressive names for both male and female persons (crybaby, touchy-feely, youngster, upstart, grabber).
The grammatical meaning of gender is created by the system of case endings of a given noun in the singular (thus gender of nouns distinguished only in the singular).

Male, female and neuter gender nouns

TO masculine include: 1) nouns with a base on a hard or soft consonant and a zero ending in the nominative case (table, horse, reed, knife, cry); 2) some nouns with the ending -а (я) such as grandfather, uncle; 3) some nouns with endings -о, -е such as saraishko, bread, little house; 4) noun journeyman.
TO feminine refers to: 1) most nouns with the ending -a (ya) (grass, aunt, earth) in the nominative case; 2) part of the nouns with a base on a soft consonant, as well as on zh and sh and a zero ending in the nominative case (laziness, rye, quiet).
TO neuter include: 1) nouns ending in -о, -е in the nominative case (window, field); 2) ten nouns starting with -mya (burden, time, tribe, flame, stirrup, etc.); 3) noun “child”.
The nouns doctor, professor, architect, deputy, guide, author, etc., naming a person by profession, type of activity, are classified as masculine. However, they can also refer to females. The agreement of definitions in this case is subject to following rules: 1) a non-isolated definition should be put in the masculine form, for example: A young doctor Sergeeva appeared at our site. New option articles of the law were proposed by the young deputy Petrova; 2) a separate definition after the proper name should be placed in the feminine form, for example: Professor Petrova, already known to the trainees, successfully operated on the patient. The predicate must be put in the feminine form if: 1) the sentence contains a proper noun standing before the predicate, for example: Director Sidorova received a prize. Tour guide Petrova took the students through the oldest streets of Moscow; 2) the form of the predicate is the only indicator that we're talking about about a woman, and it is important for the writer to emphasize this, for example: The school director turned out to be a good mother. Note. Such constructions should be used with great caution, since not all of them correspond to the norms of book and written speech. Common nouns Some nouns with endings -а (я) can serve as expressive names for both male and female persons. These are nouns of a general gender, for example: crybaby, touchy, sneak, slob, quiet. Depending on the gender of the person they denote, these nouns can be classified as either feminine or masculine: a little crybaby is a little crybaby, such a mischief is such a mischief, a terrible slob is a terrible slob. In addition to similar words, common nouns may include: 1) unchangeable surnames: Makarenko, Malykh, Defieux, Michon, Hugo, etc.; 2) colloquial forms of some proper names: Sasha, Valya, Zhenya. The words doctor, professor, architect, deputy, tour guide, author, which name a person by profession or type of activity, do not belong to the general nouns. They are masculine nouns. Common nouns are emotionally charged words, have a pronounced evaluative meaning, and are used mainly in colloquial speech, therefore, are not characteristic of scientific and formal business styles speech. Using them in work of art, the author seeks to emphasize the conversational nature of the statement. For example: - You see how it is, on someone else’s side. Everything turns out hateful for her. No matter what you see, it’s not the same, it’s not like mom’s. Right? - Oh, I don’t know! She's a crybaby, that's all! Aunt Enya laughed a little. Such a kind laugh, light sounds and leisurely, like her gait. - Well, yes! You are our man, a knight. You won't shed tears. And she's a girl. Tender. Mom and Dad (T. Polikarpova). Gender of indeclinable nouns Foreign language common nouns are distributed by gender as follows: The masculine gender includes: 1) names of male persons (dandy, maestro, porter); 2) names of animals and birds (chimpanzees, cockatoos, hummingbirds, kangaroos, ponies, flamingos); 3) the words coffee, penalty, etc. The feminine gender includes the names of female persons (Miss, Frau, Lady). The neuter gender includes the names of inanimate objects (coat, muffler, neckline, depot, subway). Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin denoting animals and birds are usually masculine (flamingos, kangaroos, cockatoos, chimpanzees, ponies). If, according to the conditions of the context, it is necessary to indicate a female animal, the agreement is carried out using the feminine gender. The nouns kangaroo, chimpanzee, pony are combined with a past tense verb in the feminine form. For example: The kangaroo was carrying a baby kangaroo in her bag. The chimpanzee, apparently a female, fed the baby a banana. The mother pony was standing in a stall with a small foal. The noun tsetse is an exception. Its gender is determined by the gender of the word mukha (feminine). For example: Tsetse bit a tourist. If determining the gender of an indeclinable noun is difficult, it is advisable to refer to spelling dictionary. For example: haiku (Japanese tercet) - s.r., takku (Japanese quintet) - s.r., su (coin) - s.r., flamenco (dance) - s.r., taboo (prohibition) - s.r. .R. Some indeclinable nouns are recorded only in dictionaries of new words. For example: sushi (Japanese dish) - sr., tarot (cards) - plural. (genus is not determined). The gender of indeclinable foreign-language geographical names, as well as names of newspapers and magazines, is determined by the generic common noun, for example: Pau (river), Bordeaux (city), Mississippi (river), Erie (lake), Congo (river), Ontario (lake), "Humanité" (newspaper). The kind of invincible compound words in most cases, it is determined by the gender of the core word of the phrase, for example: MSU (university - m.r.) MFA (academy - zh.r.). The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen is usually determined: 1) by the first part, if both parts change: my chair-bed - my chair-bed (sr.), a new amphibious aircraft - new amphibious aircraft (m.r.); 2) according to the second part, if the first does not change: sparkling firebird - sparkling firebird (g.r.), huge swordfish - huge swordfish (g.r.). In some cases, the gender is not determined, since compound word used only in the plural: fairy-tale boots-runners - fairy-tale boots-runners (plural). Number of nouns Nouns are used in the singular when talking about one object (horse, stream, crevice, field). Nouns are used in the plural when talking about two or more objects (horses, streams, cracks, fields). According to the characteristics of the forms and meanings of the singular and plural, the following are distinguished: 1) nouns that have both singular and plural forms; 2) nouns that have only a singular form; 3) nouns that have only a plural form. The first group includes nouns with a concrete object meaning, denoting countable objects and phenomena, for example: house - houses; street - streets; person people; city ​​dweller - city dwellers. The nouns of the second group include: 1) names of many identical objects (children, teachers, raw materials, spruce forest, foliage); 2) names of objects with real meaning (peas, milk, raspberries, porcelain, kerosene, chalk); 3) names of quality or attribute (freshness, whiteness, dexterity, melancholy, courage); 4) names of actions or states (mowing, chopping, delivery, running, surprise, reading); 5) proper names as names of individual objects (Moscow, Tambov, St. Petersburg, Tbilisi); 6) words burden, udder, flame, crown. The nouns of the third group include: 1) names of composite and paired objects (scissors, glasses, watches, abacus, jeans, trousers); 2) names of materials or waste, residues (bran, cream, perfume, wallpaper, sawdust, ink, 3) names of periods of time (vacations, days, weekdays); 4) names of actions and states of nature (troubles, negotiations, frosts, sunrises, twilight); 5) some geographical names (Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Sochi, Carpathians, Sokolniki); 6) the names of some games (blind man's buff, hide and seek, chess, backgammon, grandma). The formation of plural forms of nouns is mainly done with the help of endings. In some cases, some changes in the base of the word may also be observed, namely: 1) softening of the final consonant of the base (neighbor - neighbors, devil - devils, knee - knees); 2) alternation of the final consonants of the stem (ear - ears, eye - eyes); 3) adding a suffix to the plural stem (husband - husband\j\a], chair - chair\j\a], sky - heaven, miracle - miracle-es-a, son - son-ov\j\a]) ; 4) loss or replacement of formative suffixes of the singular (mister - gentlemen, chicken - hens, calf - tel-yat-a, bear cub - bear cubs). For some nouns, plural forms are formed by changing the stem, for example: person (singular) - people (plural), child (singular) - children (plural). In indeclinable nouns, number is determined syntactically: young chimpanzee (singular) - many chimpanzees (plural). Case of nouns Case is an expression of the relationship of an object called by a noun to other objects. Russian grammar distinguishes six cases of nouns, the meanings of which are generally expressed using case questions: The nominative case is considered direct, and all others are indirect. To determine the case of a noun in a sentence, you need to: 1) find the word to which the noun refers; 2) put a question from this word to the noun: see (who? what?) brother, be proud of (what?) successes. Among the case endings of nouns, homonym endings are often found. For example, in the forms of the genitive case from the door, the dative case to the door, and the prepositional case about the door, there is not the same ending -i, but three different homonym endings. The same homonyms are the endings of the dative and prepositional cases in the forms by country and about country-e. Types of declension of nouns Declension is the change of a noun by case and number. This change is expressed using a system of case endings and shows the grammatical relationship of the given noun to other words in the phrase and sentence, for example: School\a\ is open. Construction of schools has been completed. Graduates send greetings to schools\e\ According to the peculiarities of case endings in the singular, a noun has three declensions. The type of declination can only be determined in the singular. Nouns of the first declension The first declension includes: 1) feminine nouns with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative singular (country, land, army); 2) masculine nouns denote people with the ending -a (ya) in the nominative singular case (uncle, young man, Petya). 3) nouns of the general gender with endings -а (я) in the nominative case (crybaby, sleepyhead, bully). Nouns of the first declension in the oblique singular cases have the following endings: It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns in -ya and -iya: Marya - Maria, Natalya - Natalia, Daria - Daria, Sophia - Sofia. Nouns of the first declension in -iya (army, guard, biology, line, series, Maria) in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i. In writing, mistakes are often caused by mixing the endings of nouns of the first declension into -ee and -iya. Words ending in -eya (alley, battery, gallery, idea) have the same endings as feminine nouns with a base on a soft consonant such as earth, will, bathhouse, etc. Nouns of the second declension The second declension includes: 1) nouns masculine with a zero ending in the nominative singular (house, horse, museum); 2) masculine nouns with the ending -о (-е) in the nominative singular (domishko, saraishko); 3) neuter nouns with the ending -о, -е in the nominative singular case (window, sea, gorge); 4) noun journeyman. Masculine nouns of the second declension have the following endings in the oblique singular cases: In the prepositional singular case, the ending -e predominates for masculine nouns. The ending -у (у) is accepted only by inanimate masculine nouns if: a) they are used with the prepositions in and on; b) have (in most cases) the nature of stable combinations denoting a place, state, time of action. For example: eyesore; remain in debt; on the verge of death; grazing; to follow the lead; stew in one's own juices; be in good standing. But: work hard, in sunlight; grammatical structure; V right angle ; in some cases, etc. It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns: -ie and -ie: teaching - teaching, treatment - treatment, silence - silence, torment - torment, radiance - radiance. Nouns of the second declension ending in -i, -i in the prepositional case -i. Words ending in -ey (sparrow, museum, mausoleum, frost, lyceum) have the same endings as masculine nouns with a base on a soft consonant such as horse, elk, deer, fight, etc. Nouns of the third declension The third declension includes names feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular (door, night, mother, daughter). Nouns of the third declension in the oblique singular cases have the following endings: The words mother and daughter belonging to the third declension, when changed in all cases except the nominative and accusative, have the suffix -er- at the base: Declension of nouns in the plural In case endings plural differences between individual types of noun declension are insignificant. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, nouns of all three declensions have the same endings. In the nominative case, the endings -и, -ы и|-а(-я) predominate. The ending -e is less common. You should remember the formation of the genitive plural forms of some nouns, where the ending can be zero or -ov. This includes words naming: 1) paired and composite objects: (not) felt boots, boots, stockings, collars, days (but: socks, rails, glasses); 2) some nationalities (in most cases, the stem of the words ends in n and r): (no) English, Bashkirs, Buryats, Georgians, Turkmens, Mordvins, Ossetians, Romanians (but: Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Yakuts); 3) some units of measurement: (five) amperes, watts, volts, arshins, hertz; 4) some vegetables and fruits: (kilogram) apples, raspberries, olives (but: apricots, oranges, bananas, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes). In some cases, plural endings perform a semantic distinguishing function in words. For example: dragon teeth - saw teeth, tree roots - fragrant roots, sheets of paper - tree leaves, scratched knees (knee - “joint”) - complex knees (knee - “dance move”) - trumpet knees (knee - “ joint at the pipe"). Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns include: 1) ten nouns ending in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown); 2) noun path; 3) noun child. Diversified nouns have the following features: 1) ending - both in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular - as in the III declension; 2) the ending -еm in the instrumental case of the singular as in the 2nd declension; 3) the suffix -en- in all forms, except for the nominative and accusative cases of the singular (only for nouns ending in -mya) The word path has case forms of the third declension, with the exception of instrumental case singular number, which is characterized by the form of the second declension. Wed: night - nights, path - paths (in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases); steering wheel - steering wheel, path - path (in the instrumental case). The noun child in the singular retains the archaic declension, which is currently not actually used, but in the plural it has the usual forms, except for the instrumental case, which is characterized by the ending -mi (the same ending is characteristic of the form by people). Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns do not have case forms, these words do not have endings. Grammatical meanings individual cases in relation to such nouns are expressed syntactically, for example: drink coffee, buy cashews, novels by Dumas. Indeclinable nouns include: 1) many nouns of foreign origin with final vowels -о, -е, -и, -у, -у, -а (solo, coffee, hobby, zebu, cashew, bra, Dumas, Zola); 2) foreign-language surnames denoting female persons ending in a consonant (Michon, Sagan); 3) Russian and Ukrainian surnames with -o, -ih, -yh (Durnovo, Krutykh, Sedykh); 4) complex abbreviated words of alphabetic and mixed nature (Moscow State University, Ministry of Internal Affairs, head of department). Syntax function indeclinable nouns are determined only in context. For example: The Walrus asked the Kangaroo (RP): How can you stand the heat? I'm shaking from the cold! - Kangaroo (I.p.) said to Walrus. (B. Zakhoder) Kangaroo is an indeclinable noun, denotes an animal, masculine, in a sentence it is the object and subject. Morphological analysis of a noun Morphological analysis of a noun includes identifying four permanent signs(proper noun, animate-inanimate, gender, declension) and two non-constant ones (case and number). The number of constant features of a noun can be increased by including features such as concrete and abstract, as well as real and collective nouns. Scheme of morphological analysis of a noun.

A noun is a very important and numerous part of speech. It is no coincidence that schoolchildren begin to study morphology with a noun.

There is an assumption that the first words were nouns human language when it was still in its infancy.

A noun is a part of speech that designates an object. In linguistics, the term “object” refers to the widest range of phenomena.

This may be the actual object, a being, a phenomenon of nature or social life, a state, an abstract concept, etc.

Nouns are an extremely diverse and numerous part of speech. But recognizing a noun is quite simple, since all words related to this part of speech answer the questions “Who?” or “What?”

To demonstrate how diverse nouns can be in our language, here are some examples:

Words denoting the actual subject, thing, object ( table, cabinet, computer, wall, toy ).

Creature. This group includes:

- words that name a person ( man, woman, youth, old man );

- animals ( cat, bear );

- professions ( scientist, tractor driver, doctor );

- fictional creatures ( alien, centaur ).


Phenomena of nature and social life ( snowfall, frost, revolution ).

Names of substances and substances ( water, metal, jam ).

Names of abstract features, actions, states expressed in objective form ( beauty, construction, thirst );

Names of abstract concepts ( word, volume, form ).

Nouns have a number of grammatical categories.

Genus. In Russian, nouns are masculine ( knife, elk, boy ), female ( sister, village, station ) and average ( building, sun, child ) kind.

You can determine the gender of a noun by the gender of the word with which it is combined. For example:

My table. Bright felt-tip pen. (Masculine)

My book. A bright picture. (Feminine gender).

My village. A bright event. (Neuter gender).

In order to determine the gender of a noun, you need to put the word in the singular, since this category is not defined in the plural ( my tables - my books - my villages ).


Stands out special group common nouns ( crybaby, orphan, sleepyhead ). The form of the word that is combined with such nouns in speech depends on the gender of the person they represent. For example: little crybaby (girl) – little crybaby (boy) .

Number. Nouns change according to number. For example:

singular, plural

car, cars

birch, birch trees

tree, trees

In the Russian language there are nouns that are used only in the singular ( milk, chalk, potatoes ) or only in the plural ( ink, railings, watches, trousers ).

Case. Nouns change by case. There are six cases in Russian: nominative (Who? What?), genitive (Whom? What?), dative (Whom? What?, accusative (Whom? What?), instrumental (Whom? What?) and prepositional (About whom ? About what?).

Changing a noun by cases and numbers is called declension. There are three types of noun declension. To determine declension, you need to put the word in the singular form of the nominative case.

To the first declension include masculine, feminine and common nouns ending in -a (-я). For example: soil, song, grandfather, uncle, bully .

To the second declension relate:

- masculine nouns with zero ending ( horse, slope, sanatorium ), ending in –o ( little house );

- neuter, ending in -o (-e) ( field, village, building ).

To the third declension include feminine nouns with a zero ending ( daughter, night, steppe ).

Indeclinable nouns differ in that in various forms have case endings inherent in different declensions. This group includes 12 words: time, stirrup, burden. udder, crown, flame, tribe, seed, name, banner, child, path .


Nouns of the same declension have the same standard endings in the same case form. To write correctly, you must be able to correctly determine the declension of nouns.